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Journal articles on the topic 'Congolese literature'
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1
Jeusette, Julien, and Silvia Riva. "Contemporary Congolese Literature as World Literature." Journal of World Literature 6, no. 2 (June 22, 2021): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056480-00602001.
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Riva, Silvia. "Congolese Literature as Part of Planetary Literature." Journal of World Literature 6, no. 2 (June 22, 2021): 216–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056480-00602006.
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Abstract Historically and economically, the Congo has been considered one of the most internationalized states of Africa. The idea that African cultural plurality was minimized during the colonial era has to be reconsidered because textual negotiations and exchanges (cosmopolitan and vernacular, written and oral) have been frequent during and after colonization, mostly in urban areas. Through multilingual examples, this paper aims to question the co-construction of linguistic and literary pluralism in Congo and to advocate for the necessity of a transdisciplinary and collaborative approach, to understand the common life of African vernacular and cosmopolitan languages. I show that world literature models based on Pierre Bourdieu’s notion of negotiation between center and periphery thus have to be replaced by a concept of multilingual global history. Finally, I propose the notion of “planetary literature” as a new way of understanding the interconnection between literatures taking care of the world.
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Kongolo, Antoine Tshitungu, and Catherine Labio. "Colonial Memories in Belgian and Congolese Literature." Yale French Studies, no. 102 (2002): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3090594.
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Smith, Pamela J. Olubunmi, Henri Lopes, and Andrea Leskes. "Tribaliks: Contemporary Congolese Stories." World Literature Today 62, no. 4 (1988): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40144743.
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Gehrmann, Susanne. "Remembering colonial violence: Inter/textual strategies of Congolese authors." Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 46, no. 1 (November 8, 2017): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2309-9070/tvl.v.46i1.3461.
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This article explores the Congolese remembering of the experienced colonial violence through the medium of literature. Although criticism of colonialism is not a favourite topic of Congolese writers, there exists an important corpus of texts, especially when the literary production of Congo Kinshasa and Congo Brazzaville with their politically distinct though sometimes similar experiences is taken into account. Three main strategies of writing about the topic can be distinguished: a documentary mode, an allegorical mode and a fragmented mode, which often appear in combination. Intertextuality with the colonial archive as well as oral African narrations is a recurrent feature of these texts. The short stories of Lomami Tchibamba, of the first generation of Congolese authors writing in French, are analysed as examples for a dominantly allegorical narration. Mythical creatures taken from the context of oral literature become symbols for the process of alterity and power relations during colonialism, while the construction of a heroic figure of African resistance provides a counter-narrative to colonial texts of conquest. Thomas Mpoyi-Buatu’s novel La reproduction (1986) provides an example of fragmented writing that reflects the traumatic experience of violence in both Congolese memory of colonialism and Congolese suffering of the present violent dictatorial regime. The body of the protagonist and narrator becomes the literal site of remembering.
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Kapanga, Kasongo M. "Legitimizing the invented Congolese space: The gaze from within in early Congolese fiction." Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 46, no. 1 (November 8, 2017): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2309-9070/tvl.v.46i1.3462.
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Postcolonial discourses describe colonization as a process of invention to impose the will of a conquering West on “backward” societies. The will to power conjugated with the need for raw materials served as the main catalysts. They put side by side a hegemonic intruder bent on duplicating itself, and a powerless and compliant native unable to react to the blitz of transformations. Hence, the master/slave or father/child relationships that describe the colonial framework. The task is to interrogate these generally accepted assumptions and binary oppositions. Although marginalized, the Congolese native was unwilling to become an object for the colonizer’s gaze. In fact, the inability to expel the “invader” did not prevent the creation of legitimacies out of what was precipitously brought in. This mechanism of transformation is perceptible in Paul Lomami Tchibamba’s novel Ngando (1948), the object of this study. Ngando’s imagined colonial city stands out as a site of contrasts and contradictions. However, the duplicated model shows the “transformability” of the new space into “normalcy” by a subversive native.
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Garnier, Xavier. "Writings of the Subsoil in the Contemporary Congolese Novel." Journal of World Literature 6, no. 2 (June 22, 2021): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056480-00602002.
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Abstract The expression “geological scandal,” used at the end of the nineteenth century by the Belgian geologist Jules Cornet to describe the mineral wealth of the eastern Congo, has become even more relevant today if we think of the misfortunes that affect the region. Global predation in this part of central Africa is naturally at the heart of the literary preoccupations of many Congolese writers, who invent narrative forms that are able to account for what is being played out beneath the earth’s surface, in the bowels of the earth. In this paper, I wish to highlight the literature of the mine that begins in the colonial era of the Congolese novel and develops considerably in contemporary times. Through the reading of a few major Congolese novels, this article analyzes how the Congo’s subsoil is the vector of globalization.
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Yewah, Emmanuel. "Congolese Playwrights as Cultural Revisionists." Theatre Research International 21, no. 3 (1996): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883300015339.
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The Central African sub-region has a well developed literary history. Although such countries as Cameroon and Zaire have been the region's literary vanguard, the Congo presents a rather fascinating case study given its size, population and its incredible contribution to national and African literature. Roger Chemain insightfully notes: ‘De toute l'Afrique dite “francophone”, le Congo compte le plus fort pourcentage d'écrivains par rapport à l'ensemble de la population au point qu'il peut prétendre à être l'un des “poles” culturels de cette partie de l'Afrique, au même titre que le Sénégal ou le Cameroun, pourtant beaucoup plus peuplés.’ Indeed, the Congo has produced some of the continent's most innovative and daring political writings. In the theatre, a number of playwrights have attempted to take issue with post-colonial dictatorships and cultural assumptions inherited from African traditions and colonialism.
