Journal articles: 'Congo fan'

1

Uenzelmann-Neben, G. "Neogene sedimentation history of the Congo Fan." Marine and Petroleum Geology 15, no. 7 (November 1998): 635–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-8172(98)00034-8.

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Kender, Sev, Michael A. Kaminski, and Bob W. Jones. "Micropaleontological characterization of Cenozoic deep-sea fan deposits, Congo Fan, offshore Angola." Anuário do Instituto de Geociências 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/2006_1_341-342.

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Uenzelmann-Neben, Gabriele, Volkhard Spiess, and Ulrich Bleil. "A seismic reconnaissance survey of the northern Congo Fan." Marine Geology 140, no. 3-4 (August 1997): 283–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-3227(97)00045-5.

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Garzanti, Eduardo, Germain Bayon, Bernard Dennielou, Marta Barbarano, Mara Limonta, and Giovanni Vezzoli. "The Congo deep-sea fan: Mineralogical, REE, and Nd-isotope variability in quartzose passive-margin sand." Journal of Sedimentary Research 91, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): 433–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2020.100.

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ABSTRACT The Congo deep-sea fan, the largest on Earth fed entirely with anorogenic detritus, is characterized by quartzose to pure quartzose sand, reflecting multiple recycling coupled with extreme chemical weathering in cratonic equatorial Africa. The very youthful lower course of the Congo River connects directly to a steep canyon, where detritus including quartz grains up to a few millimeters in diameter is funneled towards Atlantic Ocean floors and deposited at abyssal depths more than a thousand kilometers away from shore. This article illustrates for the first time in detail the mineralogical and geochemical signatures of Congo Fan sands and discusses the factors controlling their intersample and intrasample variability as a key to understand how sediment is generated, recycled, and finally transferred to the deep sea. Compositional variability is largely grain-size-dependent. Combined petrographic and Raman spectroscopy analyses demonstrate that quartz increases in coarser samples and size classes, whereas feldspars are concentrated in finer sizes, plagioclase relative to K-feldspar and orthoclase relative to microcline, defining an order of mechanical and chemical durability among detrital tectosilicates. Because of overwhelming quartz abundance and very low heavy-mineral concentration, quartz contributes significantly to the REE budget and up to 40–50% of Nd in coarser samples, characterized by εNd values as low as –21. The strong grain-size-dependent variability of εNd suggests that quartz carries a markedly more negative εNd signature than monazite and other detrital components. This is chiefly ascribed to the durability of quartz grains, able to survive repeated cycles of weathering and diagenesis through Proterozoic and Phanerozoic time better than all other minerals. Neodymium model ages are influenced less by grain size and quartz abundance but more by the Sm/Nd ratio of different detrital components, and samples hydrodynamically enriched in LREE-rich minerals display TNd,CHUR and TNd,DM ages 1.2–1.4 Ga younger than samples enriched in HREE minerals. Not all detritus in the Congo Fan is supplied transversally by the Congo River. Forward-mixing calculations based on mineralogical data indicate that sand entrained northward by longshore currents mixes progressively with Congo River sand along the northernmost Angola coast, penetrates in the Soyo estuary, and is eventually captured in the canyon and transferred to the deep-sea fan, where it is estimated to represents 7 ± 2% of turbidite deposits.

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Méjanelle, Laurence, Béatrice Rivière, Laurence Pinturier, Alexis Khripounoff, François Baudin, and Jordi Dachs. "Aliphatic hydrocarbons and triterpenes of the Congo deep-sea fan." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 142 (August 2017): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.06.003.

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Savoye, Bruno, Nathalie Babonneau, Bernard Dennielou, and Martine Bez. "Geological overview of the Angola–Congo margin, the Congo deep-sea fan and its submarine valleys." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 56, no. 23 (November 2009): 2169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.04.001.

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Scourse, James, Fabienne Marret, Gerard J. M. Versteegh, J. H. Fred Jansen, E. Schefuß, and Johan van der Plicht. "High-resolution last deglaciation record from the Congo fan reveals significance of mangrove pollen and biomarkers as indicators of shelf transgression." Quaternary Research 64, no. 1 (July 2005): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2005.03.002.

