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Journal articles on the topic 'Congo Craton'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 January 2023

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1

Toteu, Sadrack Félix, Joseph Penaye, and Yvette Poudjom Djomani. "Geodynamic evolution of the Pan-African belt in central Africa with special reference to Cameroon." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 41, no. 1 (2004): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e03-079.

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The Pan-African belt in central Africa has benefited from the many petrographic, structural, and geochronological studies in the recent years that have improved our understanding of the belt. However, those studies have also produced various and often divergent evolutionary models for the belt, some of which do not even involve well-defined cratons. Following a review of the available data in Cameroon, we propose a model of continent–continent collision that involved the Congo craton and the north-central Cameroon active margin showing Archean to Paleoproterozoic inheritances. This model is based, among others, on (i) the prominent role of the Congo craton as demonstrated by the regional extension of external nappes on its northern edge and the concomitant exhumation of the 620 Ma granulitic rocks believed to have formed at the root of the collision zone, and (ii) the late development of a strike slip fault system in central Cameroon as the result of horizontal movement following the multistage collision. In the general framework of the Pan-Africano – Brasiliano belt, a comparison of the kinematic and age of deformation north of the Congo craton to that east of the West African craton, suggests that the overall tectonic evolution of the mobile domain between both cratons is controlled by their relative motion.
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2

Bertrand, Jean Michel, and Emmanuel Ferraz Jardim de Sá. "Where are the Eburnian–Transamazonian collisional belts?" Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27, no. 10 (1990): 1382–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e90-148.

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The reconstruction of Early Proterozoic crustal evolution and geodynamic environments, in Africa and South America, is incomplete if cratonic areas alone are studied. If the presence of high-grade gneisses is considered as a first clue to past collisional behaviour, 2 Ga high-grade gneisses are more abundant within the Pan-African–Brasiliano mobile belts than in the intervening pre-Late Proterozoic cratons. The West African craton and the Guiana–Amazonia craton consist of relatively small Archaean nuclei and widespread low- to medium-grade volcanic and volcanoclastic formations intruded by Early Proterozoic granites. By contrast, 2 Ga granulitic assemblages and (or) nappes and syntectonic granites are known in several areas within the Pan-African–Brasiliano belts of Hoggar–Iforas–Air, Nigeria, Cameroon, and northeast Brazil. Nappe tectonics have been also described in the Congo–Chaillu craton, and Early Proterozoic reworking of older granulites may have occurred in the São Francisco craton. The location of the Pan-African–Brasiliano orogenic belts is probably controlled by preexisting major structures inherited from the Early Proterozoic. High-grade, lower crustal assemblages 2 Ga old have been uplifted or overthrust and now form polycyclic domains in these younger orogenic belts, though rarely in the cratons themselves. The Congo–Chaillu and perhaps the São Francisco craton are exceptional in showing controversial evidence of collisional Eburnian–Transamazonian assemblages undisturbed during Late Proterozoic time.
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3

Celli, N. L., S. Lebedev, A. J. Schaeffer, M. Ravenna, and C. Gaina. "The upper mantle beneath the South Atlantic Ocean, South America and Africa from waveform tomography with massive data sets." Geophysical Journal International 221, no. 1 (2020): 178–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz574.

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SUMMARY We present a tomographic model of the crust, upper mantle and transition zone beneath the South Atlantic, South America and Africa. Taking advantage of the recent growth in broadband data sampling, we compute the model using waveform fits of over 1.2 million vertical-component seismograms, obtained with the automated multimode inversion of surface, S and multiple S waves. Each waveform provides a set of linear equations constraining perturbations with respect to a 3-D reference model within an approximate sensitivity volume. We then combine all equations into a large linear system and solve it for a 3-D model of S- and P-wave speeds and azimuthal anisotropy within the crust, upper mantle and uppermost lower mantle. In South America and Africa, our new model SA2019 reveals detailed structure of the lithosphere, with structure of the cratons within the continents much more complex than seen previously. In South America, lower seismic velocities underneath the transbrasilian lineament (TBL) separate the high-velocity anomalies beneath the Amazon Craton from those beneath the São Francisco and Paraná Cratons. We image the buried portions of the Amazon Craton, the thick cratonic lithosphere of the Paraná and Parnaíba Basins and an apparently cratonic block wedged between western Guyana and the slab to the west of it, unexposed at the surface. Thick cratonic lithosphere is absent under the Archean crust of the São Luis, Luis Álves and Rio de La Plata Cratons, next to the continental margin. The Guyana Highlands are underlain by low velocities, indicating hot asthenosphere. In the transition zone, we map the subduction of the Nazca Plate and the Chile Rise under Patagonia. Cratonic lithosphere beneath Africa is more fragmented than seen previously, with separate cratonic units observed within the West African and Congo Cratons, and with cratonic lithosphere absent beneath large portions of Archean crust. We image the lateral extent of the Niassa Craton, hypothesized previously and identify a new unit, the Cubango Craton, near the southeast boundary of the grater Congo Craton, with both of these smaller cratons unexposed at the surface. In the South Atlantic, the model reveals the patterns of interaction between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) and the nearby hotspots. Low-velocity anomalies beneath major hotspots extend substantially deeper than those beneath the MAR. The Vema Hotspot, in particular, displays a pronounced low-velocity anomaly under the thick, high-velocity lithosphere of the Cape Basin. A strong low velocity anomaly also underlies the Cameroon Volcanic Line and its offshore extension, between Africa and the MAR. Subtracting the global, age-dependent VS averages from those in the South Atlantic Basins, we observe areas where the cooling lithosphere is locally hotter than average, corresponding to the location of the Tristan da Cunha, Vema and Trindade hotspots. Beneath the anomalously deep Argentine Basin, we image unusually thick, high-velocity lithosphere, which suggests that its anomalously great depth can be explained, at least to a large extent, by isostatic, negative lithospheric buoyancy.
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4

