To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Congeneration of electric power and heat.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Congeneration of electric power and heat'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Congeneration of electric power and heat.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Soderlund, Matthew Roger. "Congeneration dedicated to heating and cooling." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17672.
Full text
2
Kazuz, Ramadan. "Hybrid solar thermo-electric systems for combined heat and power." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/72508/.
Full textAbstract:
Solar energy has been extensively used in the renewable technology field, especially for domestic applications, either for heating, electrical generation or for a combination of heat and power (CHP) in one system. For CHP system solar photoelectric/thermal (PV/T) is the most commonly used technology for roof top applications. However, combination between solar hot water and thermoelectric generators has become an attractive for CHP system, this is due to its simplicity of construction and its high reliability. Moreover, this technology does not rely simply on sunlight and it can work with any other heat source, such as waste heat. However, its main drawback is its low efficiency. Recent publications by Kraemer et al (2011) and Arturo (2013) have shown that the efficiency of solar thermoelectric systems has improved dramatically, especially when combined with a solar concentrator system, as well as within a vacuum environment. The project recorded in this thesis focused on the design, construction and investigation of an experimental solar thermoelectric system based on a flat plate solar absorber. The aim was to study the technical feasibility and economical viability of generating heat and electric power using a solar thermoelectric hot water system. The design procedure involved on determining the heat absorbed and emitted, as well as the electrical power that was generated by the system. It began by obtaining the efficiency of the solar absorber, including selecting its paint, this was done through an experimental technique to determine the heat absorbed by the absorber, and the results obtained were verified by direct measurements of the light intensity. xvi An intensity meter was used, and results from both the experimental and theoretical models showed good agreement. The process also included calculating the heat from the system that was gained, lost and generated, as well as the electrical power provided. This was done to provide the system optimal size optimization to obtain the best and most economical system. Further improvement was made to the system by assembling a vacuum cavity, to improve the system’s efficiency. Although the maximum electrical efficiency obtained was relatively low (0.9%), compared to results recorded in the literature (Kraemer et al ,2011 and Arturo, 2013). However, the results of the electrical power output, under a vacuum level of 5 x 10-2mbar, increased approximately three times compared to the results obtained under normal (atmospheric) conditions. Additionally, the thermal power increased by 37% at this level of vacuum. The process involved determining the best thermoelectric geometries to achieve the optimum power outcome under different environmental conditions. The results showed that the system, which included the Thermoelectric device (TEG) with a larger geometric size, produced the best thermal power among other sizes. It was concluded that the system with the smallest TEG geometric size provided the best electrical power output.
3
Feng, Xin. "Experimental and analytical study on two-phase impingement cooling with and without electric field." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4853.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on March 10, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.
4
Kim, Junhyung. "Analysis of Direct-Soldered Power Module / Heat Sink Thermal Interface for Electric Vehicle Applications." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32071.
Full textAbstract:
Reducing the thermal impedance between power module and heat sink is important for high-power density, low-cost inverter applications. Mounting a power module by directly soldering it onto a heat sink can significantly reduce the thermal impedance at the module / heat sink interface, as compared to the conventional method of bolting the two together with a thermal grease or some other interface materials in between. However, a soldered interface typically contains a large number of voids, which results in local hot spots. This thesis describes approaches taken to reduce voids in the solder layer through surface treatment, solder paste selection, and adjustment in solder-reflow conditions. A 15MHz scanning acoustic microscope (SAM), a non-destructive inspection tool, was used to determine the void content at the module / heat sink interface. The experimental results show that a significant reduction in thermal resistance can be achieved by reducing the void content at the soldered module / heat sink interface. Moreover, a comparison of the thermal resistances in cases using the worst soldering, which contains the largest voided area, ThermstrateTM and thermal grease are presented. Thermal performances of the modules are studied by simulation with Flotherm.Master of Science
5
Jones, Sophia Christina Acle. "Micro-cogeneration optimal design for service hot water thermal loads." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16016.
Full text
6
DeJong, Bretton. "Cogeneration in the new deregulated energy environment." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17549.
Full text
7
Guven, Oytun. "Thermal Analysis Of Power Cables." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12609040/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis investigates temperature distribution and hence heat dissipation of buried power cables. Heat dissipation analysis of a simple practical application and the parameters that affect the heat dissipation are discussed.
In analyzing temperature distribution in the surrounding medium , a computer program is developed which is based on gauss-seidel iteration technique. This method is applied to a sample test system and heat dissipation curves for several parameters are obtained. Also, current carrying capacities of various types of cables are determined using dissipated heat values.
8
Kalua, Tisaye Bertram. "Analysis of factors affecting performance of a low-temperature Organic Rankine Cycle heat engine." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/17844.
Full textAbstract:
Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) heat engines convert low-grade heat to other forms of energy such as electrical and mechanical energy. They achieve this by vaporizing and expanding the organic fluid at high pressure, turning the turbine which can be employed to run an alternator or any other mechanism as desired. Conventional Rankine Cycles operate with steam at temperatures above 400 ℃. The broad aspect of the research focussed on the generation of electricity to cater for household needs. Solar energy would be used to heat air which would in turn heat rocks in an insulated vessel. This would act as an energy storage in form of heat from which a heat transfer fluid would collect heat to supply the ORC heat engine for the generation of electricity. The objective of the research was to optimize power output of the ORC heat engine operating at temperatures between 25℃ at the condenser and 90 to 150℃ at the heat source. This was achieved by analysis of thermal energy, mechanical power, electrical power and physical parameters in connection with flow rate of working fluid and heat transfer fluids.
9
Meir, Stefan [Verfasser], and Jochen [Akademischer Betreuer] Mannhart. "Highly-Efficient Thermoelectronic Conversion of Heat and Solar Radiation to Electric Power / Stefan Meir. Betreuer: Jochen Mannhart." Augsburg : Universität Augsburg, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1077702469/34.
Full text
10
Nomnqa, Myalelo Vuyisa. "Design of a domestic high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell cogeneration system : modelling and optimisation." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2574.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (DTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.Fuel cells are among power generation technologies that have been proven to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They have the potential of being one of the most widely used technologies of the 21st century, replacing conventional technologies such as gas turbines in stationary power supplies, internal combustion engines in transport applications and the lithium-ion battery in portable power applications. This research project concentrates on the performance analysis of a micro-cogeneration system based on a high temperatureproton exchange membrane (HT-PEM) fuel cell through modelling and parametric analysis. A model of a 1kWe micro-cogeneration system that consists of a HT-PEM fuel cell, a methane steam reformer (MSR) reactor, a water-gas-shift (WGS) reactor, heat exchangers and an inverter was developed. The model is coded/implemented in gPROMS Model Builder, an equation oriented modelling platform. The models predictions for the HTPEM fuel cell, MSR and WGS, and the whole system were validated against experimental and numerical results from literature. The validation showed that the HT-PEM fuel cell model was able to predict the performance of a 1kWe fuel cell stack with an error of less than 6.4%. The system model is rstly used in a thermodynamic analysis of the fuel processor for a methane steam reforming process and investigated in terms of carbon monoxide produced. The combustor fuel and equivalence ratios were shown to be critical decision variables to be considered in order to keep the carbon monoxide from the fuel processor at acceptable levels for the fuel cell stack.
11
Armstrong, Peter Michael. "Enhancing the energy storage capability of electric domestic hot water tanks." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:af140a2c-aab4-4fc9-8709-6f9474079cd5.
Full textAbstract:
Electric hot water tanks play a pivotal role as demand response assets within the UK's energy system by storing heat when energy is inexpensive and delivering domestic hot water when it is required. This role will become increasingly important if non-dispatchable renewable energy sources are to play a bigger part in the energy mix. Historically, the design standards relating to hot water tanks have focused primarily on minimising heat losses. However, in addition to preserving energy, a hot water tank should preserve the availability of heat above a useful temperature for as long as possible to avoid energy usage during peak times when it is costly or carbon intensive. To do this, thermal stratification within hot water tanks must be promoted. Unfortunately, thermal stratification leads to conditions that are conducive to bacterial growth due to the hospitable temperatures that arise during operation. For this reason, question marks have arisen over the extent to which more flexible control strategies, designed to allow for increasing penetrations of intermittent renewable energy sources, might lead to the growth of pathogenic bacteria within hot water tanks. The objective of the work discussed in this thesis was to understand the extent to which there is a conflict between thermal stratification and bacterial growth in practice, whether this conflict can be resolved and the potential implications for electric hot water tanks operating on a time of use tariff. A small field study demonstrated that there is prolific bacterial growth within conventional electric cylinders and that this can be attributed to thermal stratification with a confidence of (P<0.01). Fitting a de-stratification pump, to enhance sanitary performance, resulted in a 19% decrease in the recovery of useable hot water above 43°C. Given that the tanks tested during the field study were made of copper, the consequences of alternative material choices on thermal performance were explored. It was found that the rate of useable hot water loss, due to de-stratification associated with thermal diffusion across the thermocline, could be reduced by a factor of 2.7 by making the tank liner wall from stainless steel instead of copper. Further numerical work indicated that this improvement in stratifying performance was most significant for small tanks with high aspect ratios. In addition to de-stratification that arises due to vertical conduction, de-stratification due to inlet mixing was reduced by up to 30% by installing a spiral diffuser into the base of a test cylinder. In addition, by lowering the immersion heating element to ensure there is sufficient heat transfer to the base of the cylinder, sterilising temperatures could be attained throughout the stored volume of water in the tank during heating. This showed that the conflict between thermal and sanitary performance within electric tanks could potentially be resolved. A bespoke tank, made from stainless steel and fitted with a diffuser, was built and subjected to typical draw cycles that reflect real world operation. These tests showed that more useable hot water could be delivered in comparison to a commercial off the shelf copper tank and consequently the utilisation of the Economy 7 time of use tariff would be enhanced.
12
Patel, Anand Kishorbhai. "Investigation of a Novel Vapor Chamber for Efficient Heat Spreading and Removal for Power Electronics in Electric Vehicles." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc984206/.
Full textAbstract:
This work investigated a novel vapor chamber for efficient heat spreading and heat removal. A vapor chamber acting as a heat spreader enables for more uniform temperature distribution along the surface of the device being cooled. First, a vapor chamber was studied and compared with the traditional copper heat spreader. The thickness of vapor chamber was kept 1.35 mm which was considered to be ultra-thin vapor chamber. Then, a new geometrical model having graphite foam in vapor space was proposed where the graphite foam material was incorporated in vapor space as square cubes. The effects of incorporating graphite foam in vapor space were compared to the vapor chamber without the embedded graphite foam to investigate the heat transfer performance improvements of vapor chamber by the high thermal conductivity graphite foam. Finally, the effects of various vapor chamber thicknesses were studied through numerical simulations. It was found that thinner vapor chamber (1.35 mm thickness) had better heat transfer performance than thicker vapor chamber (5 mm thickness) because of the extreme high effective thermal conductivities of ultra-thin vapor chamber. Furthermore, the effect of graphite foam on thermal performance improvement was very minor for ultra-thin vapor chamber, but significant for thick vapor chamber. The GF could help reduce the junction temperature by 15-30% in the 5-mm thick vapor chamber. Use of GF embedded vapor chamber could achieve 250-400 Watt per Centimeter square local heat removal for power electronics. The application of this is not only limited to electronic devices but actuator and avionics cooling in aircrafts, thermal management of electronics in directed energy weapon systems, battery thermal management for electric and hybrid vehicles, smart phones cooling, thus covering a wide gamut of heat flux applications.