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Akabassi, Ghislain Comlan, Elie Antoine Padonou, Achille Ephrem Assogbajo, and Noël Zirihi Guede. "Economic value, endogenous knowledge and distribution of Picralima nitida (Stapf) T. Durand and H. Durand in Africa." AAS Open Research 3 (July 6, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13087.1.
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Background: Picralima nitida (Apocynaceae) is an important African medicinal plant species. It is frequently used in traditional medicine and pharmaceutical industries for manufacture of drugs against infectious diseases, malaria, diabetes and cancer. Despite its important, the species can be rare, especially in the Dahomey Gap (in contrast to the Guineo-Congolese region). There is also a controversy on its distribution. To ensure the sustainable use of the species, this study evaluated the economic value, endogenous knowledge and effect of climate gradient on the distribution of the species in Africa. Methods: Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted in the Dahomey Gap with 120 informants randomly interviewed. A literature review of scientific papers and books was used to provide information on the uses, distribution and threats of the species in the Guineo-Congolese region. Results: The results revealed that P. nitida products were more expensive in the Dahomey Gap than the Guineo-Congolese region. All parts of the species were collected and used for 34 treatments. The species had low density and distribution in Dahomey Gap compared to the Guineo-Congolese region. Conclusions: P. nitida is used across its distribution areas with important economic values. Adapted management strategies are needed for the sustainable use and conservation of the species.
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Akabassi, Ghislain Comlan, Elie Antoine Padonou, Achille Ephrem Assogbajo, and Noël Zirihi Guede. "Economic value, endogenous knowledge and distribution of Picralima nitida (Stapf) T. Durand and H. Durand in Africa." AAS Open Research 3 (October 15, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13087.2.
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Background: Picralima nitida (Apocynaceae) is an important African medicinal plant species. It is frequently used in traditional medicine and pharmaceutical industries for manufacture of drugs against infectious diseases, malaria, diabetes and cancer. Despite its important, the species can be rare, especially in the Dahomey Gap (in contrast to the Guineo-Congolese region). There is also a controversy on its distribution. Without knowing the drivers of plant species rarity it is impossible to address the issue of the controversy of its distribution and unsustainable use as well as safeguarding endogenous knowledge of its uses. Methods: Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted in the Dahomey Gap with 120 informants randomly interviewed. A literature review of scientific papers and books was used to provide information on the uses, distribution and threats of the species in the Guineo-Congolese region. Results: The results revealed that P. nitida products were more expensive in the Dahomey Gap than the Guineo-Congolese region. All parts of the species were collected and used for 34 treatments. The species had low density and distribution in Dahomey Gap compared to the Guineo-Congolese region. Conclusions: P. nitida is used across its distribution areas with important economic values. Adapted management strategies are needed for the sustainable use and conservation of the species..
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Gehrmann, Susanne. "Congolese Child Soldier Narratives for Global and Local Audiences." Journal of World Literature 6, no. 2 (June 22, 2021): 148–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056480-00602003.
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Abstract The article examines narratives by and about former child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a hitherto neglected corpus despite the topicality of child soldiering in African literatures after 2000. Critical readings of three testimonial texts that have been published in France are juxtaposed with the analysis of one testimonial narrative and one youth novel that have been published in Kinshasa. The editorial framing and narrative strategies that speak to different audiences located in different literary fields are identified. The popularity of testimonial narratives in the West relies on the depiction of violence and the iconic function of the child soldier in medial and human rights discourses. By contrast, narratives about the reconciliation and the reintegration of child soldiers prevail in the DRC. Thus, the different functions of global and local narratives on the sensitive issue of children at war are exposed.
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White, Bob W. "Modernity's Trickster: ?Dipping? and ?Throwing? in Congolese Popular Dance Music." Research in African Literatures 30, no. 4 (December 1999): 156–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/ral.1999.30.4.156.
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Lyakhovskaya, Nina D. "On the path to self-discovery. New meanings in the novels of the Congolese writer Alain Mabanckou "Blue White Red" and "Memoirs of a Porcupine"." Vestnik of Kostroma State University, no. 3 (2019): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2019-25-3-127-132.
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The article analyses the literary work of the Congolese writer Alain Mabanckou as the first one in African Francophone literature to implant autofictional writing into traditional everyday writing context. In this article, the analysis of Alain Mabanckou’s novels is made for the first time in African literary studies, both Russian and foreign. The author emphasises the novelty of the writer's style, which is expressed in the strengthening of subjectivity, in the accentuated introduction of the autobiographical element into the fictional text. The article points out one of the strongest points of Alain Mabanckou creative writing – the subtle psychologism, which distinguishes him from other Congolese writers, his amazing ability for a metaphysical perception of life. In the opinion of the author of the article, Alain Mabanckou intellectually elevates above the typical for Francophone African writers description with its clichéd images, typical situations and features of local flavour.
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Thomas, Dominic. "Officials Writers: The Engineers of the Congolese Soul." South Central Review 17, no. 2 (2000): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3190013.
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Allen-Paisant, Jason. "Penser et jouer l'absurde dans le théâtre haïtien: Corps, mémoire, possession." International Journal of Francophone Studies 22, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ijfs_00004_1.
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Abstract This article offers a critical reading of Chemin de fer, a play written by Congolese author Julian Mabiala Bissila and directed by Haitian director Miracson Saint-Val as part of the Quatre Chemins Theatre Festival in Haiti in 2017. It discusses the uses and meanings of the absurd in both the text and the performance, showing its links to the theme of violence as this relates to the Congolese Civil War, the immediate context of the play. The article also shows how Haitian director and actor Miracson Saint-Val grounds his performance in Vodou, using the theory of "ethnodrama" developed by the ethno-psychiatrist Louis Mars. This approach enables us to see how the play lends itself to the juxtaposition of several historical realities, and the possible resonances between the Congolese Civil War and Haitian history and contemporary reality. All of this raises an important question which this paper tries to answer: can we speak of a 'theatre of the absurd' in the context of colonialism, one in which the absurd, the tragic and ritual performance are necessarily intertwined?