Rocha, Marcelo Peres, Paulo Araújo de Azevedo, Marcelo Assumpção, Antônio Carlos Pedrosa-Soares, Reinhardt Fuck, and Monica Giannoccaro Von Huelsen. "Delimiting the Neoproterozoic São Francisco Paleocontinental Block with P-wave traveltime tomography." Geophysical Journal International 219, no. 1 (2019): 633–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz323.

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SummaryThe São Francisco Paleocontinental Block (SFPB) represents part of the Congo-São Francisco Paleocontinent (CSFP), amalgamated around 2 Ga. In the Neoproterozoic, a branched continental rift system evolved to ocean basins around most edges of the SFPB that remained only partially linked to the Congo Paleocontinent by means of the Bahia-Gabon Continental Bridge. After the Brasiliano—Pan-African orogeny, two relatively preserved CSFP sectors formed the São Francisco and Congo cratons, surrounded by Neoproterozoic orogenic belts. Recent results of upper mantle P-wave seismic tomography allowed us to suggest a delimitation in lithospheric depths of the Neoproterozoic SFPB, which comprise the São Francisco Craton, and that this would have been connected with the Congo Paleocontinent along the Araçuaí Belt. It is characterized by high-velocity anomalies and its boundaries with other blocks are marked by low-velocity anomalies at lithospheric depths. We tested the resolution of the tomographic results through synthetic models obtained by a ray tracing scheme using the observed ray configuration. We observe that the lateral resolution is adequate, but the method used was not able to set the depth reached by the SFPB. Our results indicate that the SFPB area in lithospheric depths is larger than the surface area ascribed to the São Francisco craton, and thus, the SFPB basement deeply extends beneath neighboring orogenic regions, suggesting that these Neoproterozoic mobile belts, such as Araçuaí Orogen and the Brasilia Fold Belt, reworked the continental crust. We observe a low-velocity anomaly in the SFPB central region, corresponding to the Pirapora aulacogen. Our results have a good spatial correspondence with the low Bouguer anomalies used to define the SFPB in previous studies. The limits of the SFPB are consistent with deviation of the mantle flow, as suggested by SKS fast polarization.
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5

Philipp, Ruy Paulo, Marcio Martins Pimentel, and Farid Chemale Jr. "Tectonic evolution of the Dom Feliciano Belt in Southern Brazil: Geological relationships and U-Pb geochronology." Brazilian Journal of Geology 46, suppl 1 (2016): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-4889201620150016.

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ABSTRACT: The Dom Feliciano Belt is an important Neoproterozoic to Cambrian orogenic complex, extending from eastern Uruguay to southern Brazil. It comprises a collage of oceanic domains and continental fragments developed between 900 and 540 Ma between the Rio de La Plata, Congo and Kalahari cratons. The integration of field and structural data with recent isotopic results has introduced new insights on the sources of the magmatism and sedimentary processes. This paper presents a review of the geochronological results combined with stratigraphic, structural and geochemical data. The evolution of the Dom Feliciano Belt involved three orogenic events known as the Passinho (0.89 - 0.86 Ga), São Gabriel (0.77 - 0.68 Ga) and Dom Feliciano (0.65 - 0.54 Ga). The first two events involved the closure of the Charrua Ocean generating an intra-oceanic arc (Passinho) and, subsequently, an active continental margin arc (São Gabriel). This ocean separated the continental areas represented by the Rio de la Plata Craton and the Nico Perez continental microplate. Closure of the Adamastor ocean resulted in an important collisional event between the Nico Perez Microplate/Rio de La Plata Craton and Kalahari and Congo cratons between 650 and 620 Ma, involving high T/intermediate P metamorphism. At this time of crustal thickening, the partition of the deformation controled the final evolution of the belt with important escape tectonics, responsible for nucleating crustal-scale transcurrent shear zones. These structures were deep and promoted the rise of mafic magmas, which, associated with high regional thermal gradient, lead to an important event of crustal reworking, responsible for the formation of the Pelotas Batholith. The orogenic collapse is represented by late magmatism of Pelotas Batholith and deposition of upper section of the Camaquã Basin.
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6

Nguiya, Sévérin, Willy Lemotio, Philippe Njandjock Nouck, Marcelin M. Pemi, Alain-Pierre K. Tokam, and Evariste Ngatchou. "3D Mafic Topography of the Transition Zone between the North-Western Boundary of the Congo Craton and the Kribi-Campo Sedimentary Basin from Gravity Inversion." International Journal of Geophysics 2019 (June 2, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7982562.