13
Presby, Andrew L. "Thermophotovoltaic energy conversion in space nuclear reactor power systems." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2004/Dec/04Dec%5FPresby.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Astronautical Engineer and M. S. in Astronautical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2004.Thesis Advisor(s): Gopinath, Ashok ; Michael, Sherif. "December 2004." Description based on title screen as viewed on March 13, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 123-127). Also available in print.
14
Oberdorf, Michael Craig. "Power losses and thermal modeling of a voltage source inverter." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Mar%5FOberdorf.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S. in Electrical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2006.Thesis Advisor(s): Alexander Julian. "March 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-104). Also available online.
15
Woodburn, David. "Modeling and Simulation of All-electric Aircraft Power Generation and Actuation." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/6037.
Full textAbstract:
Modern aircraft, military and commercial, rely extensively on hydraulic systems. However, there is great interest in the avionics community to replace hydraulic systems with electric systems. There are physical challenges to replacing hydraulic actuators with electromechanical actuators (EMAs), especially for flight control surface actuation. These include dynamic heat generation and power management.
Simulation is seen as a powerful tool in making the transition to all-electric aircraft by predicting the dynamic heat generated and the power flow in the EMA. Chapter 2 of this dissertation describes the nonlinear, lumped-element, integrated modeling of a permanent magnet (PM) motor used in an EMA. This model is capable of representing transient dynamics of an EMA, mechanically, electrically, and thermally.
Inductance is a primary parameter that links the electrical and mechanical domains and, therefore, is of critical importance to the modeling of the whole EMA. In the dynamic mode of operation of an EMA, the inductances are quite nonlinear. Chapter 3 details the careful analysis of the inductances from finite element software and the mathematical modeling of these inductances for use in the overall EMA model.
Chapter 4 covers the design and verification of a nonlinear, transient simulation model of a two-step synchronous generator with three-phase rectifiers. Simulation results are shown.Ph.D.
Doctorate
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Engineering and Computer Science
Electrical Engineering
16
Benelmir, Riad. "Second analysis of a cogeneration cycle." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20000.
Full text
17
Sklar, Akiva A. "A Numerical Investigation of a Thermodielectric Power Generation System." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14020.
Full textAbstract:
The performance of a novel micro-thermodielectric power generation device (MTDPG) was investigated in order to determine if thermodielectric power generation can compete with current portable power generation technologies. Thermodielectric power generation is a direct energy conversion technology that converts heat directly into high voltage direct current. It requires dielectric (i.e., capacitive) materials whose charge storing capabilities are a function of temperature. This property is exploited by heating these materials after they are charged; as their temperature increases, their charge storage capability decreases, forcing them to eject a portion of their surface charge to an appropriate electronic storage device.
Previously, predicting the performance of a thermodielectric power generator was hindered by a poor understanding of the materials thermodynamic properties and the affect unsteady heat transfer losses have on system performance. In order to improve predictive capabilities in this study, a thermodielectric equation of state was developed that describes the relationship between the applied electric field, the surface charge stored by the thermodielectric material, and its temperature. This state equation was then used to derive expressions for the material's thermodynamic states (internal energy, entropy), which were subsequently used to determine the optimum material properties for power generation. Next, a numerical simulation code was developed to determine the heat transfer capabilities of a micro-scale parallel plate heat recuperator (MPPHR), a device designed specifically to a) provide the unsteady heating and cooling necessary for thermodielectric power generation and b) minimize the unsteady heat transfer losses of the system. The previously derived thermodynamic equations were then incorporated into the numerical simulation code, creating a tool capable of determining the thermodynamic performance of an MTDPG, in terms of the thermal efficiency, percent Carnot efficiency, and energy/power density, when the material properties and the operating regime of the MPPHR were varied.
The performance of the MTDPG was optimized for an operating temperature range of 300 500 K. The optimization predicted that the MTDPG could provide a thermal efficiency of 29.7 percent. This corresponds to 74.2 percent of the Carnot efficiency. The power density of this MTDPG depends on the operating frequency and can exceed 1,000,000 W/m3.
18
Navarro, Espinosa Alejandro. "Low carbon technologies in low voltage distribution networks : probabilistic assessment of impacts and solutions." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/low-carbon-technologies-in-low-voltage-distribution-networks-probabilistic-assessment-of-impacts-and-solutions(cc5c77df-54fe-4c1c-a599-3bbea8fbd0c1).html.
Full textAbstract:
The main outcome of this research is the development of a Probabilistic Impact Assessment methodology to comprehensively understand the effects of low carbon technologies (LCTs) in low voltage (LV) distribution networks and the potential solutions available to increase their adoption. The adoption of LCTs by domestic customers is an alternative to decreasing carbon emissions. Given that these customers are connected to LV distribution networks, these assets are likely to face the first impacts of LCTs. Thus, to quantify these problems a Monte Carlo-based Probabilistic Impact Assessment methodology is proposed in this Thesis. This methodology embeds the uncertainties related to four LCTs (PV, EHPs, µCHP and EVs). Penetration levels as a percentage of houses with a particular LCT, ranging from 0 to 100% in steps of 10%, are investigated. Five minute time-series profiles and three-phase four-wire LV networks are adopted. Performance metrics related to voltage and congestion are computed for each of the 100 simulations per penetration level. Given the probabilistic nature of the approach, results can be used by decision makers to determine the occurrence of problems according to an acceptable probability of technical issues. To implement the proposed methodology, electrical models of real LV networks and high resolution profiles for loads and LCTs are also developed. Due to the historic passive nature of LV circuits, many Distribution Network Operators (DNOs) have no model for them. In most cases, the information is limited to Geographic Information Systems (GIS) typically produced for asset management purposes and sometimes with connectivity issues. Hence, this Thesis develops a methodology to transform GIS data into suitable computer-based models. In addition, thousands of residential load, PV, µCHP, EHP and EV profiles are created. These daily profiles have a resolution of five minutes. To understand the average behaviour of LCTs and their relationship with load profiles, the average peak demand is calculated for different numbers of loads with and without each LCT.The Probabilistic Impact Assessment methodology is applied over 25 UK LV networks (i.e., 128 feeders) for the four LCTs under analysis. Findings show that about half of the studied feeders are capable of having 100% of the houses with a given LCT. A regression analysis is carried out per LCT, to identify the relationships between the first occurrence of problems and key feeder parameters (length, number of customers, etc.). These results can be translated into lookup tables that can help DNOs produce preliminary and quick estimates of the LCT impacts on a particular feeder without performing detailed studies. To increase the adoption of LCTs in the feeders with problems, four solutions are investigated: feeder reinforcement, three-phase connection of LCTs, loop connection of LV feeders and implementation of OLTCs (on-load tap changers) in LV networks. All these solutions are embedded in the Probabilistic Impact Assessment. The technical and economic benefits of each of the solutions are quantified for the 25 networks implemented.
19
Fuhrmann, Andrew. "Effect Of Rainfall Events On The Thermal And Moisture Exposure Of Underground Electric Cables." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2015. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/331.
Full textAbstract:
Cable ampacity analysis is generally performed assuming constant worst-state environmental conditions, which often correspond to a dry soil condition or to a condition with uniform ambient soil moisture content. The characteristic time scale of thermal variation in the soil is large, on the order of several weeks, and is similar to the time scale between rainfall events in many geographic locations. Intermittent rainfall events introduce significant transient fluctuations that influence the thermal conditions and moisture content around a buried cable both by increasing thermal conductivity of the soil and by increasing the moisture exposure of the cable insulation. This paper reports on a computational study of the effect of rainfall events on the thermal and moisture transients surrounding a buried cable. The computations were performed with a finite-difference method using an overset grid approach, with an inner polar grid surrounding the cable and an outer Cartesian grid. The thermal and moisture transients observed in computations with periodic rainfall events were compared to control computations with a steady uniform rainfall. Under periodic rainfall conditions, the temperature and moisture fields are observed to approach a limit-cycle condition in which the cable surface temperature and moisture content oscillate in time, but with mean values that are significantly different than the steady-state values.
20
Moran, Gallardo Jesus Armando. "Impacto de geradores sincronos no desempenho de regime permanente de sistemas de distribuição de energia eletrica." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/259450.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Luiz Carlos Pereira da Silva, Walmir de Freitas FilhoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T08:02:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MoranGallardo_JesusArmando_M.pdf: 2721295 bytes, checksum: b77963f7816aa3479e912a0d66af1e0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005
Resumo: Neste trabalho, apresenta-se um estudo detalhado sobre a influência provocada pela instalação de geradores síncronos no desempenho da operação em regime permanente de sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica. O estudo é baseado em simulações estáticas e foram investigadas duas formas de controle do sistema de excitação do gerador: operação mantendo tensão terminal constante e operação mantendo fator de potência constante. Determinou-se o impacto nos seguintes aspectos técnicos associados com a inserção de geradores nos alimentadores de distribuição: variação do perfil de tensão do sistema em regime permanente, perdas elétricas de potência ativa e reativa, e estabilidade de tensão. Diversos cenários e condições de carregamento do sistema foram considerados. Baseados nos resultados obtidos são propostos índices matemáticos que permitem avaliar sistematicamente o impacto desses geradores no desempenho de regime permanente do sistema. A partir desses índices empresas ou órgãos responsáveis pela integração de geração distribuída podem determinar quais pontos do sistema de distribuição são mais adequados para a instalação de geradores síncronos, tendo em consideração os aspectos supracitados
Abstract: In this master¿s thesis, it is presented detailed studies on the impact of distributed synchronous generators on the steady-state performance of distribution system. Synchronous generators equipped with exciter systems acting as voltage or power factor regulator are analyzed. Impacts on steady state voltage profile, active and reactive power losses, and voltage stability were determined considering different scenarios and system loading conditions. Mathematical indices are proposed to systematically evaluate such impacts. With these indices, one can determine which buses are more suitable for the installation of distributed synchronous generators considering the above cited technical aspects
Mestrado
Energia Eletrica
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica
21
Gozcu, Ferhat Can. "Estimation Of Steady-state Temperature Distribution In Power Transformer By Using Finite Difference Method." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12611592/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Estimating the temperature distribution in transformer components in
the design stage and during the operation is crucial since temperatures
above the thermal limits of these components might seriously damage
them. Thermal models are used to predict this vital information prior to
actual operations. In this study, a two-dimensional, steady-state model
based on the Finite Difference Method (FDM) is proposed to estimate
the temperature distribution in the three-phase, SF6 gas insulatedcooled
power transformer. The model can predict the temperature
distribution at the specific discredited locations in the transformer
successfully. This study also compares predicted temperatures of the
model proposed in this study with the results of the previous study
which is based on Finite Element Method (FEM) and the results of the
research performed by the designers of the transformer. The results
show that FDM model proposed in this study can be used to estimate
the temperature distribution in the transformer with an acceptable
accuracy and can be an alternative of the previous study which is based
on FEM.
