Academic literature on the topic 'Congo (French)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Congo (French)"
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Ambapour, Samuel, Rufin Bidounga, and Stève Mboko Ibara. "Survie des enfants et pauvreté au Congo : application d'un modèle de durée." African Journal of Applied Statistics 2, no. 1 (December 31, 2015): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.16929/ajas/2015.1.39.74.
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de Goede, Meike J. "Duress and Messianism in French Moyen-Congo." Conflict and Society 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/arcs.2018.040115.
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The Matsouanist religion in Congo-Brazzaville has its roots in Amicale, a sociopolitical association and movement that aimed to improve the rights of colonial subjects that emerged in the late 1920s. After its leader, André Matsoua, died in prison, the movement transformed into a religion that worships Matsoua as a prophet. In this article, I argue that this transformation should be understood not as a rupture but as continuation, albeit in a different discursive domain. This transformation was steered by duress, or the internalization of structural violence in everyday life under colonialism. Through this discursive transformation, Matsoua’s followers appropriated the movement and brought it into a culturally known place that enabled them to continue their struggle for liberation from colonial oppression.
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Glucksmann, Eloïse. "Commisimpex v. Republic of Congo." American Journal of International Law 111, no. 2 (April 2017): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2017.30.
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The law in France regarding waivers of foreign state (or sovereign) immunity from execution of judicial judgments (based largely on consideration of international law principles) has recently undergone significant developments. Previously, French case law had required a foreign state's waiver of immunity from execution to be both express and specific to consider valid the attachment of foreign state property allocated to public services (including bank accounts used for the functioning of both diplomatic missions and delegations to international organizations). In 2015, the French Court of Cassation relaxed the criteria it had previously required for giving effect to waivers of sovereign immunity in such situations, thus facilitating the ability of judgment creditors to attach foreign state property in France. Its decision in the Commisimpex v. Republic of Congo case appeared to put an end to that requirement by abandoning the criterion of a “specific” waiver on the ground that “customary international law does not require a waiver of immunity from execution other than express.” In December 2016, however, the French government enacted new legislation reinstating the need for a specific waiver of immunity for the attachment of the property as well as bank accounts of foreign embassies and diplomatic missions and additionally requiring a court order authorizing the attachment or seizure. As a result, France has now embraced a distinctly more protective approach to the immunity of foreign state assets from attachment and execution of judicial judgments.
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Fraiture, Pierre-Philippe. "Modernity and the Belgian Congo." Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 46, no. 1 (November 8, 2017): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2309-9070/tvl.v.46i1.3463.
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This article will explore the intellectual context in which French-Belgian colonial writing developed from the turn of the twentieth century to the late 1930s. This period is marked by a gradual shift from evolutionism to cultural relativism. The analysis will first focus on the Tervuren colonial exhibition of 1897 and the progressive emergence of Belgian africanism in the early twentieth century. Secondly, it will account for the ways in which this overall context bore witness to new and somewhat less Eurocentric conditions of possibility. Subsequently, the article will attempt to draw parallels between these more inclusive and seemingly less orientalising anthropological paradigms and the advent, first in France and then in Belgium, of a rejuvenated brand of colonial literature (or indigenous realism) which, for all its openness and eagerness to embrace modernity, did not result in radical rejections of colonialism on the part of its promoters. Finally, two Belgian novels in French – M. L. Delhaise-Arnould’s Amedra (1926) and H. Drum’s Luéji (1932) – will be analysed to appraise whether or not their authors’ objective to reconstitute Congolese indigeneity is a strategy to oppose Belgian modernity against Congolese supposed pre-modernity.
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Schouten, Manon. "Kikongo in the High North: Swedish Sources on Moyen Congo." History in Africa 45 (April 17, 2018): 483–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hia.2018.2.
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Abstract:This report presents the archives of the Swedish Mission Association [SMF] (Svenska Missionsförbundet) which operated in French Moyen Congo during the Interbellum. The archives are part of the Swedish National Archives (Riksarkivet) in Stockholm and could be seen to provide a counterweight to French official administrative records.
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Cornille, Jean-Louis, and Julie Ramilison. "Céline au Congo." Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 54, no. 1 (March 24, 2017): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/tvl.v.54i1.8.
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If Louis-Ferdinand Céline au Congo influence on 20th century French literature is widely acknowledged, one is less aware of the influence left by his Journey to the end of the night on contemporary postcolonial Francophone Literature. In spite of the racist nature of his ideology, Célines profoundly "oralized" body of works showed the way to later generations on how to combine the written and the spoken word - a question which is at the core of contemporary francophone literature, as produced in Africa and in the Caribbean Islands. This is why writers such as Patrick Chamoiseau and Alain Mabanckou secretly refer to Céline; but in the case of Mabanckou we would argue that his interest for Céline has been sparked by readings of his compatriot and fellow writer, Daniel Biyaoula who blatantly made use of Journey to the end of the night to structure his novels.
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Wiesinger, Evelyn. "Non-French lexicon in Guianese French Creole." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 34, no. 1 (March 22, 2019): 3–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00027.wie.
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Abstract Guianese French Creole1 (GFC) is one of the least studied French Creoles, which is especially true with respect to its non-French-related input. Combining sociohistorical, demographic and linguistic data, this contribution gives a first lexico-etymological account of the GFC lexicon of non-French origin, including Amerindian and Portuguese influences and especially the quantitative and qualitative nature of the contribution made by different Niger-Congo languages. These findings are discussed in light of controversial hypotheses on the particular influence of early numerical and/or socially dominant ethnolinguistic groups on the creole lexicon (i.e. Baker 2012), as well as with regard to word classes and semantic domains to which the different groups contributed. Whereas Gbe and non-Gbe languages clearly diverge with regard to their semantic contribution, the early dominance of presumably Gbe-speaking slaves in French Guiana is not reflected in the numerical proportion of Gbe-related lexical items in GFC, at least on the basis of my still limited data. This study thus tentatively confirms the lesser explanatory power of the lexicon for creole genesis scenarios and points to the fact that sub- or adstrate-related lexical items may have taken very complex etymological routes, which clearly need further study.
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Martínez, Julia. "‘Unwanted Scraps’ or ‘An Alert, Resolute, Resentful People’? Chinese Railroad Workers in French Congo." International Labor and Working-Class History 91 (2017): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547916000296.
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AbstractIn the late 1920s, the colonial government of French Equatorial Africa decided to employ Chinese workers to complete their railway line. The employment of Chinese indentured labor had already become the subject of considerable international criticism. The Chinese government was concerned that the French could not guarantee worker health and safety and denied their application. However, the recruitment went ahead with the help of the government of French Indochina. This article explores the nature of Chinese worker protest during their time in Africa and their struggle against French notions of what constituted appropriate treatment of so-called “coolie” labor.
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Maharani, Sandra Putri, Indah Nevira Trisna, and M. Sukirlan. "La Variété Méthode de Traduction dans Une Bande Désinée Tintin au Congo Traduite par Donna Widjajanto et Son Implication dans L’apprentissage Français." Didacticofrancia Journal Didactique du FLE 12, no. 2 (March 31, 2024): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/didacticofrancia.v12i2.73872.