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AbstractHigh abundances of mangrove pollen have been associated with transgressive cycles on tropical margins, but the detailed relations between systems tracts and the taphonomy of the pollen are unclear. We report here the occurrence and high abundance of Rhizophora pollen, in association with taraxerol, a Rhizophora-sourced biomarker, from a high-resolution Congo fan core covering the last deglaciation. An age model based on 14C dates enables the temporal changes in taraxerol content and the percentage frequencies and flux (pollen grains (pg) cm–2 (103 yr)–1) of mangrove pollen to be compared quantitatively with the lateral rate of transgression across the flooding surface (derived from glacio-hydro-isostatic model output and the bathymetry of the margin). Rhizophora pollen concentrations and taraxerol content of the sediment are very strongly positively correlated with the lateral rate of transgression and indicate, independently of any sequence stratigraphic context, that mangrove pollen spikes are associated with the transgressive systems tract rather than the highstand systems tract or maximum flooding surface. Lower-resolution longer-term records from this margin indicate an association between taraxerol concentrations and transgressive rather than regressive phases. The flux of these materials to the Congo fan is interpreted as a function of the erosion of flooded mangrove swamp on the shelf and less importantly, changing extent of mangrove habitat, during sea-level rise. Congo River palaeoflood events also result in reworking of mangrove pollen and supply to the fan, but this mechanism is subdominant. Rhizophora pollen has been underestimated in many palynological studies undertaken on cores from the African margin because of inappropriate sieve mesh size used during laboratory preparation.

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8

Picot, M., T. Marsset, L. Droz, B. Dennielou, F. Baudin, M. Hermoso, M. de Rafelis, et al. "Monsoon control on channel avulsions in the Late Quaternary Congo Fan." Quaternary Science Reviews 204 (January 2019): 149–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.11.033.

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9

Pierre, Catherine, and Yves Fouquet. "Authigenic carbonates from methane seeps of the Congo deep-sea fan." Geo-Marine Letters 27, no. 2-4 (May 8, 2007): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00367-007-0081-3.

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10

Anka, Zahie, and Michel Séranne. "Reconnaissance study of the ancient Zaire (Congo) deep-sea fan. (ZaiAngo Project)." Marine Geology 209, no. 1-4 (August 2004): 223–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2004.06.007.

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11

Jiang, Zhenglong, Rong Wang, and Wenbo Zheng. "Genetic stratigraphy of a part of the Miocene Congo Fan, West Africa." Journal of African Earth Sciences 95 (July 2014): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.03.005.

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12

Feng, Dong, Duofu Chen, Jörn Peckmann, and Gerhard Bohrmann. "Authigenic carbonates from methane seeps of the northern Congo fan: Microbial formation mechanism." Marine and Petroleum Geology 27, no. 4 (April 2010): 748–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.08.006.

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13

Haas, Antonie, Crispin T. S. Little, Heiko Sahling, Gerhard Bohrmann, Tobias Himmler, and Jörn Peckmann. "Mineralization of vestimentiferan tubes at methane seeps on the Congo deep-sea fan." Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 56, no. 2 (February 2009): 283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2008.08.007.

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14

Haas, Antonie, Jörn Peckmann, Marcus Elvert, Heiko Sahling, and Gerhard Bohrmann. "Patterns of carbonate authigenesis at the Kouilou pockmarks on the Congo deep-sea fan." Marine Geology 268, no. 1-4 (January 2010): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2009.10.027.

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15

CHEN, Hua, Changsong LIN, Zhongmin ZHANG, Demin ZHANG, Ming LI, Gaokui WU, Yixuan ZHU, Hai XU, Wenming LU, and Jihua CHEN. "Evolution and controlling factors of the gravity flow deposits in the Miocene sequence stratigraphic framework, the Lower Congo—Congo Fan Basin, West Africa." Petroleum Exploration and Development 48, no. 1 (February 2021): 146–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1876-3804(21)60011-3.

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16

Huang, Yanqing. "Sedimentary characteristics of turbidite fan and its implication for hydrocarbon exploration in Lower Congo Basin." Petroleum Research 3, no. 2 (June 2018): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ptlrs.2018.02.001.

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17

Cui, Hanyun, Peikang Wu, Yongjie Liu, Zhimeng Nie, Yalei Liu, and Yuze Ren. "Gravity flow channel character and reservoir prediction of the Miocene Congo fan basin, West Africa." Journal of African Earth Sciences 108 (August 2015): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.04.010.

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18

Kasten, Sabine, Kerstin Nöthen, Christian Hensen, Volkhard Spieß, Martin Blumenberg, and Ralph R. Schneider. "Gas hydrate decomposition recorded by authigenic barite at pockmark sites of the northern Congo Fan." Geo-Marine Letters 32, no. 5-6 (May 8, 2012): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00367-012-0288-9.

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19

Sahling, Heiko, Gerhard Bohrmann, Volkhard Spiess, Jörg Bialas, Monika Breitzke, Michael Ivanov, Sabine Kasten, Sebastian Krastel, and Ralph Schneider. "Pockmarks in the Northern Congo Fan area, SW Africa: Complex seafloor features shaped by fluid flow." Marine Geology 249, no. 3-4 (March 2008): 206–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2007.11.010.

