Academic literature on the topic 'Conflits internationaux'

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Journal articles on the topic "Conflits internationaux"

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Plattner, Denise. "La répression pénale des violations du droit international humanitaire applicable aux conflits armés non internationaux." Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge 72, no. 785 (October 1990): 443–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003533610000486x.

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A l'heure oÙ les conflits armés non internationaux se multiplient, il peut être intéressant de se pencher sur la question de la mise en œuvre du droit international humanitaire (DIH) applicable à ces conflits. La répression pénale de certaines violations du droit international humanitaire est en effet un moyen prévu par ce droit pour assurer son respect dans les situations de conflit armé international. Utilisé à bon escient, dans une perspective de prévention surtout, il est d'une efficacité certaine. II convient done, en relation également avec les travaux de la Commission de droit international relatifs à un projet de code des crimes contre la paix et la sécurité de l'humanité, de s'interroger sur l'opportunité de promouvoir la répression pénale des violations du droit international humanitaire applicable aux conflits armés non internationaux.
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Plattner, Denise. "L'assistance à la population civile dans le droit international humanitaire: évolution et actualité." Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge 74, no. 795 (June 1992): 259–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035336100104836.

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Les juristes, conscients de la multiplicité des règies qui s'appliquent pendant la guerre, donnent une définition relativement élaborée du droit international humanitaire. Selon eux, l'expression «droit international humanitaire applicable dans les conflits armés s'entend des règies internationales, d'origine conventionnelle ou coutumière, quisont spécifiquement destinées a régler les problèmes humanitaires dècoulant directement des conflits armés, internationaux ou non, et restreignant, pour des raisons humanitaires, le droit des Parties en conflit d'utiliser les mèthodes et les moyens de guerre de leur choix ou protégeant les personnes et les biens affectés, ou pouvant être affectés, par le conflit».
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Gnesotto, Nicole, Justin Vaïsse, Alice Béja, and Pierre Poligone. "La prolifération des conflits internationaux." Esprit Novmbr, no. 11 (2015): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/espri.1511.0078.

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Wei, Su. "Les Protocoles de Genève de 1977 et le développement du droit international humanitaire." Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge 69, no. 765 (June 1987): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035336100088754.

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Il y a dix ans, deux Protocoles additionnels aux quatre Conventions de Genève ont été adoptés à Genève: l'un, relatif à la protection des victimes des conflits armés internationaux, l'autre, relatif à la protection des victimes des conflits armés non internationaux. Ceci représentait un pas important dans le développement du droit international humanitaire applicable dans les conflits armés. Le plus préoccupant des problèmes auxquels étaient confrontés dans les années de l'après-guerre, les juristes spécialisés dans le droit international humanitaire se trouvait être la protection des civils dans les situations de conflits armés, cela d'autant plus que cette période était caractérisée par les guerres de libération nationale. Les deux Protocoles ont abouti sur deux points importants: d'une part, les dispositions ont été élaborées dans le but de protéger les civils contre les effets des hostilités — et non plus simplement, comme dans la IVe Convention de Genève de 1949 de les protéger dans les territoires occupés. D'autre part, le champ d'application du droit humanitaire a été considérablement élargi, de sorte qu'un nombre bien plus grand de victimes des conflits armés jouissent de la protection du droit humanitaire. Ceci devrait faciliter le respect et la mise en œuvre du droit humanitaire lors des conflits. Je tenterai, dans ce document, de commenter les succès que représentent les Protocoles, notamment le Protocole I relatif aux conflits armés internationaux.
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Sommaruga, Cornelio. "Appel du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge à l'occasion du 20e anniversaire de l'adoption des Protocoles additionnels de 1977." Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge 79, no. 827 (October 1997): 505–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035336100051765.

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Il y a vingt ans, le 10 juin 1977, les plénipotentiaires de plus de cent États et de plusieurs mouvements de libération nationale signaient l'Acte final de la Conférence diplomatique sur la réaffirmation et le développement du droit international humanitaire applicable dans les conflits armés. Cette Conférence avait été convoquée à Genève par le gouvernement de la Suisse, État dépositaire des Conventions de Genève. Après quatre sessions, entre 1974 et 1977, elles-mêmes précédées d'un travail préparatoire de plusieurs années, la Conférence a élaboré deux Protocoles additionnels aux Conventions de Genève du 12 août 1949, relatifs à la protection, respectivement, des victimes des conflits armés internationaux (Protocole I) et des victimes des conflits armés non internationaux (Protocole II).
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Jarry-Omarova, Anna. "Mouvement associatif des femmes en Mongolie et partenariats internationaux." Cultures & conflits, no. 83 (December 30, 2011): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/conflits.18201.

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Néel, Lison. "Échecs et compromis de la justice pénale internationale (Note)." Études internationales 29, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 85–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/703844ar.

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Depuis longtemps déjà le problème de la création d'un tribunal pénal international permanent est soulevé afin déjuger les individus coupables de crimes de guerre, de crimes contre l'humanité ou de crimes de génocide. La multiplication des guerres et des conflits intra-étatiques remettent à l'ordre du jour ce problème. Les juridictions nationales, soit par une volonté politique insuffisante, soit par manque de moyens, ont laissé échapper la plupart des responsables des violations graves du droit humanitaire depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Les conflits yougoslave et rwandais ont remis en cause l'efficacité de la communauté internationale face au respect du droit international humanitaire et face à la lutte contre l'impunité de ces crimes internationaux.
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Verwilghen, Michel. "Les règles de droit international privé européen régissant les conflits individuels du travail." Revue générale de droit 22, no. 1 (March 21, 2019): 79–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1058169ar.

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L’étude a pour objet de présenter de façon synthétique le droit international privé européen régissant les conflits individuels de travail. Ce droit se caractérise d’abord par ses sources : il y va d’un ensemble de traités internationaux qui, depuis 1968, lient progressivement les États d’Europe. Élaborés sous l’égide des Communautés européennes, ces textes sont appelés à s’appliquer d’abord dans l’Europe des douze. Mais un des traités a pour ambition de couvrir, outre les pays du Marché commun, les États de l’Association européenne de libre échange. Ces dispositions de droit communautaire européen sont destinées à être appliquées de façon uniforme dans les États membres, grâce au contrôle juridictionnel de la Cour de Justice des Communautés européennes. La première partie expose les règles de conflit de juridictions applicables aux litiges sociaux : il s’agit essentiellement de normes fixant la compétence judiciaire internationale dans un esprit de protection des travailleurs. La deuxième partie s’attache à l’examen des règles de conflit de lois régissant les conflits de travail, contenues dans une Convention conclue à Rome en 1980 et déjà introduites sous forme de loi dans plusieurs États membres de la C.E.E. Le projet de Code civil du Québec (projet de loi 125) s’en inspire manifestement.
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L’Heureux, Marie-Hélène. "Vers une culture de prévention?" Potentia: Journal of International Affairs 2 (October 1, 2010): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/potentia.v2i0.4373.