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Cette éttude vise à décrire la variété méthode de traduction dans une bande déssinée Tintin au Congo par Hergé (1960) et sa traduction par Donna Widjajanto (2016), et aussi son implication dans l’apprentissage français. Cette étude a utilisé la méthode qualitative descriptive, pour collecter de données, cette étude utilise la méthode dóbservation et de prise de note. La donnée dans cette étude sont dialogues, pendant que la source de données est une bande déssinée Tintin au Congo par Hergé et sa traduction par Donna Widjajanto page 1 à page 31. Le résultat de cette étude indique qu’il existe 5 méthodes trouvées, à savoir (1) la traduction littérale, (2) la traduction semantique, (3) la traduction idiomatique, (4) la traduction libre, et (5) la traduction communicative, tandis que 3 autres méthodes sont à savoir (1) la traduction mot à mot, (2) la traduction fidèle, et (3) adaptation ne sont pas trouvé. Cette éttude peut être impliquée dans l’apprentissage du français au niveau B1 dans les éstablissements d’enseignement général. Les enseignements feront une fiche pédagogique et un test d’évaluation sur la base des résultats de cette étude.
This research aims to describe the variety of translation method that used in a comic entitled Tintin au Congo by Hergé (1960) and its translation by Donna Widjajanto (2016), along with the implication of this research in French learning. The method used in this research i s a descriptive qualitative. The data is dialogues contained in the comic Tintin au Congo from page 1 to page 31 while the source is the comic Tintin au Congo by Hergé in French and its translation in Indonesian by Donna Widjajanto. This research uses observation and note-taking technique to collect the data. The result of this research shows that there are 5 translation methods used in the translation of comic Tintin au Congo done by Donna Widjajanto, (1) literal translation, (2) semantic translation, (3) idiomatic translation, (4) free translation, and (5) communicative translation. On other hand, the 3 other methods which are (1) word for word translation, (2) faithful translation, and (3) adaptation can not be found. This research can be implicated at the B1 level of french learning in public institutions. Teachers will make a learning plan and evaluation tests according to the result of this research.
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Pype, Katrien. "‘Provisional notes on the postcolony’ in Congo studies: an overview of themes and debates." Africa 92, no. 1 (January 2022): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972021000863.
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AbstractThis article considers the uptake of Achille Mbembe’s article ‘Provisional notes on the postcolony’ (1992), the book De la Postcolonie: essai sur l’imagination politique dans l’Afrique contemporain (2000) and its translated version, On the Postcolony (2001), in Congo studies. ‘Congo’ here is a shorthand for the current Democratic Republic of Congo, formerly known as Zaire. The article is concerned with the ways in which these two English-language texts (and their original French versions) figure in the social sciences and the humanities, specifically in the field of study relating to Zairian/Congolese society and culture. It becomes clear that the theme of mutual entanglements of commandement (power) and citizens not only influences political studies but also structures Congo scholarship on economy and governance, popular culture and erotics. The article ends with some reflections on academic writing about Congo, the limited uptake of ‘Provisional notes’ and On the Postcolony in religious studies, questions about ethics and scientific writing about political postcolonial cultures, and especially the necessity to historicize the postcolony.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Congo (French)"
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Fraiture, Pierre-Philippe. "Sous l'empire du royaume : poét(h)ique de la fiction coloniale issue du Congo belge (1945-60)." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2002. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/29012/.
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This thesis intends to explore colonial fictions written in French and set in the former Belgian Congo between 1945 and 1960. The investigation will focus on George Duncan (1898-1967), Henri Cornélus (1913-1983), Marcel Tinel (1904-?) and Joseph Esser (1901-?). The thesis - throughout - will endeavour to focus on both ethics and poetics. In order to achieve this overarching (double) objective it will attempt to address the following questions: (1) how are colonised subjects and colonisers represented by this fictional material? (2) how do colonial novelists account for and/or sympathise with the emergence of a Congolese opposition after the Second World War? (3) what are the implicit and explicit strategies deployed by the corpus to support or question the discourse(s) on which Belgian colonialism was premised? (4) what is colonial imagination? Did it decolonise itself - and if so how? - with the demise of the Belgian empire in 1960? In its poet(h)ical investigation this thesis will rely (a) on a range of representatives of postcolonial thinking such as Sartre, Fanon, Mouralis, Glissant and Mudimbe, (b) as well as a number of literary critics whose work is of relevance for my study. Chapter I will contextualise the thesis from both a critical and an historical standpoint and fall into four distinct parts. Part i will provide a historical overview of the Congo under Belgian rule. Part ii will concentrate on Belgian colonial discourse with a particular emphasis on its main ideologue, Pierre Ryckmans (1891-1959). Part iii will deal with the two colonial art and literary critics Gaston-Denys Périer (1879-1963) and Joseph-Marie Jadot (1886-1967) and their attempt to (a) promote colonial writing and (b) create synergies between 'white' and 'black' literatures at a time (1945-60) which coincided with the emergence of the first Congolese writers in French under the auspices of the journal La Voix du Congolais. Part iv will focus on the reassessment of Belgian colonial literature by contemporary critics. Chapters II to V will be author-based. In each case a central text will be read with / against a number of other primary sources. Chapter II will deal with Duncan's five colonial novels and their recurring main protagonist with a particular emphasis on Blancs et Noirs (1949). Chapter III will read Cornélus' novel Kufa (1954) against his collection of short stories Bakonji. Les Chefs, (1955). Whereas Duncan's and Cornélus' fictions primarily concentrate on white male subjects for whom Central Africa is a mere theatrical backdrop meant to be metaphorically mirroring the decline of Western civilisation, Tinel and Esser give their preferences to Congolese protagonists and engage more deeply with local cultures. Chapter IV will attempt to interpret Tinel's novel Le Monde de Nzakomba (1959) in the light of (a) Tinet's journalistic pieces on the colonial situation and (b) with regard to 'négritude', one of the underlying themes of the novel. In Chapter V the reading will focus on Esser's novel Matuli, fille d'Afrique (1960). As for Tinel, the interpretation will also rely on Esser's non fictional writing, the bulk of which is dealing with bantou culture. The conclusion of the thesis will propose a paradigmatic categorisation of the Belgian colonial corpus during the given period.
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Sidenholm, Emelie. "French Makes Communication and Structures Make English : An Analysis of Official Language-Teaching Documents in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Sweden." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för beteendevetenskap och lärande, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-74411.
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The Democratic Republic of the Congo is one of the least developed countries in the world and its school system needs to be improved. The aim of this research is to find out what the Congolese state expects from language teaching (French and English), how this is described in the curriculum, and whether this differs from the curriculum of a more developed country, such as Sweden. Through a content analysis, the language view, the role of the teacher and views of pupil participation are investigated. The Swedish curriculum and the Congolese programme of French show similarities by communicative and constructivist views, while the Congolese programme of English demonstrates behaviouristic features. This study can serve as an example of how the language context, i.e., second language v. foreign language, as well as the national culture, influence the curriculum.Demokratiska republiken Kongo är ett av världens minst utvecklade länder och dess skolsystem är i behov av en förbättring. Språk är en viktig del i utvecklingen av landet. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att ta reda på vad den kongolesiska staten förväntar sig av sin språkundervisning, hur den beskrivs i styrdokument samt om den skiljer sig från läroplanen i ett mer utvecklat land som Sverige. Genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys har uppfattningar om uppsatsens teman; språksyn, lärarens roll och elevdeltagande, hittats. Materialet som analyserats är den kongolesiska skolans program för franska och engelska, samt den svenska läroplanen inklusive kursplanerna för franska och engelska. Analysen avser de första åren i den kongolesiska sekundärskolan och det svenska högstadiet, vilka motsvarar varandra när det gäller elevernas ålder. Skillnaden i DR Kongo mellan andraspråk (franska) och främmande språk (engelska) berörs.Den svenska läroplanen samt det kongolesiska programmet för franska visar många likheter genom att lyfta fram kommunikativa och konstruktivistiska perspektiv. Det kongolesiska programmet för engelska har däremot behavioristiska drag. Lärarens olika roller och hur elevdeltagande lyfts fram förstärker dessa språksyner. De två kongolesiska programmen liknar dock varandra när det gäller synen på hur läraren ska behandla språkliga fel i klassrummet. Studien kan ses som ett exempel på hur språkkontexten, d.v.s. andraspråk och främmande språk, likväl som den nationella kulturen påverkar läroplaner.