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20

Droz, L., T. Marsset, H. Ondréas, M. Lopez, B. Savoye, and F. L. Spy-Anderson. "Architecture of an active mud-rich turbidite system: The Zaire Fan (Congo–Angola margin southeast Atlantic)." AAPG Bulletin 87, no. 7 (July 2003): 1145–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/03070300013.

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21

Dale, Barrie, Amy L. Dale, and J. H. Fred Jansen. "Dinoflagellate cysts as environmental indicators in surface sediments from the Congo deep-sea fan and adjacent regions." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 185, no. 3-4 (September 2002): 309–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-0182(02)00380-2.

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22

Raimonet, Mélanie, Olivier Ragueneau, Vincent Jacques, Rudolph Corvaisier, Brivaëla Moriceau, Alexis Khripounoff, Lara Pozzato, and Christophe Rabouille. "Rapid transport and high accumulation of amorphous silica in the Congo deep-sea fan: A preliminary budget." Journal of Marine Systems 141 (January 2015): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.07.010.

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23

Croguennec, Claire, Livio Ruffine, Bernard Dennielou, François Baudin, Jean-Claude Caprais, Vivien Guyader, Germain Bayon, et al. "Evidence and age estimation of mass wasting at the distal lobe of the Congo deep-sea fan." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 142 (August 2017): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.12.013.

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24

Baudin, François, Philippe Martinez, Bernard Dennielou, Karine Charlier, Tania Marsset, Laurence Droz, and Christophe Rabouille. "Organic carbon accumulation in modern sediments of the Angola basin influenced by the Congo deep-sea fan." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 142 (August 2017): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.01.009.

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25

Olu, K., C. Decker, L. Pastor, J. C. Caprais, A. Khripounoff, M. Morineaux, M. Ain Baziz, L. Menot, and C. Rabouille. "Cold-seep-like macrofaunal communities in organic- and sulfide-rich sediments of the Congo deep-sea fan." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 142 (August 2017): 180–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.05.005.

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26

Schnyder, Johann, Elsa Stetten, François Baudin, Audrey M. Pruski, and Philippe Martinez. "Palynofacies reveal fresh terrestrial organic matter inputs in the terminal lobes of the Congo deep-sea fan." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 142 (August 2017): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.05.008.

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27

Pruski, A. M., C. Decker, E. Stetten, G. Vétion, P. Martinez, K. Charlier, C. Senyarich, and K. Olu. "Energy transfer in the Congo deep-sea fan: From terrestrially-derived organic matter to chemosynthetic food webs." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 142 (August 2017): 197–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.05.011.

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28

Stetten, Elsa, François Baudin, Jean-Louis Reyss, Philippe Martinez, Karine Charlier, Johann Schnyder, Christophe Rabouille, Bernard Dennielou, Jennifer Coston-Guarini, and Audrey M. Pruski. "Organic matter characterization and distribution in sediments of the terminal lobes of the Congo deep-sea fan: Evidence for the direct influence of the Congo River." Marine Geology 369 (November 2015): 182–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2015.08.020.

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29

Kender, S., M. A. Kaminski, and R. W. Jones. "Four new species of deep water agglutinated foraminifera from the Oligocene-Miocene of the Congo Fan (offshore Angola)." Micropaleontology 52, no. 5 (December 1, 2006): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsmicropal.52.5.465.

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30

Zhadan, Anna. "Two new species of Cossura (Cossuridae, Annelida) from the terminal lobes of the Congo River deep-sea fan." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 97, no. 5 (February 15, 2017): 881–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315417000066.

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Two new species of Cossura Webster & Benedict, 1887 were found in material collected during sampling from the terminal lobes of the Congo deep-sea fan. They were described using light and scanning electron microscopy. Cossura platypus sp. nov. has 15–17 thoracic chaetigers, a prostomium longer than it is wide, with a widely rounded anterior margin, an abruptly expanded posterior prostomial ring the same length as the peristomium, without a mid-ventral notch, a branchial filament attached to the midlength of chaetiger 3, and a pygidium with three anal cirri. Cossura platypus sp. nov. is similar to C. brunnea Fauchald, 1972 but differs in the shape of the prostomium, which is widely rounded anteriorly in C. platypus sp. nov. and is broadly triangular in C. brunnea; furthermore, C. platypus sp. nov.is uniformly pale, whereas C. brunnea has dark pigmentation. Cossura candida Hartman, 1955 differs from C. platypus sp. nov. in the conical shape of the prostomium and 24–35 thoracic chaetigers. Cossura flabelligera sp. nov. has 16–19 thoracic chaetigers, a conical prostomium, and a branchial filament arising from the posterior part of chaetiger 2; the entire body, including the chaetae, is covered by a thick mucous sheath similar to the tunic of flabelligerids. Cossura flabelligera sp. nov. resembles C. longocirrata Webster & Benedict, 1887 in the position of the branchial filament, the shape of the prostomium, and the number of thoracic chaetigers; it differs in having a thick mucous sheath. This character seems to be unique for the Cossuridae.

