Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Conflits de basse intensité – Burundi'
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Muntunutwiwe, Jean-Salathiel. "La violence politique au Burundi : essai d'analyse explicative." Pau, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PAUU2006.
Full textMobilized by all political actors, political violence is subdivided in two great typologies with knowing violence of the state and against official violence. Each typology is characterized by its own forms but they are influenced reciprocally. Violenceis used because the official actors and protestors regard it as a profitable resource. This thesis showed the various forms of violence worked towards precise ends conveyed by the subjective ethnopolitic ideologies. The instrumentalization of violence allows sometimes obtaining the politico-economic profits which, up to that point, we refused. The analysis of political violence mobilized an approach showing that political actors give the meanings to their violent actions. This is why the understanding sociology method was used because it recognizes that the meanings depend on the interests and the contexts of precise starting. That says that arguments of violence are built starting from the strategic and dynamics interactions governing their reports of face-to-face discussion. Within this framework the supports of the human actions are drawn in the long political duration. Therefore violence explanation invested the past in order to understand the present. Historical sociology then supplements this method of the construction of the meanings of violence or rather it gives its working tools
Gnanguênon, Amandine. "La gestion des "systèmes de conflits" en Afrique subsaharienne : concept et pratique d'un multilatéralisme régionalisé." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CLF10313.
Full textSometimes characterized as a political environment in total transformation, Africa is an unavoidable laboratory for the study of war. Beyond national boundaries, regions become a space where we can observe the increasing interdependence between the states and the other actors who contest national authority and legitimacy. The relationship between political leaders and non-state actors can be largely integrated into the formation of "conflict systems". We define these systems as cross-border and sociopolitical spaces within which social representations interfere with political stakes. Region building can therefore be perceived as a way of understanding the change of political spaces. As regards the spread of national disorder, regional order can be an effective way for the states to protect their interests. With the development of a security regionalism, region seems to be a logical and effective space for the strategy of states who seek to reinvest their security capabilities. The re-emergence of the African regional organizations appears to be linked to the current talk about "African ownership". Since 2002, this perspective has seen its realization in the creation of the African peace and security architecture, supported by the United Nations and the European Union. Today, regionalised multilateralism has an impact on the sense and execution of conflict resolution policies. These policies efficiency depends on the coherent integration of security-related public policies at the regional level. Africa remains a good example a place to study the region both as a conflict and cooperation space. While not specific to Africa alone, region building is linked to various degrees of use and ownership by the actors involved
Mpouando, Jean-Pierre Barthélemy. "L'intervention de l'Union africaine dans les différends régionaux." Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUED013.
Full textThe object of our thinking is to understand that to face the perverse effects of globalization; Africa has chosen to create the African Union, on July 9th, 2002 in Durban (South Africa) to replace the Organization of African Unity (OAU). African Union arranges many objectives in its basic treaty, as to accelerate the intégration process in the continent, to take place in the world economy and to solve many social, economic and political problems. Now, the African unity organization’s problems take place in African union time. Also, from African unity organization to African union, to solve the disputes is still a formidable issue: that is a problem which the continent will compulsorily solve to survive. The role of African union’s organs is particularly important to prevent and solve the disputes. African union installed the African court of justice and human rights. This organ takes responsibility for to interpret and to punish the violation of basic treaty, treaty and decision of Union. The question of research is: how do these new organs of the African Union work and what are the main obstacles that block its success in the settlement of disputes?
МатевосянMatevosyan, Анна РафаеловнаAnna. "Эащита прав человека при немеждународных вооруженных конфликтахÉaŝita prav čeloveka pri nemeždunarodnyh vooružennyh konfliktah." Montpellier 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON10064.
Full textSanta-Anna, Dahirou Olatundé. "Conflits internes, crises humanitaires et droit international." Limoges, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIMO1012.
