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Journal articles on the topic 'Congenital external auditory canal atresia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 20 July 2025

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1

Anikin, I. A., N. N. Khamgushkeeva, A. D. Knyazev, and A. D. Mamedova. "Congenital cholesteatoma of the middle ear with total atresia of the external auditory canal: two cases report." Russian Bulletin of Otorhinolaryngology 90, no. 3 (2025): 73. https://doi.org/10.17116/otorino20259003173.

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Congenital stenosis and atresia of the external auditory canal are the most common developmental anomalies of the external ear. Cases of combination of these malformations with cholesteatoma of the temporal bone have been repeatedly described in the world literature. This combined pathology is more typical of congenital stenosis of the external auditory canal. Total atresia of the external auditory canal is rarely associated with cholesteatoma. Cholesteatoma found behind the atretic plate is classified as congenital, excluding other possible mechanisms of it’s formation. The article presents t

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2

Anikin, I. A., N. N. Khamgushkeeva, A. D. Mamedova, and A. D. Knyazev. "Technique of surgical debridement of temporal bone cholesteatoma in congenital atresia of the external auditory canal." Russian Otorhinolaryngology 22, no. 5 (2023): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18692/1810-4800-2023-5-85-90.

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This article presents a technique of surgical debridement of temporal bone cholesteatoma in congenital atresia of the external auditory canal and a description of a clinical case. In the presence of congenital atresia of the external auditory canal with cholesteatoma, surgical treatment with posterior transcortical access is most often performed with the formation of a large trephined cavity, followed by myringoplasty and, if necessary, ossiculoplasty. We have described a clinical case of surgical treatment of congenital atresia of the external auditory canal by the type of separate atticoanth

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3

Murphy, Terrence R., Fernando Burstein, and Steven Cohen. "Management of Congenital Atresia of the External Auditory Canal." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 116, no. 6 (1997): 580–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-5998(97)70231-6.

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The management of a unilateral congenital atresia of the external auditory canal is nonuniform and debated. Various surgical approaches, timing, coordination with microtia repair, and variable hearing improvements all contribute to the debate regarding management of this entity. This paper outlines our craniofacial team approach to the congenital unilateral atresia and microtia in children. Selection criteria, timing of repair, coordination with microtia repair, surgical results, and pitfalls will be discussed. The results of surgery in 16 patients with unilateral congenital atresia of the ext

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4

la Cruz, Antonio De, Fred H. Linthicum, and William M. Luxford. "CONGENITAL ATRESIA OF THE EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL." Laryngoscope 95, no. 4 (1985): 421???427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1288/00005537-198504000-00010.

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5

Deguine, Christian, and Jack L. Pulec. "Congenital Atresia of the External Auditory Canal." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 78, no. 8 (1999): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014556139907800802.

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6

Ochilzoda, A. A., A. O. Karimov, and N. A. Ochilzoda. "Case report of rare congenital malformations of the nasal cavity, pharynx and ear in combination with a malformation of the visual organ on the example of a child, born from parents in a relative marriage." Russian Otorhinolaryngology 19, no. 5 (2020): 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18692/1810-4800-2020-5-113-115.

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The authors present a case of congenital malformations of ENT organs in children, multiple congenital malformations of the nasal cavity, pharynx, ear and eyes (double tongue of the pharynx, atresia of the chianti on the left, atresia of the external auditory canal on the left, microphthalmia on the left) and congenital bilateral deafness. The peculiarity of this observation is the rarity of cases of many congenital defects of the ENT organs: doubled tongue of the pharynx, atresia of the choana on the left, atresia of the external auditory canal on the left, congenital bilateral deafness, in th

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7

Anikin, I. A., N. N. Khamgushkeeva, S. A. Eremin, A. D. Mamedova, and A. D. Knyazev. "Keloid scar as a complication after canaloplasty for congenital atresia of the external auditory canal. A clinical case." Russian Bulletin of Otorhinolaryngology 90, no. 3 (2025): 79. https://doi.org/10.17116/otorino20259003179.