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Bokolombe, Bokina. "L'influence du modèle français sur les codifications congolaises : cas du droit des personnes et de la famille." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON10031/document.
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Le Code civil français a exercé une influence considérable sur la codification civile congolaise. En 1895, par le biais de la colonisation, les Belges avaient importé au Congo le Code Napoléon qu’ils avaient eux-mêmes hérité des conquêtes de l’Empereur français. Le système juridique congolais qui jadis était basé sur le droit coutumier non écrit, fait de multiples coutumes et mœurs locales, s’était alors doté d’un Code rationnalisé calqué sur le modèle français. Après l’indépendance, le pouvoir politique congolais avait voulu remplacer le Code colonial qui était non seulement lacunaire mais surtout inadapté à la mentalité et aux traditions congolaises. Les travaux législatifs engagés notamment sur la partie relative aux droits des personnes et de la famille ont requis le recours à l’authenticité congolaise… En 1987, le législateur congolais a édicté la loi portant le Code de la famille. Ce Code qui pourtant prônait la rupture avec l’ancien Code colonial ne s’est-il pas finalement aligné sur ce même modèle contesté ? Quel choix le législateur congolais a-t-il fait entre tradition et modernité ? Quelles sont les principales nouveautés de ce Code ? Quelles critiques en a-t-on fait ? Aujourd’hui, 20 ans après son élaboration, le vieillissement du Code de la famille ne nécessite-il pas une recodification ?The French Law has exercised significant influence on Congolese codifications; the most outstanding example is no doubt civil codifications. In reality, the Congolese legal system once based on the unwritten customary law made on multiple customs and community behaviours received through the Belgian colonization, with some adjustments, the Napoleonic Code that the Belgium has therefore received from Napoleonic conquests. This Code is also always applied in Belgium. But after the Congolese’s national independence, political power had wanted to replace the colonial Code which was the mentality and Congolese customs but still incomplete. Furthermore, the legislative work initiated on the part relating to the rights of persons and the family, which led to performing in 1987 of the Family Code, had advocated the use of the right traditional (authenticity). However, apart from the integration of a few customary institutions, this new Congolese Code is the modern fundamental (imperative of development). In fact, it renewed and even amplified the French law that associated others European rights and African postcolonial. But today, this Code has definitely aged; what might therefore be the best remedies to more valuable ? _______________________________________________________________________________________
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Mpika, Claude. "Les médias privés et la problématique de la liberté de l’information et de la communication dans le processus de démocratisation en Afrique subsaharienne francophone de 1990 à 2016 : le cas du Congo-Brazzaville." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0101.
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La fin du XXe siècle restera sans doute à jamais gravée dans la mémoire collective ou dans l’histoire comme un moment es¬sentiel de bouleversements politiques marqué par les progrès de l’idéologie démocratique. Comme la plupart des pays d’Afrique subsaharienne francophone, la République du Congo s’est engagée au sortir de la Conférence nationale de 1991 dans un processus de démocratisation politique qui semble s’éterniser jusqu’à nos jours, entraînant la libéralisation entière ou partielle du paysage médiatique, plaçant ainsi la nouvelle presse écrite privée au cœur de la démocratisation de la société. Ce fut le moment de sonner le glas au monopole des médias publics et de permettre l’émergence et l’élargissement d’un nouvel espace public où devraient règner beaucoup plus dynamiquement le pluralisme d’opinions et la liberté d’expression. La floraison des journaux ayant entraîné une utilisation abusive de la liberté de ton retrouvée, la « ligne de démarcation » entre la presse et le monde politique reste alors floue dans un pays qui va faire face à une série de conflits sociopolitiques poussant la nouvelle presse écrite privée congolaise à se diviser en deux principaux camps, c’est-à-dire la presse pro-pouvoir et la presse pro-opposition. En nous appuyant sur des méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives, notre objectif à travers cette thèse est d’étudier comment le bihebdomadaire catholique La Semaine Africaine a traité les sujets ayant marqué l’actualité politique congolaise entre 1990 et 2016 en tentant d’identifier ses attitudes et ses prises de position face aux différents événements sociopolitiques. L’analyse de la pratique éditoriale de La Semaine Africaine, quoi qu’évoluant dans un cadre légal et institutionnel restrictif et contraignant, nous permet de comprendre que, grâce à sa liberté de ton, le journal catholique aborde sans complaisance et en toute impartialité tous les sujets d’actualité politique nationale, même ceux qui sont considérés comme sensibles pour le pouvoir en place. Espace d’expression de toutes les sensibilités politiques congolaises, sans distinction, La Semaine Africaine a joué un rôle important dans le processus de démocratisation du pays entre 1990 et 2016, en luttant pour la consolidation de la démocratie et en s’impliquant pleinement dans l’ouverture d’espaces de débats et dans la formation de l’opinion publique en faveur de la gouvernance démocratiqueThe end of the twentieth century will undoubtedly remain forever engraved in the collective memory or in history as an essential moment of political upheaval marked by the progress of democratic ideology. Like most countries of French-speaking sub-Saharan Africa, the Republic of Congo is committed at the end of the National Conference of 1991 in a process of political democratization which seems to drag on until our days, involving the whole or partial liberalization of the media landscape, thus placing the new private written press at the heart of the democratization of society. It was time to sound the death knell for the monopoly of the public media and to allow the emergence and enlargement of a new public space where pluralism of opinion and freedom of expression. The flourishing of newspapers having led to an abusive use of the freedom of your found , the “dividing line” between the press and the political world remains blurred in a country which is going to face a series of socio-political conflicts pushing the new Congolese private print press to be divided into two main camps, that is to say the pro-power press and the pro-opposition press. By relying on qualitative and quantitative methods, our objective through this thesis is to study how the biweekly Catholic La Semaine Africaine has treated the subjects that have marked the news Congolese politics between 1990 and 2016 by trying to identify its attitudes and its positions vis-à-vis different socio-political events allows us to understand that, thanks to its freedom of tone, the Catholic newspaper approaches without complacency and in all impartiality all the national political current affairs, even those who are considered sensitive to the government in power. Space of expression of all Congolese political sensitivities, without distinction, La Semaine Africaine played an important role in the process of democratization of the country between 1990 and 2016, by fighting for the consolidation of democracy and by getting fully involved in the opening of spaces for debate and in the formation of public opinion in favor of democratic governance
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Gonçalves, Rosana Andréa. "Sociedades africanas frente à situação colonial europeia: o Estado Independente do Congo (1876-1908)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-25102016-123623/.