Full textTwo phenomena destabilize the internal order of States and the international order. These are internal armed conflicts and humanitarian crises. Their conceptualization, definition and subjection to International Law wich is built upon the interests of States and hence their sovereignty, have long engendered resistance. Unlike armed conflicts of an international character, internal armed conflicts have long been subject to the domestic law of States. Humanitarian crises, for their part, although usually associated with internal conflicts, have not led to a generally accepted definition even though they are subject to operational management and have led to the development of an interventionist approach. With the end of World War II and the Cold War, the ensuing myriad changes in the international system increased the magnitude and complexity of internal conflicts and humanitarian crises and led to a gradual development of International Law characterized by the normative and operational management of both internal conflicts and humanitarian crises, including the development and affirmation of standards for the protection of human rights, the implementation and modernization of existing mechanisms, and the emergence of new players on the international scene whose competences reflect only a partial erosion of the sovereignty of States, wich remain essential subjects of International Law, both in its development and its implementation
Atché, Bessou Raymond. "Les conflits armés internes en Afrique et le droit international." Cergy-Pontoise, 2008. http://biblioweb.u-cergy.fr/theses/08CERG0385.pdf.
Full textThe african continent development is heavily ampered by ceaseless indoors murderous conflits, if not by civil wars. Everywhere the threat remains indeciduous. National armies up yesterday just after independence years, confirmed unability to spread protection and so, experiment daily enormous troubles as for keeping control upon respective national territories and borders. But in front of said conflicts, here above given as phenomenons powered to mishandle the sensibler sovereign rope, a certain number of questions go up growing: in any way, how can the international law intervene to regulate conflictual cases that belong to daily African states quite private area ? Hard questions. Indoors armed conflicts give rise to troubles but for regulation, what strategical means can be considered to contain them? Henceforth, we will divide the whole topic into two parts : upon the first part, let us speak essentially about substancial and normative aspects of conflicts; further in the second part, we will try to lead searches upon how the international law might bring answers able to solve armed conflicts. Some European countries, and particulary France, thought that spreading reinforcement of African Means to Keep Peace “RECAMP” upon war zones will be sufficient to any peace later. The United States thought the same with African Crisis Response Initiative “ACRI”. Therefore for us none of enumareted steps, even if any of them might be valuable as proposition, can lead to peace. It belongs to Subsaharan African Head of States here to join means and to create immediately what we will not hesitate to call “Common Forces For Peace in Africa” (CFPA). Anyone will not build a such (and obvious) more adapted working stool for them
Barry, Mamadou Aliou. "Le commerce moderne des armes et les guerres post-coloniales en Afrique : approche géo-stratégique et conséquences médico-sanitaires." Paris 8, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA083756.
Full textWeapon business in Africa is related to the chaotic political situation of its states. Licit or illicit, it plays a fundamental role in their insecurity and blocks their socioeconomic development. Conflicts favor weapon proliferation, which enables little or non organized armed groups to maintain permanent instability. The weapon transfer to African countries is at the same time the cause and the consequence of those conflicts : many regions have thus become favorite places for a true civil war economy. The increasing militarization of already weakened economies makes a considerable number of civil victims and blocks peace negotiations. However, some substantial progresses have been made (bilateral negotiations or negotiations under the aegis of international organizations such as the ECOWAS, the African Union or the UN). The future is not completely desperate and may even be radiant, contrary to what some people pessimistically say (while taking advantage of the bad situation)
Sow, Fatou Kine. "Conflits et résolution des conflits en Afrique subsaharienne : l'élaboration de la gestion des conflits." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA111005.