22
Diwisch, Pascal, Daniel Billenstein, Frank Rieg, and Bettina Alber-Laukant. "Entwicklung eines Doppelkolbenmotors – Konzept, Simulation und Prüfstandversuche." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-215145.
Full textAbstract:
Aus der Einleitung:
"Durch die Verwendung von Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung (KWK) kann sowohl die erzeugte elektrische als auch die anfallende thermische Energie genutzt und somit der Nutzungsgrad der eingesetzten Primärenergie deutlich gesteigert werden. Dieses Konzept wird sowohl in Blockheizkraftwerken (BHKW) wie auch in Range Extendern (RE) verwendet (Ferrari et al. 2012). Die bisher geringe Reichweite von Elektrofahrzeugen wird durch die zusätzlich vom RE bereitgestellte elektrische Energie erweitert. ..."
23
Kroger, Detlev G. "Air-cooled heat exchangers and cooling towers : thermal-flow performance evaluation and design." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49822.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During the last 30 years I have been involved in the theory and practice of thermal engineering and in particular, in the areas of air-cooled heat exchangers and cooling towers for the power, refrigeration, process and petrochemical industries in South Africa and internationally. During this period, I have authored and co-authored more than 120 papers that were published in technical journals or presented at conferences nationally or internationally. Most of these papers are included in a manuscript entitled "Air-cooled Heat Exchangers and Cooling Towers", in which Ipresent a systematic approach to the thermal performance evaluation and design of industrial air-cooled heat exchangers and cooling towers. This original publication also includes the relevant practice applicable to the design of cooling systems, based on my experience as a consultant to industry. Design offices throughout the world presently follow our design methods, or at least employ many of our research results. Our work has furthermore contributed to the development of improved cooling system designs (e.g. new dephlegmator header designs), components (e.g. single-row flattened finned tubes) and product improvement and quality control (e.g. performance testing and measurement of thermal contact resistance between fin and tube during production). Many of our research findings have found application in the modification of existing cooling systems. The manuscript has also been used as reference work during the presentation of short courses to practising engineers and consultants in industry and to engineering graduates at the University of Stellenbosch. A two-volume edition of this manuscript was published by PennWell Corp., Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA in 2004.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gedurende die laaste 30 jaar was ek betrokke by die teorie en praktyk van lugverkoelde warmteoordraers en koeltorings vir die kragopwekkings-, verkoelings-, proses- en petro-chemiesenywerhede in Suid-Afrika sowel as in die buiteland. Gedurende hierdie periode was ek outeur en mede-outeur van meer as 120 publikasies wat in tegniese tydskrifte, of by plaaslike of oorsese konferensies aangebied is. Die meeste van hierdie publikasies vorm deel van 'n manuskrip getiteld "Air-cooled Heat Exchangers and Cooling Towers" waarin ek 'n sistematiese benadering tot die bepaling van die termiese vermoë en ontwerp van industriële lugverkoelde warmteoordraers en koeltorings aanbied. Hierdie oorspronklike publikasie bevat ook die relevante praktyk wat van toepassing is op verkoelingsaanlegte. Ontwerpkantore wêreldwyd volg tans hierdie ontwerpsmetodes, of gebruik ten minste baie van ons navorsingsresultate. Ons werk het verder bygedra tot die ontwikkeling van verbeterde verkoelingsaanlegte (bv. nuwe deflegmatore), komponente (bv. enkelbuisry platvinbuise ) en verbeterde produkte en kwaliteitskontrole (bv. toetsing van verkoelingsvermoë oftermiese kontakweerstand tussen vin en buis gedurende produksie). Baie van ons bevindinge het toepassing gevind in die modifikasie van verkoelingsaanlegte. Die manuskrip is ook as verwysing gebruik gedurende die aanbieding van kort kursusse aan ingenieurs in die praktyk en aan nagraadse studente aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch. 'n Twee-volume uitgawe van die manuskrip is deur PennWell Corp., Tulsa, Oklahome, VSA in 2004 gepubliseer.
24
Puidokas, Tautvydas. "Kogeneracinės jėgainės efektyvumo didinimo šilumos akumuliavimo sistemos pagalba analizė." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110621_170414-33886.
Full textAbstract:
Darbe apžvelgtos užsienio valstybių centralizuoto šilumos tiekimo (CŠT) sistemų darbo režimai ir pagrindiniai parametrai. Išskirtinai atsižvelgta į CŠT sitemas, kuriose yra kogeneracinės jėgainės su šilumos akumuliavimo talpomis. Darbe pateikiami pavyzdžiai, kokios gali būti ir kaip pritaikomos šilumos akumuliavimo talpos. Tokių sistemų pagrindiniai privalumai yra tai, jog naudojantis ŠAT sistema galima subalansuoti CŠT sistemose esančių įrenginių darbo režimus, taip pat esant kogeneracinėms jėgainėms galima pereinant nuo šilumos vartojimo grafiko jų darbą adaptuoti prie elektros vartojimo grafiko. Darbe analizuojamas Mažeikių miesto šilumos tiekimo sistemos darbas esant kogeneracinėms jėgainėms su šilumos akumuliacijos talpomis. Modeliuoti galimi įrenginių darbo režimai dviem prioritetais: pastoviosios galios ir maksimaliosios pikinės elektros energijos gamybos. Gauta, kad efektyvus šilumos akumuliacijos kiekis turėtų būti 200 MWh tai – atitiktų 4 tūkst. m3 talpą dirbant Mažeikių ŠT darbo parametrais. Nustatyta, kad valandinis ŠAT sistemos prijungimo vamzdžių pralaidumas turi būti 17 MW. Ekonominėje dalyje vertinamas ŠAT sistemos pelningumas. ŠAT sistemos pelningumas dirbant pastovios galios režimu yra neigiamas, taigi projektas būtų ekonomiškai nenaudingas, tačiau ŠAT sistemą naudojant pikinės elektros gamybai pelningumas svyruotų nuo -0,5 mln. Lt iki 0,9 mln. Lt, priklausomai nuo to, kaip susiformuos pikinės elektros rinka.The thesis surveys working regimes and main parameters of centrally supplied heat (CSH) systems of foreign states. The exclusive attention is paid to CHS systems, having combined heat and power plans with heat accumulation tanks. Examples are provided in the thesis of the types of heat accumulation tanks and their application. The main advantages of such systems are that working regimes of devices in the CHS systems may be balanced with the help of HAT system, as well as that their work may be adapted from heat usage schedule to electricity usage schedule, if combined heat and power plants are used. The thesis analyzes the work of Mažeikiai town heat supply system, having combined heat and power plants with heat accumulation tanks. Possible working regimes of devices in two priorities have been modelled: fixed power and maximum peak electric power production. It has been received that the efficient quantity of heat accumulation should be 200 MWh; this would conform to 4 thousand m3 tank under Mažeikiai HS working parameters. It has been determined that the hourly capacity of pipeline of HAT system connection must be 17 MW. Economical part evaluates profitability of HAT system. HAT system’s profitability, using the fixed power for maintenance is negative; the project would be economically unprofitable; however using HAT system for production of peak electric power, profitability would fluctuate from -0.5 million LTL to 0.9 million LTL, depending on formation of peak... [to full text]
25
SAFRA, LEANDRO C. P. G. "Obtenção de fios em ligas de cobre para utilização em linhas de transmissão e em eletrodos para contatos elétricos." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2011. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10052.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:34:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
26
Del, Carlo Fabrício Ramos [UNESP]. "Analise exergoeconômica aplicada a microgeração em condomínios residenciais." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106452.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Previous issue date: 2013-03-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:05:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1
delcarlo_fr_dr_guara.pdf: 631762 bytes, checksum: 5276c4d08ffccec04ea448af7a38df27 (MD5)A descentralização na geração de energia tem sido proposta em nível mundial para diferentes situações como forma de se alcançar maior confiabilidade de geração elétrica e melhores condições ambientais. Nesse sentido, em diversos países (o Brasil inclusive) tem sido proposta a utilização de sistemas de geração distribuída, com incentivo ao emprego de fontes renováveis de energia, sendo a microcogeração e a minigeração algumas das possibilidades tecnológicas disponíveis. Comprovar a elegibilidade econômica de uma alternativa de minigeração, utilizando métodos que permitam avaliar o custo exergoeconômico em busca de substituir tecnologias consagradas pela instalação de novas tecnologias, é objeto principal perseguido neste trabalho. A superestrutura de minicogeração analisada é composta de células-combustível e motores de combustão interna com fins de geração de energia para um condomínio multirresidencial. A Teoria do Custo Exergético (TCE) foi utilizada e avalia com precisão os custos exergoeconômicos que, aliados aos métodos financeiros orçamentários (taxa interna de retorno, valor presente líquido, tempo de retorno), permitem a demonstração da viabilidade econômica. Aliado a estes métodos, como complemento na tomada de decisão, há o estudo de otimização multitemporal, que permite a seleção de apenas um dos doze equipamentos propostos, além de indicar qual o melhor combustível a ser utilizado como fonte primária de energia. A modelagem da superestrutura demonstra também a possibilidade de comercialização dos produtos com a concessionária, permitindo tanto vender o excedente de produção quanto comprar energia elétrica em alguns momentos, respeitando as flutuações de consumo ao longo do dia e em sazonalidades distintas. É possível constatar que as células-combustível entregam...