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This article presents a clinical case of keloid scar removal after canaloplasty for congenital atresia of the external auditory canal. The interest of this clinical case lies in the rare occurrence of a keloid scar of the external auditory canal, leading to its total obturation. Scarring processes in the external auditory canal are an important problem that significantly affects the hearing of patients. Acquired fibrous atresia is represented by a conglomerate of soft tissues in the bony part of the external auditory canal, soldered to the outer surface of the eardrum. Keloid is an excessive g

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8

Machalov, A. S., A. V. Balakina, E. I. Zelikovich, L. V. Toropchina, M. V. Bazanova, and E. I. Nayandina. "Congenital single sided anomaly of the external auditory canal." Russian Otorhinolaryngology 22, no. 4 (2023): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.18692/1810-4800-2023-4-93-100.

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The main types of congenital pathology of the external and middle ear are microtia and atresia/stenosis of the external auditory canal. However, isolated cases of atresia/stenosis of the external auditory canal in combination with normal size and shape of the ear canal are quite rare. The article describes a clinical case of a child during the first year of life with congenital stenosis of the external auditory canal in combination with an anomaly of the development of the auditory ossicles, which was observed for 6 months. The results of extended audiological examination showed an increase in

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9

Coomer, Alastair R., and Nick Bacon. "Primary anastomosis of segmental external auditory canal atresia in a cat." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 11, no. 10 (2009): 864–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2009.02.010.

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External auditory canal atresia (EACA) may arise as a congenital deformity, or as sequel to external auditory canal trauma. Diagnosis of EACA was made in this 3-year-old cat by video otoscopy and computed tomography. Successful treatment of congenital segmental EACA was achieved, using end-to-end anastomosis. Primary anastomosis should be considered for treatment of both acute and chronic separation of the annular and auricular cartilages, as well as congenital EACA in the cat.

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10

Yuli Tetriana Sari and Delfitri Munir. "Management of Congenital Aural Atresia : A Case Report." Sumatera Medical Journal 2, no. 3 (2019): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/sumej.v2i3.1263.

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Congenital Aural Atresia (CAA) is the failure of development of the external auditory canal. It usually occurs in conjunction with microtia, which is malformation of the auricle due to the failure of development of the external ear. The evaluation and treatment of aural atresia present a number of challenges to the otologic surgeon. Computed tomography also plays a pivotal role in planning the surgery and grading the outcome of the surgery in congenital aural atresia. We report a case of unilateral congenital aural atresia and microtia and did a canalplasty and tympanoplasty in this patient.

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11

Blevins, Nikolas H., Seema V. Byahatti, and Collin S. Karmody. "External auditory canal duplication anomalies associated with congenital aural atresia." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 117, no. 1 (2003): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002221503321046612.

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Maldevelopment of the first branchial cleft can produce a broad spectrum of anomalies in its derivative structure, the external auditory canal (EAC). Failure of the cleft to develop normally can result in either the absence of a normally patent EAC (atresia, or stenosis) or a duplication anomaly (cyst, sinus, or fistula). Despite their common origins, the coexistence of these anatomical abnormalities is quite unusual. We present four patients with both aural atresia and duplication anomalies of the EAC. Three patients had non-syndromic unilateral aural atresia and presented with periauricular

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12

Gautam, R., J. Kumar, G. S. Pradhan, J. C. Passey, R. Meher, and A. Mehndiratta. "High-resolution computed tomography evaluation of congenital aural atresia – how useful is this?" Journal of Laryngology & Otology 134, no. 7 (2020): 610–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002221512000136x.

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AbstractObjectiveTo depict various temporal bone abnormalities on high-resolution computed tomography in congenital aural atresia patients, and correlate these findings with auditory function test results and microtia subgroup.MethodsForty patients (56 ears) with congenital malformation of the auricle and/or external auditory canal were evaluated. Auricles were graded according to Marx's classification, divided into subgroups of minor (grades I and II) and major (III and IV) microtia. Other associated anomalies of the external auditory canal, tympanic cavity, ossicular status, oval and round w

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13

Denoyelle, F., N. Leboulanger, D. Philippon, N. Loundon, and E. N. Garabédian. "Canalplasty for congenital atresia of the external auditory canal." European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Diseases 130, no. 6 (2013): 349–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anorl.2012.12.003.