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Suite au génocide du Rwanda, plusieurs acteurs internationaux ont entrepris une remise en question qui a notamment eu pour effet d’amorcer, au sein dela communauté internationale, un désir de passer d’une ‘culture de réaction à une culture de prévention’ (ONU, Rapport sur la prévention des conflits, 2001). L’un des impacts de cette réflexion a été le développement rapide d’un certain nombre « d’outils » visant à analyser les interactions entre les interventions de développement et les dynamiques du conflit. Ces outils ont créé un engouement tant au sein des agences donatrices que des organisations non gouvernementales (ONG), qui les ont adaptés et intégrés à leurs besoins organisationnels. Face à cette utilisation à grande échelle, les distinctions initiales entre les outils ont perdu de leur précision et tous sont maintenant généralement retrouvés sous le terme d’approches « sensibles aux conflits » (Paffenholz, 2009).
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Ghebali, Victor-Yves. "La gestion des conflits internationaux par la Société des Nations: Rétrospective critique." Études internationales 31, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 675–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/704220ar.

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Dans le cadre de son régime de sécurité collective, la SDN géra onze situations conflictuelles qui sont analysées ici sous l'angle de la nature de leur enjeu ainsi que sous celui du type des rapports de force entre les protagonistes et du type de la réaction de la communauté internationale. Dans la plupart des cas, il s'est agi de conflits à enjeu territorial. Par ailleurs, la SDN ne fut guère appelée à intervenir dans des conflits opposant directement deux grandes puissances : elle eut à traiter de conflits surgis entre deux petites puissances et, surtout, de conflits nés de l'agression d'une grande puissance contre un petit État. Les conflits du premier type furent généralement gérés de manière impartiale, en ce sens qu'Us prirent fin sur un compromis équitable. Dans les conflits du second type, le fait essentiel fut la partialité de la SDN en faveur de l'acteur politique le plus puissant. L'article montre aussi que la SDN privilégia l'action médiatrice/conciliatrice et que les rares cas où la coercition fut utilisée n'eurent pas d'effets concluants. Le bilan de l'expérience comprend huit revers et trois succès. Ces derniers (affaires des îles d'Aland, de Demir Kapou et de Léticia) ne devraient pas être minimisés car ils ont représenté des cas d'application exemplaire du régime de sécurité collective du Pacte de la SDN.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Conflits internationaux"

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Aparac, Jelena. "La responsabilité internationale des entreprises multinationales pour les crimes internationaux commis dans les conflits armés non internationaux." Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100031.

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La nature des conflits armés a significativement changé ces dernières décennies car ils sont devenus de plus en plus asymétriques. Des études multiples montrent que plus l’État est riche en ressources naturelles, plus il a la possibilité de subir un conflit interne de long durée. Parmi les acteurs impliqués, les entreprises multinationales contribuent directement ou indirectement non seulement aux conflits, mais aussi aux crimes qui sont commis dans ce contexte. Parmi elles, les sociétés militaires et de sécurité privées, les entreprises de l’industrie extractive et les institutions financières privées sont particulièrement impliquées. La première partie de cette thèse étudie la cristallisation progressive du droit substantiel et le fondement de la théorie de la responsabilité internationale des entreprises multinationales en raison de leur participation aux crimes internationaux. A la différence de l’approche traditionnelle de droit international public, le droit international humanitaire, applicable en période de conflit armé, est opposable aux acteurs non étatiques, et donc également aux entreprises multinationales. De ce fait, ce droit, ainsi que le droit international pénal, peuvent être des fondements de la responsabilité internationale des entreprises multinationales. Ce postulat a été accepté dès les procès de Nuremberg qui ont pour la première fois écarté le principe de societas delinquere non potest et reconnu le rôle des entreprises dans les conflit armés. Malgré la multiplication des initiatives de la soft law relatives à la responsabilité sociale des entreprises, force est de constater que celles-ci ne sont pas suffisantes, car elles ne prennent pas en compte les situations de conflits armés. Aussi, pour justifier l’application du droit international humanitaire aux entreprises, la présente étude identifie le statut des entreprises, leurs obligations et les conséquences de la violation, puis explique les modalités de l’attribution des crimes aux entreprises en analysant les formes directes et indirectes de participation en cause. La deuxième partie de la thèse explore les possibilités de la mise en œuvre de la responsabilité des entreprises devant des mécanismes et tribunaux internationaux. Dans un premier temps, l’auteur s’interroge sur les possibilités d’engager la responsabilité des entreprises multinationales devant les mécanismes pénaux, y compris devant la Cour pénale internationale (moyennant la modification du Statut de Rome). Enfin, la thèse s’achève sur une étude des mécanismes ne relevant pas de la logique pénale. L’auteur questionne ainsi les options existantes devant les institutions spécialisées en matière de droits de l’Homme et de de droit international économique. L’auteur parachève son étude par une analyse de la documentation des crimes d’entreprises, réalisée soit par des enquêtes officielles, soit par la société civile et des tribunaux d’opinions. L’auteur conclut que la voie de la procédure internationale pénale est la plus adaptée pour la mise en œuvre de la responsabilité des entreprises multinationales pour leurs participations dans des crimes internationaux, sans que cela exclut d’autres mécanismes compétents qui demeurent des voies complémentaires
The nature of armed conflict has shifted significantly in recent decades, becoming increasingly asymmetrical. Multiple studies show that more a state is rich in natural resources, the more likely it is to suffer a long-term internal conflict. Amongst different actors, multinational (or transnational) corporations contribute directly and/or indirectly not only to the conflict, but also to the crimes that may then arise. Private military and security companies, extractive industries, and private financial institutions are particularly likely to be involved in criminal conduct. The first part of this thesis examines the progressive crystallization of substantive law and the foundation of the theory of international responsibility of multinational corporations for international crimes. Unlike the traditional state-based approach of public international law, international humanitarian law, which is applicable in times of armed conflict, places clear and binding legal obligations on non-state actors, and thus also multinational corporations. As a result, this law, as well as international criminal law, can be a foundation for the international responsibility of multinational corporations. This postulate has been accepted since the Nuremberg trials, which for the first time dismissed the principle of societas delinquere non potest and recognized the role of corporations in armed conflict. Despite the proliferation of soft law initiatives relating to corporate social responsibility, it is clear that these are insufficient as they fail to take into account situations of armed conflict. In addition, to justify the applicability of international humanitarian law to corporations, the research identifies the status of companies, their obligations, the consequences of violations of these obligations and establishes the modalities of the attribution of the crimes to the corporations, and analyses the direct and indirect forms of participation of the multinational corporations in the crimes. The second part of the thesis explores possibilities for the implementation of corporate responsibility before international mechanisms and tribunals. In particular, the author is studying the option of engaging the responsibility of multinational corporations before the criminal mechanisms, including before the International Criminal Court (with the amendment of the Rome Statute). Finally, the thesis ends with a study of mechanisms that do not fall under the criminal logic. Therefore, the author is exploring the most suitable opportunity before various institutions specialized either in human rights or international economic law. The author completes the study with a consideration of the documentation of corporate crimes, either through official investigations or by those conducted by civil society and People’s tribunals. The author concludes that the path of international criminal procedure is the most appropriate for the implementation of the responsibility of multinational corporations for their participation in international crimes without excluding other existing competent mechanisms that may constitute complementary proceedings
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Surianegara, Dewi Triyati. "La Pluralité des statuts personnels dans le droit indonésien (conflits internes et conflits internationaux)." Paris 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA010286.