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O Estado Independente do Congo foi reconhecido internacionalmente em 1885 como resultado da ação de representantes europeus em obter tratados de cessão de soberania junto às autoridades e chefes africanos da região da bacia do Congo. No entanto, a implantação de uma missão civilizadora, em consonância com os interesses comerciais do monarca belga Leopoldo II, não se deu sem conflitos, embates e resistências. A crueldade e a arbitrariedade que marcaram tal processo ecoaram na opinião pública internacional, gerando movimentos de denúncias sobre as violências que vitimaram as populações africanas. Este trabalho busca analisar as reações e acomodações ocorridas a partir da situação colonial que se impôs frente a um contexto no qual se faziam presentes múltiplas e variadas formas de organização política das sociedades africanas da região.The Congo Free State was internationally recognized in 1885 as a result of the action of European representatives in obtaining sovereignty transfer treaties with the African authorities and leaders of the Congo Basin region. However, the implementation of a \"civilizing mission\" aligned to the commercial interests of the Belgian king Leopold II, has not been without conflicts, struggles and resistances. The cruelty and arbitrariness that have marked this process echoed on the international public opinion, generating movements of complaints about violence toward the African populations. This work seeks to analyze the reactions and accommodations that followed the colonial situation that was imposed in a context in which were present multiple and varied forms of political organization of African societies in the region.
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Janzon, Göran. ""Den andra omvändelsen" : Från svensk mission till afrikanska samfund på Örebromissionens arbetsfält i Centralafrika 1914-1962." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9371.
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The Örebro Mission was founded by John Ongman in 1891. Missionary work in Central Africa began through Ongman’s local church in 1914, at first within other mission societies, but was later continued by the Örebro Mission. From 1921 the Örebro Mission developed its own work in Middle Congo and Oubangui-Chari within French Equatorial Africa. The aim of this thesis is to study how the process of change took place, starting with pioneering work undertaken by Swedish missionaries and resulting in the founding of independent Baptist churches. The analysis is based on the classic three-self policy, aiming at self-governing, self-supporting and self-extending indigenous churches. Using the principal-agent perspective in history writing, the role and significance of a number of key persons are focused. The interaction between the internal process and the cultural, political and ecumenical contexts is taken into consideration. The thesis shows that the three-self formula was used from the beginning as a theoretical goal, but also that its realization was seen in a very long time perspective. Several steps were gradually taken in that direction, but the study shows that contextual factors became as important incitements for the change as the missionaries’ own theologically based motives. It rather took “a second conversion” from a colonial mental framework to speed up the process in its final phase towards the creation of African denominations and the integration into them in 1962 of the Swedish mission structure and work.
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Cavalcante, Cristovam Bruno Gomes [UNESP]. "O perfeito mágico das letras francesas: aproximações entre o conto fantástico e a poesia de Théophile Gautier." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/140151.
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Este trabalho propõe-se a estudar as concepções poéticas do escritor francês Théophile Gautier (1811-1872), figura relevante para a arte de diversos outros poetas e de movimentos literários posteriores. Tendo em vista que ele participou tanto das tentativas de consolidação do movimento romântico na França em 1830 quanto do desenvolvimento da poética do Parnasse, busca-se compreender como se formou o seu estilo e como se firmou o seu pensamento, para, assim, partirmos ao objetivo principal do trabalho, que é o de assinalar a unidade de algumas obras em prosa de natureza fantástica e de sua obra poética, sobretudo da publicada em 1852, Émaux et Camées. Para esse fim, discorreremos, inicialmente, sobre as relações, por vezes conflituosas, entre o espírito burguês, os partidários de mudanças sociais e os artistas. Localizadas as questões que marcaram o poeta, que, particularmente, são a rejeição à demanda por utilidade social da arte e à necessidade de um posicionamento político do artista, partiremos à análise do corpus, aparentemente tão diverso, em busca de dados que comprovem a existência de uma unidade poética entre as obras escolhidas.
This work proposes a study from the poetic conceptions of the French writer Théophile Gautier (1811-1872), relevant name to the art of many other poets and later literary movements. Given that this poet attended both of the Romantic movement consolidation attempts in France in 1830 as the development of poetics of Parnassus, we seek to understand how his style was formed and how his thinking steadied in his composing, for thus we set the main objective of this study, which is to mark the unit inside some works in prose of fantastic nature and inside his poetic composition, especially the one published in 1852, Émaux et Camées. To that, we will discuss initially about conflictual relations between the bourgeois spirit, the supporters of social change and the artists. Once we located the issues that marked the poet, which in particular are the rejections to the social utility demand of art and to the need for a political position of the artist, we will analyze the corpus, apparently so diverse, in search of data to prove the existence of a poetic unity among the chosen works.
CNPq: 134128/2015-0
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Peña, Aymara Shyrley Tatiana. "La integración latinoamericana desde nuestros pueblos: experiencias de lucha y resistencia frente al extractivismo en el caso del Megaproyecto Minero Conga en el Perú." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UNILA, 2018. http://dspace.unila.edu.br/123456789/3366.
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Tesis de Maestría presentada al Programa
de Postgrado en Integración Contemporánea
de América Latina de la Universidad Federal
de la Integración Latinoamericana (UNILA),
como requisito obligatorio para la obtención
del título de Magister en Integración
Latinoamericana en las áreas de Relaciones
Internacionales y Ciencia Política.
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O extrativismo na mineração, apoiado pelos Estados da América Latina, é um problema preocupante, pois gera um alto nível de conflitos na região. Diante disso, ao longo da história, existem valiosas experiências de luta e resistência protagonizadas pelos povos afetados diretamente e que merecem serem pesquisadas. O objetivo dessa dissertação de mestrado é analisar as lutas, resistências e as formas de organização dos seus protagonistas diante ao Megaprojeto de Mineração Conga, localizado na região de Cajamarca no Peru. Esse megaprojeto foi imposto com uso da violência no ano de 2011. No primeiro capítulo de enfoque teórico-metodológico, apresenta-se a mineração como uma atividade colonizadora e neocolonizadora. No segundo, é apresentado o estudo de caso escolhido para essa pesquisa; a região de Cajamarca, os impactos na empresa Yanacocha e as caraterísticas do megaprojeto. No terceiro, são identificados os atores protagonistas envolvidos, os quais, a partir das experiências de luta e resistência, conseguiram a suspensão do megaprojeto. Esse estudo é de caráter qualitativo e foram utilizadas fontes primárias como as entrevistas feitas pela autora e, fontes secundárias sobre a temática. Esperamos que a partir desse trabalho possamos contribuir aos debates sobre os caminhos descolonizadores para repensar a integração latino-americana desde os povos
Qori Orqoy yanapasqa Abya Yala, achachaláw nisqa hamun nishu maq’anakuy qey llaptapi. Cheyqa ñaupa runa rimasqan qammi rimanaquy qausay chey maqana hap’y. ruasca llapan llaqtaquna nanaywan kashaspa anqey munan yachayta. Muyupacuy anqey yachay llanqay allín ñawinchay llapan maqanaquy hapy anchey juñuy runakuna manan munanku anchey ruasqata Qori orq’oy Conga Cajamarca Peru suyu, mana qanchu rimanaquy 2011 watapi. Ñaupaq patara qelqana hamun Qori orq’oy ruana yanacuna anqey mosoq watapi. Iskay ñeqen, yachay ñawinchaska Cajamarca llaptapi, anq’ey Empresa Qori orq’oy Yanacocha llapan runaq rimaspa ñaupaq ruanapaq. Kinsa ñeqe, reqsesqa runakuna ruaspa, qausay maqanaquy hapysqa ñaqay kausaypi. Anqey ñawinchaypi ruakun ancha parlay ruaska minera orquy niskata. Suyani ancha llank’aypi cachun allin kausay anq’ey ñan huñuy llapan suyu llaqtamantapacha
El extractivismo minero, apoyado por los Estados de América Latina, constituye una problemática preocupante al generar un alto nivel de conflictividad en la región. Frente a ello, históricamente, existen valiosas experiencias de lucha y resistencia protagonizadas por los pueblos afectados directamente que merecen ser investigadas. El objetivo de esta tesis de maestría es analizar las luchas, resistencias y las formas de organización de los protagonistas frente al Megaproyecto Minero Conga, situado en la región de Cajamarca en el Perú, impuesto mediante la violencia en el año 2011. En el primer capítulo de enfoque teórico-metodológico es presentada a la minería como una actividad colonizadora y neocolonizadora. En el segundo, es presentado el estudio de caso elegido para la presente investigación; la región de Cajamarca, los impactos de la empresa minera Yanacocha y las características del megaproyecto. En el tercero, son identificados los actores protagonistas involucrados, quienes a partir de sus experiencias de lucha y resistencia concretizaron su suspensión. Esta investigación es de carácter cualitativo y fueron utilizadas fuentes primarias como entrevistas realizadas por la autora y fuentes secundarias sobre la temática. Esperamos que desde el presente trabajo podamos contribuir con los debates sobre los caminos posibles para repensar a la integración latinoamericana desde sus pueblos.