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14

Mattox, Douglas E., and Ugo Fisch. "Surgical Correction of Congenital Atresia of the Ear." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 94, no. 5 (1986): 574–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459988609400507.

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Severe congenital atresia of the ear often requires—or indicates the need for—reconstructive surgery. We have developed a new technique for reconstruction of the external auditory canal. What follows is description of this technique and the results of its implementation.

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15

Mattox, Douglas E., and Ugo Fisch. "Surgical Correction of Congenital Atresia of the Ear." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 94, no. 6 (1986): 574–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459988609400607.

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Severe congenital atresia of the ear often requires—or indicates the need for—reconstructive surgery. We have developed a new technique for reconstruction of the external auditory canal. What follows is description of this technique and the results of its implementation.

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16

Molony, Timothy B., and Antonio De La Cruz. "Surgical Approaches to Congenital Atresia of the External Auditory Canal." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 103, no. 6 (1990): 991–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459989010300618.

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17

Lo, Jacky F. W., Willis S. S. Tsang, Joannie Y. K. Yu, Osan Y. M. Ho, Peter K. M. Ku, and Michael C. F. Tong. "Contemporary Hearing Rehabilitation Options in Patients with Aural Atresia." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/761579.

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Congenital aural atresia is the failure of development of the external auditory canal. It usually occurs in conjunction with microtia, which is the malformation of the auricle due to a failure of development of the external ear. Aural atresia, with or without microtia, may significantly affect the hearing and social life of the patients. It is important for every medical practitioner to be aware of the possible treatment options for hearing rehabilitation in this group of patients. In the era of modern technology, new choices, including Bone-Anchored Hearing Aid (BAHA) (Cochlear Ltd. and Otico

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18

Zheng-Min, Xu. "Air-And Bone-Conduction Auditory Brainstem Response in Children with Congenital External Auditory Canal Atresia." Archives of Otolaryngology and Rhinology 1, no. 2 (2015): 034–36. https://doi.org/10.17352/2455-1759.000006.

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<strong>Objective:</strong> This study aimed to determine the clinical value of air- and bone-conduction auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) in children with congenital external auditory canal atresia (EACA). <strong> Methods:</strong> Air- and bone-conduction click-evoked ABRs in 38 children having congenital EACA were compared with 34 children having normal hearing. <strong> Results:</strong> ABR threshold for air and bone conduction were 66.53 ± 7.12 and 12.55 ± 6.96 dBnHL, respectively, in children with congenital EACA, as well as 25.32 ± 2.66 and 10.71 &plus

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19

Lee, Dong Hoon, Bum Soo Kim, So Lyung Jung, et al. "Congenital External Auditory Canal Atresia and Stenosis: Temporal Bone CT Findings." Journal of the Korean Radiological Society 46, no. 4 (2002): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3348/jkrs.2002.46.4.315.

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20

Murphy, Terrence P., Fernando Burstein, and Steven Cohen. "Management of a Unilateral Congenital Atresia of the External Auditory Canal." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 113, no. 2 (1995): P155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-5998(05)80862-9.

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21

Schmidt, K., T. Piaia, G. Bertolini, and D. De Lorenzi. "External auditory canal atresia of probable congenital origin in a dog." Journal of Small Animal Practice 48, no. 4 (2007): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2006.00241.x.

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22

Kanagamuthu, Priya, TDinesh Kumar, Gunakeerthana Ramesh, and Rajasekaran Srinivasan. "Congenital atresia of external auditory canal with choristoma: A rare case report." Indian Journal of Otology 28, no. 1 (2022): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/indianjotol.indianjotol_180_21.

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23

Declau, F., C. Cremers, and P. Van de Heyning. "Diagnosis and Management Strategies in Congenital Atresia of the External Auditory Canal." British Journal of Audiology 33, no. 5 (1999): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03005369909090115.