Decentralization in power generation has been proposed worldwide for different situations as a way to achieve greater reliability of electricity generation and improved environmental conditions. Thus, in many countries (including Brazil) the use of distributed generation systems has been proposed, encouraging the use of renewable energy sources, the micro and mini-generation being some of the technological available possibilities. The main object pursued in this work is to check the eligibility of an economic mini-generation alternative based on methods to evaluate the exergoeconomic cost of replacing consecrated technologies by new technologies. The superstructure is comprised of fuel cells and internal combustion engines for the purpose of generating energy to a residential condominium. The Exergetic Cost Theory was used and accurately assess the exergoeconomic costs that, coupled with financial budgeting methods (internal rate of return, net present value and payback time), allow demonstrating the economic viability. In addition to these methods, a multi-temporal optimization method, which allows the selection of only one of the twelve proposed equipment, besides indicating the best fuel to be used as a primary energy source, was also modeled. The modeling of the superstructure also demonstrates the possibility of commercializing products with the concessionaire, allowing both sell excess production as buying electricity at times, respecting the fluctuations of consumption throughout the day and in different seasons. It can be seen that the fuel cells deliver more expensive electricity when compared with combustion engines, but these costs are equated with the delivery volume of hot water at more affordable costs. The data show that it is more advantageous to use the hydrogen-powered fuel cell to compose the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
27
Del, Carlo Fabrício Ramos. "Analise exergoeconômica aplicada a microgeração em condomínios residenciais /." Guaratinguetá, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106452.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Jose Antonio Perrella BalestieriBanca: Rubens Alves Dias
Banca: Jose Alexandre Matelli
Banca: Ricardo Dias Martins de Carvalho
Banca: Jose Rui Camargo
Resumo: A descentralização na geração de energia tem sido proposta em nível mundial para diferentes situações como forma de se alcançar maior confiabilidade de geração elétrica e melhores condições ambientais. Nesse sentido, em diversos países (o Brasil inclusive) tem sido proposta a utilização de sistemas de geração distribuída, com incentivo ao emprego de fontes renováveis de energia, sendo a microcogeração e a minigeração algumas das possibilidades tecnológicas disponíveis. Comprovar a elegibilidade econômica de uma alternativa de minigeração, utilizando métodos que permitam avaliar o custo exergoeconômico em busca de substituir tecnologias consagradas pela instalação de novas tecnologias, é objeto principal perseguido neste trabalho. A superestrutura de minicogeração analisada é composta de células-combustível e motores de combustão interna com fins de geração de energia para um condomínio multirresidencial. A Teoria do Custo Exergético (TCE) foi utilizada e avalia com precisão os custos exergoeconômicos que, aliados aos métodos financeiros orçamentários (taxa interna de retorno, valor presente líquido, tempo de retorno), permitem a demonstração da viabilidade econômica. Aliado a estes métodos, como complemento na tomada de decisão, há o estudo de otimização multitemporal, que permite a seleção de apenas um dos doze equipamentos propostos, além de indicar qual o melhor combustível a ser utilizado como fonte primária de energia. A modelagem da superestrutura demonstra também a possibilidade de comercialização dos produtos com a concessionária, permitindo tanto vender o excedente de produção quanto comprar energia elétrica em alguns momentos, respeitando as flutuações de consumo ao longo do dia e em sazonalidades distintas. É possível constatar que as células-combustível entregam... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Decentralization in power generation has been proposed worldwide for different situations as a way to achieve greater reliability of electricity generation and improved environmental conditions. Thus, in many countries (including Brazil) the use of distributed generation systems has been proposed, encouraging the use of renewable energy sources, the micro and mini-generation being some of the technological available possibilities. The main object pursued in this work is to check the eligibility of an economic mini-generation alternative based on methods to evaluate the exergoeconomic cost of replacing consecrated technologies by new technologies. The superstructure is comprised of fuel cells and internal combustion engines for the purpose of generating energy to a residential condominium. The Exergetic Cost Theory was used and accurately assess the exergoeconomic costs that, coupled with financial budgeting methods (internal rate of return, net present value and payback time), allow demonstrating the economic viability. In addition to these methods, a multi-temporal optimization method, which allows the selection of only one of the twelve proposed equipment, besides indicating the best fuel to be used as a primary energy source, was also modeled. The modeling of the superstructure also demonstrates the possibility of commercializing products with the concessionaire, allowing both sell excess production as buying electricity at times, respecting the fluctuations of consumption throughout the day and in different seasons. It can be seen that the fuel cells deliver more expensive electricity when compared with combustion engines, but these costs are equated with the delivery volume of hot water at more affordable costs. The data show that it is more advantageous to use the hydrogen-powered fuel cell to compose the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
28
Barrett, Emily Lord. "The Investigation and Optimization of a Two-Heat-Pump System Incorporating Thermal Storage for Shaping Residential Heating Load." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3025.
Full textAbstract:
Portland General Electric has proposed coupling one or more water tanks with two heat pumps in order to perform load-shifting in residential customer heating and cooling applications. By using the water tanks as a thermal storage unit, this project attempts to partially decouple energy consumption from generation to provide peak demand reduction and to better facilitate the integration of variable renewable energy resources. A scoping study was performed to evaluate the potential impact of this project if implemented in single family homes in Portland, Oregon. This study revealed that the system could provide meaningful savings in the cost of electricity to both the customer and utility. Additionally, an optimization algorithm was developed to dictate system operation and to maximize gains to the utility. Evolutionary algorithms were explored in an attempt to increase the effectiveness of the algorithm's search in limited computation time. Ultimately, an evolution strategy was selected as the most suitable based on tests run in winter and spring months. A genetic algorithm was then developed to handle fixed-speed heat pump operation for compatibility with an alpha-system prototype that has been developed by the research team.
29
Marques, Frederico Augusto Spolidorio. "Implementação e validação pratica de modelos multidisciolinares abordados em uma central de co-geração de energia eletrica." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/259510.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Luiz Carlos Pereira da SilvaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T03:25:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marques_FredericoAugustoSpolidorio_M.pdf: 3699527 bytes, checksum: fee04cbb6876f5ce62626058ebc660e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: Este projeto busca relacionar diversos aspectos interdisciplinares envolvidos em uma central de co-geração de energia elétrica. Motivado pela crescente inserção de centrais de geração distribuída operando de forma ilhada ou paralela ao sistema, foram desenvolvidos modelos mecânicos (térmicos e dinâmicos) e elétricos buscando representar os diversos equipamentos envolvidos em uma central de geração em um nível industrial. Baseado nesta concepção, optou-se pela geração de energia através de máquinas térmicas (turbinas a vapor) impulsionadas pela energia proveniente da queima de biomassa restante de diferentes processos industriais. Os modelos teóricos aqui representados foram numericamente simulados com parâmetros obtidos em um estudo de caso real. Seus resultados foram então comparados qualitativamente e quantitativamente contra as variáveis reais do processo analisado. Ao consolidar esta ferramenta de estudo, o simulador mostrou-se eficiente no treinamento de operadores de casas de forças, sendo capaz de esclarecer as interferências entre o nível de carga com as demais variáveis envolvidas em seu processo
Abstract: This project intends to gather several interdisciplinary aspects common to a co-generation power plant. Driven by the increasing amount of distributed generation units operating on island or parallel mode with the network, some mechanical (thermo and dynamic) and electrical models were developed in order to represent the equipments usually installed on an industrial size power station. Based on this concept, the more convenient option was to proceed the evaluation through turbo machinery (steam turbine) driven by the energy acquired from the heat power on burning byproducts of industrial processes. The theoretical models were simulated with parameters obtained from a real case study. The results were then finally compared with real process information acquired from field research. In order to consolidate this computational tool, the simulator has shown efficient results on training power station operators on clarifying the impacts of load level on the other relevant variables on their processes
Mestrado
Energia Eletrica
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica
30
Alves, Lourenço Gobira. "Analise exergoeconomica e otimização de diferentes processos de produção de hidrogenio a partir de gas metano." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265111.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Silvia Azucena Nebra de PerezTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T08:40:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alves_LourencoGobira_D.pdf: 2286993 bytes, checksum: 9be242b04e4640bec3bb9397c2679294 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: A alta dos preços do petróleo aliada ao aumento da participação do gás natural na matriz energética nacional força a sociedade a pensar em usos mais racionais para o gás, tanto por necessidades econômicas quanto ambientais. O hidrogênio é apontado por alguns autores como combustível do futuro, portanto aproveitar o gás natural como matéria-prima para produzir hidrogênio é uma das alternativas para melhor uso do gás. Este trabalho faz a análise exergoeconômica de dois processos básicos de produção de hidrogênio a Reforma a Vapor do Metano, SMR, e a Reforma Autotérmica do Metano, AtR, usando a Teoria do Custo Exergético, TEC, e a Análise Funcional, AF. É proposta a introdução de cogeração usando uma turbina movida a gás natural e outra movida a gás de síntese para os dois processos, gerando quatro casos de estudo onde a possibilidade de produzir excedentes para venda foi considerada. Foi feita a otimização dos processos com dois objetivos: busca da maior produção de hidrogênio e busca da menor geração de irreversibilidade. Os resultados mostram que a cogeração é uma possibilidade a ser estudada com cuidado, pois o custo de produção da eletricidade precisa ser competitivo com o mercado energético brasileiro. Os quatro casos de estudo mostraram boa flexibilidade para otimização dos processos
Abstract: The prices of Petroleum allied to the increase of the participation of the Natural Gas in the national energy matrix have forced the society to search for more rational uses for the gas by economic and environmental reasons. According to some authors, hydrogen is the fuel of the future and the production of hydrogen from natural gas is an alternative to improve the gas uses. This work performs an exergoeconomic analysis of two basic processes to produce hydrogen, Stem Methane Reforming, SMR, and Autothermal Reforming, AtR, using the Theory of Exergetic Cost, TEC, and the Functional Analysis, AF. Two cogeneration possibilities in the processes are also considered, resulting in four study cases with the possibility of producing surplus of electric energy to sell. And an optimization study is performed to improve the hydrogen production and reduce the irreversibility. The results shown that cogeneration is a useful possibility but must be applied according to the Brazilian energy market. The optimization process increased the results in the four cases
Doutorado
Termica e Fluidos
Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica
31
Mattlet, Benoit. "Potential benefits of load flexibility: A focus on the future Belgian distribution system." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/271127/5/contratBM.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Since the last United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2015 in Paris (the COP 21), world leaders acknowledged climate change. There is no need any more to justify the switch from fossil fuel-based to renewable energy sources. Nevertheless, this transition is far from being straightforward. Besides technologies that are not yet mature -- or at least not always financially viable in today's economy -- the power grid is currently not ready for a rapid and massive integration of renewable energy sources. A main challenge for the power grid is the inadequacy between electric production and consumption that will rise along with the integration of such sources. Indeed, due to their dependence on weather, renewable energy sources are intermittent and difficult to forecast with today's tools. As a commodity, electricity is a quite distinct good for which there must be perfect adequacy of production and consumption at all time and characterized by a very inelastic demand. High shares of renewable energy sources lead to high price volatility and a higher risk to jeopardize the security of supply. Additionally, the switch to renewable energy sources will lead to an electrification of loads and transportation, and thus the emergence of new higher-consumption loads such as electric vehicles and heat pumps. These new and higher-consumption loads, combined with the population growth, will cause over-rated power load increases with less predictable load patterns in the future.This work focuses on issues specific to the distribution power grid in the context of the current energy transition. Traditional low-voltage grids are perhaps the most passive circuits in power grids. Indeed, they are designed primarily using a fit and forget approach where power flows go from the distribution transformer to the consumers and no element has to be operated or regularly managed. In fact, low-voltage networks completely lack observability due to very low monitoring. The distribution grid will especially undergo drastic changes from this energy transition. Distributed sources and new high-consumption -- and uncoordinated -- loads result in new power flow patterns, as well as exacerbated evening peaks for which it is not designed. The consequences are power overloads and voltage imbalances that deteriorate grid components, such as a main asset like the medium-to-low voltage transformer. Additionally, the distribution grid is characterized by end-users that pay a price for electricity that does not reflect the grid situation -- that is, mostly constant over a year -- and allow little to no actions on their consumption.These issues have motivated authorities to propose a global approach to ensure security of electricity supply at short and medium-term. The latter requires, among others, the development of demand response programs that encourage users to take advantage of load flexibility. First, we propose adequate electricity pricing structures that will allow users to unlock the potential of such demand response programs; namely, dynamic pricings combined with a prosumer structure. Second, we propose a fast and robust two-level optimization, formulated as a mixed-integer linear program, that coordinates flexible loads. We focus on two types of loads; electric vehicles and heat pumps, in an environment with solar PV panels. The lower level aims at minimizing individual electricity bills while, at the second level, we optimize the power load curve, either to maximize self-consumption, or to smoothen the total power load of the transformer. We propose a parametric study on the trade-off between only minimizing the individual bills versus only optimizing power load curves, which have proven to be antagonist objectives. Additionally, we assess the impact of the rising share of flexible loads and renewable energy sources for scenarios from today until 2050. A macro-analysis of the results allows us to assess the benefits of load flexibility for every actor of the distribution grid, and depending on the choice of a pricing structure. Our optimization has proved to prevent evening peaks, which increases the lifetime of the distribution transformer by up to 200%, while individual earnings up to 25% can be made using adequate pricings. Consequently, the optimization significantly increases the power demand elasticity and increases the overall welfare by 10%, allowing the high shares of renewable energy sources that are foreseen.Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
32
Fogdal, Hanna, and Adrian Baars. "Utilization of Forest Residue through Combined Heat and Power or Biorefinery for Applications in the Swedish Transportation Sector : a comparison in efficiency, emissions, economics and end usage." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-215767.