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The structure of the transition zone between the north-western boundary of the Congo Craton and the Kribi-Campo sedimentary basin is still a matter of scientific debate. In this study, the existing gravity data are interpreted in order to better understand the geodynamics of the area. Qualitatively, results show that the major gravity highs are associated with long-wavelength shallow sources of the coastal sedimentary basin, while large negative anomalies trending E-W correlate to low dense intrusive bodies found along the northern limit of the Congo Craton. For the delineation of the causative sources, the gravity anomalies have been inverted based on the Parker-Oldenburg iterative process. As inputs, we used a reference depth of 20 km obtained by spectral analysis and successively, the density contrasts 0.19 g/cm3 and 0.24 g/cm3, deduced from available 1D shear wave velocity models. The results reveal an irregular topography of the mafic interface characterized by a sequence of horst and graben structures with mafic depths varying between 15.6 km and 23.4 km. The shallower depths (15.6-17 km) are associated with the uprising of the mafic interface towards the upper crust. This intrusion may have been initiated during the extension of the Archean Ntem crust resulting in a thinning of the continental crust beneath the coastal sedimentary basin. The subsidence of the mafic interface beneath the craton is materialized by 2 similar graben structures located beneath both Matomb and Ebolowa at a maximum depth of 23.4 km. The intermediate depths (18-22 km) are correlated to the suture zone along the Pouma-Bipindi area. The location of some landslides across the area matches within the northern margin of the Congo Craton and suggests that this margin may also impact on their occurrence. This work provides new insights into the geodynamics, regional tectonics, and basin geometry.
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7

Shandini, Yves N., Jean Marie Tadjou, Charles T. Tabod, and James Derek Fairhead. "Interpretação gravimétrica na Borda Norte do Cráton do Congo, Sul de Camarões." Anuário do Instituto de Geociências 33, no. 1 (2010): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/2010_1_73-82.

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Gravity data in the southern Cameroon are interpreted to better understand the organization of underlying structures throughout the northern edge of the Congo craton. The Bouguer anomaly maps of the region are characterized by an elongated SW-NE trending negative gravity anomaly which correspond to a collapsed structure associated with a granitic intrusion beneath the center of the region and limited by fault systems. We applied 3-D gravity modelling and inversion in order to obtain the 3-D density structure of the area. Our result demonstrated that observed gravity anomalies in the region are associated to tectonic structures in the subsurface. The resulting model agrees with the hypothesis of the existence of a major continental collision zone between the Congo Craton and the Pan-African belt. The presence of deep granulites structures in the northern part of the region expresses a continental collision.
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8

Souza D'Agrella-Filho, Manoel, Jean-Louis Feybesse, Jean-Pierre Prian, Didier Dupuis, and Julien eko N'Dong. "Palaeomagnetism of Precambrian rocks from Gabon, Congo craton, Africa." Journal of African Earth Sciences 22, no. 1 (1996): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00123-9.

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9

Gourcerol, Blandine, Olivier Blein, Matthieu Chevillard, Yannick Callec, Florent Boudzoumou, and Louis-Marie Joachim Djama. "Depositional Setting of Archean BIFs from Congo: New Insight into Under-Investigated Occurrences." Minerals 12, no. 2 (2022): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12020114.

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Archean banded iron formations (BIF) represent a major contributor to better constraining and assessing the paleogeography and evolution of Archean cratons. In this context, we conducted an exhaustive sampling and analysis campaign of BIF units in the Congo Craton, covering several greenstone belts within the Ivindo, Kelle-Mbomo, and Chaillu blocks. The REE + Y patterns suggest: (1) Interaction of seawater with Fe-oxyhydroxides, as illustrated by strong REE enrichment coupled with La and Y enrichment; (2) contributions from high-temperature (>250 °C) hydrothermal fluids, illustrated by positive Eu anomalies; and (3) detrital input as suggested by relatively consistent REE concentrations and a chondritic Y/Ho ratio. These observations suggest a typical environment of Algoma-type BIF deposition. Moreover, assessment of the Ce anomalies in a combination of HREE enrichment indicates that some basins in the Chaillu and Ivindo blocks may have known potential oxygen-rich episodes in the early Archean during the deposition of these BIFs.
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10

Schmitt, Renata da Silva, Rudolph Trouw, William Randall Van Schmus, Richard Armstrong, and Natasha S. Gomes Stanton. "The tectonic significance of the Cabo Frio Tectonic Domain in the SE Brazilian margin: a Paleoproterozoic through Cretaceous saga of a reworked continental margin." Brazilian Journal of Geology 46, suppl 1 (2016): 37–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-4889201620150025.