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24

Bouhabel, Sarah, Pierre Arcand, and Issam Saliba. "Congenital aural atresia: Bone-anchored hearing aid vs. external auditory canal reconstruction." International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 76, no. 2 (2012): 272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2011.11.020.

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25

MARUKO, Rie, Hideo AKIYOSHI, Hitoshi NAKANISHI, et al. "A Case of Suspected Congenital External Auditory Canal Atresia in a Dog." Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 63, no. 3 (2010): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12935/jvma.63.211.

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26

Casanova, Maria Jorge, Sara Moreira Ferraz, Miguel Bebiano Coutinho, António Magalhães, and Cecília Almeida e Sousa. "Hearing rehabilitation with osseointegrated hearing implant in bilateral congenital external auditory canal atresia." Acta Otorrinolaringologica (English Edition) 72, no. 5 (2021): 288–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otoeng.2020.08.004.

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27

S, Venkata Ramana Rao, Sharma V S, Subba Rao M V, and Pravin Tez. "UNILATERAL EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL ATRESIA WITH CONGENITAL FACIAL NERVE PALSY : A CASE REPORT." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 4, no. 59 (2015): 10402–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2015/1501.

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28

Yellon, Robert F. "Congenital external auditory canal stenosis and partial atretic plate." International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 73, no. 11 (2009): 1545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2009.07.021.

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29

De La Cruz, Antonio, and Karen Borne Teufert. "Congenital aural atresia surgery: Long-term results." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 129, no. 1 (2003): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-59980300531-x.

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OBJECTIVES: The study goal was to evaluate the stability of hearing results from short- to long-term follow-up in patients who underwent surgery for congenital aural atresia. We also reviewed complications such as external auditory canal stenosis, lateralization and perforation of the tympanic membrane, sensorineural hearing loss, and facial palsy. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 116 patients who underwent congenital aural atresiaplasty between 1985 and 2002 at the House Ear Clinic. There were 116 atretic ears. Complication rates and short- and long-term (up to 13.6 years

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30

Hato, Naohito, Hiroshi Aritomo, Shoko Inaki, Seiji Kawakita, and Naoaki Yanagihara. "Congenital and Acquired Atresia of Cartilaginous External Auditory Canal. A Report of Two Cases." Practica Oto-Rhino-Laryngologica 86, no. 5 (1993): 675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5631/jibirin.86.675.

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31

Mahale, RohanR, Anish Mehta, AjuAbraham John, Kiran Buddaraju, AbhinandanK Shankar, and Srinivasa Rangasetty. "Newborn with congenital facial palsy and bilateral anotia/atresia of external auditory canal: Rare occurrence." Journal of Pediatric Neurosciences 11, no. 3 (2016): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1817-1745.193372.

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32

Ren, Ran, Shouqin Zhao, Danni Wang, et al. "Audiological features in congenital bony atresia of external auditory canal with temporal-mandibular joint retroposition." American Journal of Otolaryngology 38, no. 2 (2017): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2016.09.008.

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33

Sheykholeslami, K. "Binaural interaction of bone-conducted auditory brainstem responses in children with congenital atresia of the external auditory canal." International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 67, no. 10 (2003): 1083–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-5876(03)00197-6.

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34

Patyakina, O. K. "Current issues of middle ear microsurgery." Kazan medical journal 76, no. 1 (1995): 74–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj83733.

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Ear microsurgery, which has more than 40 years of history, is associated with the name of S. Rosen (1952). To improve hearing in patients with otosclerosis, he proposed an operation to mobilize the stirrup, which led to the rapid development of stapedoplasty. Currently, microsurgical techniques are widely used for atresia, trauma and benign tumors of the external auditory canal, for congenital anomalies, trauma and benign tumors of the middle ear, in addition to otosclerosis and inflammatory pathology, for traumatic fistulas of the labyrinth windows, Meniere's disease, peripheral paralysis of

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35

Sheykholeslami, Kianoush, Mohammad Habiby Kermany, and Kimitaka Kaga. "Bone-conducted vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in patients with congenital atresia of the external auditory canal." International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 57, no. 1 (2001): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-5876(00)00430-4.

