Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Conformation des récepteurs'
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Prevost, Marie. "Transitions allostériques des récepteurs-canaux pentamériques : identification et exploration fonctionnelle d'une nouvelle conformation localement fermée." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066679.
Full textPentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels (pLGICs) are involved in synaptic transmission and modulated by a large number of drugs. Three allosteric states are in equilibrium at the membrane: a basal state, an active state, which is open, and a closed desensitized state observed during prolonged agonist application. Two bacterial homologues of pLIGICs, GLIC and ELIC, whose structure is known, led to a transition model between open (GLIC) and closed (ELIC) conformations. This work had two main goals: 1) capture a closed conformation of GLIC to build a better model and 2) obtain structural data on GLIC when it is at the cell membrane. I combined site-directed mutagenesis, electrophysiology and biochemistry, together with, in collaboration, X-ray crystallography. We stabilized a novel closed conformation of GLIC, different from the ELIC one. This novel conformation, called locally-closed and adopted by six different mutants, exhibits an locally closed ionic pore, and seems to correspond to an intermediate state from basal to active states, according to functional studies. I also expend these findings on the human glycine receptor, showing that GLIC is a valid model for studying allosteric transitions of pLGICs. Finally, a novel pharmacology for GLIC was developed to improve the use of GLIC in biophysical studies, leading to the discovery of a series of antagonist molecules
Ruffin, Hervé. "Influence d'un habillage sur les propriétés de coordination d'hexaphyrines : vers des nouveaux récepteurs moléculaires à conformation et aromaticité modulables." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S086/document.
Full textHexaphyrins are six-pyrrole member macrocycles, which possess several interesting physico-chemical properties, and specially their abilities to exist as two stable oxidation states. They also can coordinate two metallic cations, unfortunately they suffer from a lack of reactivity and from unpredictable behaviors regarding the nuclearity of the complexes. To overcome these problems, we decided to follow a macrocycle post-modification strategy, using the unprecedented peripheral dressing of the hexaphyrin. We tried to explore few functions and started working with carboxylic acid groups on a piquet and then on a strap to extend the preorganization of the coordinated function. This strategy showed good results and instantaneous metalation with four metalics cations, ZnII, CdII, PbII and HgII at room temperature. Meanwhile we studied the behavior in coordination chemistry of novel tren-capped hexaphyrin. Thus we highlight the first diastereoselective synthesis, involving the formation of complexes showing Möbius strip topology. This system was used as proof of concept for the development of potential chiroptical sensors, based on a topology switch after metalation triggered by the analyte
Nehmé, Rony. "Expression et purification du récepteur humain de la voie Hedgehog, Smoothened, dans une conformation native et stable." Nice, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NICE4031.
Full textThe Hedgehog pathway is one of the most important pathways in embryogenesis and in proliferation of adult stem cells. This pathway involves two transmembrane receptors, Patched and Smoothened whose dysfunctions have been linked to many human diseases including cancers. This study reports expression and purification of the human GPCR Smoothened, for structure-function relationship characterization. Therefore I developed the heterologous expression of Human Smoothened (hSmo) in the yeast S. Cerevisiae. Using SPR technology, I showed that hSmo, expressed at the plasma membrane of yeast, is in its native conformation able to bind its antagonist, cyclopamine (CPN). Then, I developed the purification of hSmo by affinity chromatography and tested new surfactants. Results show that the new surfactants stabilize hSmo in solution after purification and are preserve antagonist-binding ability of Smo suggesting that purified hSmo maintains its native conformation in solution. In addition, characterization of a single mutation of Smoothened (hSmoG435R) combined to one of the surfactants, revealed an enhanced stability of the receptor. These established conditions will be useful for crystallization assays. SPR strategies developed in this study will also be used for the research of hSmo’s cytoplasmic partners. Together, structural and functional data will contribute to the better understanding of Smo signaling and to the development of new cancer therapies
Colas, Claire. "Exploration des déterminants structuraux caractérisant les interactions des récepteurs nicotiniques et de leurs homologues avec leurs ligands par arrimage et modélisation moléculaire." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077183.