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31

Wenau, S., and V. Spiess. "Active Seafloor Seepage Along Hydraulic Fractures Connected to Lateral Stress From Salt‐Related Rafting: Regab Pockmark, Congo Fan." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 123, no. 5 (May 2018): 3301–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017jb015006.

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32

van Bennekom, Aleido J., J. H. Fred Jansen, Sjierk J. van der Gaast, Jolanda M. van Iperen, and Joop Pieters. "Aluminium-rich opal: an intermediate in the preservation of biogenic silica in the Zaire (Congo) deep-sea fan." Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers 36, no. 2 (February 1989): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(89)90132-5.

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33

Sen, Arunima, Bernard Dennielou, Julie Tourolle, Aurélien Arnaubec, Christophe Rabouille, and Karine Olu. "Fauna and habitat types driven by turbidity currents in the lobe complex of the Congo deep-sea fan." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 142 (August 2017): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.05.009.

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34

Talbot, Helen M., Luke Handley, Charlotte L. Spencer-Jones, Bienvenu Jean Dinga, Enno Schefuß, Paul J. Mann, John R. Poulsen, Robert G. M. Spencer, Jose N. Wabakanghanzi, and Thomas Wagner. "Variability in aerobic methane oxidation over the past 1.2Myrs recorded in microbial biomarker signatures from Congo fan sediments." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 133 (May 2014): 387–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.02.035.

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35

Anka, Zahie, Michel Séranne, Michel Lopez, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, and Bruno Savoye. "The long-term evolution of the Congo deep-sea fan: A basin-wide view of the interaction between a giant submarine fan and a mature passive margin (ZaiAngo project)." Tectonophysics 470, no. 1-2 (May 2009): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.04.009.

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36

Picot, M., L. Droz, T. Marsset, B. Dennielou, and M. Bez. "Controls on turbidite sedimentation: Insights from a quantitative approach of submarine channel and lobe architecture (Late Quaternary Congo Fan)." Marine and Petroleum Geology 72 (April 2016): 423–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.02.004.

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37

Zabel, Matthias, and Horst D. Schulz. "Importance of submarine landslides for non-steady state conditions in pore water systems — lower Zaire (Congo) deep-sea fan." Marine Geology 176, no. 1-4 (June 2001): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-3227(01)00164-5.

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38

Hatin, T., X. Crosta, A. Le Hérissé, L. Droz, and T. Marsset. "Diatom response to oceanographic and climatic changes in the Congo fan area, equatorial Atlantic Ocean, during the last 190ka BP." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 469 (March 2017): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.12.037.

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39

Laurent, Dimitri, Tania Marsset, Laurence Droz, Didier Granjeon, Stéphane Molliex, Marie Picot, and Marina Rabineau. "4D forward stratigraphic modelling of the Late Quaternary Congo deep-sea fan: Role of climate/vegetation coupling in architectural evolution." Marine Geology 429 (November 2020): 106334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2020.106334.

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40

Rabouille, C., K. Olu, F. Baudin, A. Khripounoff, B. Dennielou, S. Arnaud-Haond, N. Babonneau, et al. "The Congolobe project, a multidisciplinary study of Congo deep-sea fan lobe complex: Overview of methods, strategies, observations and sampling." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 142 (August 2017): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.05.006.

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41

Bentahila, Yasmine, Olivier Hebrard, Dalila Ben Othman, Jean-Marc Luck, Michel Seranne, and Michel Lopez. "Gulf of Guinea continental slope and Congo (Zaire) deep-sea fan: Sr–Pb isotopic constraints on sediments provenance from ZaiAngo cores." Marine Geology 226, no. 3-4 (February 2006): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2005.11.014.

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42

J., Holtvoeth, Wagner T., Horsfield B., Schubert C., and Wand U. "Late-Quaternary supply of terrigenous organic matter to the Congo deep-sea fan (ODP site 1075): implications for equatorial African paleoclimate." Geo-Marine Letters 21, no. 1 (July 1, 2001): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003670100060.