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36

Khera, Daisy, Saurabh Agarwal, Prawin Kumar, and Kuldeep Singh. "Case of oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum: rare clinical features." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 3 (2021): e234181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2019-234181.

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A 2-month-old boy presented to us with bilateral microtia, left lower motor neuron facial palsy, micrognathia, hemivertebra, bifid rib, bifid thumb and absent/hypoplastic right-sided depressor anguli oris. He had bilateral external auditory canal atresia, although response to loud sound was present. Brain stem evoked response audiometry (BERA) was advised at 3 months of age. Karyotype was normal. We diagnosed him as a case of oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum. Child was discharged on request by the family with the plan for bone-anchored hearing aid after BERA and plan for pinna and ear canal r

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37

Диаб, Х. М., О. А. Пащинина, Д. С. Кондратчиков, Т. С. Дмитриева, Т. В. Фионова та В. П. Соколов. "Клинический случай хирургического лечения двусторонней аномалии развития наружного и среднего уха". Оториноларингология. Восточная Европа 14, № 3 (2024): 423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.34883/pi.2024.14.3.025.

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Атрезия наружного слухового прохода (АНСП) – врожденный комбинированный порок, включающий в себя аномалии развития наружного слухового прохода, среднего уха и нарушение формирования ушной раковины – микротию или анотию. АНСП встречается с частотой 1 на 10 000–15 000 новорожденных. Для лечения данной патологии применяются реконструктивно-пластические оперативные вмешательства. С целью предварительной оценки результатов хирургического лечения используются прогностические шкалы R.A. Jahrsdoerfer и Диаба Х.М. При отсутствии показаний для оперативного лечения по результатам подсчитанных баллов возм

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Upadhyaya, Guruprasada. "Canalization and Maintaining the Patency of External Auditory Canal in a Congenital Aural Atresia Patient: A Multidisciplinary Approach." Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society 13, no. 2 (2012): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13191-012-0202-1.

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FENG, Yi-Guo, Sheng-Xiang XIAO, Ai-Li XU, Jin-Yun FENG, and Jun-Min WANG. "Congenital monilethrix and hereditary unilateral external auditory canal atresia are co-inherited in a Chinese pedigree with recurrent KRT86 mutation." Journal of Dermatology 39, no. 9 (2012): 817–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1346-8138.2012.01565.x.

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40

Calzolari, F., E. Sarti, A. Sensi, G. Garani, L. Clauser, and A. Martini. "Malformazioni dell'orecchio nelle anomalie congenite cranio-facciali." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 16, no. 3 (2003): 411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140090301600313.

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The aim of this study is to describe external, middle and inner ear malformations in children with congenital craniofacial abnormalities. Seventeen patients with craniofacial and external ear anomalies, aged between 12 days and 15 years (mean 3.4 years), were studied. The majority of children had conductive hearing loss. High-resolution CT of the petrous bone was performed in all cases; in 9 cases three-dimensional reconstructions were done. For each child CT findings of external, middle, inner ear, facial nerve and skull base were analysed. Ear malformations have been correlated with anomalie

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41

Hellies, Filippo, Silvia Fracaro, Gino Marioni, et al. "Systematic Review on Microtia: Current Knowledge and Future Directions." Children 12, no. 4 (2025): 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/children12040411.

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Background: Microtia is a congenital outer ear deformity that causes the auricle to be absent or underdeveloped. It is frequently associated with external auditory canal atresia and causes hearing and psychosocial problems. Objectives: We thoroughly investigate the aspects of microtia and explore both current and innovative therapies. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, focusing on microtia and reconstruction methodologies. This review utilized three databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Results: The etiology involves both genetic and env

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42

Diab, Kh M., D. N. Nazaryan, N. A. Daikhes, et al. "The interdisciplinary approach to the rehabilitation of the patients presenting with congenital atresia of the external auditory canal and the concomitant microtia." Vestnik otorinolaringologii 83, no. 2 (2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/otorino201883217-21.

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43

Nataliya, Kitsera. "Congenital Anomalies of The Ear in Newborns from Lviv Region (west Ukraine) for 2006-2018 YY." Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology 2, no. 1 (2020): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2692-9562/006.