Full textFor structure calculation, the main source of information from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR experiments is the Nuclear Overhauser Effects (NOEs), which provide information about the distance between some protons of the molecule studied. The ARIA software package (for "Ambiguous Restraints for Iterative Assignment") is used to analyse and interpret NMR data, to determine a set of three-dimensional structures consistent with experimental data. ARIA uses the above measures in the form of distance constraints imposed, in silico, on the molecule. To impose these distances, the software used so far the "Soft Square" potential which presents a window of tolerance around the target distance measured experimental in order to take into account the uncertainties on the experimental data. A Recent analysis has shown the NOE errors follow a log-normal distribution, suggesting the use of a new log-harmonic potential. The aim of my thesis has been to show the effectiveness of the log-harmonic potential in improving the quality of structures determined by NMR. The first part of my thesis focuses on studying the behaviour of the potential with some examples of structures well known and whose data have been manually prepared. In second part, the recalculation of 398 NMR structures has demonstrated the overall improvement of the qualit of structures calculated with the log-harmonic potential. Finally, in a third part, the study of two protein allowed identifying the properties of the log-harmonic potential for error detection in structures
Damian, Marjorie. "Mécanisme d'activation au sein d'un dimère de récepteur couplé aux protéine G." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON13513.
Full textG-protein coupled receptors are versatile biological sensors that are responsible for the majority of cellular responses to hormones and neurotransmitters as well as for the sense of sight, smell and taste. Signal transduction is associated with a set of changes in the tertiary structure of the receptor that are recognized by the associated intracellular partners, in particular the G proteins. There is compelling evidence that GPCR can assemble as dimers but the way these assemblies function at the molecular level is still under investigation.We used here the leukotriene B4 receptor BLT1 as a model to analyze the conformational changes occurring during activation. To this end, we first produced the receptor in E. coli inclusion bodies and subsequently folded it back to its native state in vitro using original membrane mimetics. Using the purified dimeric receptor, we showed that (i) the G protein induces an asymmetric arrangement of the BLT1 homodimer where each of the protomers is in a distinct conformation, and (ii) the G protein is cis-activated, i.e. the protomer that binds the agonist also activates Gα. Finally, we brought evidence that, although the dimer fully activates its G protein partner, the monomer has per se all the molecular determinant for an efficient functioning. All these data are original evidence that sheds light into the way GPCR dimers are activated and in turn modulate G protein-mediated signaling
Cerdan, Adrien. "Exploration de la transmission synaptique et de la régulation des récepteurs ionotropes par simulations de dynamique moléculaire et électrophysiologie numérique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAF006/document.
Full textSignals within neurons are mostly transmitted through chemical synapses. Signal transduction arises from the binding of neurotransmitters to membrane receptors in order to open ion channels. The Glycine Receptor (GlyR) is an ionotropic receptor which is involved in several neurological disorders such as addiction, chronic pain, or hyperekplexia. Because of its implication in human diseases, it is interesting to design novel drugs targeting this receptor. We used Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations and computational electrophysiology to probe the function of available GlyR structures. We showed that none of the experimental structures display the physiological behavior of the conductive state. Using MD simulations, we captured a novel conformation of the GlyR compatible with a conductive state and demonstrated the importance of lateral portals for ionic permeation. Lastly, we proposed an original protocol, named state-based pharmacology, to discover modulators of allosteric proteins
Asencio, Hernandez Julia. "Novel approaches in NMR and biophysics for the study of complex systems : application to the N-terminal domain of the androgen receptor." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ013/document.
Full textMy PhD project was focused on the development of methods for the analysis of complex systems and their biophysical characterization. This includes the study of large chemical libraries, self assembly systems, protein-ligand interaction studies and disordered biological systems. A wide range of biophysical methods were used for this purpose. Specially, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR) but also other techniques such as mass spectrometry, circular dichroism (CD), electron microscopy (EM) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The N-terminal Domain of the Androgen Receptor is studied as an example of a complex system. This region plays an important role in receptor activity, and is also described as being intrinsically disordered. The results obtained during my thesis shown a short conserved region involved in the amyloid fibers formation under oxidative conditions. These results open new possibilities to understand the mechanism of the AR activity
Casiraghi, Marina. "Functional modulation of a G protein-coupled receptor conformational landscape in a lipid bilayer." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC138/document.