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Pays non-unifie de par sa structure geographique, physique et humaine, l'indonesie se caracterise par l'existence de conflits de lois internes. Issus de la periode coloniale, les lois applicables au statut personnel decoulent de la division de la population en plusieurs groupes : europeen, oriental etranger et autochtone, qu'ont etablie les pays-bas dans les indes neerlandaises. Cette differenciation de la population a induit une pluralite des statuts personnels, gouvernes par des reglementations propres a chacun des groupes de population, et la creation d'un droit specifique, le droit interpersonnel. Ce droit provient des rapports de droit entre personnes soumises de par leur appartenance a un groupe ethnique different a des lois differentes, qui suscitent des conflits de lois internes. Quel a ete l'evolution de cette branche du droit de sa naissance a sa reconnaissance?. Comment la doctrine ont-elles defini et apprehende cette notion?. Telles sont les questions auxquelles essai de repondre notre ouvrage. Malgre l'accession a l'independance de l'indonesie, cette classification de la population basee a l'origine sur des criteres
Indonesian society has been divided into various groups of population since the earliest days of dutch colonisation. Those groups of population are subject to different private laws. An interpersonal law problem may then arise, when parties of different population groups enter into legal relationship, since choice of law has to be made to decide which law will be applicable to such legal relationship. This division into population groups has survived indonesian's indep endance. With the transfer of sovereignity, in 1945, another side of conflict of laws has grown up, it is to say, the pr ivate international law. Indeed the great theme since the independance is law reform and in the fiel of private law, the effort to supplant the classification of the population based on racial criteria with those of citizenship. Many regula tions promulgated since the tranfer of sovereignity apply uniformly to all indonesians, without regard to population gro up
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Surianegara, Dewi Triyati. "La Pluralité des statuts personnels dans le droit indonésien conflits internes et conflits internationaux /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37601388p.

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Baldé, Saïdou. "La justice pénale internationale et les conflits armés en Afrique subsaharienne : contribution à l’étude du droit international pénal." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU10014/document.

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Barati, Homayoun. "La date critique en droit international." Paris 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA020138.

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Cette etude propose une theorie generale du concept de date critique tel qu'il est applique, explicitement ou implicitem ent, par les tribunaux dans le reglement des litiges internationaux. L'expose ouvre par un exorde. Il est constate que l e terme <> s'emploie sous le double rapport de la competence et du fond, et que dans les deux cas, la fonction de la date critique est identique : elle consiste a delimiter, ratione temporis, la base factuelle de la decision de maniere a ce que celle-ci ne soit fondee, principalement, que sur des elements situes du bon cote de la date critique, a en assurer, en d'autres termes, la <> de motivation. L'inventaire de la doctrine revele toutefois l'absence d'une theorie generale qui puisse rendre compte de cette identite. Les prolegomenes d'une telle theorie sont poses, appel etant fait a des concepts fondamentaux tels que, d'une part, celui de <>, en tant que l'antecedent de facto dont le droit subjectif est le consequent de jure, et d'autre part, celui de judicium, expression d'une synthese des deux aspects, processuel et substantiel, du proces international. Cela autorise a definir la date critique comme le determinant du lieu temporel du <>. Les trois parties principales traitent de la determination de la date critique, de l'ubiete des matieres par rapport a la date critique, et des effets de la critique. La premiere est consacree a l'expose des regles et principes qui regissent le choix de la date critique, de competence d 'abord, de fond ensuite. Il est demontre que la date critique de competence, tout en ayant sa source premiere - conforme ment au principe de competence consensuelle en matiere contentieuse - dans une designation ex parte lors de l'acceptatio n de la juridiction, est susceptible de subir, dans sa determination ultime, l'effet des regles et principes qui gouvernent l'existence et la portee de la competence dans une espece donnee. Quant a la date critique de fond, elle peut resulter d'une multitude de sources, lesquelles sont recensees et classifiees avant que ne soient extraites, depuis la jurisprudence, les regles de resolution des conflits des sources
The work puts forward a general theory of the concept of critical date as applied, eo nomine or ope notioni, by tribunals in the settlement of international disputes. The exposition opens with an exordium. It is observed that the te rm. "critical date" is used with reference to both jurisdiction and merits, and that in both cases, the function of the critical date is the same : it consists in delimiting, ratione temporis, the factual basis of the decision in order for this to be founded, principally, only upon elements situate on the hither side of the critical date; ensuring, in other words, the "ciscriticity" of the ratio decidendi. A review of the existing doctrine reveals the lack of a general theory able to account for that sameness of functions. The prolegomena of such a theory are laid down, recourse being ha d to such fundamental concepts as "title", defined as the de facto antecedent of which the subjective right is the de ju re consequent, and of judicium, which represents a synthesis of the adjective and substantive law aspects of internation al litigation. This will authorize a definition of the critical date as the determinant of the temporal locus of the "title of jus ad judicium". The three principal parts of the work will discuss the determinantion of the critical date, t he ubiety of matters in relation to the critical date, and the effects of the critical date. Part i provides an exposition of the rules and principles that govern the choice of the critical date for the purposes, first of jurisdiction, then of merits. It is shown that the jurisdictional critical date, while having, pursuant to the principle of consensual competence in contentious matters, its primary source in a designation ex parte simultaneous with the acceptance of the jurisdiction, is nonetheless liable to suffer, in its ultim ate value, the effect of the rules and principels that govern the existence and the purview of jurisdiction in a given c ase. As to the critical date for merits, it may result from a multitude of soruces, and these are inventoried and classi fied prior to an algorithm of rules for the solution of source conflicts being extracted from relevant case law
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PARVIN, FARHAD. "Conflits internes et conflits internationaux en matiere de statut personnel, droit iranien et droit francais compares." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA111005.