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López, Meza Isabel Del Pilar. "Discursos de las rondas campesinas de Cajamarca en el contexto del conflicto y su resistencia frente al megaproyecto minero Conga." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/625282.
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La investigación trata sobre los discursos de las rondas campesinas de Cajamarca en el contexto del conflicto y su resistencia frente al megaproyecto minero Conga. A través de un estudio crítico del discurso, identifico 3 discursos: 1) Discurso ancestral o como pueblo originario; 2) Discurso territorial; y 3) Discurso sobre el modelo de desarrollo o forma de vida. Los 3 discursos son complementarios y conforman el discurso de autoidentificación como pueblo originario que las rondas han desarrollado. En sus discursos, las rondas han usado 4 categorías relacionadas al conflicto y su resistencia frente al megaproyecto minero Conga: pueblo originario, territorio, control territorial, modelo de desarrollo y libre determinación. Del mismo modo, sus discursos se han desarrollado en sus actas de las asambleas y las asambleas mismas; sus estatutos; la historia de sus antepasados; sus prácticas culturales; sus monumentos; sus productos comunicativos y sus carteles que dicen «territorio rondero». También se han expresado en las nuevas funciones jurisdiccionales ronderas: 1) Guardianes de las lagunas; 2) retiro de tranqueras; y 3) diligencias de inspección hacia las lagunas y caminos ancestrales para dejar constancia de la situación de dichos territorios. En ese sentido, la identificación de los 3 discursos da cuenta de que la resistencia de las rondas campesinas frente al megaproyecto Conga ha servido para que ellas consoliden/reconstruyan/revaloren sus relatos y mensajes sobre su origen, prácticas culturales, prácticas económicas, prácticas sociales, su justicia propia, su modelo de desarrollo agrícola y ganadero y, finalmente, su cosmovisión de la naturaleza y sus recursos.The research deals with the discourses of the peasant «rondas» (patrols) of Cajamarca in the context of the conflict and their resistance to the Conga mining megaproject. Through a critical study of discourse, I identified 3 discourses: 1) Ancestral discourse or as native/original people; 2) Territorial speech; and 3) Discourse on the development model or way of life. The 3 speeches are complementary and make up the discourse of self-identification as the original people that the rondas have developed. In their speeches, the rondas have used 4 categories related to the conflict and their resistance to the Conga mining megaproject: native/original people, territory, territorial control, model of development and self-determination. In the same way, their speeches have been developed in their minutes of the assemblies and the assemblies themselves; its statutes; the history of their ancestors; their cultural practices; Their monuments; its communicative products and its posters that say «rondero territory». And they have expressed themselves in the new jurisdictional specific functions ronderas: 1) Guardians of the lagoons; 2) removal of tranqueras; and 3) inspection procedures towards the lagoons and ancestral roads to record the situation of said territories. In this sense, the identification of the 3 speeches reveals that the resistance of the peasant rondas to the Conga megaproject has helped them to consolidate / reconstruct / revalue their stories and messages about their origin, cultural practices, as well as their economic, social and cultural practices, its own justice and its model of agricultural and livestock development and its cosmovision of nature and its resources.
Tesis
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Beltrán, Carpentier Pablo Ignacio. "La regulación legal del VIH/SIDA en los países del Cono Sur frente al derecho internacional de los derechos humanos." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/117201.
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Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)Para abordar la temática presentada, se dividirá el cuerpo de la investigación en tres grandes secciones, correspondientes a cada uno de los objetivos específicos del presente trabajo, planteados anteriormente. En la primera sección, se indagará sobre las normas internacionales de derechos humanos que estén vinculadas con el tema, y que los Estados en comento hayan ratificado. En la segunda sección, se estudiarán las regulaciones legales del VIH/SIDA existentes en cada uno de los ordenamientos jurídicos de los países en cuestión. En la última sección, se analizarán críticamente dichas regulaciones, comparándolas entre sí, y razonándolas frente a las normas internacionales de derechos humanos estudiadas. Finalmente, se concluirá la investigación, y se dará respuesta a la problemática planteada, confirmando o refutando la hipótesis inicial.
Books on the topic "Congo (French)"
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Ranaivoson, Dominique, and Yoka Lye Mudaba. Chroniques du Congo. Saint-Maur-des-Fossés: Éditions Sépia, 2012.
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Queffélec, Ambroise. Le français au Congo (R.P.C.). Aix en Provence: Université de Provence Aix-Marseille 1, 1990.
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Tansi, Sony Labou. The seven solitudes of Lorsa Lopez. Oxford: Heinemann Educational, 1995.
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Mfoutou, Jean-Alexis. Le français au Congo-Brazzaville. Maromme: Ed. Espaces culturels, 2000.
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Michel, Devésa Jean, ed. Magie et écriture au Congo. Paris: Editions l'Harmattan, 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Congo (French)"
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Putnam, Walter. "Writing the Wrongs of French Colonial Africa: Voyage au Congo and Le Retour du Tchad." In André Gide’s Politics: Rebellion and Ambivalence, 89–110. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-62532-1_6.
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Ollerenshaw, Jenny, Stephanie Rybak, and Brian Hill. "Les Français en Congé." In Breakthrough French 3, 1–18. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27567-0_1.
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Galisson, Marie-Pierre, Fernand Malonga-Moungabio, and Bernadette Denys. "The Evolution of Mathematics Teaching in Mali and Congo-Brazzaville and the Issue of the Use of French or Local Languages." In Teaching and Learning Mathematics in Multilingual Classrooms, 249–66. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-229-5_16.
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"Chapter Abstracts in French." In Reinventing Order in the Congo. Zed Books Ltd, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350222229.0007.
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Roberts, Stephen H. "French Equatorial Africa (The Congo)." In The History of French Colonial Policy 1870–1925, 338–74. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429057502-9.
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Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine, and Yvonne Brett. "French Congo and Gabon 1886–1905." In The Cambridge History of Africa, 298–315. Cambridge University Press, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521228039.008.