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ABSTRACT: The Cabo Frio Tectonic Domain is composed of a Paleoproterozoic basement tectonically interleaved with Neoproterozoic supracrustal rocks (Buzios-Palmital successions). It is in contact with the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian Ribeira Orogen along the SE Brazilian coast. The basement was part of at least three continental margins: (a) 1.97 Ga; (b) 0.59 - 0.53 Ga; (c) 0.14 Ga to today. It consists of continental magmatic arc rocks of 1.99 to 1.94 Ga. Zircon cores show a 2.5 - 2.6 Ga inheritance from the ancient margin of the Congo Craton. During the Ediacaran, this domain was thinned and intruded by tholeiitic mafic dykes during the development of an oceanic basin at ca. 0.59 Ma. After the tectonic inversion, these basin deposits reached high P-T metamorphic conditions, by subduction of the oceanic lithosphere, and were later exhumed as nappes over the basement. The Cabo Frio Tectonic Domain collided with the arc domain of the Ribeira Orogen at ca. 0.54 Ga. It is not an exotic block, but the eastern transition between this orogen and the Congo Craton. Almost 400 m.y. later, the South Atlantic rift zone followed roughly this suture, not coincidently. It shows how the Cabo Frio Tectonic Domain was reactivated as a continental margin in successive extensional and convergent events through geological time.
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11

Owono Amougou, Olivier Ulrich Igor, Théophile Ndougsa Mbarga, Arsène Meying, et al. "Interpretation of Aeromagnetic Data to Investigate Crustal Structures of the Contact Congo Craton - Pan-African Belt at the Eastern Cameroon." Earth Science Research 9, no. 2 (2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/esr.v9n2p48.

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The collision between the Congo Craton and the Pan African fold belt of Central Africa had great impacts on the geological and tectonic points of view, notably the installation of several tectonic accidents such as faults, fractures, dikes, folds, domes. This aeromagnetic study is based on Paterson's aeromagnetic data interpretations through the use of multiple operators. These data were processed by Oasis Montaj software. The total magnetic intensity map reduced to the equator (RTE-TMI) shows important anomalies features the major important regional anomalies. Maps of the vertical gradient, analytical signal and tilt angle maps have meanwhile highlighted several short wavelength anomalies assimilated to folding, dykes, fractures or faults. The map of maxima upward to 2 km allowed to establish the structural map of the study area. It turns out that the different types of geological accidents follow ENE-WSW, ESE-WNW, NE-SW, NW-SE and even E-W and N-S directions. All these directions are very similar to the geological history of the area. Anything that seems to confirm that the study area was the scene of intense tectonic movements resulting from the collision between the Congo Craton and the Central Africa Fold Belt.
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12

McGee, Ben, Galen P. Halverson, and Alan S. Collins. "Cryogenian rift-related magmatism and sedimentation: South-western Congo Craton, Namibia." Journal of African Earth Sciences 76 (November 2012): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2012.09.003.

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13

Tait, Jenny, Franck Delpomdor, Alain Préat, Luc Tack, Gijs Straathof, and Valentin Kanda Nkula. "Chapter 13 Neoproterozoic sequences of the West Congo and Lindi/Ubangi Supergroups in the Congo Craton, Central Africa." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 36, no. 1 (2011): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m36.13.

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14

Pouclet, André, Rigobert Tchameni, Klaus Mezger, et al. "Archaean crustal accretion at the northern border of the Congo Craton (South Cameroon). The charnockite-TTG link." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 178, no. 5 (2007): 331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.178.5.331.

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Abstract Magmatic charnockitic rocks and TTG (tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite) plutons intruded successively the Archaean greenstone belts of the Ntem Complex, at the northwestern margin of the Congo Craton. Geochemical data, zircon Pb-Pb ages, and Sr-Nd isotope studies, constrain the magmatic features, the genetical timing, and the geodynamic settings of these different suites. Charnockites and TTGs are characterized by high Al2O3 contents, high Na/K ratio, low Th content, LREE enrichment, HREE depletion, negative anomalies in Nb, Ta, and Ti, and positive anomalies in Sr. The Pb-Pb zircon ages indicate that charnockites were emplaced at ca. 2900 Ma and TTGs, which cross-cut the charnockites, at ca. 2830 Ma. TDM Nd mean crustal residence ages of both suites range between 3.10 and 2.93 Ga. The charnockites show slightly positive initial εNd2.9Ga (+0.3 to +1.3), whereas the TTGs have slightly negative values (+0.1 to −1.5). The charnockitic and TTG magmas may have resulted from different partial melting processes of the primitive Archaean basaltic crust and contaminated mantle, possibly in a hot slab subduction convergent regime. They contribute to a two-stage crustal growth of the Archaean craton.
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15

Fotze, Quentin Marc Anaba, Charles Antoine Basseka, Anatole Eugene Djieto Lordon, Albert Eyike Yomba, Yves Shandini, and Jean Marie Tadjou. "Geophysical Data Processing for the Delineation of Tectonic Lineaments in South Cameroon." Earth Science Research 8, no. 2 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/esr.v8n2p1.

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The processing of aeromagnetic and gravity data of the Northern part of Congo Craton (South Cameroon region), between latitudes 2°30’-3°30’ N and longitudes 12°-13° E, permitted the determination of the structural features ccurring within the Precambrian basement (Ntem Complex) southwards and the Pan-African belt (Yaounde Group) northwards. The maxima of the Horizontal Gradient within the study area, were obtained using the Blakely and Simpson method (1986). Those maxima were used to trace the magnetic lineaments of the study area. Furthermore, the Total Horizontal derivative of the Tilt derivative applied on the residual grid of Bouguer anomaly guaranteed the enhancement of linear structures which were automatically extracted using the CET Grid Analysis algorithm. The superimposition of both magnetic and gravity lineaments allowed us to display the structural framework of the area, whose major trending directions are E-W, ENE-WSW, and NE-SW. These major lineament directions are likely to be linked to one or more than a single tectonic event such as the ENE-WSW/NE-SW trends, considered as the subduction direction of the Congo craton beneath the Pan-African belt. These trends may be linked to the Eburnean orogeny and are also said to be connected to the Central African Shear Zone (CASZ). The geophysical lineaments identified in the study are defined as potential targets along which mineralization may have been formed, considering the economic potential of the area.
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16

Chardon, Dominique, Ousmane Bamba, and Kalidou Traoré. "Eburnean deformation pattern of Burkina Faso and the tectonic significance of shear zones in the West African craton." BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 191 (2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2020001.