Full textG protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of integral membrane protein receptors present in most eukaryotic cells. They play a key role in signal transduction and understanding their signalling mechanism represents one of the main issues in biology today. In the characterization of the energy landscape of these receptors, at the atomic scale, X-ray crystal atomic structures published during the last decade represent the major breakthrough and contribution in the structural biology of GPCRs. They represent a precious starting point in the understanding of the mechanism of signal transduction by placing structures in the conformational ensemble of these receptors along the activation pathway. To complete these static snapshots that correspond to low energy and highly populated states, a characterization of the whole conformational ensemble and associated kinetic barriers is fundamental to complete the picture. To this aim we proposed an innovative approach to observe GPCRs dynamic conformational landscape and how it is modulated by ligands and lipids, that are known to play a key role in membrane protein structures and functions (e.g.). One of the most appropriate tool to explore GPCR kinetic barriers is solution state NMR. To do so, we used 13CH3 probes immersed in a perdeuterated environment, the most appropriate isotope-labelling scheme to investigate conformational landscapes of large proteins or protein complexes with this spectroscopy. We chose Escherichia coli as expression system for its ability to grow in very hostile conditions like 100%-D2O solutions. In order to overcome the usual expression issues concerning GPCRs, we applied an innovative protocol which targets the expression directly to inclusion bodies. This allows the production of high amounts of proteins (up to 6 mg/litre of culture of pure 13CH3-u-2H-GPCRs). Once purified, receptors are folded in amphipols and then transferred to nanometric lipid bilayers or nanodiscs. Importantly quantitative pharmacological measurements indicate that receptors embedded in NLBs following this protocol are stable and fully active in the conditions of the NMR experiments. NMR investigation of a GPCR in a NLB gave rise to a resolution never achieved in the field thanks to a fine tuned biochemistry and a perdeuteration of the receptor. According to our data, the prototypical receptor, the leukotriene B4 receptor (BLT2), is able to explore multiple different conformations, even in the unliganded state, including the active state. This conformational landscape is further modulated by ligands and lipids. In particular, we observed that an increment in the sterol content of the membrane modifies the distribution of the different conformational states of the receptor in favour of the active one, indicating a positive allosteric regulation of the sterol on the activation of this receptor, as confirmed by GTP-to-G protein binding measurements. This property of the sterol is likely important for the control of the signalling properties of GPCRs
Olofsson, Linnéa. "Mise en lumière des mécanismes d’activation des récepteurs métabotropes au glutamate par fluorescence en molécule unique." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20019/document.
Full textMetabotropic Glutamate Receptors (mGluRs) are class C GPCRs, expressed throughout the central nervous system. They participate in the long term modulation of neural transmission following activation by the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. This critical role in the regulation of synaptic activity makes them promising targets in the development of drugs for the treatment of various neurologic and psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, epilepsy, anxiety and pain relief. My Ph.D. research project has focused on the study of the activation mechanism of the mGluR extracellular ligand binding Venus-Flytrap domain (VFT), with particular emphasis on the differences between partial and full agonists on a molecular level. To this aim, I have used a state-of-the-art single molecule Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET) approach, developed for the study of conformational dynamics of single molecules on the nanosecond to millisecond timescale. I have managed to show that the VFT-dimer constantly oscillates between an active and a resting conformation on a ~100µsec timescale. I also discovered that the role of ligands is to influence the transition rate between these boundary states, and that partial agonists display intermediate transition rates. My results, supported by the use of specific mutants, clearly indicate that the role of ligands is not to stabilize a given conformation but to modify the overall dynamic of the receptor, which favors a conformational selection mechanism. Altogether, these results represent a most-valuable contribution to the better understanding of the activation mechanism of mGluRs, and potentially GPCRs in general
Jin, Jun. "Study of the multiple conformations of the HIV-1 co-receptor CCR5." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC053.