Full textThe African continent has experienced a long period of conflict in the 1990s, this periodcoincides with the exhaustion of purely altruistic policies of Western countries, increasinglyreluctant to commit troops in conflicts that are not theirs.In Africa, peacekeeping is a challenge of all time, the African Union must respond to threatsagainst peace and security through collective responses based and supported by coherentmechanisms.In a conflict resolution controlled and centralized by the United nations Security Council, hasgradually established an alliance between the UN system and the African Union. Theassertion of the interdependencies in the search for stability involves the coordination ofstrategies and programs of security and defense between the different actors of peace on thecontinent.The mechanisms of action are reconsidered and the strategies changed. And to avoid thejuxtaposition of actors and avoiding chaos, cohesion and coordination among institutions isgaining momentum, its dash.ECOWAS has a proven ability to lead a peacekeeping force until the cease-fire and the returnof peace in the conflict in Liberia. It has mechanisms recognized and structured interventionthat will serve lever to the African Union in developing its own tools for peacekeeping andsecurity sub-regional and regional.Conflict management will be renovated with a real architecture of peace and security of theAfrican Union, which now has functional mechanisms and African forces trained, operationaland especially interoperable with the forces of international organizations.The issue of security and stability in Africa and the challenges of reconstruction it poses,necessitated the redefinition of international relations in sub-Saharan Africa.These issues will enable the African Union to work out for developing and establishingconflict management on the continent
Ouandaogo, Abdul Aziz Wendkuni. "La protection des civils contre les violences sexuelles en période de conflit armé en Afrique." Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUED009.
Full textEl, Omeyri Racha. "L'obligation de dialogue et de rebéllion dans l'Islam : une contribution à la théorie générale de la résolution des conflits." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA111004.
Full textOver the last two decades, the Muslim world, in his Arabic and Asian components has been witnessing organized violence, ever since the Taliban ruled Afghanistan, followed by the Iraq War, until the Arab Spring arrived in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya, where dialogue has been practically non-existent with the authoritarian regime who could only respond to the protests with bloody repression.This revolutionary wave of demonstrations calls for an urgent need for "dialogue", which will result in a general obligation in the Muslim system in cases of rebellion, such an expression may seem inappropriate to Islam which is often perceived as a religion of violence and coercion.However, there is a concomitance between the violence and the dialogue, and a coexistence of the rule with its exception, under the plea of necessity as per the existing norms in domestic and international Islamic law.The central question that arises is whether the dialogue, as an instrument of peaceful settlement of disputes, remains relevant in cases of rebellion and domestic armed conflicts in the Arab-Muslim societies.This thesis attempts to answer, first, to the following question: why and how does the Muslim system maintain the general obligation of dialogue, as a regime of peace, even in cases of rebellion or domestic armed conflicts in Islam. Then, it examines the resistance of the regime of peace to the eventual use-of-force
Sonko, Aminata. "La résolution des conflits en Afrique subsaharienne : enjeux et perpectives." Lyon 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO31082.
Full textThe problems with regard to the resolution (or to the regulation) of the conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa may seem complex in the light of the importance of the issues. This thesis is a research work to understand the basic causes of these conflicts. Those are at the origin of the destructuring African societies but also of the political instability, economic and social. Furthermore, the disastrous consequences (trafficking in arms, constitution of armed groups, conscription of child soldiers etc. ) that these phenomena of conflicts have engendered in several areas of the sub-region are increasing the need to achieve a lasting peace. Thus, the United Nations has decided to install this issue at the center of its concerns. The continent is also included in a regional and sub-regional approach. Sub-regional organizations were progressively created, and working in the aim of strengthening the inter-African cooperation. In addition, the International Organization of French speaking, the Commonwealth and the Arab League that sustain a cultural and historical connection with the continent display their willingness to work in settlement of these crises and conflicts. Africa put some time to build a coherent common policy. After the OAU, it is today the African Union, which must give a new impetus to the continent. Take their fate in hands, through regional integration and propose a new form of cooperation and governance, are the main perspectives proposed by the African heads of State. Then, the constitution of the United States of Africa would envisage as a solution to the African “rebirth”
Celis, Leila. "Les mouvements sociaux dans le contexte de conflits armés. Causes et effets de la défense des droits humains (1980-2012). Association nationale paysanne-unité et reconstruction (ANUC-UR); Fédération des paysans et mineurs du Sud de Bolivar (FÉDÉAGROMISBOL); Conseils des communautés afro-descendantes Jiguamiandó et Curvaradó." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23961.