Full textAbstract:
Sweden has the goal of reaching a fossil independent transportation sector by 2030. Two ways to reach the goal is to increase the use of electric vehicles or produce more biofuels. Both alternatives could be powered by forest residue, which is an underutilized resource in the country. Electricity could be produced in a biomass fired Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant, and biofuel could be produced in a biorefinery through gasification of biomass and Fischer-Tropsch process. When located in Stockholm County, both system can also distribute heat to the district heating system. It is however important to use the biomass in an energy-efficient way. The scope of this work has been to analyze the efficiency together with environmental and economic aspects of the two systems. To assess the efficiency and environmental impact of the two systems a forest to wheel study was made of the systems where the product was studied from harvesting of forest residue to driving the vehicle. The studied functional units were: kilometers driven by vehicle, kWh of district heating, CO2-equivalents of greenhouse gases and MWh of forest residue. The system using CHP technology and electric vehicles outperformed the biorefinery system on the two first functional units. Using the same amount of forest residue more than twice as much district heating and almost twice as many driven kilometers were produced in this system. The study also showed that both systems avoids significant greenhouse gas emissions and can be part of the solution to decrease emissions from road transportation. The profitability of investing in a CHP plant or a biorefinery was calculated through the net present value method. It showed that the expected energy prices are too low for the investments to be profitable. The CHP plant investment has a net present value of -1.6 billion SEK and the biorefinery investment has a net present value of -4.6 billion SEK. Furthermore, the biorefinery investment entails higher risk due to the high investment cost and uncommercialized technology. Both systems face barriers for implementation, these barriers have been studied qualitatively.Sverige har som mål att skapa en fossiloberoende fordonsflotta till år 2030. Två vägar som pekats ut för att nå målet är att öka användningen av eldrivna fordon eller att producera mer biobränsle. Båda alternativen kan drivas av skogsavfall, en råvara som det finns gott om i Sverige. Elektricitet kan produceras av skogsavfallet i ett kraftvärmeverk, och biobränsle i ett bioraffinaderi genom användning av förgasning och Fischer-Tropschmetoden. I Stockholms län skulle båda systemen dessutom kunna producera värme till Stockholms fjärrvärmesystem. Det är dock viktigt att använda skogsavfallet på ett resurseffektivt sätt. Därför undersöker detta arbete effektiviteten av de två olika systemen tillsammans med en analys av växthusgasutsläpp och ekonomiska förutsättningar. För att kunna utvärdera effektiviteten och klimatpåverkan av de två olika systemen utfördes en ”skog-till-hjul”-analys där produkten undersöktes från ursprunget, till drivandet av ett fordon. För att utföra studien definierades fyra funktionella enheter. De funktionella enheterna var: körsträcka med bil mätt i kilometer, kWh fjärrvärmeproduktion, CO2 ekvivalenter av växthusgasutsläpp och MWh skogsavfall. Studien visade att systemet där skogsavfallet används i ett kraftvärmeverk för att producera elektricitet och ladda elbilar hade bättre resultat i de två första funktionella enheterna. Systemet producerade nästan dubbelt så lång körsträcka och mer än dubbelt så mycket fjärrvärme som systemet där skogsavfallet används i ett bioraffinaderi och biobränslet används i dieselbilar. Studien visade även att båda system kan bidra till att sänka växthusgasutsläppen från transportsektorn. Lönsamheten att investera i ett kraftvärmeverk eller bioraffinaderi beräknades med nuvärdesmetoden. Studien visade att de förväntade framtida energipriserna är för låga för att investeringarna ska bli lönsamma. Kraftvärmeanläggningen hade ett nuvärde på -1.6 miljarder kronor, och bioraffinaderiet ett nuvärde på -4.6 miljarder kronor. Dessutom ansågs investeringen i ett bioraffinaderi vara en hög risk på grund av den höga investeringskostnaden och att tekniken idag inte är kommersialiserad. Det finns även en rad andra barriär för att genomföra de två olika systemen, dessa barriärer har studerats kvalitativt i arbetet.
33
Jung, Yeon-Mi. "Energieeffizienzpolitik in Deutschland und Südkorea : Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung im Spannungsfeld zwischen Klimaschutz und Energiewirtschaft /." Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=017160356&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
Full text
34
Souza, Renata Torres Gomes de. "Análise de viabilidade técnica-econômica do uso do palhiço, para fins de cogeração de energia, pela rota colheita integral." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256819.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Luis Augusto Barbosa CortezDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T11:11:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_RenataTorresGomesde_M.pdf: 3951716 bytes, checksum: bd5e04dc6012cdb85e0ddd68057c1917 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Resumo: Atualmente uma série de países está promovendo ações para que as energias alternativas renováveis tenham participação significativa em suas matrizes energéticas, sendo a cana-de-açúcar apontada como uma das principais fontes para o estado de São Paulo. Contribuindo para aumentar ainda mais o potencial da cana, o palhiço vem despertando interesse dos usineiros, uma vez que possui um importante equivalente energético quando comparado ao barril de petróleo. O reaproveitamento do palhiço dependerá em linhas gerais da rota tecnológica utilizada para converter a energia bruta em energia disponível (cogeração de energia é a rota mais difundida nas usinas); da viabilidade técnica do seu recolhimento (colheita integral é considerada de mais curto prazo); da viabilidade técnica do seu processamento; da viabilidade econômica considerando todos os custos, investimentos necessários e receitas provenientes da conversão do palhiço em energia. Portanto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo contribuir com a criação de um modelo que permita determinar qual é o limite técnico para o processamento do palhiço adicional recolhido via colheita integral, respeitando o limite agronômico e considerando uma usina que queira melhor utilizar a sua capacidade instalada na recepção (01 hillo e 01 mesa alimentadora) e decida investir em uma estação de limpeza à seco. Além disso, o modelo se propôs a avaliar a rentabilidade do investimento necessário para recuperação e processamento do palhiço adicional para fins de cogeração de energia, considerando todos os investimentos agrícolas e industriais para a rota via colheita integral, tendo como base de comparação o cenário atual de recebimento de palhiço por esta mesma rota. Os resultados apresentados para os dados simulados demonstram que a máxima quantidade de palha que uma Usina preparada com 01 hillo + 01 mesa alimentadora e 01 sistema de limpeza à seco pode receber é 7% (base mássica) do total da biomassa de entrada. Já respeitando o limite agronômico, o máximo de palha contida na biomassa de entrada da usina é de 5,26%. Portanto o cenário limite considerado de quantidade de palha contida na biomassa de entrada foi de 5,26%. A análise econômica indicou que o cenário de 5,26% foi o de maior rentabilidade (TIR,VPL, PAYBACK) quando comparado ao cenário com quantidade atual de recebimento de palha (1,56% base mássica) e ao cenário intermediário (3% base mássica), sendo que a existência do picador de palha inviabiliza qualquer cenário. Considerando uma distância lavoura usina de 25 km, nenhum cenário é considerado viável economicamente para uma remuneração de cogeração de energia inferior a R$150/ MWh. Vale ressaltar que os dados de entrada variam com a realidade de cada usina e que o modelo computacional está preparado para receber quaisquer dados
Abstract: Currently a lot of countries are promoting actions so that the renewable energy alternatives have significant participation in its energy mix, and the sugarcane is considered the main available source for Sao Paulo state. Contributing to further increase the sugarcane potential, sugarcane trash (tops, green and dry leaves) has become attractive for the owners, since it has as important energy equivalent when compared to the American oil barrel. The sugarcane trash reuse depends on the technological route used to convert the raw energy in available energy (cogeneration is the most widespread in mills), the technical feasibility of its recover (collected by mechanized unburned cane harvest is considered shorter-term) the technical feasibility of its processing; economic viability considering all costs, required investments and income from the conversion of sugarcane trash into energy. The objective of this work was to create one model to determine what is the technical limit to the additional processing of sugarcane trash collected by mechanized unburned cane harvest, respecting the agronomic limit, considering mill that wants to better use its capacity in reception (01 hillo and 01 cane feed table) and decides to invest in a dry factory trash separation plant. Furthermore, the model proposed to evaluate the investment profitability needed for recovery and processing of additional sugarcane trash for cogeneration of energy, considering all agricultural and industrial investments for collecting system of the sugarcane trash by mechanized unburned cane harvest, based on comparison of the current scenario receipt of sugarcane trash by the same route. The results presented for the simulated data show that the maximum straw amount which a plant prepared with 01 hillo, 01 cane feed table and 01 and the dry factory trash separations plant can receive is 7% (w / w) of total biomass input. Already within the limit agronomic maximum straw contained in biomass input of the plant is 5.26%. Therefore the scene considered to limit the amount of straw input contained in biomass was 5.26%. The economic analysis indicated that the scenario of 5.26% was the highest return (IRR, VPL, PAYBACK) when compared to the scenario with the current number of receiving straw (1.56% w / w) and the intermediate scenario (3 % w / w), and the existence of the straw chopper prevents any scenario. Considering a crop plant 25 km away, no scenario is economically viable for a considerable fee cogeneration power less than $ 150 / MWh. Note that the input data vary with the reality of each plant and that the computational model is ready to receive any data
Mestrado
Construções Rurais e Ambiencia
Mestra em Engenharia Agrícola
35
Belock, Keith Allan. "An energy audit manual for small manufacturing companies with a case study of Maugus Manufacturing Company." Ohio : Ohio University, 1995. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1179851925.