Full textCCR5 (c-c chemokine receptor type 5), a seven-transmembrane receptor, exhibits multiple conformations at the cell surface based on interactions with ligands, heterotrimeric G proteins, B-arrestins, neighboring gpcrs and membrane lipids, and also based on the location and trafficking of the receptor. These conformations play an important role in receptor functions including ligand binding, cell signaling and trafficking. CCR5 also serves as a co-receptor for r5-tropic human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1) entry. The native chemokines ccl3, ccl4, and ccl5 can compete with HIV-1 gp120 for binding CCR5, and are supposed to form a natural barrier against HIV-1. However, their antiviral activity is limited by a pool of CCR5 adopting conformations that have low-chemokine affinity at the cell surface. We demonetrated that this pool of CCR5 that is not stabilized by chemokines could represent a target for inhibiting HIV-1 infection. We exploited the characteristics of the chemokine analog psc-rantes, which displays potent anti-HIV-1 activity. We show that native chemokines fail to prevent high-affinity binding of psc-rantes, analog-mediated calcium release (in desensitization assays), and analog-mediated CCR5 internalization. These results indicate that this pool of spare CCR5 may bind psc-rantes but not native chemokines. Improved recognition of CCR5 by psc-rantes may explain why the analog promotes higher amounts of b-arrestin2/ccr5 complexes, thereby increasing CCR5 down-regulation and HIV- 1 inhibition. Together, these results highlight that spare CCR5, which might permit HIV-1 to escape from chemokines, should be targeted for efficient viral blockade. Numerous studies also showed that gpcr form dimers or larger oligomers, a process that is involved in gpcr conformational changes. The molecular and functional relevance as well as the interaction interfaces of this organization are still poorly understood. To this aim, by using the HIV-1 coreceptor CCR5, we defined by chemical cross-link and molecular modeling two non-exclusive dimer interfaces, and a third one stabilized by the inverse agonist maraviroc, which indicates that CCR5 could also exhibit multiple conformations through homo-dimerization. We then showed, by site directed mutagenesis combined with saturation time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer and a novel export assay, the essential role of dimerization in receptor transport to the cell surface. These results produce a consensual picture of the interfaces between protomers of class a dimers and reveal the impact of dimerization during biogenesis. They also provide new features of the marketed drug maraviroc highlighting both pharmacological chaperone and allosteric inhibitor activities. Overall, distinguishing multiple CCR5 conformations and their corresponding receptor functions has implications for understanding the selective use of CCR5 by HIV-1 and the development of improved strategies to block CCR5 use by HIV-1
Narwani, Tarun Jairaj. "Dynamics of protein structures and its impact on local structural behaviors." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC160/document.
Full textProtein structures are highly dynamic in nature contrary to their depiction in crystal structures. A major component of structural dynamics is the inherent protein flexibility. The prime objective of this thesis is to understand the role of the inherent dynamics in protein structures and its propagation. Protein flexibility is analyzed at various levels of structural complexity, from primary to quaternary levels of organization. Each of the first five chapters’ deal with a different level of local structural organization with first chapter dealing with classical secondary structures while the second one analysis the same using a structural alphabet - Protein Blocks. The third chapter focuses on the impact of special physiological events like post-translational modifications and disorder to order transitions on protein flexibility. These three chapters indicate towards a context dependent implementation of structural flexibility in their local environment. In subsequent chapters, more complex structures are taken under investigation. Chapter 4 deals with integrin αIIbβ3 that is involved in rare genetic disorders. Impact of the pathological mutations on the local flexibility is studied in two rigid domains of integrin αIIbβ3 ectodomain. Inherent flexibility in these domains is shown to modulate the impact of mutations towards the loops. Chapter 5 deals with the structural modelling and dynamics of a more complex protein structure of Duffy Antigen Chemokine Receptor embedded in an erythrocyte mimic membrane system. The model is supported by the most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis on chemokine receptors till date as explained in the last chapter of the thesis
Asses, Yasmine. "Conception par modélisation et criblage in silico d'inhibiteurs du récepteur c-Met." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00653609.