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43

Baudin, François, Elsa Stetten, Johann Schnyder, Karine Charlier, Philippe Martinez, Bernard Dennielou, and Laurence Droz. "Origin and distribution of the organic matter in the distal lobe of the Congo deep-sea fan – A Rock-Eval survey." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 142 (August 2017): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.01.008.

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44

Taillefert, Martial, Jordon S. Beckler, Cécile Cathalot, Panagiotis Michalopoulos, Rudolph Corvaisier, Nicole Kiriazis, Jean-Claude Caprais, Lucie Pastor, and Christophe Rabouille. "Early diagenesis in the sediments of the Congo deep-sea fan dominated by massive terrigenous deposits: Part II – Iron–sulfur coupling." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 142 (August 2017): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.06.009.

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45

Rabouille, C., F. Baudin, B. Dennielou, and K. Olu. "Organic carbon transfer and ecosystem functioning in the terminal lobes of the Congo deep-sea fan: outcomes of the Congolobe project." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 142 (August 2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.07.006.

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46

Nyamapfumba, Martin, and George A. McMechan. "Gas hydrate and free gas petroleum system in 3D seismic data, offshore Angola." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 6 (November 1, 2012): O55—O63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0048.1.

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Evidence of gas hydrate and free gas occurrences in a 3D seismic volume from the West-Central Coastal Province of the Congo Fan, offshore Angola, illustrates all the components of a complete petroleum system. Analysis and interpretation are based on the information in attributes calculated from three 3D time-migrated common-angle seismic volumes; the attributes include seismic amplitude, spectral components, dip magnitude, amplitude variation with angle, and instantaneous frequency. The source is organic-rich muds associated with late Cretaceous to early Tertiary channels, the migration paths are along growth faults, and the traps are partly defined by the gas hydrate stability zone (for the gas hydrate), partly by the bottom-simulating reflector (for the subhydrate free gas), and partly by faults (for both). The spatial distribution of free gas is further supported by the associated seismic bright spots, and also by the attenuation of high frequencies of P-waves that traverse the gas-saturated zone. Locally higher temperatures, associated with upward fluid circulation along fault zones, facilitate gas transmission through the gas hydrate and forms gas chimneys that extend to the sea floor.

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47

Cooke, Martin P., Helen M. Talbot, and Thomas Wagner. "Tracking soil organic carbon transport to continental margin sediments using soil-specific hopanoid biomarkers: A case study from the Congo fan (ODP site 1075)." Organic Geochemistry 39, no. 8 (August 2008): 965–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.03.009.

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48

Handley, Luke, Helen M. Talbot, Martin P. Cooke, Kathleen E. Anderson, and Thomas Wagner. "Bacteriohopanepolyols as tracers for continental and marine organic matter supply and phases of enhanced nitrogen cycling on the late Quaternary Congo deep sea fan." Organic Geochemistry 41, no. 9 (September 2010): 910–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2010.04.016.

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49

Pastor, L., L. Toffin, C. Decker, K. Olu, C. Cathalot, F. Lesongeur, J. C. Caprais, et al. "Early diagenesis in the sediments of the Congo deep-sea fan dominated by massive terrigenous deposits: Part III – Sulfate- and methane- based microbial processes." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 142 (August 2017): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.03.011.

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50

Jansen, J. H. F., C. Alderliesten, C. M. Houston, A. F. M. de Jong, K. Van Der Borg, and J. M. Van Iperen. "Aridity in Equatorial Africa During the Last 225,000 Years: A Record of Opal Phytoliths/Freshwater Diatoms From the Zaire (Congo) Deep-Sea Fan (Northeast Angola Basin)." Radiocarbon 31, no. 03 (1989): 557–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200012145.

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Maps of accumulation rates of freshwater diatoms and opal phytoliths in the surface sediments of the Zaire fan show that both types of microfossils were supplied to the ocean floor by the Zaire River, and that opal phytoliths also have a southern source, probably the region of the Namibian desert. The PhFD ratio, of opal phytoliths to freshwater diatoms, can be regarded as an aridity index for equatorial Africa, and probably for large parts of the central and southern Atlantic. In two cores, the record of the PhFD ratio indicates humidity ca 225–190 ka BP, aridity 190–135 ka BP with maxima ca 170 and 140 ka BP and a humid excursion 150 ka BP, an increase in humidity 115 ka BP, a less humid period 90–30 ka BP, more humidity ca 30–17 ka BP with possibly more arid intervals ca 22.5 and 20 ka bp. In general, glacial (sub) stages were more arid and interglacial (sub) stages more humid. For the last 20 ka, the PhFD ratio corresponds closely with the known climatic events in tropical Africa.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Congo fan'

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