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Fraiture, Pierre-Philippe. "Modernity and the Belgian Congo." Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 46, no. 1 (November 8, 2017): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2309-9070/tvl.v.46i1.3463.
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This article will explore the intellectual context in which French-Belgian colonial writing developed from the turn of the twentieth century to the late 1930s. This period is marked by a gradual shift from evolutionism to cultural relativism. The analysis will first focus on the Tervuren colonial exhibition of 1897 and the progressive emergence of Belgian africanism in the early twentieth century. Secondly, it will account for the ways in which this overall context bore witness to new and somewhat less Eurocentric conditions of possibility. Subsequently, the article will attempt to draw parallels between these more inclusive and seemingly less orientalising anthropological paradigms and the advent, first in France and then in Belgium, of a rejuvenated brand of colonial literature (or indigenous realism) which, for all its openness and eagerness to embrace modernity, did not result in radical rejections of colonialism on the part of its promoters. Finally, two Belgian novels in French – M. L. Delhaise-Arnould’s Amedra (1926) and H. Drum’s Luéji (1932) – will be analysed to appraise whether or not their authors’ objective to reconstitute Congolese indigeneity is a strategy to oppose Belgian modernity against Congolese supposed pre-modernity.
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Renders, Luc. "In black and white: a bird’s eye overview of Flemish prose on the Congo." Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 46, no. 1 (November 9, 2017): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2309-9070/tvl.v.46i1.3470.
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This article provides an overview of the literary prose written in Dutch about the Congo, the former Belgian colony. The Congo was ruled over by king Leopold II as his private property from 1885 to 1908. From 1908 to 1960 it was governed by the Belgian state. The Congo gained its independence on 30 June 1960. During the colonial period and after the Congolese independence a substantial number of Flemish literary works have been written about the Congo. During the colonial period most of them were written in the colonialist vein. They reflect a Eurocentric perspective and a colonialist attitude. However, there are also a number of writers who are critical of the colonial project. Some of them criticize the way in which the colonization is carried out; others reject the colonial enterprise out of hand. After the Congolese independence Flemish authors engaged in some serious soul searching. The universality of western values is examined and the problems regarding acculturation are addressed. In the last two decades authors such as Guido Tireliren and Lieve Joris have tried to understand the Congo from within. Most Flemish literature on the Congo is not of a high literary quality but from a historical-cultural perspective it is a very important domain of study.
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Strother, Z. S. "Authentically African: Arts and the Transnational Politics of Congolese Culture." African Arts 51, no. 3 (September 2018): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/afar_r_00423.
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Kapanga, Kasongo Mulenda. "UDPS Opposition Populism in the DRC and Its Reflection in Two Congolese Novels." English Studies in Africa 63, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00138398.2020.1780763.
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Bitamba, Bauma Frigeant, and Sung-Hoon An. "Construction Project Change Management in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Status, Causes, and Impacts." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 23, 2020): 9766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229766.
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Changes in construction projects are very frequent and are expected to occur at any stage of the project. These changes modify the original scope of work and affect the project in various aspects. To minimize these effects, there is a need to implement a systematic change management system during the construction process. This study aimed to investigate the current situation of change management implementation, identify the main causes of change management, and assess their impacts in the Congolese construction industry. A comprehensive literature review was conducted for a thorough understanding of change management, and a structured survey was conducted. The collected survey data were analyzed using the relative importance index (RII), and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) methods. The results conclude that the change management implementation situation in the Congolese construction industry is significantly high, and the project cost and the project type play a major role in the implementation of change management in the construction projects. The study further revealed that the main causes of changes were the project, contractor, materials, equipment, and other causes. These changes impact the project significantly in terms of organization, owner and contractor, project, materials, and equipment.
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Yakusu, Emmanuel Kasongo, Franck S. Monthe, Nils Bourland, Olivier J. Hardy, Dominique Louppe, Félicien Bola Mbele Lokanda, Wannes Hubau, et al. "Entandrophragma: taxonomy and ecology of a genus of African tree species with economic importance. A review." BASE, no. 3 (2021): 140–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.19073.
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Introduction. Entandrophragma tree species have been the subject of special attention by foresters and scientists for several decades. The purpose of this bibliographic review is to examine the current knowledge acquired on the taxonomy and ecology of this genus in order to identify new research priorities. Literature. The genus Entandrophragma has exclusively African species (10 to 12) that are exploited for the quality of their wood. These species are widespread in the Guineo-Congolese region (6 species) and in the Zambezian and Afromontane regions (5 species). The genus is characterized by a taxonomic evolution that has resulted in an important synonymy of species names (36 to 37). Ecological studies have been carried out on some major commercial species (Entandrophragma angolense, Entandrophragma congoense, Entandrophragma candollei, Entandrophragma cylindricum, Entandrophragma palustre and Entandrophragma utile) in their phytogeographic zones, mainly in the Guineo-Congolese region. Conclusions. Taxonomy and ecology of Entandrophragma tree species typically occurring in woodlands and savannas have been insufficiently studied in comparison with Entandrophragma species occurring in rainforests. Research needs to be developed for the improvement of taxonomic, genetic and ecological knowledge, with a view to formulating appropriate recommendations for the conservation and sustainable management of these species.
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Reddick, Yvonne. "Tchibamba, Stanley and Conrad: postcolonial intertextuality in Central African fiction." Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 56, no. 2 (October 18, 2019): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2309-9070/tvl.v.56i2.5639.