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Le but de cette recherche est l'etude comparative entre le droit positif iranien et le droit positif francais en matiere de statut personnel dans les conflits de lois, soit internes, soit internationaux. En conclusion, nous indiquerons que le conflit interregional du droit francais est en train de disparaitre, mais tres lentement. En revanche, le conflit interconfessionnel du droit iranien est tres actif. En ce qui concerne le conflit international, les ressemblances entre le droit iranien et le droit francais decroissent de plus en plus. Le droit iranien est tres attache au rattachement de la loi nationale ainsi qu'a la preponderance du droit musulman. Alors qu'en droit francais, a cause de l'intervention des conventions internationales et la pluralite des elements de rattachement comme le domicile et la proximite, la loi etrangere a deja perdu une grande partie de son importance surtout si celle-ci a un caractere religieux ayant certaines institutions incompatibles avec la societe francaise
The purpose of this research is to study between french law and iranian law apropos of personal status in conflicts of laws including internal conflicts and international conflicts. In short, the provincial conflict of french law is disappearing, but slowly. On the other hand, the religious conflict of iranian law is very active. With regard to international private law, resemblance is decreasing gradually between french law and iranian law. In iranian law, nationality and supremacy of islamic law are very important. Howerver, in french law, because of intervention a number of international conventions and plurality of judicial factors like domicile and proximity, foreign law has been lost a great deal of his importance. Especially if it has some juridical institutions incompatible with franch society
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Prévost-Gella, Jérôme. "Le juge administratif français et les conflits de traités internationaux." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D065.

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Phénomène généralement oublié des études de contentieux administratifs, les conflits de traités internationaux n’en constituent pas moins une problématique juridique de taille pour le juge administratif, devant lequel ils semblent destinés à se multiplier. Ces conflits, souvent présentés comme particuliers, du fait de l’inapplicabilité prétendue des méthodes classiques de résolution des conflits de normes, posent au juge administratif un certain nombre de difficultés juridiques relatives tant à leur reconnaissance qu’à leur résolution. A la frontière de deux ordres juridiques, l’ordre juridique interne, par leur lieu de survenance, et l’ordre juridique international, par l’origine internationale des traités, les conflits de traités sont souvent appréhendés avec réticence par le juge administratif, ce qui se traduit par un régime juridique encore difficilement saisissable.La thèse entend offrir une clé de compréhension du traitement jurisprudentiel des conflits de traités par le juge administratif. Plus particulièrement, en s’attachant à distinguer les forces propres au droit interne des forces inhérentes au droit international, dans les solutions rendues, il s’agit de démontrer que les conflits de traités ne constituent pas un problème juridique de droit international, soumis par accident au juge administratif. Ce dernier, acteur de la reconnaissance et de la résolution des conflits de traités, a développé une jurisprudence, en la matière, relevant d’un équilibre complexe et fragile entre les logiques du droit interne et les logiques du droit international public au cœur de la singularité essentielle des conflits de traités devant le juge administratif
Although conflicts between international treaties are generally a forgotten topic in administrative litigation studies, they constitute a major legal problem for the administrative judge, which are meant to increase. These conflicts, often considered as particular due to the alleged inapplicability of traditional resolving methods for conflicts of norms, raise a number of legal problems for the administrative judge concerning both their recognition and resolution. On the borderline between two legal systems, the internal legal system, owing to its place of occurrence, and an the other hand the international legal system, due to the international origin of treaties, conflicts between treaties are often deal with reluctance by the administrative judge. As a result, this leads to a legal regime still difficult to grasp.This thesis aims at offering a key to understand the treatment by the administrative judge of conflicts of treaties. It demonstrates, through the distinction of the inherent forces/strengths of domestic law on judicial decisions and those of international law, that the conflicts of treaties do not constitute a legal problem of international law, submitted by accident to the administrative judge. The latter, who is an actor in the recognition and resolution of treaty conflicts, has developed a precedent on this subject, resulting in a complex and fragile balance between the logics of domestic and international public law at the core of the essential singularity of the conflicts between treaties before submitted to the administrative judge
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Gbandi, Tchapo. "Villes, conflits ethniques et accords sur l'eau : trois essais en économie internationale." Thesis, Pau, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PAUU2073.

