Academic literature on the topic 'Congenital malformations babies'

Background: Congenital malformations represent a defect in the morphogenesis during fetal life. Since the introduction of primary health care and immunization programme, congenital malformations have emerged as one of the commonest cause of perinatal mortality. The objective was to study the incidence, systemic distribution, various maternal risk factors and immediate outcome of congenital malformations in hospital delivered neonates.Methods: This study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital for a period of 2 years. All the hospital delivered live neonates and stillbirth babies with congenital malformations are included in this study. Detailed history, examinations and investigations are carried out to identify etiological factors. Their outcome in form of morbidity and mortality are taken up to their hospital stay.Results: Out of 9600 babies with malformations 171(1.88%) having single malformation and 23(0.25%) having multiple malformations. Incidence of malformations was higher in stillbirths (24.25/1000 livebirths) against than in live births (19.96/1000 livebirths). The cardiovascular system was involved in 23.4% of babies, followed by musculoskeletal system (22.3%) then gastrointestinal (15.9%) and genitourinary system (15.4%). Multiple malformations were seen in 11.8% cases. Maternal risk factors associated with malformations were oligohydramnios in 4.12%, previous abortion in 2.5%, eclampsia in 2.5%, polyhydramnios in 1.54%, maternal diabetes in 1.54% and consanguinity in 1.03%. Maximum mortality occurred in babies with gastrointestinal system malformations (56.5%) followed by cardiovascular system malformations (21.7%). Majority of babies with malformations discharged (78.9%) only 11.8% of babies expired and 2.6% of babies left against medical advice (LAMA).Conclusions: Congenital malformations represent one of the causes of neonatal mortality. Stillborn babies have higher incidence of malformations. Antenatal ultrasonography and maternal risk factors has important role to identify malformations. Early detection and timely management required to decrease the mortality.

Introductions: Congenital malformations need to be identified and intervened early to save lives and prevent sufferings. Many birth defects have well known incidence/prevalence rates but these have not been studied thoroughly in the local population of Nepal. The current study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of congenital malformation at birth, to classify them systematically, to study risk factors and immediate outcome of the newborn babies afflicted.Methods: This was a cross sectional study. All newly delivered babies were examined carefully for congenital malformation and when detected, the parents were interviewed in detail.Results: Over the 10 months of study period 7,922 babies were delivered out of which 90 were stillborn. The number of babies with malformations was 64 (0.81%). Polydactyli was observed in 12 (19%) babies whereas cleft lip/palate and malformations of ears in seven (11%) each. Musculoskeletal system was affected in 31 (35%) cases and craniofacial in 18 (21%). Nine (14%) mothers had bad obstetric history and eight (13%) had illness/medication during pregnancy.Conclusions: Congenital malformation is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Patan hospital. Our findings support many established thoughts like higher rates in stillbirths but also challenge some age-old beliefs like higher rates in babies born to older mothers.

Background: Just about three decades ago (1976) congenital malformations comprised 8% of perinatal deaths, from available data and ranked fifth as a cause of perinatal mortality. But the trend is rapidly changing over the years. perinatal death was due to congenital malformation, is the second commonest cause. This changing trend over years warns us that with the control of nutritional and infectious diseases, congenital malformations will come to the forefront as it is in India. To find out the incidence of congenital anomalies in stillbirth. And the probable etiology of congenital anomalies.Methods: The study was conducted at Government Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College Hospital, Salem in the year 2017 August- September 2018. Totally 5000 babies born of consecutive deliveries were taken for the study, over the period of one year. All mothers were interrogated within 48 Hours of delivery as per the proforma prepared, which contains the following particulars like, maternal and paternal age, consanguinity, detailed antenatal history with reference to exposure to teratogens, especially during 1st Trimester.Results: Of the five thousand consecutive deliveries 48 deliveries were multiple delivers and a number of stillbirths were 108. The incidence of congenital anomalies was 30.4 per 1000 live birth (152 cases). Major malformations were present in 20.8 per 1000 (104 cases) while minor malformations were 9.6 per 1000 (48 cases).Conclusions: Incidence of malformation were higher in preterm babies 6.31%. Incidence of malformations were higher in male babies, especially genitourinary system anomalies. Antenatal events in the 1st trimester like fever, drug intake could be implicated in the etiology of malformations especially neural tube defects in our study.