Full textVang, Maylou. "Etude par dynamique moléculaire gros grains de l’impact des lipides polyinsaturés sur les propriétés conformationnelles du récepteur dopaminergique D2." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0277.
Full textThe dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) is a G-proteins coupled receptor (GPCR) localized in the nervous system. The alteration of its activity is involved in psychiatric pathologies such as schizophrenia and studies have shown that the membrane lipid composition had an impact on the pharmacological properties of D2R. Indeed, the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of the omega-3 and omega-6 family influences the affinity of the receptor for some antipsychotics – aspect related to conformational changes. The use of digital simulation technique such as coarse grain molecular dynamics (CGMD) would make it possible to look into these changes since this method, combined with enhanced computer power, currently allows the simulation of systems of biologically relevant size (submicrometric) and timescale (microsecond or millisecond). Through our studies, we have been able to determine the behavior of various omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated lipids (PUL) as well as RD2, and we have identified the helices preferentially contacted by these PUL and cholesterol, which is an important component of the membranes
Galandrin, Ségolène. "La pluridimensionalité de l'efficacité des ligands des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G : les récepteurs B[bêta]₁- et B[bêta]₂-adrénergiques en tant que modèles d'étude." Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15256.
Full textBerchiche, Yamina A. "Dimérisation du récepteur de chimiokine CXCR4." Thèse, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15218.
Full textParat, Marie. "Mécanismes moléculaires d’activation du récepteur A des peptides natriurétiques." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3894.
Full textNatriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPRA) is a member of the particulate guanylate cyclase family. NPRA activation by natural agonists, ANP and BNP, leads to cGMP production, which is responsible for their role in cardiovascular homeostasis, cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis inhibition and lipolysis regulation. NPRA is a non covalent dimer composed of an extracellular domain (ECD) with a ligand binding site, a single transmembrane region (TM), a kinase homology domain, and a guanylyl cyclase domain. Although NPRA plays an important physiologic role, molecular mecanisms driving its activation process are yet unknown. We thus analysed the first steps of NPRA’s activation process. First, we studied the role of ECD dimerization in receptor activation and determined the sequential steps of this dimerization process. We used radioligand binding, FRET and molecular modeling to characterize the interaction of ECD with natural agonists, a superagonist and an antagonist. ANP binds to preformed ECD dimers and spontaneous dimerization is the rate-limiting step of the ligand binding process. Furthermore, like demonstrated with fluorescence homoquenching, all the studied peptides, including A71915 antagonist, stabilize a dimeric form of the receptor. However, A71915 stabilizes the ECD dimer in a conformation distinct from those induced by ANP. Thus, ECD dimerization is necessary but not sufficient for NPRA activation. The activation state of NPRA seems to depend on the orientation of the receptor subunits within the dimer. Then, we tried to identify the molecular mechanism of signal transduction through the plasma membrane. Previous studies have shown that activation of NPRA involves a conformational change of the juxtamembrane domain (JM). However, crystallographic study of the soluble ECD of NPRA has failed to document JM structure, and the conformational change involved in transmembrane signal transduction is still unknown. To analyse this conformational change, we first sequentially substituted nine amino acids of JM by a cysteine residue. By studying the mutant’s capacity to form ANP-induced or constitutive covalent disulfide dimers, we evaluated the relative proximity of JM residues, before and after NPRA activation. These results demonstrate a high proximity of specific JM residues and are in disagreement with crystallography data. We also demonstrated that intracellular domain imposes a conformational constraint on JM at basal state, which becomes relaxed upon ANP binding. We finally confirmed, with a full-length receptor, that A71915 stabilizes NPRA in a dimeric form where JM are in a conformation distinct from the basal state. By introducing 1 to 5 alanine residues in the transmembrane α-helix, we showed that a TM rotation of 40° leads to constitutive NPRA activation. Activation signal could thus be transmitted through the membrane by a TM rotation mechanism. We finally studied the role of the TM in NPRA dimerization. By using the ToxR system, we demonstrated that the last JM residues are required to stabilize the TM dimer. Using these experimental data, we generated the first molecular model illustrating the active conformation of NPRA, where JM and TM are depicted. In summary, this study allows a better understanding of molecular mecanisms driving the first steps of NPRA’s complex activation process.