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Le commerce international est l'un des éléments majeurs qui a restructuré profondément la vie des nations et de l'économie mondiale. Cette thèse aborde trois sujets différents dans le domaine du commerce international. Elle apporte en premier lieu, de nouveaux développements sur la contribution du commerce international à la répartition géographique des populations au sein des nations et détermine en second lieu son influence sur les conflits ethniques. Ensuite, elle analyse la réaction des échanges mondiaux aux accords internationaux sur l'eau qui s'érigent ces dernières années comme un outil important du développement durable et socialement équitable. Les contributions de ce document, tiennent non seulement de l'originalité des questions traitées et des méthodes utilisées, tout en proposant et en exploitant des mesures mieux indiquées pour capter les faits analysés.Dans le premier chapitre, nous analysons si le commerce international a eu un rôle dans le développement des grandes villes des anciens pays colonisés. D'un point de vue théorique, un accès difficile au marché mondial de biens pourrait amener la principale ville à devenir la plateforme des exportations, attirant ainsi les populations. Dans le cas contraire, il y aura une meilleure répartition de l'activité économique dans le pays, et par conséquent moins d'incitation des populations à s'agglomérer dans la capitale. Notre analyse montre que le commerce international semble ne pas affecter la taille des grandes villes dans les anciens pays colonisés. Les institutions restent par contre déterminantes pour expliquer la taille des villes : la démocratie est source de concentration des populations dans les grands centres urbains des pays en développement.Le second chapitre examine la relation entre le commerce et l'insécurité dans les pays africains. En nous concentrant sur les conflits ethniques, cette partie met en avant le fait que le type de partenaires à l'échange déterminerait le coût d'opportunité à un conflit ethnique. Les résultats obtenus valident cette intuition en démontrant que les échanges internationaux des ethnies, le commerce régional et le commerce interne d'un pays ont des effets hétérogènes sur la promotion de la paix. Ainsi, il ressort que le commerce international des ethnies et le commerce interne des pays ont des effets pacificateurs contrairement au commerce entre pays qui partagent au moins un groupe ethnique. Cependant, seul le commerciale international des ethnies semble remodeler l'identité nationale qui à son tour réduit la probabilité de conflits ethniques.Le dernier chapitre se concentre sur la fulgurante augmentation des coopérations internationales concernant la gestion des bassins d'eau communs. L'eau étant un élément essentiel des processus de production des biens, il conviendrait de savoir, après plusieurs décennies d'implémentation, l'impact de ces accords sur le commerce. En effet, trois hypothèses concurrentes peuvent être émises. Il se pourrait que ces accords ne soient que des discours politiques sans conséquences réelles n'impactant pas le commerce. Il est aussi possible que ces accords se matérialisent par des tentatives pragmatiques visant à respecter les objectifs de développement durable et dans ce cas, il est probable que ces accords ont un effet négatif sur le commerce. A l'inverse, ces accords permettant une meilleure allocation des ressources en eau entre pays, peut aussi stimuler la production (notamment agricole) et in fine les échanges commerciaux. En général, les résultats révèlent que les accords sur l'eau, motivés en particulier par les hausses de température, représentent un coût au libre-échange en Europe, en Asie et en Amérique (mais pas en Afrique), il semble donc que ces accords sur l'eau ont un contenu de protection environnementale important qui limitent les échanges commerciaux
International trade is one of the key factors that have deeply reorganized the world economy. This thesis addresses three different topics in the field of international economics. It firstly brings new insights on the contribution of international trade to the geographical distribution of populations in countries and secondly, determines trade effect on ethnic conflicts. Afterwards, this document examines the reaction of world trade to international water agreements that increasingly emerged in recent decades as a tool for sustainable and socially equitable development. The contributions of this document stem not only from the originality of the topics discussed and the methodologies adopted, but it also proposes and builds more appropriate indicators that are better suited to capturing the issues under analysis.Thus, the first chapter assesses whether international trade is relevant in explaining the development of large cities in past European colonies. We argue that trade restrictions can provide an advantage to one city, which may become the platform for exports and catastrophically attracts people. By contrast, trade liberalization, by providing market access to other cities, fosters the dispersion of economic activities and consequently a dispersion of the population. The empirical investigations have led to the conclusion that international trade does not drive the size of large cities in the former colonized countries. Only institutions drive the size of primate cities: democracy goes hand in hand with agglomeration.The second chapter analyses the relationship between trade and insecurity in African countries. Focusing on ethnic conflicts, this part of the thesis argues that the type of trading partners determines the opportunity cost of an ethnic conflict. The international trade of ethnic groups, the regional trade and countries' internal trade may have heterogeneous effects on peace. The data analyses results support this prediction by pointing out that international ethnic trade and countries' internal trade are peace-promoting tools unlike trade between countries that share at least one ethnic group, which appears as a factor of ethnic conflicts. However, only international ethnic trade seems to reshape the national identity of countries, which in turn reduces the likelihood of ethnic conflicts.In the last chapter of the thesis, we discuss the growing concern about the international management of shared water resources. As water constitutes an important input in the production of goods, it seems necessary to assess the effectiveness of international water agreements with regards to trade after several decades of implementation. One can argue that these agreements are just "cheap talk", or rather pragmatic attempts to meet the sustainable development objectives to take actions for better water management. Conversely, these agreements, by allowing a better allocation of water resources between countries, can also stimulate production (especially agricultural production) and ultimately trade. Thus, this chapter firstly sheds light on the climate change indicators that are the main drivers of the increasing implementation of shared water resources' agreements. Secondly, it examines whether these agreements affect international trade before proposing their overall effects on countries. In general, the study reveals that water agreements, motivated in particular by high temperature signals, represent a cost to free trade in Europe, Asia and the Americas, except in Africa. Therefore, it seems that these water agreements have substantial environmental protection contents that restrict trade
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Morel-Maroger, Juliette. "Les opérations de banque en droit international privé : (étude de conflits de lois)." Paris 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA010268.

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L'internationalisation croissante des activités des banques, y compris les plus courantes suscite des problèmes complexes de conflit de lois. Dans ces conditions, une étude relative aux conflits de lois soulevés par les opérations internationales de banque s'avère utile pour tenter de dresser un état du droit positif dans la perspective de rechercher la prévisibilité des solutions. Partant de la réglementation de plus en plus foisonnante du droit interne, du droit communautaire et du droit international privé applicable aux opérations de banque, la thèse propose d'opérer une séparation nette entre la logique de la règle de conflit de lois et celle de la règle matérielle. De façon générale, le choix de la loi par les parties et le rattachement à la loi de la banque à défaut de choix sont les plus sûrs moyens de garantir la prévisibilité du droit et la protection des intérêts en cause. Cependant, la méthode indirecte doit céder le pas aux méthodes directes lorsque d'autres intérêts sont en cause. Il s'agit d'abord des interventions de l'Etat, dès lors que sa politique monétaire ou de soutien à la consommation est en cause. Ensuite, les banques étant les mieux placées pour évaluer leurs besoins, elles se dotent d'instruments juridiques spécifiques à leurs activités internationales. De fait, en analysant les spécificités juridiques des opérations de banque et les objectifs précis et légitimes des différentes méthodes du droit international privé dont elles relèvent, il devient possible de mieux appréhender les difficultés soulevées par leur internationalité.
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Stark, Vanessa. "Conflits internationaux en matière de droit de garde et de visite." Nice, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NICE0035.

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En présence d'enfants, la rupture des parents engendre des problèmes spécifiques lorsque ceux-ci sont de nationalité différente. Aux conflits classiques opposant traditionnellement les père et mère à l'occasion de toute séparation se superposent les difficultés et incertitudes induites par l'élément d'extranéité. Le défaut d'harmonisation des législations et la lancinante question de l'exécution des jugements de garde à l'étranger sont à l'origine de situations dramatiques dont la presse se fait périodiquement l'écho. Depuis les années soixante-dix, on a pu constater une augmentation importante des enlèvements d'enfants à caractère international. Le cloisonnement des Etats et l'indépendance affirmée du pouvoir judiciaire par rapport au pouvoir politique débouchent la plupart du temps sur un constat d'échec. D'où l'élaboration de nouvelles conventions internationales en marge du Traité de La Haye du 5 octobre 1961 concernant la compétence et loi applicable en matière de protection des mineurs. Toutefois les instruments internationaux mis en œuvre sont loin de régler tous les problèmes. Des failles et des incertitudes subsistent. Comment faire face à la multiplication des décisions de garde contradictoires et trop souvent aléatoires au sein même de l'Union européenne ? La question de l'enlèvement international d'enfants peut-elle être résolue ? Notre étude fondée sur l'expérience de la pratique jurisprudentielle, cherchera à faciliter la compréhension de ces phénomènes et des solutions possibles.
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Books on the topic "Conflits internationaux"

1

Laroche, Josepha. Théories des Conflits Internationaux I. Montréal (Québec): Liber, 2015.