Full text
36
Pires, Victor Flores da Matta. "Analise energetica global de um complexo petroquimico." [s.n.], 2003. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266128.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Roger Josef ZemDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T09:37:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pires_VictorFloresdaMatta_M.pdf: 1892182 bytes, checksum: c990e6a52afe4eaf849fcd1d3d10d3af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003
Pires, Victor Flores da Matta
Resumo: A constante busca pela redução dos custos energéticos na indústria petroquímica, proporcionou o desenvolvimento de novas metodologias de otimização energética, dentre as quais se destaca a Análise Pinch. Esta metodologia apresenta bons resultados quando aplicada a processos isolados, porém, quando a análise é estendida a todo um complexo industrial, o resultado final não é satisfatório, uma vez que o sistema de utilidades e a interdependência entre os processos não são considerados. O presente trabalho apresenta a Análise Energética Global ("Total SUe"), que amplia a Análise Pinch da escala de processo para todo o complexo, incluindo o sistema de utilidades como parte integrante do problema, permitindo uma melhor compreensão da interface processo-utilidade, e um aumento do potencial de ganho energético. A metodologia é baseada nos Perfis Térmicos do complexo, obtidos a partir da Análise Pinch de cada processo individual, e sua interação com o sistema de utilidades, que possibilita a determinação das metas de consumo total de combustível, vapor, refrigeração, trabalho de co-geração e emissões atmosféricas do complexo. Com estas metas, é possível obter diagnósticos claros da eficiência energética do complexo, mostrando possibilidades de otimização, mesmo em unidades como alto grau de integração e eficiência energética. No trabalho ainda é proposta uma abordagem especial para as utilidades importadas e exportadas pela central de utilidades do complexo. A Análise Energética Global é aplicada a uma central de matérias pnmas e utilidades de um Polo Petroquímico, para cálculo de suas metas de energia. Também é realizado uma série de estudos abordando paradas de unidades; entrada em operação de nova unidade; modificações de processo; e modificações no sistema de utilidades. Os resultados obtidos confirmam a metodologia como uma excelente ferramenta de análise, que pode ser utilizada tanto na fase inicial do projeto, para auxiliar a construção da melhor configuração energética do complexo, como em complexos existentes, na análise de impactos no seu perfil energético, causados por mudanças nos processos
Abstract: The constant search of energy costs reduction in the petrochemical industry, provided the development of new energy optimization methodologies, which Pinch Analysis stand out. However, the goods results achieved in single process, with this methodology, were not materialised at the site boundary. This problem is caused by the interdependence of the processes and the utility sistem, that are neglected. The present work presents the Total Site Analysis, that extends Pinch Analysis from process leveI to site level, including the utilitiy system as a part of the problem, providing a better understanding of process-utility interface, and increasing the potential of energy profit. The methodology is based on the site's Thermal Profiles, build from Pinch Analysis of each individual process, and its interaction with the utilities system, that makes possible the determination of the targets of fuel consumption, steam, refrigeration, cogeneration work and emissions of the site. With these targets, is possible to obtain a clear diagnostic of the energy efficiency of the site, showing optimization possibilities, for even units with a high degree of integration and energy efficiency. The work presents a special approach to handle the imported and exported utilities by the site's utilities central. The Total Site Analysis is applied to a raw material and utilities central of a Petrochemical Complex, for calculation of its energy targets. Also, a series of studies is carried through, approaching stops of units; start-up of new units; process modifications; and utilities system modifications. The results confirm the methodology as''tll excellent analysis tool, that can be used as in the initial phase of the project, to assist the construction of the best energy configuration ofthe site, as in existing sites, to analyse site's energy profile impacts, caused by changes in the processes
Mestrado
Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica
Mestre em Engenharia Química
37
Cruz, Ricardo Wilson Aguiar da. "Avaliação da introdução de cogeração no sistema isolado do interior do estado do Amazonas." [s.n.], 2004. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265238.
Full textAbstract:
Orientadores: Silvia Azucena Nebra e Elizabeth Ferreira CartaxoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual se Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T02:01:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cruz_RicardoWilsonAguiarda_D.pdf: 17244783 bytes, checksum: a03d0eedccd3e72d383d8e704276c5cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004
Resumo: Neste trabalho procurou-se apresentar um panorama da geração isolada de energia elétrica pelo Sistema CEAM, quanto às suas características técnicas e econômicas, e do mercado de conservação de pescado do interior do Estado do Amazonas, como bases para desenvolver um método que permita avaliações da introdução de cogeração nessas usinas, visando a produção de mo e gelo, como forma de elevação da lucratividade. Para tanto é mostrado que uma usina autônoma produzindo apenas energia elétrica no cenário interiorano amazonense não tem como ser lucrativa no cenário atual. Foi utilizado como ferramentas básicas elementos da teoria dos motores de combustão interna sob carga variável, teoria das máquinas de remgeração por absorção água-amônia e métodos termoeconômicos baseados na primeira e segunda lei da Termodinâmica. O quadro típico das usinas do interior é mostrado por dados coletados em visitas a cinco usinas, sendo duas delas de outros estados que não o Amazonas, mas que conservam características comuns com as usinas amazonenses. O mercado de pescado é discutido sobre dados bibliográficos. E, do cruzamento desses quadros, são inferidas características da interdependência entre remgeração industrial e energia elétrica
Abstract: This investigation shows a panorama of the isolated power generation of the Amazon State CEAM System regarding its technical and economic characteristics, as well as the problems of the refrigeration facilities of the tishing industry of inland the State, focusing to develop methods to evaluate the introduction of cogeneration in the generation system to the enhance its protitability. Meanwhile, it is shown that a autonomous power station can not expect to become protitable in the Amazonian nowadays scenario if it uniquely produces electric energy. To achieve this objective the main theoretical background were elements of the theory of internal combustion engines under variable charge, the theory of aquammonia absorption refiigeration devices, and methods belonging to thermoeconomics based on tirst law and second law of thermodynamics. A typical profile of the stations of the CEAM System is showed by collected data on tive autonomous power stations among the Northern Brazilian autonomous power grid. The tive power stations preserve common characteristics among them. The market of the tishing industry is showed by bibliography surveyed data. These data made possible to infer the profound relationship between refiigeration and electric energy
Doutorado
Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos
Doutor em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos
38
Li, Yun. "Voltage balancing on three-phase low voltage feeder." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/voltage-balancing-on-threephase-low-voltage-feeder(4320ec9a-f287-4e83-86fd-c8e29e8d49f4).html.
Full textAbstract:
Voltage imbalance in low voltage (LV) networks is expected to deteriorate as low carbon technologies, e.g. electric vehicles (EVs) and heat pumps (HPs) are increasingly deployed. The new electrical demand attributable to EVs and HPs would increase the voltage magnitude variation, increasing the possibility of voltages moving outside the statutory LV magnitude limits. Moreover, the single-phase nature of EVs and HPs, which will be connected via a single-phase 'line & neutral' cable to a 3-phase four-wire LV mains cable buried beneath the street, further entangles this voltage management problem; the non-balanced voltage variations in the three phases boost the levels of voltage imbalance. Excessive voltage imbalance and magnitude variation need to be mitigated to limit their adverse effects on the electric network and connected plant. The voltage imbalance in LV networks is conventionally reduced by reinforcing the network, generally at a high cost. Some modern methods for voltage imbalance mitigation have been introduced in recent years. The power electronic converter based methods are inadequate due to the generation of harmonics, significant power losses and short lifetime. Besides, automatic supply phase selection and smart EV charging rely on an advanced smart communication system, which currently is not available. This project aims to develop alternative solutions that mitigate the voltage imbalance seen in LV networks. A voltage balancing method based on Scott transformer (ST) is proposed. This method does not generate harmonics and is independent of the smart communication system. Computer simulations demonstrated the proposed method is able to convert a non-balanced 3-phase voltage into a balanced 3-phase voltage at either a point on the LV feeder or a 3-phase load supply point with the predefined voltage magnitude. Besides, a physical voltage balancing system was created based on the proposed method and it was tested in an LV network in the laboratory. The test results show the balancing system is capable of maintaining a low level of voltage imbalance on the LV feeder by rapidly compensating for the voltage rises and sags caused by single-phase load variations. This voltage balancing method is a potential solution for the network utilities to accommodate the significant penetration of low carbon technologies without breaching the network voltage limits. The impact of EVs and HPs on the LV network voltages is investigated based on a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation platform, which comprises a statistical model of EV charging demand, profiles generators of residential and HP electrical demand, and a distribution network model. The MC simulation indicates the impact of EVs and HPs is related to their distribution; when more than 21EVs and 13HPs are non-evenly distributed on a 96-customer LV feeder, the voltage limits are likely to be violated. Moreover, the effectiveness of the ST based voltage balancing method and the demand response based TOU tariff, implemented either alone or together, in mitigating the impact of EVs and HPs is investigated based on the established MC simulation platform. The results indicate the ST based balancing method alone is able to completely mitigate the voltage limit violations regardless of the penetration levels of EVs and HPs. Moreover, using both of the two investigated methods further enhances the balancing effectiveness of the ST based voltage balancing method.
39
Brázdil, Marian. "Peltierovy články pro výrobu elektrické energie." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229417.
Full textAbstract:
In the last decade there is a rising interest in thermoelectric applications. Thermoelectric generators enabling the direct conversion of the heat into the electricity become attractive. This fact is caused by the demands of environmental operation and saving primary resources. Scientists intensively investigate and develop new materials and structures suitable for these applications. The efficiency of the thermoelectric conversion progressively increases. Unfortunately we have no available materials with sufficient thermoelectric properties which could provide cost-competitive price. Thermoelectric generators seem to be useable devices. For example, in case of the unused waste heat using of the thermoelectric generator can increase the overall effectiveness of the unit despite the low efficiency of the generator. This master thesis deals with the issue of the Peltier modules representing the main part of the thermoelectric generators. The physical principles and structures of the thermoelectric modules and the possibility of thermoelectric power production are described here. In the practical part of this thesis the design of the low power generator utilizing waste heat from biomass boiler Verner A 251.1 is proposed.