Younes, Stephane Y. "Les récepteurs 5-HT4b adoptent différentes conformations ligand-spécifique ayant des propriétés de signalisation et de régulation distinctes." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8906.
Full textAntidepressants currently available are very similar toward their mechanism of action and are more or less effective. One major problem is their long latency to provide a therapeutic effect due to adaptations of pre and post synaptic locations. In an animal model, we recently discovered that the agonist RS67333 of the 5-HT4 receptors was able to produce in three days the same antidepressant effects that normally take two to three weeks to appear with the currently available antidepressants. In addition, we found that the antidepressant effects of this agonist had a resistance to tolerance. There are others agonists of the same receptor such as prucalopride, which does not produce antidepressant effects as RS67333. Since the effectiveness of prucalopride to stimulate 5-HT4Rs is similar if not greater than RS67333, we stated the hypothesis that the 5-HT4 receptor could adopt different active conformations following its activation by various agonists. We decided to explore the major functional responses of 5-HT4B by observing their regulatory and signaling properties. We showed that the B isoform of the 5-HT4, being highly expressed in the limbic system, has a different signaling and regulation depending on the ligand. Our results indicate that each of the agonists tested (5-HT, RS67333, ML10302, Zacopride, Prucalopride) distinctively modulate cAMP production and receptor internalization. The results have clearly identified that agonists differed in potency and efficacy. Moreover, the order of effectiveness of agonists to modulate the cAMP pathway was (prucalopride> zacopride = 5-HT = ML10302> RS67333) different from their order of effectiveness in inducing receptor regulation by internalization (5-HT> Zacopride> Prucalopride> RS67333 = ML10302). Thus, we have shown that 5-HT4Rs adopt conformations that are ligand-specific. This implies that functional selectivity is an important factor in the mechanisms of antidepressant action of this receptor agonists.
Richard-Lalonde, Mélissa. "Développement d'un biosenseur BRET permettant le criblage de drogues qui causent l'activation de canaux Kir3 via les récepteurs couplés aux protéines G." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6964.
Full textG protein-coupled receptors form multimeric complexes comprising G protein and effectors. We want to characterize such complexes comprising delta opioid receptors (DOR) and Kir3 channels, which interest us due to their involvement in opioid analgesia. Immunopurification, BRET and GTPgS binding experiments were done in transfected HEK293 cells. Kir3 channels were co-immunopurified with DOR, implying a spontaneous interaction between the receptor and effector. BRET assays corroborated the presence of this interaction in living cells and allowed us to identify a spontaneous and specific interaction between DOR/Gg and Gg/Kir3, indicating their co-existence within the same complex. Since the activation of the receptor implies it undergoes conformational changes, we were interested in evaluating if the conformational information flows from the ligand-bound receptor until the downstream effector. Hence, we determined the effect of different ligands on the BRET signal that was generated by the following pairs: DOR/Gbg, DOR/Kir3 and Kir3/Gbg. We noticed a modulation of the DOR/Gbg and Gbg/Kir3 interactions that followed the order of efficacy of the ligands to activate the G protein, which we did not observe between DOR and Kir3. Therefore, we concluded that the conformational information flows from the receptor to the Kir3 channel via the Gbg protein. These results allowed us to develop a BRET biosensor (EYFP-Gg2/Kir3.1-Rluc), which could be used in high throughput screening to detect new molecules that activate Kir3 channels with high efficacy.
Nagi, Karim. "Régulation du complexe constitutif formé par le récepteur opioïde delta et le canal potassique de la famille Kir3." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13040.