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Service, Canadian Security Intelligence. Conflict between and within states =: Conflits nationaux et internationaux. Ottawa, Ont: Canadian Security Intelligence Service = Service canadien du renseignement de sécurité, 2000.

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Les conflits dans le monde 2009: Rapport annuel sur les conflits internationaux. Québec: Presses de l'Université de Laval, 2009.

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Ramsbotham, Oliver. Contemporary conflict resolution: The prevention, management and transformation of deadly conflicts. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2005.

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Conflits identitaires et enjeux économiques internationaux dans la région des Grands Lacs. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2014.

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Boulery, Catherine. Bibliography on the peaceful settlement of international disputes =: Bibliographie sur le règlement pacifique des conflits internationaux. Geneva, Switzerland: Henry Dunant Institute, 1990.

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Pourquoi Bush veut la guerre: Religion, politique, et pétrole dans les conflits internationaux. Montréal: Editions des Intouchables, 2003.

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Gestures of conciliation: Factors contributing to successful olive branches. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.

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1960-, Sisk Timothy D., and United States Institute of Peace., eds. New approaches to international negotiation and mediation: Findings from USIP-sponsored research. Washington, DC (1200 17th St., NW, Washington 20036-3011): U.S. Institute of Peace, 1999.

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Deborah, Goodwin, and Midlane Matthew, eds. Negotiation in international conflict: Understanding persuasion. London: F. Cass, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Conflits internationaux"

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Boothby, William H. "International Manuals and International Law." In Conflict Law, 65–95. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-002-2_3.

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Luard, Evan. "Conflict." In International Society, 183–200. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20636-0_10.

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Féron, Élise. "Diasporas, Home Conflicts, and Conflict Transportation in Countries of Settlement." In Routledge International Handbook of Diaspora Diplomacy, 296–306. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003031468-27.

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Bederman, David J. "Conflict." In Globalization and International Law, 19–25. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230612891_3.

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Kyris, George. "International Organizations and Statehood Conflicts." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Peace and Conflict Studies, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11795-5_155-1.

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Kozhemiakin, Alexander V. "Global Democratization and International Conflicts." In Expanding the Zone of Peace?, 103–27. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-333-99534-1_6.

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Stavenhagen, Rodolfo. "International Dimensions of Ethnic Conflicts." In Ethnic Conflicts and the Nation-State, 203–26. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25014-1_8.

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Azar, Edward E. "Protracted International Conflicts: Ten Propositions." In Conflict: Readings in Management and Resolution, 145–55. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21003-9_8.

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Cook, Ian. "Civil Wars and International Conflicts." In The Politics of the Final Hundred Years of Humanity (2030-2130), 111–43. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1259-9_6.

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Kyris, George. "International Organizations and Statehood Conflicts." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Peace and Conflict Studies, 611–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77954-2_155.

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Conference papers on the topic "Conflits internationaux"

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Stojanovska, Slagjana, and Kristina Velichkovska. "COMMUNICATION DIFFERENCES AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT." In 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.s.p.2020.85.

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This paper aims to examine the challenges of cross-cultural communication in multicultural teams and the resolution of conflicts arising during that process of communication. For this purpose, a survey was conducted on individuals coming from various cultural backgrounds to determine how cultural differences affect the organizational communication styles, their perception of conflict situations and the choice of conflict resolution procedures. The study is underpinned by a literature review of cross-cultural communication and theories on culture, conflict resolution and multicultural team dynamics. Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Theory will be used to define the cultural differences using four dimensions: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs collectivism, and masculinity vs femininity. The outcome of the study assesses the intercultural communication competence of employees in North Macedonia and gives recommendations on how to improve communication and avoid conflicts that plague multicultural teams.
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Nofeli, Reihane, Seyede Simin Mirhashemi Dehkordi, and Hojjat Mianabadi. "Theory of Institutional Peace and Peacebuilding in Transboundary River Basins." In 8th Peace and Conflict Resolution Conference [PCRC2021]. Tomorrow People Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52987/pcrc.2021.014.

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ABSTRACT Social developments have led to prompt the significance of concentrating on peace and the factors influencing it throughout history. In order to analyze this concept, various theories have been proposed in the field of international relations and peace and conflict studies. Institutional peace theory is one of the prominent theories that emphasizes the role of international institutions to achieve meaningful change and cooperation among governments at the international level. Most researchers in the field of environmental challenges in general and water challenges in particular have also based liberal institutionalism in their research at the international level. Attention to the role of institutions in dealing with water conflicts and peacebuilding in transboundary river basins has led to the need to analyze the theory of institutional peace in the management of water conflicts. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study is to analyze the capacity of institutional peace theory in dealing with water conflicts in transboundary river basins. With this goal in view, while using library resources, the effectiveness of institutional peace theory in the management of water conflicts is analyzed. Based on the analyses, it can be acknowledged that despite the positive effect of water institutions in relieving water conflicts in some river basins, there are significant criticisms of this theory. KEYWORDS: Water Conflicts, Institutional Peace, Transboundary river basins, Institutionalism
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De Silva, Piyanwada, and Y. G. Sandanayake. "Conflicts Handling Styles Used by Professionals at Pre-Contract Stage of Building Construction Projects in Sri Lanka." In The SLIIT International Conference on Engineering and Technology 2022. Faculty of Engineering, SLIIT, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54389/vluv8738.

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Conflicts between design team professionals is a common experience in building construction projects in Sri Lanka. Depending on the way they are been handled, these conflicts bring either positive or negative impacts to the project. Thus, this paper investigates the conflict-handling styles that the professionals use to handle different types of conflicts among themselves at pre-contract stage of construction projects in Sri Lanka. The study on different types of conflicts and handling styles were derived through quantitative approach by a questionnaire survey designed incorporating Rahim’s Organisational Conflict InventoryII (ROCI-II) with the participation of 42 number of professionals engaged during the pre-contract stage of building construction projects in Sri Lanka. The scope of the study was limited to the building construction projects and only to the conflicts among professionals at the same level. The collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The research findings revealed that there are four types of conflicts: task, relationship, process and status conflicts, occur in different frequencies among the professionals. The task conflicts occur very often, and process conflicts occur often whilst relationship and status conflicts occur rarely among professionals during the pre-contract stage. This study revealed that professionals use different conflict handling styles to handle these four types of conflicts among themselves during the pre-contract stage of building construction projects in Sri Lanka. Further, majority of professionals use integrating style often to handle conflicts among themselves, and they use avoiding style very rarely to handle the conflicts among themselves except for relationship conflicts. However, to handle relationship conflicts, professionals use dominating style as the last option. The study would assist the industry practitioners to identify their personnel conflict handling style and the outcome of using each style with their supervisors when handling conflicts during the precontract stage. KEYWORDS: Conflicts, Conflict-Handling Styles, Conflicts With Professionals, Construction Industry, Pre-Contract Stage.
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Neumeyer, Xaver, and Ann F. McKenna. "Assessing Team Conflict in Student Design Teams." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63933.