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Objectives The ear’s congenital anomalies usually occur in the outer, middle or inner ear separately or in combination. We had determined the сongenital ear’s anomalies (CEA) in newborns (2006-2018 yy) in West Ukraine, Lviv region. Methods 14 newborns who were diagnosed according to the reporting form by the maternity hospitals with CEA were analyzed over a period of 13 years.Results During the study period (2006–2018), there were 366 147 births reported, and 8634 newborns with birth defects, 14 were with CEA, an average incidence of 0.4 per 10 000 births. Our study included 10 boys and 4 girl

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Nataliya, Kitsera. "Congenital Anomalies of The Ear in Newborns from Lviv Region (west Ukraine) for 2006-2018 YY." Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology 2, no. 1 (2020): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/jco/2020/006.

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Objectives The ear’s congenital anomalies usually occur in the outer, middle or inner ear separately or in combination. We had determined the сongenital ear’s anomalies (CEA) in newborns (2006-2018 yy) in West Ukraine, Lviv region. Methods 14 newborns who were diagnosed according to the reporting form by the maternity hospitals with CEA were analyzed over a period of 13 years.Results During the study period (2006–2018), there were 366 147 births reported, and 8634 newborns with birth defects, 14 were with CEA, an average incidence of 0.4 per 10 000 births. Our study included 10 boys and 4 girl

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Minati, C., N. Shanmuganathan, Bhakti S. Jain, and T. V. Padmanabhan. "Hair band retained prosthetic reconstruction of bilaterally missing ears: A case of congenital atresia of external auditory canals and pinna." Journal of Prosthodontic Research 58, no. 1 (2014): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpor.2013.10.003.

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Browning, G. G. "The British experience of an implantable, subcutaneous bone conduction hearing aid (Xomed Audiant)." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 104, no. 7 (1990): 534–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100113106.

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AbstractImplantable bone conduction aids are potentially an important advance for those with a conductive hearing impairment. One system (Xomed Audiant bone conductor), which uses electromagnetic induction to vibrate a subcutaneous implanted skull magnet, has now been implanted in sufficient patients in the United Kingdom, for enough time, for its indicationsto be evaluated.Seventeen of the total of 18 patients that have been implanted, satisfied the average threshold criterion for suitability for implantation (average bone conduction over 0.5, 1 and 2 kHz of 25 dB HL or better) yet only 10 of

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Anikin, I. A., M. V. Komarov, and O. I. Goncharov. "Removal of partial atretic plate with isolated middle ear anomaly." Russian Otorhinolaryngology 22, no. 1 (2023): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18692/1810-4800-2023-1-8-17.

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Congenital isolated anomalies of the development of the middle ear arising from a violation of embryogenesis occur in approximately 1 in 10,000–15,000 newborns and can cause significant hearing loss from the abnormal ear, leading to a delay in psycho-speech development. In particular, one of the rare isolated anomalies of the middle ear is a partial atretic plate, the probability of its occurrence has not been specified. Unlike the full atretic plate, the partial plate is thinner and partially blocks the entrance to the tympanic cavity from the side of the external auditory canal. In this arti

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Evans, Michel A., Eric M. Sugihara, and Eleanor Y. Chan. "Acquired External Auditory Canal Atresia." Otology & Neurotology 38, no. 8 (2017): 1149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mao.0000000000001487.

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McKennan, Kevin X., and Richard A. Chole. "TRAUMATIC EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL ATRESIA." Otology & Neurotology 13, no. 1 (1992): 80???81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00129492-199201000-00017.

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Bakhramdjanovich, Gulyamov Sherzod. "CONGENITAL MALFORMATION EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL." American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research 05, no. 06 (2023): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajmspr/volume05issue06-10.

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In contrast to anatomical variants, congenital malformations - synonymous with anomalies or dysplasia - are characterized by deviations not only from normal anatomical development but also from regular function. They can result from delayed development, abnormal embryogenesis or both due to spontaneous genetic mutations - this occurs in most congenital malformations of the outer and middle ear - genetic transmission and exogenous factors in about 10% of cases.

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