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Paul Lomami Tchibamba (1914–85) is often described as the Congo’s first novelist. Previous research in French and English has depicted Tchibamba’s work as a straightforward example of ‘writing back’ to the colonial canon. However, this article advances scholarship on Tchibamba’s work by demonstrating that his later writing responds not only to Henry Morton Stanley’s account of the imperial subjugation of the Congo, but to Joseph Conrad’s questioning of colonialist narratives of ‘progress’. Drawing on recent theoretical work that examines intertextuality in postcolonial fiction, this article demonstrates that while Tchibamba is highly critical of Stanley, he enters into dialogue with Conrad’s exposure of colonial brutality. Bringing together comparative research insights from Congolese and European literatures, this article also employs literary translation. This is the first time that excerpts from two of Tchibamba’s most important responses to colonial authors have been translated into English. Also for the first time, Tchibamba’s novella Ngemena is shown to be a crucial postcolonial Congolese response to Heart of Darkness. Through close textual analysis of Tchibamba’s use of irony and imagery, this article’s key findings are that, while Tchibamba nuances Conrad’s disparaging portrait of a chief, he develops the ironic mode of Conrad’s An Outpost of Progress, and updates the journey upriver into the interior in Heart of Darkness. This article illustrates the complex and nuanced way in which Tchibamba interacts with his European intertexts, deploying close analyses of his responses to Conradian imagery.
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White, Bob W. "Modernity's Trickster: "Dipping" and "Throwing" in Congolese Popular Dance Music." Research in African Literatures 30, no. 4 (1999): 156–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ral.2005.0054.
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Sarah Arens. "Narrating the (Post)Nation? Aspects of the Local and the Global in Francophone Congolese Writing." Research in African Literatures 49, no. 1 (2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/reseafrilite.49.1.03.
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Turner, Tom. "Images of Power, Images of Humiliation: Congolese “Colonial” Sculpture for Sale in Rwanda." African Arts 38, no. 1 (April 1, 2005): 60–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/afar.2005.38.1.60.
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Urs, Andreea Bianca. "Petit Requiem pour la démocratie congolaise." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Studia Europaea 65, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 195–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeuropaea.2020.2.10.
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"The reader's interest in the substrates of Congolese democracy is deeply revived through the writing of Jean Bofane, the place where reality and fiction become one. The start of 2019 has been a historic moment for the DRC as it is the first time that a former president has peacefully handed over power. Outgoing President Joseph Kabila cedes power to Félix Tshisekedi while maintaining the mystery of his deep and future intentions. The new President, Felix Tshilombo Tshisekedi, operates literally like the character Tshilombo in the novel Mathematiques congolaises. Starting from this resemblance, we’ve created a political-literary analysis around the events that took place both in the book and reality. Keywords: literature, politics, democracy, conflict, Democratic Republic of Congo "
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Yoon, Duncan M. "Figuring Africa and China." Journal of World Literature 6, no. 2 (June 22, 2021): 167–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056480-00602004.
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Abstract This article asks how China has figured as a trope in Congolese literature from the Cold War and to the present. To do so, I analyze three texts: V.Y. Mudimbe’s Entre les eaux (Between Tides) (1973), In Koli Jean Bofane’s Congo Inc. (2014), and Fiston Mwanza Mujila’s Tram 83 (2014). I also examine how Mobutu interpolated Maoism into his dictatorship. I argue that whereas the Cold War produces figures such as the Maoist guerrilla, the radical intellectual, and the authoritarian leader, Chinese investment in the DRC facilitates the rise of new figures such as the mondialiste and the economic tourist. As a result, Third Worldism is ironically recast through the lens of a mutual “win-win” for development. This lens masks a new era of extractivism that produces its own social dislocations, which lends Pierre Mulélé’s Maoist-inspired rebellion a paradoxical relevance to DRC-PRC relations at the beginning of the twenty-first century.
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Labouisse, Jean-Pierre, Philippe Cubry, Frédéric Austerlitz, Ronan Rivallan, and Hong Anh Nguyen. "New insights on spatial genetic structure and diversity of Coffea canephora (Rubiaceae) in Upper Guinea based on old herbaria." Plant Ecology and Evolution 153, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 82–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2020.1584.
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Backgrounds and aims – Previous studies showed that robusta coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A.Froehner), one of the two cultivated coffee species worldwide, can be classified in two genetic groups: the Guinean group originating in Upper Guinea and the Congolese group in Lower Guinea and Congolia. Although C. canephora of the Guinean group is an important resource for genetic improvement of robusta coffee, its germplasm is under-represented in ex situ gene banks and its genetic diversity and population structure have not yet been investigated. Methods – To overcome the limitations of living collections, we explored old herbarium specimens collected in Guinea and Côte d’Ivoire and conserved at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. First, we reviewed the history of collection missions in both countries and how the C. canephora herbaria from the Muséum were assembled. Then, using 23 nuclear microsatellite markers, factorial and model-based Bayesian analyses, we investigated the genetic diversity of 126 specimens and 36 controls, analysed their distribution among the Congolese and Guinean groups, and estimated admixture proportions for each individual.Key results – For the first time, we detected population genetic structure within the Guinean group of C. canephora. The Guinean genotypes can be assigned to five sub-groups with distinct geographic distribution, especially in Guinea where two sub-groups (Maclaudii and Gamé) are characterized by a low level of admixture due to geographical isolation.Conclusions – We showed how combining a literature review and genetic data from old herbarium specimens can shed light on previous observations made by botanists and guide further actions to better preserve native coffee plants in forest remnants of West Africa.
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Moshonas, Stylianos. "The politics of civil service reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo." Journal of Modern African Studies 52, no. 2 (April 30, 2014): 251–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x14000019.
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ABSTRACTCivil service reform is an important element of governance reforms, but has received limited attention in the literature pertaining to the Democratic Republic of Congo. This article examines Congo's aborted CSR process from 2003 to 2008. Through a detailed exploration of some of the project's components (the design phase, the census, and the workings of the structures charged with implementation), analysed through a framework attentive to the tensions between democratisation and liberalisation, the political logics that have pervaded and affected implementation outcomes are reconstituted. These logics, it is argued, are deeply embedded in the context of democratic transition/post-2006 elections, which donors have played no small part in shaping. The ambiguity of donors towards CSR, bemoaning the absence of governmental commitment but all too prone to tolerate administrative neglect, suggests that it may have been irrelevant for the disbursement of aid, and ultimately accommodating for the Congolese authorities.