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Our work is investigating the role of team conflict in the context of student design project work. We are interested in the types of conflicts that occur during the team’s development of their design solution, and how these conflicts may in fact contribute in a positive way to the overall design solution. We are using a mixed-method approach to data collection through student interviews, team observations, reflective memos, and surveys. This paper reports results from a study implemented in a required first-year engineering design course. Results from this study indicate that teams experience a range of conflicts, where some students perceive these conflicts as beneficial to team performance. In addition, our results describe several strategies teams use to manage and leverage these conflicts. Finally, methodologically we found that the team memos and team conflict surveys were better instruments for capturing team conflict, more so than self-report surveys.
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Oruwari, Humphrey Otombosoba. "Assessment of Conflict Management in Niger Delta and Implications for Sustainable Development of Oil and Gas in Nigeria." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208224-ms.

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Abstract Nigerian oil and gas industry have over the years witnessed incessant conflicts between the stakeholders, particularly the host communities in Niger Delta region and the oil and gas companies in partnership with the Federal Government. Conflict which is here defined as manifestation of disagreement between individual and groups arising from differing and mutually incompatible interests has both positive and negative effects depending on how it was managed. Managing conflicts is all about limiting the negative aspects. The study examined conflicts management in Nigeria oil and gas industry and how best the positive elements of conflicts can be maximally exploited for the mutual benefit of both oil and gas company and the host communities in Niger Delta. The study adopted the multidisciplinary approach, literature review, case study and relied on secondary sources using analytical method of data analysis. The study findings revealed that the major factors that precipitate conflicts between the oil and gas industry and host communities in Niger Delta include economic, social, political, and ecological factors. There are available strategies that can be used in conflict management. These include avoiding, accommodating, or smoothing, competing, or forcing, compromising, and collaborating. Any of these strategies can be used to manage conflict depending on the situation, the environment factor, and the nature of the conflict. The problem is that the oil and gas companies in partnership with the Nigerian government often adopted the wrong approach in dealing with the conflict with host communities, using avoiding or forcing strategies. The study recommends collaboration strategy which ensues long term-term solution to mutual benefits.
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Karabushenko, Pavel, Arushan Vartumyan, and Tatiana Shebzukhova. "Threats and challenges to the collective security of eurasia (on the example of the geopolitical cosmology of the south caucasus)." In East – West: Practical Approaches to Countering Terrorism and Preventing Violent Extremism. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcshss.nurv4158.

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The modern world is facing numerous challenges and threats posed by the political realities of international relations.The instability of them leads to the destruction of the geopolitical world view, which needs constant clarification and adjustment. Geopolitical cosmology, which is engaged in creating a realistic picture of international relations, will help us to give an objective assessment of current international events. The geopolitical analysis of the Eurasian space, where there are always many different kinds of contradictions, threats and conflicts, is of particular interest in this regard. This region has the richest historical traditions, and a modern assessment of the objective political reality is impossible without taking them into account. The authors used a comprehensive methodological approach, which allows give full consideration to the dynamics of international events and constantly changing geopolitical strategies. The main goal of this study is to analyze the conflicts constantly occurring in this region, which are evidence of the confrontation between the leading powers defending their national interests here. It is in Eurasia that the world "weather" of international relations is formed. It is here the national interests of many leading countries that have nothing to do with this region, but strive to demonstrate their importance, collide. And the countries of this region itself must learn to defend, independently or jointly, their national interests, ensure their security and peacefully resolve urgent conflict situations.
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Timmons, Eric, and Brian C. Williams. "Best-first Enumeration Based on Bounding Conflicts, and its Application to Large-scale Hybrid Estimation (Extended Abstract)." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/721.

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State estimation methods based on hybrid discrete and continuous state models have emerged as a method of precisely computing belief states for real world systems, however they have difficulty scaling to systems with more than a handful of components. Classical, consistency based diagnosis methods scale to this level by combining best-first enumeration and conflict-directed search. While best-first methods have been developed for hybrid estimation, conflict-directed methods have thus far been elusive as conflicts summarize constraint violations, but probabilistic hybrid estimation is relatively unconstrained. In this paper we present an approach (A*BC) that unifies best-first enumeration and conflict-directed search in relatively unconstrained problems through the concept of "bounding" conflicts, an extension of conflicts that represent tighter bounds on the cost of regions of the search space. Experiments show that an A*BC powered state estimator produces estimates up to an order of magnitude faster than the current state of the art, particularly on large systems.
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Eifler, Rebecca, Jeremy Frank, and Jörg Hoffmann. "Explaining Soft-Goal Conflicts through Constraint Relaxations." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/641.

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Recent work suggests to explain trade-offs between soft-goals in terms of their conflicts, i.e., minimal unsolvable soft-goal subsets. But this does not explain the conflicts themselves: Why can a given set of soft-goals not be jointly achieved? Here we approach that question in terms of the underlying constraints on plans in the task at hand, namely resource availability and time windows. In this context, a natural form of explanation for a soft-goal conflict is a minimal constraint relaxation under which the conflict disappears (``if the deadline was 1 hour later, it would work''). We explore algorithms for computing such explanations. A baseline is to simply loop over all relaxed tasks and compute the conflicts for each separately. We improve over this by two algorithms that leverage information -- conflicts, reachable states -- across relaxed tasks. We show that these algorithms can exponentially outperform the baseline in theory, and we run experiments confirming that advantage in practice.
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Jiang, Tianhong, and Gale E. Nevill. "Pattern-Based Approach in Conflict Cause Identification in Distributed Design Environment." In ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/cie-21237.

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Abstract In this paper, a well-organized structure of conflict classes and causes is presented. Based on our study of nature of the conflicts and the associated value patterns in design, a pattern-based computational model is proposed for conflict cause identification and successfully tested in Plane World distributed design simulation.
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Jankurova, Andrea. "INTERCULTURAL CONFLICTS WITHIN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS." In 2nd International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2015/b21/s4.024.