Full textKoffi, Kouadio Bla Anne-Marie. "La Côte d'Ivoire en crise face au droit international (institutionnel, normatif, onusien) : essai d'un bilan." Paris 1, 2012. http://harmatheque.pontil.rennes.iep.fr/ebook/la-cote-d-ivoire-en-crise-face-au-droit-international-41094.
Full textDuquesne, Farah. "Le politique, le guerrier et le journaliste : Les limites de l’éthique et de la raison d’Etat dans les conflits modernes." Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL20021.
Full textIn this PhD, we have analysed the triangular relationship between the political world, the army and the media around the very sensitive and controversial issue of morale and reason of State. In a globalized society, which has seen the emergence of a universal consciousness, these three actors must indeed cooperate more and more, although they often pursue divergent goals. In the eyes of the politics, before every other consideration, the so called ‘Superior interests of the nation’ can override moral rules. Imperatives linked to defense and national security justify the existence of a legal framework contrary to common law, which allows the executive power to keep information secret from judicial and legislative powers. In the information society, war management also involvesthe media world, for which transparency should prevail. This is particularly the case since the expectations of occidental populations in terms of morale and information are very strong nowadays. At the same time, theseask for more security, which might appear as a paradox. Ensure harmony between these two fundamental rights, i.e. freedom and security, must thus constitute a priority axis in order to preserve the rule of law
Sibide, Doudou. "La résolution des conflits en Afrique : le cas de la République démocratique du Congo de 1944 à nos jours." Lyon 3, 2009. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2009_out_sidibe_d.pdf.
Full textOnce considered by realists as a confrontation between States, the notion of War has shifted with the proliferation of internai conflicts linked to the CoId War or other factors. Their immense toll on human life, as well as their societal origins has made these conflicts very difficult to resolve. The conflict in the Democratie Republic of the Congo, which falls into this category, also involves State-actors. In addition to its internal and inter-state dimensions, one must mention the failure of the State, the disintegration of the army, ethnic manipulation, conflict over property, as weil as the illegal exploitation of mining resources. Faced with such a complex situation, the international community, under the auspices of the United Nations, has tried to enginee political solutions based on the theory of liberal peace with the introduction of democracy, and economic ones with the market economy. This study will therefore examine first of all the extent to which such solutions are adapted to the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, or whether or not they lead to fragile democracies. Secondly, we will seek to demonstrate that solutions may lie in the consolidation of institutions created through elections, the refounding of the army, the end of the criminalisation of the economy, cooperation with neighbouring countries, and the social transformation of the conflict. These solutions are thought to defend the idea of a sustainable peace in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Kandé, Mamoudou Alioune. "Le conflit casamançais, origines historiques et prolongements actuels." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU10051/document.
Full textThe turn of the century is marked by profound geopolitical upheavals. The fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Empire that led to the emergence of a unipolar world with the implementation of market economy and democracy as political governance system. This new era of international relations is accompanied by profound socio-economic and spatial changes. Thus, in the former colonies with the lack of a deterrent, we are seeing the resurgence of identity conflicts. Democratic demands and micro-nationalism ramping generate the implosion of state structures giving rise to intra-state conflicts. Senegal, renowned quiet country since the early 1980s faced a difficult political situation with the advent of independence demands of the movement of democratic forces of Casamance (MFDC)
Oyono, Jean Bosco. "La gestion et la résolution des conflits en Afrique centrale : sortir des crises et reconstruire la paix : le cas de la République démocratique du Congo." Lyon 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO31079.