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Shear zones of the Paleoproterozoic Eburnean accretionary Orogen (West African craton) are investigated by means of large-scale structural mapping. Regional scale (10-100 km) mapping was based on the aeromagnetic survey of Burkina Faso and craton-scale (1000 km) mapping on a compilation of fabric data. At both scales, shear zones are arranged as an anastomosed transpressional network that accommodated distributed shortening and lateral flow of the orogenic lithosphere between the converging Kénéma-Man and Congo Archean provinces. Structural interference patterns at both scales were due to three-dimensional partitioning of progressive transpressional deformation and interactions among shear zones that absorbed heterogeneities in the regional flow patterns while maintaining the connectivity of the shear zone network. Such orogen-scale kinematic patterns call for caution in using the deformation phase approach without considering the “bigger structural picture” and interpreting displacement history of individual shear zones in terms of plate kinematics. The West African shear zone pattern is linked to that of the Guiana shield through a new transatlantic correlation to produce an integrated kinematic model of the Eburnean-Transamazonian orogen.
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17

Tchameni, R., K. Mezger, N. E. Nsifa, and A. Pouclet. "Crustal origin of Early Proterozoic syenites in the Congo Craton (Ntem Complex), South Cameroon." Lithos 57, no. 1 (2001): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0024-4937(00)00072-4.

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18

Pedreira, A. J., and B. de Waele. "Contemporaneous evolution of the Palaeoproterozoic–Mesoproterozoic sedimentary basins of the São Francisco–Congo Craton." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 294, no. 1 (2008): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp294.3.

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19

Goussi Ngalamo, Jeannot F., D. Bisso, Mohamed G. Abdelsalam, Estella A. Atekwana, Andrew B. Katumwehe, and G. E. Ekodeck. "Geophysical imaging of metacratonizaton in the northern edge of the Congo craton in Cameroon." Journal of African Earth Sciences 129 (May 2017): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2016.12.010.

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20

Soh Tamehe, Landry, Wei Chongtao, Sylvestre Ganno, et al. "Geology of the Gouap iron deposit, Congo craton, southern Cameroon: Implications for iron ore exploration." Ore Geology Reviews 107 (April 2019): 1097–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.03.034.

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21

Salminen, J. M., D. A. D. Evans, R. I. F. Trindade, E. P. Oliveira, E. J. Piispa, and A. V. Smirnov. "Paleogeography of the Congo/São Francisco craton at 1.5Ga: Expanding the core of Nuna supercontinent." Precambrian Research 286 (November 2016): 195–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2016.09.011.

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22

Konopásek, Jiří, Vojtěch Janoušek, Pedro Oyhantçabal, Jiří Sláma, and Stanislav Ulrich. "Did the circum-Rodinia subduction trigger the Neoproterozoic rifting along the Congo–Kalahari Craton margin?" International Journal of Earth Sciences 107, no. 5 (2017): 1859–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00531-017-1576-4.

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23

Akame, Joseph Martial, Sébastien Owona, Geneviève Hublet, and Vinciane Debaille. "Archean tectonics in the sangmelima granite-greenstone terrains, Ntem Complex (NW Congo craton), southern Cameroon." Journal of African Earth Sciences 168 (August 2020): 103872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2020.103872.

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24

Moudioh, Cyriel, Landry Soh Tamehe, Sylvestre Ganno, et al. "Tectonic setting of the Bipindi greenstone belt, northwest Congo craton, Cameroon: Implications on BIF deposition." Journal of African Earth Sciences 171 (November 2020): 103971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2020.103971.

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25

Batumike, J. M., W. L. Griffin, S. Y. O’Reilly, E. A. Belousova, and M. Pawlitschek. "Crustal evolution in the central Congo-Kasai Craton, Luebo, D.R. Congo: Insights from zircon U–Pb ages, Hf-isotope and trace-element data." Precambrian Research 170, no. 1-2 (2009): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2008.12.001.

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26

Gatsé Ebotehouna, Chesther, Yuling Xie, Kofi Adomako-Ansah, Blandine Gourcerol, and Yunwei Qu. "Depositional Environment and Genesis of the Nabeba Banded Iron Formation (BIF) in the Ivindo Basement Complex, Republic of the Congo: Perspective from Whole-Rock and Magnetite Geochemistry." Minerals 11, no. 6 (2021): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11060579.