40
Reis, Joaquim Antônio dos [UNESP]. "Projeto e montagem de um sistema compacto de cogeração: aplicação da análise exergoeconômica." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106421.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Previous issue date: 2006-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:47:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1
reis_ja_dr_guara.pdf: 3822491 bytes, checksum: c9fd5a88d775153288d737de07be90be (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Este trabalho desenvolve o projeto, aqui entendido como a seleção das unidades que atendam às exigências de obtenção de eletricidade, calor e frio, e a montagem de um sistema de cogeração que usa um motor de pequeno porte associado a uma máquina de absorção e trocadores de calor que satisfarão tais exigências de uma maneira a mais econômica possível, isto é, otimizado em termos de custos. Aplicando-se um método de obtenção dos custos associados à exergia, cria-se um quadro de custos exergéticos para a obtenção de cada produto, e a soma de cada custo constitui o que chama-se de custo de manufatura exergética. O estudo demonstra que é possível aplicar esse método e identificar os pontos de deficiência de um sistema térmico como o mostrado e ,com isso, tomar medidas que venham a melhorar seu desempenho. Essa otimização física não se utiliza de conhecidos algoritmos de otimização matemática, utilizando-se de dados físicos e termodinâmicos medidos, O método permite identificar a forma operacional (basicamente a rotação do motor) que apresente os menores custos. A compreensão dos aspectos gerais da cogeração, das tecnologias envolvidas, com suas vantagens e desvantagens, torna possível aplicar a avaliação exergética associada a conceitos econômicos,e, com essa análise, tomar-se medidas que melhorem o desempenho do sistema em estudo.
This work develop the design of a cogeneration system with a small internal combustion engine coupled with an absorption refrigeration unit utilised in the production of a refrigeration effect, heating effect and electrical power generation with the utilization of exhaust waste heat, in a most possible economic way, i.e., optimized within limits of costs. By developing a method of costs associated to exergy, raises an exergetic costs for each unit, and the total costs is called manufacture exergetic cost. This study demonstrate that the appliance of this method identify the failures in the system and indicate where applies measures that improves its performance. This optimization do not utilizes mathematical algorithms, it is a physical optimization that use thermodynamics and physical data. The objective of this method is to identify the operational form that introduces the smaller cost. This compact cogeneration system have an internal combustion engine coupled with two heat exchangers and an absorption engine. The comprehension of general aspects of cogeneration technologies, its advantages and disadvantages turn possible to apply the exergetic evaluation associated with economic concepts to improve the performance of the system.
41
Reis, Joaquim Antônio dos. "Projeto e montagem de um sistema compacto de cogeração : aplicação da análise exergoeconômica /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106421.
Full textAbstract:
Resumo: Este trabalho desenvolve o projeto, aqui entendido como a seleção das unidades que atendam às exigências de obtenção de eletricidade, calor e frio, e a montagem de um sistema de cogeração que usa um motor de pequeno porte associado a uma máquina de absorção e trocadores de calor que satisfarão tais exigências de uma maneira a mais econômica possível, isto é, otimizado em termos de custos. Aplicando-se um método de obtenção dos custos associados à exergia, cria-se um quadro de custos exergéticos para a obtenção de cada produto, e a soma de cada custo constitui o que chama-se de custo de manufatura exergética. O estudo demonstra que é possível aplicar esse método e identificar os pontos de deficiência de um sistema térmico como o mostrado e ,com isso, tomar medidas que venham a melhorar seu desempenho. Essa otimização física não se utiliza de conhecidos algoritmos de otimização matemática, utilizando-se de dados físicos e termodinâmicos medidos, O método permite identificar a forma operacional (basicamente a rotação do motor) que apresente os menores custos. A compreensão dos aspectos gerais da cogeração, das tecnologias envolvidas, com suas vantagens e desvantagens, torna possível aplicar a avaliação exergética associada a conceitos econômicos,e, com essa análise, tomar-se medidas que melhorem o desempenho do sistema em estudo.Abstract: This work develop the design of a cogeneration system with a small internal combustion engine coupled with an absorption refrigeration unit utilised in the production of a refrigeration effect, heating effect and electrical power generation with the utilization of exhaust waste heat, in a most possible economic way, i.e., optimized within limits of costs. By developing a method of costs associated to exergy, raises an exergetic costs for each unit, and the total costs is called manufacture exergetic cost. This study demonstrate that the appliance of this method identify the failures in the system and indicate where applies measures that improves its performance. This optimization do not utilizes mathematical algorithms, it is a physical optimization that use thermodynamics and physical data. The objective of this method is to identify the operational form that introduces the smaller cost. This compact cogeneration system have an internal combustion engine coupled with two heat exchangers and an absorption engine. The comprehension of general aspects of cogeneration technologies, its advantages and disadvantages turn possible to apply the exergetic evaluation associated with economic concepts to improve the performance of the system.
Orientador: José Luz Silveira
Coorientador: Edson Bazzo
Banca: Pedro Magalhães Sobrinho
Banca: Julio Santana Antunes
Banca: Jose Rui Camargo
Banca: Newton Galvão de Campos Leite
Doutor
42
Nilsson, Martin. "Expansionsmaskiner istället för strypventiler - en effektivisering." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för fysik och astronomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-146322.
Full textAbstract:
In Uppsala CHP Plant, there are six pressure reducing valves to reduce the pressure from 15 to 3 bars, before six absorption heat pumps. During the process the energy is conserved but losses occur in form of exergy. The aim of this thesis is to reduce the losses of exergy. This can be done by letting turbines replace the pressure reducing valves. In this thesis an investigation has been done of the conditions today, the conditions after the change from pressure reducing valves to turbines and a comparison of three different types of turbine solutions. The three examined solutions are one turbine, several helical screw expanders and several small turbines in parallel with asynchronous generators. The six absorption heat pumps have been divided into two groups; one group of four and one group of two absorption heat pumps. An investigation of locations and space in nearby switchgears has been done for each group. Contacts with retailers of the examined turbine solutions have been taken to gather technical specifications. These technical specifications have been used to simulate the electricity production and the economical yield of each type of examined solution. The investigation shows that the best solution is the solution with several small turbines with asynchronous generators. It has lower investment cost (15 [MSEK]) and the best yield. The proposed solutions will have an installed capacity of 2.65 [MW] to a cost of 5 601 [SEK/kW]. The electric energy production will be 15.7 [GWh/year]. An investment is recommended to a future electric energy price around 400 [SEK/MWh]. Before an investment it is recommended to investigate how to optimize the regulation of the new system with absorptions heat pumps and turbines.
43
Baldassin, Junior Ricardo 1979. "Uso racional de energia em fazendas leiteiras com bombas de calor." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263344.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Luis Augusto Barbosa CortezDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T21:47:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BaldassinJunior_Ricardo_M.pdf: 12303899 bytes, checksum: eebb86f1faa615631b1652ad9774ddde (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: O leite é um dos mais importantes produtos da agropecuária nacional, com cerca de 2/3 das propriedades rurais do país destinando-se à pecuária leiteira e com um dos maiores rebanhos do mundo. Apesar da grandiosidade, o setor ainda sofre com a baixa produtividade, os altos custos e a defasagem tecnológica. Como conseqüência, muitos produtores abandonaram suas atividades diante deste novo cenário competitivo. Atualmente, assuntos como uso racional de energia e aplicação intensiva de tecnologia tem sido intensamente discutidos e abordados, e indicados como aspectos importantes para a obtenção de ganhos de produtividade. Desta forma, visou-se neste trabalho avaliar o uso de energia no processamento de leite de três propriedades (leite pasteurizado tipo ¿A¿ e leite cru refrigerado), bem como, a representatividade dos diversos processos no consumo total, assunto este, ainda pouco conhecido e abordado no país. Objetivando ainda, promover a racionalização energética, avaliaram-se os potenciais de aproveitamento de calor de condensação de sistemas de refrigeração existentes para o aquecimento de água de limpeza e higienização, bem como, avaliou-se a viabilidade técnica e econômica da adequação dos sistemas (operação segundo um bomba de calor com geração simultânea de duas fontes térmicas) em substituição ao uso de resistências elétricas. Dentre as proposta, avaliou-se a adequação realizada em um planta piloto em operação. Com o uso de bomba de calor, a redução no consumo total de energia elétrica foi de até 15% com tempos de retorno dos investimentos variando entre 1,3 e 3,7 anos
Abstract: Milk is one of the most important products of Brazilian agriculture, with about 2/3 of the rural properties dedicated to the milkmaid cattle breeding and with one of the largest flocks of the world. In spite of its size, the sector still suffers of low productivity, high costs and tecnological delay. As a consequence, many producers have abandoned its activities before this new competitive technology were introduced. Now, subjects as, the use rational of energy and intensive application of technology has been discussed intensely resulting in productivity gains. In this work , it was seek to evaluate the use of energy for milk processing in three different properties (pasteurized milk type " A " and refrigerated raw milk). It was also evaluated how representativive the several processes in the total consumption were, a problem, still not very well-known and trated in Brazil. To promote the energy rationalization, the potential use of condensation heat of refrigeration systems was evaluated for the cleaning water heating, as well as, the technical and economic viability of the adaptation of the systems was evaluated (operation according to a heat pump with simultaneous generation of cold and heat) in substitution to the use of electric resistances. In the midst of proposals, an adaptation was evaluated in a pilot plant in operation. With the use of heat pumps, there was a decreasing of 15% in the consumption of eletric energy with payback between 1,3 and 3,7 years
Mestrado
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
44
Roudaut, Julien. "Modélisation et conception de systèmes de réfrigération magnétique autour de la température ambiante." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00652481.
Full textAbstract:
La réfrigération magnétique est une technologie de rupture pour produire du froid qui n'utilise pas de gaz à effet de serre et est plus efficace que la réfrigération à compression de gaz. Elle est basée sur l'effet magnétocalorique, une propriété de certains matériaux à changer de température lorsqu'ils sont soumis à une variation de champ magnétique. Ces travaux de thèse ont porté sur l'étude des systèmes de réfrigération magnétique. Nous avons effectué une analyse critique des prototypes existants et proposé de nouveaux critères de performances pour les comparer de manière effective. Nous avons développé un modèle numérique des transferts thermiques au sein des réfrigérateurs magnétiques, pour étudier leur comportement en régime transitoire et permanent. Une analyse fine de la source de champ et de son interaction avec le matériau a permis de proposer des règles de conception et de dimensionnement d'un système performant.