Full textOur work falls into two parts. The first part introduces the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC); it essentially shows the different crises and wars undergone by this country since its independence in 1960. According to a report sent by a group of UNO experts to UN Security Council on December 8,2008, the country is rich with innumerable natural resources such as diamond, cobalt, copper, oil , etc ); moreover, it contains more than 15% of the world hydraulic potential, i. E. , 50% of the hydraulic potential of the whole African continent. Unfortunately, the Congolese have never had any control over these riches which have never served the financial interests of the Natives because of the dictatorial Regimes that have governed the country since its independence. The case of the Democratic Republic of Congo is an illustration of the contrast between a potentially rich country and a poor people. The second part suggests solutions to help put an end to crises and the circle of violence. So, we have defined three main models of political Regimes: the federal type, the Presidential and Parliamentary types which should be sustained by a democratic system equivalent to the model of Western. Naturally, we have underlined both the advantages and disadvantages of each system as far as The Democratic Republic of Congo is concerned. We have also examined the hypothesis of a possible partition of the DRC on the model of pre-colonial African Monarchies, and this in accordance with the geomorphologic aspect of the later armed conflict. Finally, we have suggested an endogenous Democracy of African type
Abouem, A. Tchoyi James Ronald. "Conflit, reconstruction et développement : la pertinence de la réponse économique : une analyse centrée sur le cas de la République démocratique du Congo (RDC)." Paris 13, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA131002.
Full textExploring the issue of political instabilities and more specifically the issue of civil war unveils a great variety of root causes that need to be confronted to the reality of the context from which they are withdrawn. Poverty thus appears to have a conditional impact in this regard, and this could become tenfold due to the interaction of complementary factors usually in relation to the state and its institutions. Deciphering the experience of some countries might relegate these considerations. Therefore the analysis carried out on the DRC (Democratic republic of Congo) depicts a paradigm that is sustained by a mainstream that is a milestone in the work on armed conflicts. The aim of the researches carried out here being to analyze the relevance of economic responses given the validity of the “greed” hypothesis from the Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler concept, we assume a transition from resilient war to consolidated peace then to the ignition of a new economic dynamism. In this effort of reconstructing economically and politically, the issue of corruption is to be tackled in a particular way due to its insidious evolution throughout institutions. States could then consider international Aid an important financial source to ease the process of reconstruction. Nevertheless, foreign Aid is not a panacea as it mechanically leads to a phenomenon of prolonged indebtment and dependence. This dependence, far from being contained or preempted by the traditional forms of conditionality, gets the receiving countries to rely on their donors namely because of tied Aid. In this regard, setting up and implementing strategies to attract FDIs (Foreign direct investments) as a relay appears to be a promising solution
Bitié, Abdoul Kader. "L'approche contemporaine de la prévention des conflits en Afrique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0061/document.
Full textLe continent africain est particulièrement marqué depuis la fin de la guerre froide par unerésurgence des conflits armés internes. L’incapacité de l’organisation de l’Unité Africaine, principaleorganisation continentale depuis sa création en 1963, à prévenir de tels conflits, a contraint ses Etatsmembres à restructurer l’ensemble du dispositif institutionnel, normatif et opérationnel du systèmerégional de maintien de la paix et de la sécurité. La création de l’Union Africaine et le développementde son architecture de paix et de sécurité au début des années 2000, a auguré d’une évolution du cadreinstitutionnel continental de la prévention des conflits armés. En instituant la démocratie et la paixcomme des préalables à son objectif principal de développement, l’Union Africaine, dans unearticulation délicate mais ambitieuse avec les communautés économiques régionales, s’est approprié laprévention régionale des conflits armés, par une approche contemporaine qui repose surl’identification des diverses causes de ces conflits, afin de développer des moyens spécifiques pour lesprévenir
Sané, Tidiane. "Vulnérabilité et adaptabilité des systèmes agraires à la variabilité climatique et aux changements sociaux en Basse-Casamance (Sud-Ouest du Sénégal)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC155/document.