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The Nabeba high-grade iron deposit (Republic of the Congo) is hosted by banded iron formation (BIF) in the Ivindo Basement Complex, which lies in the northwestern part of the Congo Craton. The Nabeba BIF is intercalated with chlorite-sericite-quartz schist and comprises two facies (oxide and a carbonate-oxide). In this study, whole-rock and LA-ICP-MS magnetite geochemistry of the BIF was reported. Magnetite samples from both BIF facies had fairly similar trace element compositions except for the rare earth element plus yttrium (REE + Y) distribution patterns. The high V, Ni, Cr, and Mg contents of the magnetite in the Nabeba BIF could be ascribed to the involvement of external medium-high temperature hydrothermal fluids during their deposition in relatively reduced environment. The Post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS)-normalized REY patterns of the Nabeba BIF magnetite were characterized by LREE depletion coupled with varying La and positive Eu anomalies. Processing of the information gathered from the geochemical signatures of magnetite and the whole-rock BIF suggested that the Nabeba BIF was formed by the mixing of predominantly anoxic seawater (99.9%) with 0.1% of high-temperature (>250 °C) hydrothermal vent fluids, similar to the formation mechanism of many Archean Algoma-type BIFs reported elsewhere in the world.
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Tsunogae, Toshiaki, Sam Uthup, Mzee Wandembo Nyirongo, et al. "Neoproterozoic crustal growth in southern Malawi: New insights from petrology, geochemistry, and U–Pb zircon geochronology, and implications for the Kalahari Craton–Congo Craton amalgamation." Precambrian Research 352 (January 2021): 106007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2020.106007.

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TAKAM, Talla, Makoto ARIMA, Joseph KOKONYANGI, Daniel J. DUNKLEY, and Emmanuel N. NSIFA. "Paleoarchaean charnockite in the Ntem Complex, Congo Craton, Cameroon: insights from SHRIMP zircon U-Pb ages." Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 104, no. 1 (2009): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2465/jmps.080624.

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29

Evans, D. A. D., R. I. F. Trindade, E. L. Catelani, et al. "Return to Rodinia? Moderate to high palaeolatitude of the São Francisco/Congo craton at 920 Ma." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 424, no. 1 (2015): 167–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp424.1.

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30

Koch, Franklin W., Douglas A. Wiens, Andrew A. Nyblade, et al. "Upper-mantle anisotropy beneath the Cameroon Volcanic Line and Congo Craton from shear wave splitting measurements." Geophysical Journal International 190, no. 1 (2012): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2012.05497.x.

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31

Kosman, Charles W., Maya G. Kopylova, Richard A. Stern, James W. Hagadorn, and James F. Hurlbut. "Cretaceous mantle of the Congo craton: Evidence from mineral and fluid inclusions in Kasai alluvial diamonds." Lithos 265 (November 2016): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2016.07.004.

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32

Antoine, Basseka Charles, Eyike Yomba Albert, Kenfack Jean Victor, Njiteu Tchoukeu Cyrille Donald, Som Mbang Constantin Mathieu, and Shandini Njankouo Yves. "Magnetic Anomaly Interpretation of the Northern Congo Craton Boundary: Results from Depth Estimation and 2.5D Modeling." Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 05, no. 12 (2017): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/gep.2017.512007.

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33

Fonte-Boa, Tobias Maia Rabelo, Tiago Amâncio Novo, Antônio Carlos Pedrosa-Soares, and Ivo Dussin. "Records of Mesoproterozoic taphrogenic events in the eastern basement of the Araçuaí Orogen, southeast Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Geology 47, no. 3 (2017): 447–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-4889201720170045.

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ABSTRACT: The history of palaeocontinents alternates long fragmentation to drift periods with relatively short agglutination intervals. One of the products of a Rhyacian-Orosirian orogeny was a palaeocontinent that brought together the basement of the Araçuaí-West Congo orogen (AWCO) with regions now located in the São Francisco and Congo cratons. From ca. 2 Ga to ca. 0.7 Ga, this large region of the São Francisco-Congo palaeocontinent was spared of orogenic events, but underwent at least five taphrogenic events recorded by anorogenic magmatism and/or sedimentation. The taphrogenic events are well documented in the AWCO proximal portions and neighboring cratonic regions, but lack evidence in the AWCO high-grade core. Our studies on amphibolites intercalated in the Rhyacian Pocrane complex, basement of the Rio Doce magmatic arc, allowed to the recognition of two Mesoproterozoic taphrogenic episodes. The oldest one, a Calymmian episode, is recorded by amphibolites with a zircon magmatic crystallization age at 1529 ± 37 Ma (U-Pb SHRIMP), and lithochemical signature of basaltic magmatism related to continental intraplate settings. Another set of amphibolite bodies records the youngest taphrogenic episode, a Stenian event, with a zircon magmatic crystallization age at 1096 ± 20 Ma (U-Pb SHRIMP), and lithochemical signature similar to mature magmatism of continental rift setting. The Calymmian episode (ca. 1.5 Ga) correlates to the Espinhaço II basin stage and mafic dikes of the northern Espinhaço, Chapada Diamantina and Curaçá domains, while the Stenian episode (ca. 1.1 Ga) correlates to the Espinhaço III basin stage. We also present U-Pb data for 87 detrital zircon grains from a quartzite lens intercalated in the Pocrane complex, the Córrego Ubá quartzite. Its age spectrum shows main peaks at 1176 ± 21 Ma (35%), 1371 ± 30 Ma (18%), 1536 ± 22 Ma (19%), 1803 ± 36 Ma (17%) and 1977 ± 38 Ma (12%), suggesting a Stenian (ca. 1176 Ma) maximum depositional age (although only one zircon with low discordance shows an age of 955 ± 66 Ma). Comparing with data from the western sector of the Araçuaí orogen and São Francisco craton, it is noteworthy that no igneous zircon from the three samples yielded an age older than early Orosirian (~2.05 Ga), showing age spectra essentially limited in the range of ca. 1-2 Ga; i.e., younger than the Late Rhyacian orogeny that amalgamated the basement, and older than the main anorogenic event (930-870 Ma) associated with the Early Tonian precursor basin of AWCO. All together, these continental taphrogenic events testify the several unsuccessful fragmentation attempts that affected the long-lived São Francisco-Congo palaeocontinent, which remained preserved from a complete break-up associated with ocean spreading from the Early Orosirian to the Atlantic opening in Cretaceous time.
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34