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Vézina, Caroline. "Black American/French Creole Folk Music." In Jazz à la Creole, 27–48. University Press of Mississippi, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496842404.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 starts by describing the characteristics of, and similarities between, Black American folk music and Creole songs and their variants, while outlining the latter distinctive use of Caribbean rhythms such as the habanera and the tresillo. Creoles songs, including dance songs, work songs, street cries, and Voodoo songs, were played and sang on the French plantations, Congo Square and in the streets of New Orleans. New information about Congo Square after the Civil War where Danses Créoles were held, and the survival of similar dances, and Voodoo ceremonies in New Orleans and in the countryside strongly suggest that early jazz musicians might have witnessed remnant of the antebellum Sunday gatherings of enslaved people in their childhood.
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Schneider, Marius, and Vanessa Ferguson. "Congo (Republic of)." In Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights in Africa. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837336.003.0015.
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The Republic of the Congo, also known as Congo-Brazzaville, is found in Central Africa. It is bordered by Gabon, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the enclave of Cabinda, which belongs to Angola. Its population of 5.12 million in 2016 over a territory of 342,000 square kilometres (km) makes it one of the least densely populated country in Africa. The population is highly urbanized with more than half of the population living in the two largest cities, Brazzaville and Pointe Noire. The capital and largest city is Brazzaville. The official language of the Congo is French, but the Constitution also recognizes Lingala and Kituba as national vernacular languages. The currency used is the Central African franc (CFA).
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Halen, Pierre. "Position du «roman nègre» colonial (Congo-Zaïre, 1920-1960)." In Ethnography in French Literature, 27–37. BRILL, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004651609_005.
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"Gide’s Voyage au Congo: Africa as Début or Encore?" In Beginnings in French Literature, 133–43. Brill | Rodopi, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004334175_011.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Congo (French)"
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Kuksova, E. L. "Borrowing English in French-speaking Africa (on the example of the Congo)." In TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION. НИЦ «Л-Журнал», 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/lj-07-2018-25.
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Quiniou-Ramus, Valérie, Rémi Estival, Pascal Venzac, and Jean-Baptiste Cohuet. "Real-Time Network of Weather and Ocean Stations: Public-Private Partnership on In-Situ Measurements in the Gulf of Guinea." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10903.
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Monitoring of meteorological or/and oceanographic conditions is done on many Oil & Gas platforms offshore West and Central Africa (from Nigeria to Angola), but it is often only used in real-time and not necessarily archived on a hard-drive, or it is protected by each company’s IT firewalls thus making it difficult to send the information to the “outer world”. In 2010, TOTAL Oil & Gas Operator launched a project to give remote and public access to this real-time wind, current and also wave or other meteorological / oceanographic (“metocean”) data. The objectives of this initiative were multiple: • Improve weather and ocean hindcasts and forecasts, which will be beneficial to all Oil & Gas operations in Africa, • Help feed a database for future O&G developments; • Enable design checks after ∼1 year of operation; • Serve as a “black box” in case of an incident which could be due to environment; • Help feed or validate ocean and oil spill drift forecast in case of emergency; • Contribute to the international effort of monitoring the oceans in the long term (operational oceanography, climate change, etc.); • Encourage capacity building in Africa by supporting development and maintenance of technical solutions to reach objectives In 2013, with the support of the French Meteorological Office Météo-France, the data from half a dozen platforms offshore Nigeria, Congo and Angola will be available on the World Meteorological Organization’s (WMO) Global Telecommunication System (GTS). This paper will present the type of metocean stations that are part of this network “MODANET”, the IT architecture that was selected to send it out of the Company’s network, the quality control undertaken by Meteo France before sending it to the GTS, and future possible use of the data that are envisaged.
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Zamel KHALAF, Zainab, Mokhtar Jawad AL-IMAM, and Amjed Torki AL-RUDAINI. "THE ANTIBIOFILM ACTIVITY OF LIME JUICE AND Lio2NPs AGAINST K. PNEUMONIAE." In VI.International Scientific Congress of Pure,Applied and Technological Sciences. Rimar Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/minarcongress6-49.
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Thirty specimens of fresh white cheeses, presented for sale in different markets at different cities of Iraq were analyzed microbiologically in this study. Isolates of Klebsiella, included in the specimens collected from November 2017 to January 2018. Two methods, the Congo red agar method and the tissue culture plate method (TCP) used to demonstrate the ability to produce biofilms (CRA). The antibiofilm activity of lime extract and LiO2NPs was then examined individually, and the TCP method used to determine the synergistic impact. The findings demonstrated that, although to varying degrees, all Klebsiella isolates form biofilm. The results also shown that LiO2NPs and lime extract, both alone and in combination had an antibiofilm impact against Klebsiella. In conclusion, shown that the fresh white cheese samples used in this investigation had microbiological contamination at a level that was hazardous to human health, but this contamination could be removed using lime extract and LiO2NPs.
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Garcia-Taengua, Emilio, and Harry Brace. "Efectividad de la dosificación de superplastificante sobre la dispersión de nanopartículas en el hormigón." In HAC2018 - V Congreso Iberoamericano de Hormigón Autocompactable y Hormigones Especiales. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/hac2018.2018.5965.
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Los desarrollos más recientes en el campo de la nanotecnología han atraído la atención de investigadores e industria en cuanto a sus aplicaciones a la ciencia y tecnología del hormigón. El elevado potencial que presenta la incorporación de nanopartículas en hormigones autocompactantes ha motivado numerosos estudios, examinando sus efectos sobre las propiedades de morteros y pastas en estado fresco y endurecido. La nanosílice (nS) es uno de los productos que han atraído el mayor interés. Más recientemente se han publicado unos pocos estudios que exploran los efectos de la adición de nanopletinas de grafeno (GNP) u óxido de grafeno (GO) en pastas de cemento, con resultados prometedores. Sin embargo, las dificultades asociadas a la dispersión de estas nanopartículas en sistemas cementicios sigue siendo un gran obstáculo. Las distintas estrategias propuestas (sonicación, premezclado con surfactantes u otros aditivos) han mostrado un éxito bastante reducido y presentan problemas de escalabilidad a la producción de hormigón. En el presente estudio se ha comparado el efecto de distintos superplastificantes sobre la dispersión de nS y GNPs, medida indirectamente a través de la variabilidad de las propiedades en fresco de un mortero de referencia, su peso específico y su resistencia a compresión. Se ha prestado especial atención al análisis y cuantificación de las interacciones entre el tipo de superplastificante, su dosis, y la dosis de nS o GNPs, cuestiones que no se habían abordado anteriormente. Se han considerado cuatro superplastificantes comerciales que difieren significativamente en su formulación, dosificados al 25%, 50% y 75% de su dosis máxima recomendada. El contenido en nS o GNPs se ha variado entre el 0.5% y el 5% sobre peso total de conglomerante. El comportamiento en fresco se ha evaluado mediante el cono de Marsh y el ensayo de escurrimiento (mini-slump). En todos los casos se han determinado valores medios de resistencia a compresión en probeta cúbica a 14 y 28 días, y el grado de densificación de la matriz cementicia se ha monitorizado a través de mediciones del peso específico. Dicha información se ha completado con la observación de la microstructura mediante microscopía. Como resultado general, se han detectado y cuantificado fuertes interacciones entre el tipo de superplastificante y los contenidos en nanopartículas. Además, se presentan las ecuaciones predictivas obtenidas para los distintos parámetros analizados.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/HAC2018.2018.5965
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Toplaghaltsyan, Anna, Zhaneta Karapetyan, Susanna Keleshyan, G. Avetisova, L. Melkonyan, G. Tsarukyan, and V. Ghochikyan. "Enzymatic activity of nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria." In 5th International Scientific Conference on Microbial Biotechnology. Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Republic of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52757/imb22.37.