Objective: To determine frequency, pattern of distribution of congenital malformations in newborn. Design: Cross-sectionalobservational study. Place and Duration of study: Study was carried out in the Department of neonatology, Military Hospital Rawalpindi duringthe period of January 2008 to Dec 2008. Patients and methods: All the newborns were examined and mothers were interviewed. Baby'santenatal record was also noted and recorded in a Performa. Antenatal ultrasonography record was also recorded. Any internal malformationwas also noted. Babies who were found to have any malformations were screened for the congenital malformations. Screening was done withlatest laboratory tests , radiological evidences and chromosomal studies for suspected trisomies. Result: Congenital anomalies were notedin a Performa. Neural tube defect (NTD) was found to be the commonest type of anomaly. Among the most frequent NTD were hydrocephalusand menigomyelocele. Following that were the cardiac anomalies and genitourinary tract anomalies. Trisomy 21 was detected in two of thebabies while one newborn had trisomy 13. Conclusion: NTD were the most prevalent anomaly detected and early prenatal diagnosis is helpfulin decreasing the indirect prevalence of perinatal mortality by offering early termination. Folic acid supplementation should be advocated beforeconception

Background: A congenital anomaly is a structural anomaly of any type that is present at birth. Congenital anomalies may be induced by genetic or environmental factors. Most congenital anomalies, however, show the familial patterns expected of multi-factorial inheritance. The aims and objective of this study were to study the incidence of visible congenital malformations at birth, to study risk factors, to find associated internal malformations.Methods: It is a retrospective cross-sectional study carried out in a tertiary care hospital affiliated to a medical college. The Inclusion criteria include all new-borns delivered in the hospital with visible congenital malformations examined within 48 hours of birth. Extramural babies were included if they had presented within 48 hours after birth. The Exclusion criteria include still births were excluded from the study.Results: Percentage of congenital malformation was 1.32%. Most common systems involved were musculoskeletal system (46.34%) followed by genitourinary system (21.34%) and gastrointestinal system (14.02%).Conclusions: All Babies with gross congenital malformation should be screened for internal malformation. The incidence of CNS malformation has reduced than observed in previous studies which suggest awareness about antenatal folic acid supplementation. Other than CNS anomalies, other system anomalies were not diagnosed antenatally despite antenatal ultrasound being done in maximum number of mothers, which suggest use of 3D or 4D scan antenatally.

Introduction: Congenital anomalies account for 7.0% of neonatal deaths in Nepal. The present study was carried out to determine the overall rate of congenital malformations, incidence and prevalence in live births, still birth and incidence affecting various organ systems, at Bharatpur Hospital, Nepal. Methods: All the intramural deliveries between Jan 2015 to Dec 2019 were included in the study. All the newborns were looked for congenital malformations after birth within seven days. Antenatal ultrasonography findings were noted. 2D echocardiography was also used for all congenital heart diseases, along with routine X-ray chest. A total of 131 babies with congenital problem were studied and the information was recorded in WHO NBBD Proforma. Data were recorded in MS Excel and SPSS 16 version was used for analysis. Results: Out of the total 60160 deliveries, 131 (0.21% of total birth) were with congenital malformations, sex wise distribution was 65 (49.5%) females and 63 (48.7%) males and three (1.8%) were ambiguous. Oro-facial malformation (49, 37.4%) was the commonest form of malformation followed by the musculoskeletal system (31, 23.6 %), centre nervous system (31, 23.6%) and congenital malformations of genital organs (8, 6.0%). Conclusions: The incidence of congenital malformation in this study was 0.21%. Females were more common than males and oro-facial malformation was the commonest type of malformation. Lack of antenatal visit, lack of folic acid during pre-conception period and low socioeconomic status were the commonest risk factors.

Background: Birth defects are a diverse group of disorders with prenatal origin that can be caused by single gene defects, chromosomal disorders, multifactorial inheritance, environmental teratogens and or micronutrient deficiencies. The objective of this study was to study the prevalence of congenital anomalies in Department of Pediatrics at Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Kambipura, Bangalore.Methods: The study population includes all babies born between 1 August 2015 and 31st July 2016. The babies were examined and assessed thoroughly for the presence of a congenital anomaly and were then distributed system wise by the pediatrician. Surgical conditions were also reevaluated by a pediatric surgeon.Results: Among the 2,137 deliveries, 86 babies had congenital malformations. Prematurity, consanguinity and increased maternal age elevate the appearance of congenital anomalies. The cardiovascular malformations were most common with a prevalence rate of 4%.Conclusions: Congenital anomalies are a global health problem. Thus, this study supports us to understand the prevalence of congenital anomalies. There is no association of congenital malformations with low birth weight babies. Consanguinity should be discouraged. Early antenatal scan aids in prior detection of congenital anomalies Appropriate genetic counselling can reduce the anomalies in future pregnancies.