Full textOpioids are the most effective analgesics in the treatment of severe pain. They produce their effects by specifically targeting opioid receptors located all along the pain perception pathway where they modulate the transmission of pain information. Most studies in this area try to characterize the opioid receptor in isolation from any signaling partner. This thesis, on the other hand, shows that the delta opioid receptor (DOR) can form a complex with its G protein and one of its effectors involved in the production of the analgesic effect, the G protein coupled inward rectifying potassium channel (Kir3 or GIRK). Having established the presence of this constitutive complex, we then characterized its stability, modulation and regulation following stimulation with opioid agonists. First, we characterized the transmission of information from DOR, following its activation by an agonist, to the Kir3 channel. We have noticed that this transmission does not follow the collision model, generally accepted, but rather requires a simple change in the conformation within the preformed complex. Then, we have determined that even following prolonged DOR activation by a full agonist, the DOR/Kir3 complex maintained its integrity and was recognized by βarrestin (βarr) as a single signaling unit producing the internalization of DOR and Kir3 by a clathrin and dynamin-dependent mechanism. Thus, taken together, these data show that DOR activation triggers not only activation of the Kir3 effector but also a regulatory mechanism that removes this effector from the plasma membrane.
Berchiche, Yamina A. "Étude de la relation entre les conformations et la signalisation des 7TMRs." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5071.
Full textLigand binding to 7TMRs is thought to induce conformational changes within the receptor that translate into activation of downstream effectors. The link between receptor conformation and activity is still poorly understood, as current models of receptor activation fail to take an increasing amount of experimental data into account. Classical pharmacological models such as the ternary complex model are based on the concept that receptors can only adopt a limited number of conformations. To clarify structure-function relationships in 7TMRs, first we studied chemokine receptor CXCR4. This receptor is an important drug target, involved in HIV-1 entry and cancer metastasis. Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) allows us to directly probe conformational changes within pre-formed CXCR4 homodimers in live cells. Using BRET, we measured the conformation of CXCR4 mutants and we also monitored their function by measuring their ability to induce Galphai activation. The analyzed mutants had substitutions in locations which are pivotal molecular switches for receptor conformation and activation. We show that agonist induced Gi activation is altered for most mutants. These mutations also alter CXCR4’s conformation at basal conditions (in absence of ligand) and in the presence of the agonist, SDF-1, the partial agonist, AMD3100 and the inverse agonist, TC14012. Moreover, different conformations of active receptors were detected in the presence of SDF-1, suggesting that different receptor conformations are able to trigger Galphai activity. These data provide biophysical evidence for different active receptor conformations, that cannot be explained by classical models of receptor function (Berchiche et al. 2007). Furthermore, the second part of our work focused on chemokine receptor CCR2. Mainly expressed on immune cells, CCR2 is involved in many inflammatory and vascular diseases. This receptor binds seven natural ligands that have been referred to as redundant. We set out to explore whether the different chemokine ligands of CCR2 receptor induce different conformational changes leading to different functional consequences. Our results show that the different natural ligands of CCR2 are not pharmacologically redundant. Moreover, chemokines CCL8, CCL7 and CCL13 (MCP-2 to MCP-4) are partial agonists of CCR2, at least in the systems we used. Our results support the validity of models for receptor-ligand interactions in which different ligands stabilize different receptor conformations also for endogenous receptor ligands, demonstrating that these natural ligands are not pharmacologically and functionally redundant (Berchiche et al. 2011). As the third part of this work, we studied chemokine receptor CXCR7, the alternative receptor for SDF-1. Until recently, CXCR4 was the only receptor known to bind SDF-1. Moreover, the expression patterns are similar for receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7. Therefore, we investigated the conformational and functional consequences of the synthetic inhibitor of CXCR4, AMD3100, on CXCR7. We show that AMD3100 also binds the alternative SDF-1 receptor, CXCR7. SDF-1 or AMD3100 alone trigger beta-arrestin recruitment to CXCR7, which we identify as a previously unreported signalling pathway of CXCR7. In addition, AMD3100 has positive allosteric effects on SDF-1 binding to CXCR7, on SDF-1-induced conformational rearrangements in the receptor dimer as measured by BRET, and on SDF-1-induced beta-arrestin recruitment to CXCR7. The finding that AMD3100 not only binds CXCR4, but also to CXCR7, with opposite effects on the two receptors, call for caution in the use of this compound as a tool to dissect SDF-1 effects on the respective receptors in vitro and in vivo. Finally, these data provide biophysical evidence for different active receptor conformations, and support models of 7TMR structure-activity relationships that take conformational heterogeneity into account.