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Soil is a medium for more than 100 enzymes. During soil deterioration the change of enzymes occurs much sooner than of other parameters in the soil so they are considered the best indicators of soil health. These enzymes play a vital role in supporting soil ecology and health by direct agents of the biological catabolism of soil organic and mineral components. Еnzymatic activities in the soil are mainly of microbial origin. In a number of potential bacterial enzymes that play an important role in maintaining soil health, some of the important ones are protease, lipase, cellulase, amylase and urease [1]. The aim of this work was the study of enzymatic activity in nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as protease, lipase, cellulose, amylase and urease. The bacteria used in the experiments were Agrobacterium sp. strain M-1 (MN717167) and Agrobacterium sp. strain Y-2 (MN721294), previously isolated by us from saline soils of the villages Mrgashat and Yeghegnut of Armenia, respectively [2]. Proteolytic activity of nitrogen-fixing strains was determined using Skim Milk Agar, lipolytic activity - by Burk's Agar with 2% Tween 80, cellulolytic activity - by Cellulose Congo Red Agar. Bacterial suspension (107-108 CFU/ml) was added into punch holes in the agar and plates were incubated at 30 °C during 3-7 days. Enzymatic activity was detected by clear zones around holes. In case of amylolytic activity Starch Agar was used. A fresh colony of bacteria was streaked on the surface of the agar by double streak and was incubated for 3-5 days at 30 °C. Then the surface of the agar was flooded with Gram’s iodine solution. A clear zone surrounding the bacterial growth confirmed the hydrolysis of starch. Urease activity was investigated by using Urea broth. The cultures were inoculated separately into test tubes and incubated at 30 °C for 4 days. The appearance of a deep pink color indicated a positive result. The results of the experiments presented in Table 1 show the presence of a fairly wide range of enzymes in cultures Agrobacterium sp. strain M-1 and Agrobacterium sp. strain Y-2. Table 1. Enzymatic activity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria Nitrogen-fixing bacteria Enzymatic activity Protease Lipase Cellulase Amylase Urease Agrobacterium sp. strain M-1 - + + + + Agrobacterium sp. strain Y-2 + + + + + Therefore, it can be assumed that the use of Agrobacterium sp. strain M-1 and Agrobacterium sp. strain Y-2 with a variety of enzymatic activities can provide the soil with the enzymes necessary for the normal course of global carbon and nutrient cycles.
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Rapoud, D., E. Cramer, M. Al Asmar, F. Sagara, B. Ndiaye, Y. Dieye, AA Lover, and N. Malou. "Antibiogo as an innovative solution to detect antimicrobial resistance: from an operational need to a CE-marked diagnostic test available for low-income and middle-income countries." In MSF Scientific Days International 2024. NYC: MSF-USA, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.57740/rxwuurr8.
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INTRODUCTION Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to public health and could cause 10 million deaths per year by 2050. Access to high-quality diagnostic tests is a key intervention to tackle AMR, leading to better patient care, provision of data for global surveillance, and more rational use of antibiotics. Despite technological advances, antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) interpretation is complex and requires expert clinical microbiologists, which are lacking in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). To fill the gap, The Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) Foundation developed Antibiogo, a smartphone-based application to support laboratory technicians with AST interpretation. We aimed to assess the clinical performance of Antibiogo in intended use settings as per European regulations for in-vitro diagnostic medical devices. METHODS Antibiogo combines image processing, machine learning, and expert system technologies for the provision of final results (S/I/R: Susceptible, Intermediate, or Resistant). In 2022, we assessed the clinical performance of Antibiogo according to European regulations in three microbiology laboratories in Jordan (MSF Reconstructive Surgery Hospital, Amman), Mali (MSF Paediatric Hospital, Koutiala), and Senegal (Pasteur Institute, Dakar). In each site, clinical AST performed for routine purposes was processed in parallel with Antibiogo. AST pictures and inhibition zone diameter values measured with Antibiogo were interpreted by an expert microbiologist who was masked to Antibiogo interpretation. We calculated S/I/R category agreement between the microbiologist and Antibiogo, as well as minor (mD), major (MD) and very major discrepancies (VMD). RESULTS We included 378 fresh isolates in the study, representing 11 different pathogens. The overall category agreement was 88.8% (95% CI 87.9–89.7), ranging per pathogen from 67.1% (63.2–70.8) (for Pseudomonas aeruginosa) to 98.1% (94.4–99.6) (for Haemophilus influenzae), with 10.2% (9.4–11.1) mD, 1.6% MD (1.2–2.3), and 0.25% VMD (0.08–0.59). From these results, Antibiogo was validated for 11 WHO priority pathogens. From an operational need identified, to proof of concept and evaluation, it became the first MSF CE-marked in-vitro diagnostic (IVD) test in May 2022. As of January 2024, it has been implemented in five MSF laboratories (in Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Jordan, Mali, and Yemen), and in public laboratories in Mali upon request from the Ministry of Health. CONCLUSION It will take 400 years to address the shortfall of microbiologists in LMIC at the present rate of training. In the meantime, technology can help fill the gap. In parallel to deployment of Antibiogo in additional countries and regions, developments are ongoing, and an improved version of the app will be released in 2024.
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Delvasto Arjona, Silvio, and Yimmy Fernando Silva Urrego. "Concreto autocompactante con materiales cementicios suplementarios de Colombia." In HAC2018 - V Congreso Iberoamericano de Hormigón Autocompactable y Hormigones Especiales. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/hac2018.2018.6090.
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Una de las limitaciones para un uso más extenso del concreto autocompactante (CAC) es su costo elevado. Sin embargo, lo anterior puede ser obviado si se recurre a dosificarlo con adiciones o con fillers más económicos, que estén disponibles localmente. En este trabajo se presentan resultados de investigaciones realizadas por el Grupo de Investigación Materiales Compuestos de la Universidad del Valle (Colombia) sobre concretos autocompactantes (CACs) obtenidos a partir del empleo de algunas adiciones, tales como una ceniza volante (FA), una escoria de carbón (E), un lodo calcáreo de la industria papelera (LC), residuos de construcción y demolición como el residuo de mampostería (RM). También, algunos materiales de origen volcánico (MVP y MVT) y fillers como harina calcárea (LP). La evaluación en estado fresco de estos concretos, hecha de acuerdo a los estándares de European Federation of National Associations Representing for Concrete, EFNARC. mediante técnicas como el embudo en V, caja en L y flujo de asentamiento con cono de Abrams, mostró que cumplían las especificaciones de EFNARC para ser considerados CACs. El Índice de Actividad Puzolánica (ASTM C311) fue superior al 75%, que es un indicio positivo de la actividad del material. El mejor resultado en resistencia a la compresión fue de 43,4 MPa para un CAC conteniendo 35 % en peso de FA con respecto al cemento y un contenido total de 550 Kg de cementante. El cemento portland utilizado presentaba ya una adición (35% en peso), por lo tanto, la relación de material total suplementario (318 Kg por metro cúbico de CAC fue significativamente superior al equivalente de cemento sin adición (232 Kg por metro cúbico de CAC) para un total de material cementante de 550 Kg/metro cúbico de CAC. Las resistencias a la tracción indirecta fueron correlativas con las de compresión. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la elevada demanda de finos de los CACs puede abordarse mediante el empleo de subproductos industriales o residuos de construcción y demolición. Este empleo no solo disminuye los costos, también reduce la huella de carbono y ofrece una alternativa de valorización por uso de los materiales estudiados. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/HAC2018.2018.6090
Reports on the topic "Congo (French)"
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Rahmé, Marianne, and Alex Walsh. Corruption Challenges and Responses in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Institute of Development Studies, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.093.