Full textThe purpose of this research is to analyze vulnerability and adaptability of agrarian systems face to climate variability and social changes in Basse-Casamance, a region where rice growing is a multi-decade. The study focuses on an important aspect of rural development in a context of armed conflict and raises the issue of the dynamics of these systems, which have become an environmental, socio-cultural, economic and political issue. It emphasizes the relationship between the Diola peasant and his environment, through a remarkably ingenious agricultural management, which structuring reflects the deep appropriation of land and embodies a fundamental socio-spatial dimension of the "identity" of the region. Issued from a long social and societal history, from the ingenuity of techniques associated with the exploitation of the environment and the diversity of agrarian systems, rice growing in Basse-Casamance has been facing for more than forty years, multiple external forces, with decisive environmental and socio-economic consequences. The strong climatic variability (rainfall in particular), a key aspect in tropical environment, seems to be one of the triggers of the past and current environmental transformations observed in the region. It has led to other extreme events, with complex contours (high salinity of water and soil, soil acidity, siltation, etc.), therefore, rice growing in many plots of the region has become unpracticable. The magnitude of the changes is measured by a global and multi-scale approach in geography, which integrates both geomatics’ tools (Remote Sensing, GIS, statements of GPS points) and fieldwork (water and soil sampling, physico-chemical analyzes, direct observations, household surveys and people perceptions). This approach led to an important mapping of the observations from diachronic levels and revealed the major trends of the mutations over whole Basse-Casamance and on the scale of rice growing areas. The historical approach has led to a better understanding of the basis of this rice-growing and the conditions under which it is developing. This paradigm is greatly influenced by the public policies in terms of rice growing, implemented in Basse-Casamance, with a view of improving the livelihoods of the rural people. In many cases, however, they have proved to be ineffective and inefficient
Kengoum, Célestin. "La grande guerre africaine." Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GREND011.
Full textJoncheray, Mathilde. "Vivre la guerre, construire la paix : Conflits et recompositions territoriales post-conflit en République du Congo (Pays du Niari)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM3104.
Full textWars are major factors in territorial reorganisation. The territories of the “Pays du Niari”, region created by politicians, have a particular/specific place in the history of conflicts in Congo and the former influences their reconstruction. After 10 years of war, the region finds it difficult to recover, and finds itself in the middle of socio-economic, political and identity issues at different levels.This thesis studies, on the one hand, the conflicts leading to a methodical history-geography change of a region and populations put aside by national and international decision makers. It studies, on the other hand, how the different actors make theirs the notion of the post conflict and the territorial repercussions of the actions undertaken. This finally leads us to put forward the hiatus between reconstruction actions and the needs of the populations and the territories, clearly visible through the fragmented territories and timeframes
Orhan, Mehmet. "La violence politique dans l'espace kurde de Turquie : fragmentations, mobilisations, participations et répertoires." Paris, EHESS, 2012. https://eu02.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/uresolver/33PUDB_IEP/openurl?u.ignore_date_coverage=true&portfolio_pid=5364169090004675&Force_direct=true.
Full textThis thesis is about political violence in the Kurdish space of Turkey. The use of political violence cannot be understood without making reference to different levels of explanation. Violence is both the cause and consequence of interrelations that take place among many actors who operate in three levels: between the state and Kurdish movements, among Kurdish groups, and between Kurdish parties and Kurdish society. There are at least four processes combined for signalling configurations of violence: fragmentation-segmentation, mobilization, participation, and repertoires. Fragmentation-segmentation signifies internal violence that takes place between two or amongst many Kurdish actors. Mobilization relates to the course leading to violence by the Kurdish movement. Participation explains the use of arms by individuals. Repertoires represent forms of political violence. All these factors are produced in a relationship of interdependence and result in political violence
Aguenier, Lucas. "Réconcilier des futurs multiples : utopies et espérances d'avenir dans le contexte insurrectionnel de San Pedro Chenalhó (Chiapas, Mexique)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34744.