Sauvageau, Etienne. "Identification de nouveaux partenaires protéiques des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G contrôlant leur transport du reticulum endoplasmique à la membrane plasmique." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6062.
Full textG protein coupled receptors (GPCR) form the largest and most diversified family of cell-surface receptors responsible for signal transduction inside the cells. Extensive research over the last thirty years have led to the identification of multiple proteins interacting with GPCRs and controlling the signalisation, desensitization, internalization and degradation of these important pharmaceutical targets. In contrast to the processes regulating GPCR activity at the plasma membrane, the molecular mechanisms controlling GPCR biogenesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and their transport to the cell-surface are poorly characterized. The identification of the proteins regulating GPCR maturation is essential in order to understand how receptors are expressed at the plasma membrane. A proteomic screen based on bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), which allows for the detection of protein-protein interaction in living cells, led to the identification of several potential novel GPCR interactors localized in the secretory pathway. Since the cellular compartments where these proteins are localized are responsible for the synthesis, proper folding and transport to the plasma membrane of the receptors, it is highly probable that they are involve in regulating GPCR cell-surface expression. The characterization of the human cornichon homolog 4 (CNIH4), a novel GPCR interactor identified in the screen, showed that this protein localized in the early secretory pathway (ER and ERGIC), selectively interacts with GPCRs. Knockdown of the endogenous expression of this previously uncharacterized protein led to a decrease in the cell-surface expression of a receptor indicating that CNIH4 has a positive function in the ER export of GPCR. Supporting this, over-expression of CNIH4 at low levels increased the maturation of a mutant receptor normally retained in the ER. Moreover, CNIH4 interacts with Sec23, a component of the inner coat of COPII vesicles which transport proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus, suggesting that CNIH4 could recruit GPCRs in these vesicles. CNIH4 over-expression at very high levels also resulted in the intracellular trapping of the receptors. This dominant negative effet could be caused by the titration of another component of the GPCR export process. Another study showed that the transmembrane protein 9 (TMEM9), a novel GPCR interactor also identified in the screen, selectively interacts with GPCRs and CNIH4. Over-expression of this protein of previously unknown function restored normal receptor trafficking in presence of over-expressed CNIH4. Morevover, co-expression of TMEM9 potentialized CNIH4 ability to increase the maturation of a mutant receptor normally retained in the ER, suggesting that these proteins form a complex regulating GPCR maturation. During this thesis, novel GPCR interacting proteins controlling receptor expression at the plasma membrane were identified, allowing for a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling receptor trafficking from the ER to the cell-surface.
Michaud, Douce. "Effet de chaperones pharmacologiques sur les formes mutantes du récepteur mélanocortine de type 4 responsables de l'obésité morbide précoce." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3347.
Full textThe MC4R is a G-protein coupled receptor involved in the central regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis. Eighty percent of childhood obesity-related MC4R mutants are retained intracellularly, probably via the quality control system acting on misfolded receptors. Thus, rescuing cell surface targeting and functionality of these mutant receptors could be of therapeutic value. Cell permeable MC4R selective ligands have been tested and were able to restore cell surface expression and signalling activity of S58C and R165W MC4R mutants. Those compounds, according to their mode of action, are described as pharmacological chaperones (PC). The MC4R-PCs also helps to rescue the glycosylation pattern (maturation) of the MC4R mutants. The site of action of MC4R-PCs of the MC4R mutants monitored by BRET suggests an action downstream of the calnexin-MC4R interaction, most likely at the level of the Golgi apparatus. Generally, a CP can have different effects according to the mutant by stabilizing distinct conformations of the receptor that are more or less able to exit the quality control system and to activate the signaling pathway, and a mutant can respond differently according to the CP used by its distinct affinity to the ligand, the CP itself and the effectors. A better understanding of PCs’ mode of action could help in the design of novel therapeutic approaches not only for early-onset morbid obesity (EOMO) but also for other conformational diseases resulting from protein misfolding.