Anehumbu Aye, Beyanu, Primus Azinwi Tamfuh, and Enerst Tata. "Geochemistry of Amphibolites in Akom II, Nyong Series, North Western Border of the Congo Craton, South Cameroon." International Journal of Advanced Geosciences 9, no. 1 (2021): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v9i1.31467.

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The garnet amphibolites, from the Akom II area in the Archaean Congo Craton, were examined to determine the geochemical affinity and tectonic environment. The study uses mineral assemblages and whole-rock geochemistry to identify the geochemical affinity and tectonic setting of the amphibolites associated with monzogabbro and pyroxenites. The studied rocks of Akom II are garnet amphibolites. Mineralogically, the rocks contain hornblende + plagioclase + garnet ± quartz ± epidote ± apatite ± opaque, indicating that they could have been formed from a basic igneous protolith. The geochemical signature indicates that the rocks are tholeiitic in nature. They are similar to the metamorphosed equivalents of ocean island basalts (OIB), with characteristics typical of Volcanic Arc-Basalt (VAB). The geotectonic diagrams confirm the tholeiitic nature of these amphibolites. High field strength elements ratios (Nb/Ta) range from 14-16, which corresponds to Volcanic Arc Basalt (VAB). The primitive mantle normalized patterns of these rocks show negative anomalies in Ta and Ti suggesting a geotectonic signature characteristic of a subduction zone, consequently suggesting the existence of a suture zone in the study area.
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35

Oriolo, Sebastián, Pedro Oyhantçabal, Miguel A. S. Basei, Klaus Wemmer, and Siegfried Siegesmund. "The Nico Pérez Terrane (Uruguay): From Archean crustal growth and connections with the Congo Craton to late Neoproterozoic accretion to the Río de la Plata Craton." Precambrian Research 280 (July 2016): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2016.04.014.

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36

Vicat, Jean Paul, Jean-Marc Léger, Bernard Lips, Josiane Lips, and Patrick Piguet. "La grotte de Mbilibekon, un pseudo-karst dans la couverture latéritique du craton du Congo (Ebolowa, Cameroun)." Karstologia : revue de karstologie et de spéléologie physique 26, no. 1 (1995): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/karst.1995.1128.

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37

De Waele, B., S. P. Johnson, and S. A. Pisarevsky. "Palaeoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic growth and evolution of the eastern Congo Craton: Its role in the Rodinia puzzle." Precambrian Research 160, no. 1-2 (2008): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.020.

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38

Alessio, Brandon L., Stijn Glorie, Alan S. Collins, et al. "The thermo-tectonic evolution of the southern Congo Craton margin as determined from apatite and muscovite thermochronology." Tectonophysics 766 (September 2019): 398–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.06.004.

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39

NTOMBA, Sylvestre M., Dieudonné BISSO, Rufine C. MAGNEKOU TAKAMTE, François NDONG BIDZANG, Eric J. MESSI OTTOU, and Joseph MVONDO ONDOA. "“Early earth” structural data from the Memve'ele area in the northwestern Congo Craton (Ntem complex-southwestern Cameroon)." Data in Brief 33 (December 2020): 106516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.106516.

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40

Tack, L. "Early Neoproterozoic magmatism (1000–910 Ma) of the Zadinian and Mayumbian Groups (Bas-Congo): onset of Rodinia rifting at the western edge of the Congo craton." Precambrian Research 110, no. 1-4 (2001): 277–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9268(01)00192-9.

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41

Appel, Peter, Volker Schenk, and Andreas Schumann. "P-T path and metamorphic ages of pelitic schists at Murchison Falls, NW Uganda: Evidence for a Pan-African tectonometamorphic event in the Congo Craton." European Journal of Mineralogy 17, no. 5 (2005): 655–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2005/0017-0655.

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42

ANGUE, M. L. C. O., S. NGUIYA, R. NOUAYOU, A. P. T. KAMGA, and E. MANGUELLE-DICOUM. "GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE TRANSITION ZONE BETWEEN THE CONGO CRATON AND THE KRIBI-CAMPO SEDIMENTARY BASIN (SOUTHWESTERN CAMEROON)." South African Journal of Geology 114, no. 2 (2011): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.114.2.145.

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43

Tchameni, R., K. Mezger, N. E. Nsifa, and A. Pouclet. "Neoarchæan crustal evolution in the Congo Craton: evidence from K rich granitoids of the Ntem Complex, southern Cameroon." Journal of African Earth Sciences 30, no. 1 (2000): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5362(00)00012-9.