Background: Congenital malformations are of major concern as they are cosmetically unacceptable, often associated with significant functional abnormalities and may sometimes even be life-threatening. This study was done to explore the prevalence of structural congenital malformation among hospital newborns, both live and stillborn in a tertiary care center in Southern India.Methods: This hospital-based prospective study involving all inborn neonates and still births was conducted for the period from January 2014 to December 2014. A total of 2276 newborn (2217 live births and 59 still births) were clinically examined for detection of gross congenital malformations and relevant investigations including karyotyping was done. Risk factors that had probable associations with birth defects were estimated by calculating the Odd’s Ratio. Statistical analysis was done using Chi-Square test.Results: The prevalence of congenital malformations was 12%. Major malformations accounted for 53.28% and minor malformations 46.71%. The commonest structural malformation involved cardiovascular system. 58% of neonates did not require life style medications whereas 21.17% required surgical intervention. 20.8% of the cases succumbed to death.Conclusions: Autopsy of stillborn babies should be done to evaluate the cause and incidence of malformations. High risk mothers should be identified in the antenatal period to detect malformations early and plan management accordingly.

Lui Yat Chi.
Publication date from spine.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 93-103).
Acknowledgment --- p.1
Abstract --- p.2
Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.3
Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.3
Chapter 1.2 --- Review of previous epidemiological studies of congenital abnormalities --- p.3
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Limitation in comparing data with different studies --- p.4
Chapter 1.3 --- Objectives --- p.4
Chapter Chapter 2 --- Definition --- p.7
Chapter 2.1 --- Terminology and definition --- p.7
Chapter 2.1.1 --- The definition of clinical abnormality --- p.9
Chapter 2.1.2 --- The current concepts in major and minor anomalies --- p.10
Chapter 2.1.3 --- The definition of major and minor anomalies --- p.10
Chapter 2.2 --- Major anomalies and minor anomalies --- p.11
Chapter Chapter 3 --- Subjects and Methodology --- p.16
Chapter 3.1 --- The introduction of methodology --- p.16
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Background --- p.16
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Different Methodologies and their limitations --- p.16
Chapter 3.2 --- Methods --- p.17
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Setting --- p.17
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Design of the research data recording sheet --- p.18
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Training --- p.18
Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- "Training in paediatrics, orthopaedic and clinical genetic centre" --- p.18
Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- End of training period --- p.19
Chapter 3.2.4 --- Data Collection --- p.19
Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- Subject selection --- p.19
Chapter 3.2.4.2 --- Examination Procedures --- p.20
Chapter 3.2.4.3 --- Cross checking of the examination --- p.25
Chapter 3.2.4.4 --- Other sources of information --- p.25
Chapter 3.3 --- Problems in screening --- p.26
Chapter 3.4 --- Selection of variables --- p.26
Chapter 3.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.27
Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results --- p.28
Chapter 4.1 --- Sub-Classification of the newborn infants --- p.28
Chapter 4.2 --- Weights and Measures --- p.29
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Result --- p.29
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Supplement (statistical analysis of Table 4， 5 & 6) --- p.30
Chapter 4.3 --- The incidence of congenital abnormalities in Newborn Chinese --- p.31
Chapter 4.4 --- Relationship between incidence of abnormalities and sex --- p.47
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Result --- p.47
Chapter 4.5 --- Relationship between incidence of abnormalities and maternal age --- p.53
Chapter 4.5.1 --- Result --- p.53
Chapter 4.5.2 --- Supplement (statistical analysis of Table 19) --- p.54
Chapter 4.5.3 --- Supplement (statistical analysis of Table 21 & 22) --- p.56
Chapter 4.6 --- Relationship between incidence of abnormalities and parity --- p.58
Chapter 4.6.1 --- Result --- p.58
Chapter 4.7 --- Relationship between incidence of abnormalities and mode of delivery --- p.59
Chapter 4.7.1 --- Result --- p.59
Chapter 4.7.2 --- Supplement (statistical analysis of Table 23 & 24) --- p.59
Chapter 4.8 --- Other correlations --- p.62
Chapter 4.8.1 --- Relationship between incidence of abnormalities and mode of delivery --- p.62
Chapter 4.8.2 --- Supplement (statistical analysis of Table 25 & 26) --- p.63
Chapter Chapter 5 --- Discussion --- p.65
Chapter 5.1 --- Comparative prevalence of congenital anomalies among different studies --- p.65
Chapter 5.2 --- Comparison of incidence of specific major abnormalities in different survey --- p.68
Chapter 5.3 --- Relationship between abnormalities and different factors --- p.70
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Maternal age --- p.70
Chapter 5.3.2 --- Parity --- p.71
Chapter 5.3.3 --- Mode of delivery --- p.72
Chapter 5.4 --- Other correlations --- p.72
Chapter 5.5 --- The prevalence of birth defects among different systems in this survey --- p.72
Chapter 5.5.1 --- Central nervous system --- p.72
Chapter 5.5.2 --- Cardiovascular system --- p.76
Chapter 5.5.3 --- Alimentary system --- p.79
Chapter 5.5.4 --- Musculoskeletal system --- p.81
Chapter 5.5.4.1 --- Supplement (statistical analysis of Table Y) --- p.82
Chapter 5.5.5 --- Multiple syndrome --- p.86
Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.89
Chapter 6.1 --- Limitations and Benefits --- p.90
Chapter 6.2 --- Future direction --- p.92
References --- p.93
Appendix --- p.104

Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) and esophageal atresia (EA) is a congenital malformation occurring in 1:3,000 to 4,500 births. The condition presents specific challenges to the anesthesiologist in the perioperative period. The presence of a fistula means that infants born with TEF/EA are at risk of aspiration and positive-pressure ventilation may be hazardous. These babies often have coexistent problems associated with prematurity and low birth weight, and 50% have associated abnormalities, most commonly congenital cardiac malformations.

This chapter includes sections on the neurological examination of the newborn, and the approach to investigation of babies with reduced muscle tone, neonatal encephalopathy, seizures, congenital malformation of the brain, and other common neurological problems in term and preterm babies. There are also detailed sections on various modalities of neuroimaging, electroencephalography, and other neurological investigations.

Nutritional requirements for healthy pregnancy vary according to a woman’s pre-pregnancy nutritional state and her access to food during pregnancy: there is no unifying nutritional advice that is appropriate for all pregnant women throughout the world, or even within nations. Around the world, obesity and excessive gestational weight gain are now more common risk factors for pregnancy complications than undernutrition. Compared with mothers who have a normal body mass index or BMI (18.5–24.9 kg/m²), obese mothers have an increased risk of gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, caesarean delivery, stillbirth, congenital malformations, and large for gestational age babies. Underweight mothers have an increased risk of small for gestational age babies, and preterm birth. Paternal obesity has a negative effect on fetal growth, probably mediated by inheritance of insulin resistance. Both low birth weight and high birth weight babies have an increased risk of obesity in later life.

Introduction: Microcephaly is a congenital malformation in which babies are born with a head circumference equal to or less than 32 cm. This pathology can be the result of a number of different factors: chemical substances and biological agentes, such as bacteria, viruses and radiation. Objectives: To characterize the epidemiological profile of cases of live births with microcephaly in Brazil. Methods: This is a descriptive and observational epidemiological study. Data from the Informatics Department of the Unified Health System (DATASUS) were extracted, about the number of live births with microcephaly between 2009 and 2019, in Brazil, according to: year, state and ethnicity. Results: 6,267 live births with microcephaly were recorded. The year of 2016 was responsible for the largest number of cases (n = 2,276; 36, 3%). As for ethnicity, brown births represent the majority, with 3,957 (63.1%) cases, followed by white ethnicity, with 1,562 (24.9%) cases. The state of São Paulo, with 1,265 (20.2%) cases, had the highest number of live births with microcephaly, followed by the state of Pernambuco, with 929 cases (14.8%), and Bahia, with 704 cases (11.2%). Conclusions: The number of live births with microcephaly was more frequent in the years 2015 and 2016. São Paulo, Pernambuco and Bahia were the most affected states. It was found that individuals born with brown and white ethnicity were responsible for the majority of cases of live births with microcephaly. In this sense, public health policies are necessary aiming to decrease the incidence of births with the studied pathology