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Reports on the topic "Conflits internationaux"

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Semotiuk, Orest. RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN MILITARY CONFLICT: TERMINOLOGICAL AND DISCURSIVE DIMENSIONS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11399.

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The paper is devoted to terminological, typological and discursive dimension of concepts describing modern conflicts. Historical development of concept “war” is retraced including four generations of warfare. Difficulties in establishing a methodological framework for analyzing the media coverage of military conflicts are analyzed and an interdisciplinary approach to the media coverage of military conflicts is proposed. This enables the integration of different theories - international relations, conflict studies, political communication and journalism. Two dimensions of the Russian-Ukrainian military conflict (physical and discursive) are desribed. In the physical dimension, the conflict is localized. The discursive dimension of the conflict is implemented at the global, interstate (Russian-Ukrainian) and local (intra-Ukrainian) levels. Discursive understanding of the Russian-Ukrainian military conflict was investigated on local level. The object of analysis was coverage of the conflict in 4 Ukrainian online news portals. The need of new methodological approaches to analysis of the relationship between the media and security issues is emphasized.
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Lewis, Dustin, Gabriella Blum, and Naz Modirzadeh. Indefinite War: Unsettled International Law on the End of Armed Conflict. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, February 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/yrjv6070.

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Can we say, definitively, when an armed conflict no longer exists under international law? The short, unsatisfying answer is sometimes: it is clear when some conflicts terminate as a matter of international law, but a decisive determination eludes many others. The lack of fully-settled guidance often matters significantly. That is because international law tolerates, for the most part, far less violent harm, devastation, and suppression in situations other than armed conflicts. Thus, certain measures governed by the laws and customs of war—including killing and capturing the enemy, destroying and seizing enemy property, and occupying foreign territory, all on a possibly large scale—would usually constitute grave violations of peacetime law. This Legal Briefing details the legal considerations and analyzes the implications of that lack of settled guidance. It delves into the myriad (and often-inconsistent) provisions in treaty law, customary law, and relevant jurisprudence that purport to govern the end of war. Alongside the doctrinal analysis, this Briefing considers the changing concept of war and of what constitutes its end; evaluates diverse interests at stake in the continuation or close of conflict; and contextualizes the essentially political work of those who design the law. In all, this Legal Briefing reveals that international law, as it now stands, provides insufficient guidance to precisely discern the end of many armed conflicts as a factual matter (when has the war ended?), as a normative matter (when should the war end?), and as a legal matter (when does the international-legal framework of armed conflict cease to apply in relation to the war?). The current plurality of legal concepts of armed conflict, the sparsity of IHL provisions that instruct the end of application, and the inconsistency among such provisions thwart uniform regulation and frustrate the formulation of a comprehensive notion of when wars can, should, and do end. Fleshing out the criteria for the end of war is a considerable challenge. Clearly, many of the problems identified in this Briefing are first and foremost strategic and political. Yet, as part of a broader effort to strengthen international law’s claim to guide behavior in relation to war and protect affected populations, international lawyers must address the current confusion and inconsistencies that so often surround the end of armed conflict.
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3

Schroeder, Anita G. International Peace Operations and Conflict Resolution,. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada328898.

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4

Tieman, Larry W. International Terrorism and Third World Conflict. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada241438.

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5

Iwara, MaryAnne. Hybrid Peacebuilding Approaches in Africa: Harnessing Complementary Parallels. RESOLVE Network, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/pn2020.15.lpbi.

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Many of the most pressing conflicts across sub-Saharan Africa today—including violent extremism, sexual and gender-based violence, pastoralist/farmer conflicts, and criminal banditry—are shaped by local, community-level drivers. Despite these local drivers, however, international peacebuilding approaches often ignore or neglect bottom-up, grassroots strategies for addressing them. Often, international efforts to contribute to the prevention and management of local conflicts depend heavily on large-scale, expensive, and external interventions like peacekeepers, while under-investing in or by-passing traditional/customary mechanisms and resources that uphold locally defined values of peace, tolerance, solidarity, and respect. Recognizing that these traditional and customary practices themselves sometimes have their own legacies of violence and inequality, this policy note emphasizes the possibility of combining aspects of traditional peacebuilding mechanisms with international conflict management approaches to harness the benefits of both.
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6

Lewis, Dustin, Naz Modirzadeh, and Gabriella Blum. Medical Care in Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law and State Responses to Terrorism. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/hwga7438.

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The surge in armed conflicts involving terrorism has brought to the fore the general question of medical care in armed conflict and the particular legal protections afforded to those providing such care to terrorists. Against this backdrop, we evaluate international humanitarian law (IHL) protections for wartime medical assistance concerning terrorists. Through that lens, we expose gaps and weaknesses in IHL. We also examine tensions between IHL and state responses to terrorism more broadly. In studying the IHL regime applicable to medical care, substantive fragmentation and gaps in legal protection between states and across types of conflict emerge. These ruptures are not new. But they are increasingly noticeable as terrorism is more frequently conceptualized as forming part of armed conflicts and as more states undertake aggressive responses to terrorist threats. The U.N. Security Council has been a key driver of these responses, requiring member states to take more and broader steps to obviate terrorist threats. Yet so far the Council has not required that, in doing so, states fully exempt impartial wartime medical care, even in circumstances that would render such care protected under IHL. Rather, the Council seems to consider providing medical assistance and supplies to al-Qaeda and its associates as at least a partial ground for designating those who facilitate such care as terrorists themselves. The overall result today is unsatisfactory. By prosecuting physicians for supporting terrorists through medical care in armed conflicts, some states are likely violating their IHL treaty obligations. But in certain other instances where states intentionally curtail impartial medical care there is no clear IHL violation. Both those actual IHL violations and the lack of clear IHL violations, we think, are cause for concern. The former represent failures to implement the legal regime. And the latter highlight the non-comprehensiveness - or, at least, the indeterminateness and variability - of the normative framework.
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7

Sun, Pu. Reproduction of 'Humiliation and International Conflict Preferences'. Social Science Reproduction Platform, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.48152/ssrp-7qmv-6a94.

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8

Rodrik, Dani, and Tanguy van Ypersele. Capital Mobility, Distributive Conflict, and International Tax Coordination. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7150.

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9

Alesina, Alberto, and Enrico Spolaore. International Conflict, Defense Spending and the Size of Countries. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5694.

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10

Stephen, Monica. Partnerships in Conflict: How violent conflict impacts local civil society and how international partners respond. Oxfam; International Alert, October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2017.0759.

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