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Titeca, Kristof. "Access to Resources and Predictability in Armed Rebellion: The FAPC's Short-lived “Monaco” in Eastern Congo." Africa Spectrum 46, no. 2 (August 2011): 43–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971104600202.
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This article discusses the impact of economic resources on the behaviour of an armed group. The availability of resources, and the presence of “lootable” resources in particular, is presumed to have a negative impact on the way an armed group behaves toward the civilian population. The case of the Armed Forces of the Congolese People (Forces Armées du Peuple Congolais, FAPC) in eastern Congo strongly suggests that it is necessary to look beyond this monocausal argument so as to witness the range of other factors at work. In this vein, first, the article demonstrates how the political economy literature underestimates the ease of accessibility of lootable resources. The paper then shows how the behaviour of this armed group was tied to a particular economic interest: In order to access these lootable goods, the FAPC was dependent on pre-established trading networks, so it had to increase the predictability of economic interactions through the construction of a minimum of social and economic order. Second, the article reveals how the political economy literature can underestimate the specific conflict dynamics. Military security in particular has a strong impact in this context.
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Yoon, Duncan M. "Africa, China, and the Global South Novel: In Koli Jean Bofane’s Congo Inc." Comparative Literature 72, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 316–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00104124-8255350.
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Abstract The People’s Republic of China’s (PRC) presence in Africa has fundamentally changed globalization patterns. Most scholarship interrogates whether the Chinese presence is either a “new colonialism” or a “win-win” for development by focusing on economic or social scientific factors. In contrast, this article examines China as a trope in Congo Inc. (2014) by In Koli Jean Bofane. Congo Inc. is one of the first African novels to take the Africa-China relationship as central theme, depicting how Congolese actors negotiate the PRC’s presence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The article examines the unexpected partnership of a trickster, Isookanga, and a stranded Chinese national, Zhang Xia, analyzing their partnership according to the relationship between time and globalization. The argument uses the concept of the postcolony’s durées to demonstrate how the narrative creates a global South temporality, which differentiates Africa-China patterns of globalization from previous instantiations. These durées include Isookanga’s digital consciousness enabled by a PRC-built cell tower; allusions to Chinese history; and Isookanga and Zhang Xia’s collaboration on Eau Pire Suisse. In sum Congo Inc.’s innovative temporality, embodied by the term mondialiste, signals a shift in type of postcolonial narrative toward the global South novel.
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VERSIANI, FERNANDA, and ANTONIO CARVALHO NETO. "South-South migration: a study on refugees working in small and medium Brazilian enterprises." Cadernos EBAPE.BR 19, no. 2 (June 2021): 252–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1679-395120200056.
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Abstract This article aims to analyze the integration of refugees from the global South in the workplace of small and medium enterprises in the city of São Paulo, based on interpersonal relationships between Brazilian employers, refugee workers, and Brazilian workers. The literature focuses on South-South migration, refugees in Brazil, and their stereotypes in the workplace. The research was qualitative, using a case study. Semi-structured individual interviews and non-participant observation were conducted with 28 respondents: 7 refugee workers (2 Haitians, 2 Angolans, 1 Congolese, 1 Nigerian, and 1 Beninese); 7 Brazilian employers (4 owners and 3 managers in the services, commerce, and industry sectors); and 14 Brazilian co-workers. Results show managerial incentive to different forms of communication seeking to break the language barrier as well as explicit racism. The employers only began to worry about the integration of refugees when they had problems with Brazilians, such as disrespect for Halal food of Muslim refugees and the perception that refugees transmit diseases. Brazilian workers and employers stereotype refugees from African countries (including Haiti) as a homogeneous group of “black Africans,” reflecting a total lack of knowledge about their geographical and cultural diversity. This lack of knowledge strongly influences interpersonal relationships and makes it difficult for refugees to integrate into the workplace. This article contributes to the reflection on South-South migration, since the literature usually explores South-North and North-North migration.
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Malibabo Lavu, Pudens. "L’ « assainissement urbain », un lieu d’effacement des clivages à Kinshasa ?" Sur le journalisme, About journalism, Sobre jornalismo 8, no. 2 (December 20, 2019): 168–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.25200/slj.v8.n2.2019.409.
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FR. Du point de vue sémio - narratif, ce travail démontre de quelles manières les clivages politiques entre les quotidiens et entre les journalistes s’effacent en matière d’assainissement urbain à Kinshasa. Il s’agit ici d’une découverte inattendue au regard de la littérature existante sur le journalisme, particulièrement en RDC, et qui établit notamment comment les contenus des médias congolais sont clivés selon leurs différentes orientations politiques. La présente étude procède par une analyse croisée des articles journalistiques dédiés à la problématique de gestion urbaine des déchets et des déclarations des auteurs de ces articles sur les conditions de production de ces derniers. Elle tient compte des acquis des travaux sur les rapports entre les médias (presse, radio, télévision) et le pouvoir politique en RDC, vu que la presse quotidienne considère la gestion urbaine des déchets comme une question éminemment politique. Dans une approche discursive des corpus mobilisés, inspirée par la narratologie sémiotique, l’auteur découvre l’uniformité des contenus de ces corpus à trois niveaux : 1. - au niveau du constat de l’ampleur de l’insalubrité publique après la fin du financement du Projet d’appui à la réhabilitation et l’assainissement urbain de la ville de Kinshasa (PARAU) par l’Union Européenne (UE), 2. - au niveau de la double incapacité du gouvernement congolais à financer l’évacuation des déchets des décharges publiques construites par l’UE et à faire respecter la loi sur la salubrité publique, 3. - au niveau de l’ambivalence du statut de la population vue par les chevaliers de la plume comme responsable et victime de l’insalubrité publique. Dans ces trois niveaux, les indices textuels concordent et les structures narratives des corpus analysés se ressemblent. Ceci constitue un bémol intéressant que cette étude apporte quant à l’effet du positionnement politique d’un journal sur son contenu. Un apport remarquable qui mérite des approfondissements ultérieurs.