Full textThis study analyzes the evolution and the current and future transformations of the insurrectionary context in Chiapas, and more specifically the municipality of San Pedro Chenalhó. Twenty-five years after the Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN) uprising – a movement that is still a major reference for social struggles all around the world –, the economic, political and social difficulties have increased and now impact all the resistance groups in the region. This has lead some to abandon the revolutionary project, and has caused divisions and oppositions among others. Groups’ and individuals’ political positionnings have been numerous and conflicting in these last years. Focusing on the principles of « Utopia » (Mannheim, 1929) and « Hope » (Bloch, 1976), this study seeks to shed light on the dynamics through which individuals and groups from this municipality imagine their future and try to articulate these representations in their everyday lives. The interest of such an approach is both to enrich the local context’s knowledge with new theoretical considerations, and to create links and bridges between « irreconcilable » political postures within a complex context such as Chenalhó. Indeed, while the past and the present seem generally impacted by important disparities between some local groups, the future – sometimes – becomes a place invested by greater hopes for unity. These hopes are consistent whithin a political and social context that sees the consequences of the Mexican government’s low-intensity warfare a little bit more every day. Keywords : Anthropology and Sociology of future, Anthropology of hope, Utopia, Zapatismo, Indigenous resistance, Low intensity warfare, Local’s divisions, San Pedro Chenalhó, Chiapas, Mexico.
La presente investigación analiza las evoluciones y transformaciones actuales y futuras del contexto insurreccional en Chiapas, específicamente en el Municipio de San Pedro Chenalhó. Casi veinticinco años después del levantamiento zapatista – y aunque el movimiento no tiene nada que probar en cuanto a su capacidad de monopolizar los imaginarios de los movimientos sociales en cualquier parte del mundo –, las dificultades económicas, políticas y sociales que afectan todos los grupos de la resistencia en la región han aumentado considerablemente. Esto ha llevado al abandono del proyecto revolucionario para unos, a las divisiones y a las oposiciones para otros, pues las redefiniciones políticas locales también han sido numerosas en estos últimos años. Este estudio se centra en los principios de « la utopía » (Mannheim, 1929) y de « la esperanza » (Bloch, 1976), con la pretensión de entender las dinámicas por las cuales los individuos y los grupos del Municipio de Chenalhó imaginan su futuro y tratan de articular las representaciones de este en sus propias vidas de manera cotidiana. El objetivo es comprender los impactos y las consecuencias de las representaciones del futuro en la realización de este mismo futuro. El interés de tal enfoque es doble : por una parte permite enriquecer la comprensión del contexto local a partir de nuevas consideraciones teóricas y, por otra parte, permite crear eslabones y puentes entre las posturas políticas "irreconciliables" dentro de un contexto tan complejo como el de Chenalhó. Así, allá donde el pasado y el presente parecen generalmente cruzados por importantes divisiones dificiles de superar entre los grupos locales, el futuro se convierte a veces en un espacio en el que se invierten numerosas esperanzas para la unidad. Estas esperanzas son consecuentes en un contexto político y social que cada día refuerza un poco más las consecuencias de la guerra de baja intensidad del gobierno mexicano. Palabras Claves : Antropología y sociología del futuro, Antropología de la esperanza, Utopía, Zapatismo, Resistencia indígena, Guerra de baja intensidad, Divisiones comunitarias, San Pedro Chenalhó, Chiapas, México.
Tenenbaum, Élie. "Une odyssée subversive : la circulation des savoirs stratégiques irréguliers en Occident (France, Grande-Bretagne, États-Unis) de 1944 à 1972." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015IEPP0015.