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44

Dorbath, Catherine, Louis Dorbath, Roland Gaulon, and Denis Hatzfeld. "Seismological investigation of the Bangui magnetic anomaly region and its relation to the margin of the Congo craton." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 75, no. 2-3 (1985): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(85)90105-0.

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45

Kpeou, José, Didier Béziat, Stefano Salvi, Guillaume Estrade, Gaétan Moloto-A-Kenguemba, and Pierre Debat. "Gold mineralization related to Proterozoic cover in the Congo craton (Central African Republic): A consequence of Panafrican events." Journal of African Earth Sciences 166 (June 2020): 103825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2020.103825.

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46

Khoza, T. D., A. G. Jones, M. R. Muller, R. L. Evans, M. P. Miensopust, and S. J. Webb. "Lithospheric structure of an Archean craton and adjacent mobile belt revealed from 2-D and 3-D inversion of magnetotelluric data: Example from southern Congo craton in northern Namibia." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 118, no. 8 (2013): 4378–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50258.

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47

Swiffa Fajong, Isaac, Marvine Nzepang Tankwa, Donald Hermann Fossi, et al. "Lithostratigraphy, Origin, and Geodynamic Setting of Iron Formations and Host Rocks of the Anyouzok Region, Congo Craton, Southwestern Cameroon." Minerals 12, no. 10 (2022): 1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12101198.

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In Cameroon, most of the iron formation occurrences reported are found within the Nyong and Ntem Complexes. The Anyouzok iron deposit is located in the Nyong Complex greenstone belts, which represent the NW margin of this Congo craton. The main lithological units comprise the iron formations (IFs) unit, consisting of banded IFs (BIFs) and sheared BIFs (SBIFs), and the associated metavolcanic rocks unit consisting of mafic granulite, garnet amphibolite, and biotite gneiss. Within the Anyouzok area, BIFs are rare, while SBIFs are ubiquitous. This study reports the petrography, mineralogy, and whole rock geochemistry of IFs and interbedded metavolcanic rocks of the Anyouzok iron deposit. The abundance of cavities, higher Fe contents (49.60–55.20 wt%), and strong Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 2.14–3.17) within the SBIFs compared to the BIFs suggest that SBIFs were upgraded through post-depositional hydrothermal alteration activities. REE signatures indicate the contribution of both seawater and hydrothermal fluids during BIFs precipitation. Mafic granulite and garnet amphibolite protoliths were derived from the partial melting of a metasomatized spinel lherzolite depleted mantle source. The overall compositional variations of the Anyouzok IFs and interbedded metavolcanic rocks endorse an Algoma-type formation deposited in the back-arc basin under suboxic to anoxic conditions.
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48

Ebotehouna, Xie, Adomako-Ansah, and Pei. "Fluid Inclusion and Oxygen Isotope Characteristics of Vein Quartz Associated with the Nabeba Iron Deposit, Republic of Congo: Implications for the Enrichment of Hypogene Ores." Minerals 9, no. 11 (2019): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9110677.

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The Nabeba iron ore deposit is located at the northern part of Congo Craton, Republic of Congo. The ore deposit consists of supergene and hypogene ores, both of which are hosted in the Precambrian Nabeba banded iron formation (BIF). This study focuses on the hypogene iron ore mineralization associated with quartz veins in the Nabeba deposit, for which two hypogene ore stages have been recognized based on geologic and petrographic observations: early-stage high‐grade hematite‐rich ore (HO‐1) and late-stage magnetite‐rich ore (HO‐2). Based on microthermometric measurements and laser Raman spectroscopy of the fluid inclusions, the H2O‐NaCl ± CO2 fluids interacting with the Nabeba BIF at the HO‐1 stage evolve from high‐to‐moderate temperatures (203–405 °C) and contrasting salinities (moderate-to-low: 1–15 wt. % NaCl equiv.; high: 30–35 wt. % NaCl equiv.) to H2O‐NaCl fluids of moderate‐to‐low temperatures (150–290 °C) and salinities (1–11 wt. % NaCl equiv.) for the HO‐2 ore stage. Assuming equilibrium oxygen isotopic exchange between quartz and water, the δ18Ofluid values range from 4.7–8.1‰ for the HO‐1 stage and −2.3‰ to −1.5‰ for the HO‐2 stage. This implies the ore‐forming fluid of initially-mixed metamorphic–magmatic origin, later replenished by seawater and/or meteoric water during the formation of the HO‐2 stage. These mixtures of different fluids, coupled with their interaction with the BIF lithology followed by phase separation, are responsible for the enrichment of hypogene iron ore in the Nabeba deposit.
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Wingate, M. T. D., S. A. Pisarevsky, and B. De Waele. "Paleomagnetism of the 765 Ma Luakela volcanics in Northwest Zambia and implications for Neoproterozoic positions of the Congo Craton." American Journal of Science 310, no. 10 (2010): 1333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/10.2010.05.

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50

Guidarelli, M., and A. Aoudia. "Ambient noise tomography of the Cameroon Volcanic Line and Northern Congo craton: new constraints on the structure of the lithosphere." Geophysical Journal International 204, no. 3 (2016): 1756–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv561.

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