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EN. From a semio-narrative point of view, this study demonstrates the ways political divisions between newspapers and between journalists are disappearing with respect to urban sanitation in Kinshasa. This is unexpected in light of existing literature on journalism, particularly in the DRC, which establishes how Congolese media is divided along lines defined by political orientation. This study cross-analyzes journalistic articles dedicated to the urban waste management issue and the discourses of these articles’ authors on the production conditions of the latter. It takes into account an analysis of the work on the relationship between the media (press, radio, television) and political power in the DRC, since the daily press considers urban waste management a highly political issue. Following a discursive approach of the mobilized corpus, inspired by a semiotic narratology, the author discovered uniformity in the content of this corpus in three instances: 1) the observation of the extent of public insalubrity after the end the financing of the Kinshasa City Rehabilitation and Urban Sanitation Support Project (PARAU) by the European Union (EU), 2) the incapacity of the Congolese government to finance the evacuation of waste from public landfills built by the EU and to enforce public health law, and 3) the ambivalence of the status of the population as seen by news writers as both responsible and victim of public insalubrity. In all three instances, the textual indices agree and the narrative structures of the corpus analyzed are similar. In this respect, this study provides an interesting caveat regarding the effect of newspapers’ political positioning on content and deserves further study.
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PT. Do ponto de vista semio-narrativo, este trabalho demonstra de que maneira as divisões políticas entre jornais e entre jornalistas estão desaparecendo em termos de saneamento urbano em Kinshasa. Esta é uma descoberta inesperada à luz da literatura existente sobre jornalismo, particularmente na DRC, que estabelece como o conteúdo dos congoleses é dividido de acordo com suas diferentes orientações políticas. Este estudo prossegue com uma análise cruzada de artigos jornalísticos dedicados à questão do gerenciamento de resíduos urbanos e as declarações dos autores desses artigos sobre as condições de produção deste último. Ele leva em conta as realizações do trabalho sobre a relação entre a mídia (imprensa, rádio, televisão) e o poder político na DRC, uma vez que a imprensa diária considera a gestão de resíduos urbanos uma questão altamente política. Numa abordagem discursiva, inspirada na narratologia semiótica, corpora mobilizada, o autor descobre a uniformidade do conteúdo desses corpora em três níveis: 1. - no nível da observação da extensão da insalubridade pública após o fim do financiamento do Projeto de Apoio à Reabilitação e Saneamento Urbano da Cidade de Kinshasa (PARAU) pela União Europeia (UE), 2. - a dupla incapacidade do governo congolês para financiar a evacuação de resíduos de aterros públicos pela UE e fazer cumprir a lei de saúde pública, 3. - no nível da ambivalência do status da população visto pelos cavaleiros da pena como responsáveis e vítimas de insalubridade pública. Nestes três níveis, os índices textuais concordam e as estruturas narrativas dos corpora são semelhantes. Este é um reverso interessante que este artigo apresenta sobre o efeito do posicionamento político de um jornal em seu conteúdo. Uma contribuição notável que merece mais estudos.
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O'Dowd, Sean, Tudor Munteanu, Daniel Hardiman, Yvonne Langan, Francesca Brett, and Janice Redmond. "OCKHAM'S RAZOR OR HICKAM'S DICTUM? THE DIAGNOSTIC JOURNEY OF A PATIENT WITH PROXIMAL MYOPATHY." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 86, no. 11 (October 14, 2015): e4.53-e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2015-312379.146.
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A 39-year old Congolese native presented with a ten-year history of myalgia and progressive muscle weakness. He had a known tissue diagnosis of pulmonary, mediastinal and hepatic sarcoidosis, as well as latent tuberculosis. Family history was unavailable. Examination revealed deformity of the distal joints; shoulder girdle and proximal lower limb atrophy; proximal muscle weakness and a waddling gait. CK was 2560 IU/l (normal <290). Plain films of the hands revealed cystic bony change. EMG demonstrated features consistent with a necrotising myopathy. MRI of proximal muscle groups revealed abnormal high signal consistent with myositis. Biopsy of quadriceps was abnormal but failed to demonstrate features consistent with inflammation. A second biopsy targeted the deltoid- again no convincing evidence of inflammation was present; no granulomata were detected; the possibility of an underlying inherited myopathy was queried. The patient continued to experience progressive muscle symptoms. A third muscle biopsy of the contralateral deltoid was ultimately diagnostic, demonstrating a number of non-caseating granulomata.Symptomatic sarcoid myopathy is rare, although the literature suggests high rates of asymptomatic muscle involvement. Securing an accurate diagnosis in this case was essential in order to guide appropriate use of immunosuppression. The clinical features and management of sarcoid myopathy are reviewed.
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Tshiunza, Alexis, Manlio Michieletto, and Olatunde Adedayo. "Sustainability in the New Congo’s Tropical Architecture: A Case Study of The Sabena Towers by Claude Laurens." Sustainable Development Research 3, no. 3 (September 2, 2021): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/sdr.v3n3p1.
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Tropicalizing a building might seem like the best option for a young architect who lands in the tropics, but this is an approach contrary to sustainability. Claude Laurens, through one of his first projects in Congo, understood that it was better to deal with the place from the start. His project became one of the best examples of tropical modernism. The article attempts to contrast an import approach with a more sustainable one, to deal with the present and future context. The research method adopted for this study was a mixed method approach where data was sourced from literature as secondary source and compared with direct observation of the selected case study (The Sabena Towers). The results are presented as figures which were used to further illustrate findings. The result showed that the architect, with little information, did his utmost to offer Congo a new architecture that fitted with the objectives of sustainable development. The study concluded that the architect chose not to adopt the foreign architecture as a solution for the sustainability issues he encountered in the design, rather he evolved solutions that were Congolese based and therefore responded adequately to the challenges of sustainability in Congo and created an architecture for Congo.