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The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) consistently scores in the lowest rungs of global indexes on corruption, integrity and wider governance standards. Indeed, corruption of different sorts pervades public and corporate life, with strong ramifications for human development. Although the DRC is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of natural resources, its people are among the globe’s poorest.Corruption in the extractive industries (minerals and oil) is particularly problematic in terms of scale and its centrality to a political economy that maintains elites and preserves the highly inequitable outcomes for the majority. The politico-economic elites of the DRC, such as former President Joseph Kabila, are reportedly significant perpetrators but multinationals seeking valuable minerals or offering financial services are also allegedly deeply involved. Corruption is therefore a problem with national and international roots.Despite national and international initiatives, levels of corruption have proven very stubborn for at least the last 20 years, for various reasons. It is a structural and not just a legal issue. It is deeply entrenched in the country’s political economy and is driven both by domestic clientelism and the fact that multinationals buy into corrupt deals. This rapid review therefore seeks to find out the Corruption challenges and responses in the Democratic Republic of Congo.Grand level corruption shades down into the meso-level, where for instance, mineral laden trucks are systematically under-weighted with the collusion of state officials. With severe shortfalls in public funding, certain public services, such as education, are supported by informal payments. Other instances of petty corruption facilitate daily access to goods and services. At this level, there are arguments against counting such practices as forms of corruption and instead as necessary survival practices.To address the challenge of corruption, the DRC is equipped with a legal system that is of mixed strengths and an institutional arsenal that has made limited progress. International programming in integrity and anti-corruption represents a significant proportion of support to the DRC but much less than humanitarian and governance sectors. The leading international partners in this regard are the EU, US, UNDP, UK, African Development Bank, Germany and Sweden. These partners conduct integrity programming in general governance issues, as well as in the mineral and forest sectors.The sources used in this rapid review are gender blind and converge on a very negative picture The literature ranges from the academic and practitioner to the journalistic and investigative, and taken as a whole, is of good quality, drawing on different types of evidence including perceptions and qualitative in-country research. The sources are mostly in English with two in French.
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Price, Roz. Taxation and Public Financial Management of Mining Revenue in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.144.
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This rapid review provides a summary of the evidence on the taxation and public financial management of mining revenues in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This is a very complex topic, with a large and growing literature base, a huge interest by donors, non-governmental organisations and businesses, with some conflicting information at times. In particular, specific data on provincial budgets and spending was not identified during this review. No specific information on public financial management in either of these provinces was identified during the course of this review. Given the burgeoning size of the literature base and the complexity of the mining sector in the DRC, this rapid review only provides a snapshot of the literature. It draws on academic, grey and donor literature sources. Some papers for further reading are highlighted. The report first provides a brief background discussion of general taxation in the DRC, the decentralisation process, and provincial public revenue management. The next section provides general information on the mining sector in the DRC, including the regulatory system and official duties, royalties and tax provisions. Section 4 goes into more detail about taxation and rent-seeking in the mining sector, touching on both large-scale mining (LSM) and artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM). The next section looks at smuggling of minerals in the DRC, with a focus on gold. Finally, some specific lessons learned were drawn from two World Bank projects and highlighted in the final section. Lessons and experiences from other mining-related projects are also highlighted throughout the report. Literature in French was not included in this rapid review, which may mean that some key documents were omitted.
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Hunter, Janine. Street Life in the City on the Edge: Street youth recount their daily lives in Bukavu, DRC. StreetInvest, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001257.
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Bukavu, a city on the shores of Lake Kivu on the eastern edge of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), is home to over one million people, many displaced by poverty and the consequences of armed conflicts that continue to affect the east of the country. More than 10,000 street children and youth live here in street situations. 19 street youth helped to create this story map by recording all the visual data and sharing their stories about their daily lives. The story map includes 9 sections and 2 galleries showing street children and youth’s daily lives in Bukavu and the work of Growing up on the Streets civil society partner PEDER to help them. Chapters include details of how street children and youth collect plastics from the shores of Lake Kivu to sell, they cook, and share food together, or buy from restaurants or stalls. Young women earn their living in sex work and care for their children and young men relax, bond and hope to make extra money by gambling and betting. The original language recorded in the videos is Swahili, this has been translated into English and French for the two versions of the map.
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Suárez, Nicólas. Museos del cine latinoamericanos Políticas de preservación fílmica en contextos conviviales y desiguales. Maria Sibylla Merian Centre Conviviality-Inequality in Latin America, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46877/suarez.2022.46.
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Hacia mediados del siglo XX, en distintas partes del mundo se crearon diversos museos del cine y cinematecas, para preservar el patrimonio cultural de sus respectivas comunidades. En el caso de Latinoamérica, al establecerse en contextos socialmente desiguales y culturalmente diversos, estas instituciones se desarrollaron como configuraciones conviviales en las que las relaciones entre las personas y los archivos se vieron afectadas por profundas diferencias culturales y asimetrías de financiamiento. Este artículo provee un análisis comparativo de la historia de una serie de instituciones emblemáticas del Cono Sur que dan cuenta de esas relaciones. Para ello, se examina el modo en que estos archivos toman la forma de configuraciones conviviales que, por un lado, legitiman jerarquías existentes, y, por el otro, constituyen estrategias antihegemónicas de memorialización frente a políticas públicas deficientes y frente a tecnologías digitales que aceleran la obsolescencia del cine. Esta formulación estético-política de relaciones conviviales desiguales que abarcan la preservación, producción y circulación del patrimonio cinematográfico es lo que denomino “museos del cine latinoamericanos”.
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García Peluffo, Juan Ignacio. La inserción del MERCOSUR al mundo globalizado. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011972.
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Este documento fue presentado en la Conferencia "MERCOSUR: En busca de una nueva agenda", realizada en la Fundación Getulio Vargas en Rio de Janeiro, en junio de 2003. Considerando la dinámica de las políticas emergentes, que apuntan a un renovado interés en profundizar la iniciativa después del período de turbulencia 1999-2002, el propósito de este encuentro fue discutir las acciones en distintas áreas tendientes a profundizar el proceso de integración. Los documentos y la conferencia fueron patrocinados por el Departamento de Integración y Programas Regionales del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, a través de la Iniciativa Especial de Comercio e Integración. El Departamento desea expresar su agradecimiento por la colaboración de la Fundación y particularmente al Profesor Renato Flores. La tesis que defiende el trabajo del señor García Pelufo es que el MERCOSUR, recuperará vigencia con la calma, por la simple razón que las motivaciones y condiciones que explican su nacimiento continuarán presentes. Frente a similares condiciones regionales y mundiales, es de esperar que los reflejos políticos de los países del Cono Sur generen el mismo tipo de respuesta que provocaron en la década anterior frente a hechos similares. Sin embargo, la traumática experiencia de los años de recesión no pasará sin consecuencias. Es probable que ésta estimule una reformulación del modelo de integración contemplando en forma más integral la importancia de coordinar la inserción internacional del MERCOSUR sobre bases compatibles, tomando en cuenta, además, la realidad de la asimetría de tamaños entre los países del MERCOSUR y el hecho que el país de mayor tamaño carece de una moneda con las condiciones de constituirse en el referente para todos los países del bloque.