Full textAfter being marginalized for centuries by the Western military model, irregular warfare was reintroduced during the Second World War through the indirect strategy adopted under British leadership. These new concepts then spread to the French and the American allies, thus contributing to forge the crucible of a new strategic community. The emergence of a "subversive threat" at the beginning of the Cold War allowed the renewal of such a community and the development of strategic knowledge such as irregular guerrilla or psychological warfare. Sometimes in cooperation, sometimes in rivalry, Western allies weaved their community of practice, first in Southeast Asia, facing the Maoist threat of people’s war, and then throughout the whole Third World. In the 1960s, the United States took the head of the crusade against the "wars of national liberation" and thus developed an integrated strategy, known as "counterinsurgency". The failure of its implementation in Vietnam and its political excesses yet lead to the rapid decline of irregular strategy in the West until its reappearance in the early twenty-first century, in the context of the global war on terror. Based on a large number of primary sources and adopting new methods of connected history, this work highlights the structures, networks and vectors which contributed to the circulation of strategic knowledge associated with irregular warfare. It also explores the motivations and limitations for such a circulation and attempts to offer an global narrative to apprehend the evolution of irregular warfare concepts
Berkes, Antal. "Les "zones grises" : la protection des droits de l'homme dans les zones hors du contrôle effectif de l'état." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010323.
Full textThe present thesis analyzes the international protection of human rights in "grey zones", defined as geographical areas where the State, sovereign of its territory, is unable or unwilling to exercise effective control. However, once the State has no more control over a part of its territory, human rights monitoring mechanisms become paralyzed. The main question to which the present study aims to answer is whether and how international human rights law can effectively apply in areas out of the effective control of the State, primary guarantor of human rights in its territory. The First Part aims to analyze the question of the applicability of international human rights law and to answer to the questions related to its applicability ratione loci, ratione materiae and ratione personae. The conclusions clarify whether this branch of international law continues to apply in the "grey zones" and which are the obligations binding States while answering to the related question to which other subjects human rights obligations are opposable. The Second Part examines the questions related to the implementation of the norms of international human rights law, i.e. the question of international responsibility for human rights violations and the challenge of the engagement of the responsibility in control mechanisms. The present thesis claims that international human rights law is able to impose its applicability and its implementation in such an imperfect situation
Canneval, Jacques. "Le traitement, dans la presse écrite, de la violence politique en Guadeloupe de 1979 à 1989." Thesis, Paris 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA030091.
Full textBetween 1979 and 1989, the region covering the French West Indies and Guyana, and in particular Guadeloupe, experienced a decade of violence. 284 bomb attacks were committed in these countries, i.e. slightly more than 10% of the 2,616 attacks carried out throughout French territory between 1973 and 1980. Two “terrorist” organizations successively claimed responsibility for these acts of violence: the Liberation Army Group (G.L.A.) and the Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance. The aim of this “armed struggle” was to “incite” the French government to grant national independence to its last strongholds in the West Indies and South America. This dissertation, entitled “How the written press dealt with the political violence in Guadeloupe between 1979 and 1989”, focuses on questioning the discursive strategy implemented by national and regional newspapers for reporting the violence in a country where a political theory on assimilation was brought into play. In its first part, this work, which is based on the actantial model, concentrates on highlighting the major phases in the “departmentalization” formula, which imposed itself over time as the political framework that would be used to regulate public life in overseas departments. In its second part, it emphasizes in detail the long historic process which led to the aforementioned violent events. These are analyzed in the third part through a contrastive study of the reference daily – Le Monde, with the nationalistic newspaper – the Journal Guadeloupéen and by analyzing the content. The results of this work are twofold: 1) the phenomenon of political violence is addressed in its theoretical and practical functioning; following an in-depth enquiry, the basic truths are brought to the fore for this troubled period. 2) the contrastive relationship, the lexical and thematic analysis uncovers the “substance” used by the newspapers for establishing their claims
Deycard, Frédéric. "Les rébellions touarègues du Niger : combattants, mobilisations et culture politique." Phd thesis, Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00556639.
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