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Yates, Barbara A. "Knowledge Brokers: Books and Publishers in Early Colonial Zaire." History in Africa 14 (1987): 311–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171843.
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This paper is concerned with the process, problems, and politics of knowledge transfer in King Leopold's Congo. Since European languages were infrequently taught in Congo schools, the availability of printed materials in local African languages served as the primary means of achieving literacy and subsequently knowledge beyond that learned through practical experience.With the exception of Swahili, used in the Eastern Congo as a lingua franca, none of the several dozen major languages or the several hundred minor languages and dialects spoken in the Congo Basin had been reduced to written form before modern missionaries established themselves there beginning in 1879. Between 1879 and 1908, when the Congo was the personal possession of Leopold II, nineteen Congolese languages were reduced to written form and more than 400 titles in these languages were published. To the sophisticated modern reader such a narrow choice of literature may seem unworthy of study. But this printed media stock--primers, readers, textbooks, religious tracts, Gospels, and magazines--was all that was available to some tens of thousands of seekers after literacy and the major printed communications between Westerners and Africans in the Congo Basin. This fact, alone, gives such materials significance.Most of this literature was prepared for use in elementary schools. In 1908, when King Leopold's Congo was annexed by the Belgian Parliament, some 46,000 pupils of all ages were enrolled in colonial schools. Another 50,000 had probably attended these schools between 1879 and 1908. Over ninety-nine percent of these pupils attended schools run by eighteen mission societies (nine Protestant and nine Catholic).
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Gates, Barbara T. "INTRODUCTION: WHY VICTORIAN NATURAL HISTORY?" Victorian Literature and Culture 35, no. 2 (June 29, 2007): 539–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150307051625.
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VICTORIANS WERE IN LOVE WITHnatural history. David Allen describes their passion as a series of crazes – over geology, over shells, and over ferns, as in pteridomania (mania over ferns) – to cite just a very few examples. Lynn Merrill, on the other hand, delineates a more comprehensive, cultural romance, one extending over many years. Whatever we choose to call this love, we are still in the process of discovering just how deep and lasting it was. Like many love affairs, it was marked at first by a blush enthusiasm and fascination with otherness. This was followed by curiosity and a rage to risk self in the quest to know more about the other – and sometimes, as a result, by ridiculous missteps. Think of George Eliot and George Henry Lewes sloshing around at the seashore, ill-equipped but determined to find out enough to write about what they were trying to capture and study. Or recall Mary Kingsley out in Africa in a canoe propelled by several Congolese, tumbling out of the boat but saving her trusted copy of Albert Günther's 1880Introduction to the Study of Fishes, tenacious in her desire to bring back labeled specimens to the British Museum of Natural history. Earlier, in a similarly resolute quest to record birdlife, John and Elizabeth Gould globe-trotted to the extent that they put Elizabeth's life and their growing family at risk. And people like explorer/naturalist Thomas Bowdich died of fever for their fervor over natural history, in Bowdich's case as he worked to detail facts about specimens in Porto Santo, off the coast of West Africa. Bowdich left a wife to fend for herself and their family via her own study of natural history, and one result was Sara Bowdich Lee's beautifully illustratedFresh-Water Fishes of Great Britain(1828). The romance with nature certainly cut across class and gender barriers. Stonecutter Hugh Miller could lose himself as easily in geological pursuits as could Charles Darwin or Sir Charles Lyell and Marianne North's passion for plants may well have matched or exceeded that of Kew's famous botanist, Sir Joseph Hooker.
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Akabassi, Ghislain Comlan, Elie Antoine Padonou, Achille Ephrem Assogbajo, and Noël Zirihi Guede. "Prices and sold amount dynamics, endogenous knowledge and distribution of Picralima nitida (Stapf) T. Durand and H. Durand across in the Dahomey Gap and Guinea-Congolese regions." AAS Open Research 3 (February 8, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13087.3.
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Picralima nitida (Apocynaceae) represents is an important African medicinal plant species. It is frequently used in traditional medicine and pharmaceutical industries for drugs manufacturing against infectious diseases, malaria and diabetes and commercially traded as well. Despite its importance, the species is becoming rare, especially in the Dahomey Gap because of it is commercial importance. There is an issue about the controversy of the plant species on its distribution across both regions. Without further forest resources inventory, it is difficult to address efficiently the issue of the controversy of its distribution, the unsustainable use and the endogenous knowledge about of plant species usages. Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted in the Dahomey Gap with 120 informants randomly selected and interviewed. A literature review of scientific papers and books was also used to provide information on the sale prices dynamic, amount sold per units, uses, distribution area using the GBIF Platform, and threats of the species in both climatic regions. P. nitida products were more expensive (per sale unit) in the DG than the GC region. All parts of the species were collected and used to treat 34 diseases. The plant species appear to be poorly distributed in the DG than the GC region. The overuse, endogenous knowledge loss in DG and deforestation in GC region appeared the main driver of scarcity of the species. P. nitida has various medicinal uses across both regions. The sale price and amount sold per unit tend all to vary across both regions as well. However, the plant species is becoming scarcer in the DG than CG region. The issue of resource scarcity may drive loss of endogenous knowledge about the plant species uses. A forest inventory and documentation of uses are highly needed to assess the exact density and distribution area of P.nitida across both regions
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Siegel, Brian. "Chipimpi, Vulgar Clans, and Lala-Lamba Ethnohistory." History in Africa 35 (January 2008): 439–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.0.0003.