45
"Electric Power Infrastructure Vulnerabilities to Heat Waves from Climate Change." Doctoral diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.50558.
Full textAbstract:
abstract: Electricity infrastructure vulnerabilities were assessed for future heat waves due to climate change. Critical processes and component relationships were identified and characterized with consideration for the terminal event of service outages, including cascading failures in transmission-level components that can result in blackouts. The most critical dependency identified was the increase in peak electricity demand with higher air temperatures. Historical and future air temperatures were characterized within and across Los Angeles County, California (LAC) and Maricopa County (Phoenix), Arizona. LAC was identified as more vulnerable to heat waves than Phoenix due to a wider distribution of historical temperatures. Two approaches were developed to estimate peak demand based on air temperatures, a top-down statistical model and bottom-up spatial building energy model. Both approaches yielded similar results, in that peak demand should increase sub-linearly at temperatures above 40°C (104 °F) due to saturation in the coincidence of air conditioning (AC) duty cycles. Spatial projections for peak demand were developed for LAC to 2060 considering potential changes in population, building type, building efficiency, AC penetration, appliance efficiency, and air temperatures due climate change. These projections were spatially allocated to delivery system components (generation, transmission lines, and substations) to consider their vulnerability in terms of thermal de-rated capacity and weather adjusted load factor (load divided by capacity). Peak hour electricity demand was projected to increase in residential and commercial sectors by 0.2–6.5 GW (2–51%) by 2060. All grid components, except those near Santa Monica Beach, were projected to experience 2–20% capacity loss due to air temperatures exceeding 40 °C (104 °F). Based on scenario projections, and substation load factors for Southern California Edison (SCE), SCE will require 848—6,724 MW (4-32%) of additional substation capacity or peak shaving in its LAC service territories by 2060 to meet additional demand associated with population growth projections.Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2018
46
Poole, Martin. "A technical and economic review of gas turbine cogeneration in Australia and the influence of energy prices and economic instruments." 2003. http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/5768.
Full text
47
Lin, Shih-Hao, and 林士豪. "Design and application of microfluidic light emitting diode with heat dissipation and electric power supply." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8ea29u.
Full textAbstract:
碩士明志科技大學
機械工程系機械與機電工程碩士班
104
Nowadays, it is important to study power consumption and heat dissipation in the development of semiconductor. In this research, we used the microfluidic channel and electrolyte to replace the solid conductive wire, and it could complete energy supply and heat exchange. First, the temperature distribution in the microfluidic channel due to heat dissipation generated by the high-power light emitting diodes working can be obtained by using ANSYS software. The electrolytes were test samples. The microfluidic channels were produced by using the photolithography processes, the micro electrodes were made by the model and conductive silver gel, and the positive and negative electrodes were independent loops, respectively. The signals of high-power light emitting diodes were the measured, and they included the optical power and temperature. In the temperature simulation analysis, the temperature difference of heat source and microfluidic channel in the optimum model of heat dissipation was 10.7 °C, and the temperature difference between the solid and liquid cooling system was 9.3 °C. In the experimental test, the temperature difference of heat source and microfluidic channel in the optimum model of heat dissipation was 13 °C, and the temperature difference between the solid and liquid cooling system was 8.9 °C. In the optical power test, the average value of optical power in the liquid module was about 25.2 mW, and that in the solid module can be 32.7 mW, but the brightness of two modules looks similar by the naked eyes.
48
"The Economic viability of a microturbine cogeneration system." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1727.
Full textAbstract:
M.Ing.Currently, electrical resistance heaters are used to produce most of the hot water in South Africa. Increasing electricity tariffs make these devices very expensive. This study investigates the economic savings potential of using a cogeneration system made of microturbines, heat pumps and heat exchangers. Specifically the heating of water for large residential units is investigated. Different economic parameters are used to compare microturbine heat pump systems with electrical resistance heaters, natural gas boilers and heat pumps. For 27 main centres in South Africa, the amount of hot water is determined where a cogeneration system is economically more viable than other types of water heaters. It has been concluded that the most important influence factor is the electricity tariff. The higher the electricity tariff in a city, the smaller the number of domestic consumers where a cogeneration system becomes viable.
49
Erasmus, Dawid J. "Load scheduling with cogeneration and real time pricing." Diss., 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30443.
Full textAbstract:
The increase in energy costs, restructuring of electricity supply industry, quality of supply standards and environmental responsibility, initiated an investigation to utilize available carbon monoxide for cogeneration at an industrial site. A literature study indicated that most of the elements involved in establishing a cogeneration plant, were investigated individually, but had not been evaluated as a system with an indication of their relationships. The main objective of this study was to create a methodology to evaluate the impact of load scheduling, cogeneration and electrical tariff structures on the energy cost of an industrial operation. A modelling methodology was developed to evaluate the requirements for each of the elements, which were identified as the following processes: Plant and stockpiles Gas and fuel Power generation technology Electricity tariffs Financial evaluation Each of the processes' input requirements were evaluated in terms of being sufficient in providing either useful information or a model from which information could be manipulated. This methodology was then applied to a titanium slag producer with electric arc furnaces and excess carbon monoxide, which was burnt and treated as waste.Dissertation (M Eng (Electrical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2006.
Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering
unrestricted
50
Saha, Sandip Kumar. "Cooling Of Electronics With Phase Change Materials Under Constant Power And Cyclic Heat Loads." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/632.
Full textAbstract:
The trend in the electronic and electrical equipment industry towards denser and more powerful product requires a higher level of performance from cooling devices. In this context, passive cooling techniques such as latent heat storage systems have attracted considerable attention in recent years. Phase change materials (PCMs) have turned out to be extremely advantageous in this regard as they absorb high amount of latent heat without much rise of temperature. But unfortunately, nearly all phase change materials (PCMs) with high latent heat storage capacity have unacceptably low thermal conductivity, which makes heating and cooling processes slow during melting and solidification of PCMs. Augmentation of heat transfer in a PCM is achieved by inserting a high thermal conductivity material, known as thermal conductivity enhancer (TCE), into the PCM. The conglomeration of PCM and TCE is known as a thermal storage unit (TSU).
In this thesis, detailed and systematic analyses are presented on the thermal performance of TSUs subjected to two types of thermal loading- (a) constant power loading in which a constant power level is supplied to the chip (heater) for a limited duration of time, and (b) cyclic loading. Eicosane is used as the PCM, while aluminium pin or plate fins are used as TCEs.
First, a 1-D analytical model is developed to obtain a closed-form temperature distribution for a simple PCM domain (without TCE) heated uniformly from the bottom. The entire heating process is divided into three stages, viz. (a) sensible heating period before melting, during which heat is stored in the solid PCM in the form of specific heat,
(b) melting period, during which a melt front progresses from the bottom to the top layer of the PCM and heat is stored in latent as well as in sensible forms, and (c) post melting period, during which energy is stored again in the form of sensible heat. For each stage, conduction energy equation is solved with a set of initial and boundary conditions. Subsequently, a resistance capacitance model of phase change process is developed for further analysis.
For transient performance under constant thermal loading, experimental investigations are carried out for TSUs with different percentages of TCE. A numerical model is developed to interpret the experimental results. The thermal performance of a TSU is found to depend on a number of geometrical parameters and boundary conditions. Hence, a systematic approach is desirable for finding the best TSU design for which the chip can be operated for a longer period of time before it reaches a critical temperature (defined as the temperature above which the chip starts malfunctioning). As a first step of the approach, it is required to identify the parameters which can affect the transient process. It is found that the convective heat transfer coefficient, ‘h’ and the exposed area for heat transfer have little effect on the chip temperature during the constant power operation. A randomized search technique, Genetic Algorithm (GA), is coupled with the CFD code to find an optimum combination of geometrical parameters of TSUs based on the design criteria. First, the optimization is carried out without considering melt convection within the PCM. It is found that the optimum half-fin width remains fixed for a given heat flux and temperature difference. Assuming a quasi steady process, the results of optimization are then explained by constructing and analyzing a resistance network model. The resistance network model is then extended to include the effect of melt convection, and it is shown that the optimum pitch changes with the strength of convection. Accordingly, numerical analysis is carried out by considering the effect of melt convection, and a correlation for optimum pitch is developed.
Having established the role of melt convection on the thermal performance of TSUs, rigorous computational and experimental studies are performed in order to develop correlations among different non-dimensional numbers, such as Nusselt number, Rayleigh number, Stefan number and Fourier number, based on a characteristic length scale for convection. The enclosures are classified into three types, depending on the aspect ratio of cavity, viz. shallow, rectangular and tall enclosures. For a shallow enclosure, the characteristic length is the height of cavity whereas for a tall enclosure, the characteristic length is the fin pitch. In case of rectangular enclosure, both pitch and height are the important characteristic lengths.
For cyclic operation, it is required that the fraction of the PCM melting during the heating cycle should completely solidify back during the cooling period, in order that that TSU can be operated for an unlimited number of cycles. If solidification is not complete during the cooling period, the TSU temperature will tend to rise with every cycle, thus making it un-operational after some cycles. It is found that the solidification process during the cooling period depends strongly on the heat transfer coefficient and the cooling surface area. However, heat transfer coefficient does not play any significant role during the heating period; hence a TSU optimized for transient operation may not be ideal for cyclic loading. Accordingly, studies are carried out to find the parameters which could influence the behaviour of PCM under cyclic loading. A number of parameters are identified in the process, viz. cycle period and heat transfer coefficient. It is found that the required heat transfer coefficient for infinite cyclic operation is very high and unrealistic with air cooling from the surface of the TSU. Otherwise, the required cooling period for complete re-solidification will be very high, which may not be suitable for most applications.
In an effort to bring down the cooling period to a duration that is comparable to the heating period, a new design is proposed where both ‘h’ and area exposed to heat transfer can be controlled. In this new design, the gaps between the fins in a plate-fin TSU are alternately filled with PCM, such that only one side of a fin is in contact with PCM and the other side is exposed to the coolant (air). In this arrangement, the same heat flow path through the fin which is used for heating the PCM (during the heating stage) can also be used for cooling and solidifying the PCM during the cooling part of the cycle. Natural or forced air cooling through the passages can be introduced to provide a wide range of heat transfer coefficient which can satisfy the cooling requirements. With this arrangement, the enhanced area provided for cooling keeps the ‘h’ requirement within a realistic limit. This cooling method developed is categorized as a combination of active and passive cooling techniques. Analytical and numerical investigations are carried out to evaluate the thermal performance of this modified PCM-based heat sink in comparison to the ones with conventional designs. It is found that, the performance of new PCM-based heat sink is superior to that of the conventional one. Experiments are performed on both the conventional and the new PCM-based heat sinks to validate the new findings.