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Common to the matrilineal peoples of eastern central Africa is their clan system, and the reciprocal joking or “funeral friendship,” relations that exist between clans with figuratively complementary names (Cunnison 1959:62-71; Richards 1937; Stefaniszyn 1950). This paper, however, focuses on the southeastern Shaba Pedicle, and the anomalous, one-sided joking between the Vulva and (allegedly pubic) Hair clans of the Lala and Lamba chiefs. I suggest that this joking, like the claim that these clans share a common mythical ancestor, is best explained in terms of nineteenth-century Lala and Lamba history, and of their competing claims to the Pedicle's easternmost end. This region of Bukanda lies between the Aushi to the north (in Bwaushi), the Lala and Swaka to the east and south (in Ilala and Maswaka), and the Lamba (of Ilamba) to the west. The main distinction among these closely-related and adjacent peoples, with their similar customs and languages, is in the histories and traditions of their chiefs.The bizarre relationship between the chiefly Vulva and Hair clans is not widely known. I only heard of it during my fieldwork in Ilamba. The Lala, like the Lamba, straddle both the Congolese and Zambian sides of the Shaba Pedicle, and the literature on this region, in both French and English, is fragmentary and marked by an ahistorical and uncritical acceptance of oral traditions. The Lala are probably best known in relation to Mwana Lesa's Watchtower movement of the 1920s (Verbeek 1977,1983). Norman Long's Social Change and the Individual (Manchester, 1968) is the only modern ethnography on the Lala, yet this study of the enterprising Jehovah's Witnesses has little to say about dieir history or clans. Fortunately, Léon Verbeek's Filiation et usurpation (1987) has sorted through the oral and colonial histories, and has paved the way for comparative ethnohistories of the peoples on both sides of the Shaba Pedicle.
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BASSINTSA BOUESSO, Aetius. "fiction romanesque comme réceptacle d'anthroponymes chargés de sens chez Alain Mabanckou." Anales de Filología Francesa 28, no. 1 (October 21, 2020): 291–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesff.425591.
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Una novela constituye un universo en toda regla, producto de la imaginaciόn de un escritor. En el corazόn de este universo se mueven personajes representando a seres humanos segùn las modalidades de la ficciόn. Los atributos que permiten reconstruir sus retratos se prestan a diversas interpretaciones. Estas no solamente implican consideraciones estéticas (porque el escritor es “antes de nadaˮ un artista), sino también sociolόgicas y antropolόgicas, debido a que la literatura no puede ser disociada de las realidades proprias de la vida social y comunitaria. De hecho, el nombre siendo la referencia identitaria que especifica al individuo a priori, que y le distingue de sus semejantes, es interesante ver hasta qué punto es rico en implicaciones y “nos hablaˮ en las novelas de Alain Mabanckou. En efecto; los nombres de sus personajes definen totalmente a los seres que los llevan. Sugieren aspectos de su personalidad o incluso influyen en sus destinos. Y con razόn, comprender el sentido de sus significados aporta una luz nada despreciable a los relatos del escritor congolés. A novel constitutes a fully-fledged universe a product of a writer’s imagination. The characters representing some beings move to the core of this universe according to the modes of the fiction. The attributes that permit to reconstitute their portraits are suitable to various interpretations. These not only imply aesthetic considerations ( because the writer is first of all an artist ) , but also sociological and anthropological, insofar the literature would not be dissociated of the realities of the social and communal life. In fact, the name being the identical reference that first specifies the individual and distinguishes him/her of his/her fellow creatures, it is permissible to see to what point it is rich of implications and “talking” in the novels of Alain Mabanckou. Indeed ; the names of his characters define the people who carry them in the absolute. They suggest aspects oh their personality or influence their destiny. And for reason, to seize the senses of which they are invested brings non negligible lightings on the narrations that the congolese writer provides us with.
Un roman constitue un univers à part entière, produit de l’imagination d’un écrivain. Au cœur de cet univers se meuvent des personnages représentant des êtres humains selon les modalités de la fiction. Les attributs qui permettent de reconstituer leurs portraits se prêtent à divers interprétations. Celles-ci impliquent non seulement des considérations esthétiques (parce que l’écrivain est avant tout un artiste), mais aussi sociologiques et anthropologiques, dans la mesure où la littérature ne saurait être dissociée des réalités propres à la vie sociale et communautaire. De fait, le nom étant la référence identitaire qui spécifie l’individu de prime abord et le distingue de ses semblables, il est intéressant de voir à quel point il est riche d’implications et « parlant » dans les roman d’Alain Mabanckou. En effet ; les noms de ses personnages définissent les êtres qui les portent dans l’absolu. Ils suggèrent des aspects de leur personnalité ou encore influencent leurs destinées. Et pour cause, saisir les sens dont ils sont investis apporte des éclairages non négligeables sur les récits que nous livre l’écrivain Congolais.
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NKASHAMA, PIUS NGANDU. "La littérature congolaise contemporaine (1980-1993) Romans, récits et contes." Matatu 13-14, no. 1 (April 26, 1995): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-90000114.
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Desorbay, Bernadette. "Le Congo des romanciers francophones de Belgique : pour une histoire poïétique de la modernité congolaise." Études littéraires 49, no. 2-3 (2020): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1071494ar.
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NKASHAMA, PIUS NGANDU. "La littérature congolaise contemporaine (1980-1993): bibliographie sommaire des oeuvres narratives." Matatu 13-14, no. 1 (April 26, 1995): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-90000115.
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Munyikwa, Michelle. "(De)Racializing Refugee Medicine." Science, Technology, & Human Values 45, no. 5 (February 7, 2020): 829–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243920905014.
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Based on ethnographic research within refugee-serving institutions in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (USA), this paper examines the relationship between physicians and the knowledge they produce and consume about caring for refugees from around the world. I explore the “seething presence” of race in refugee medicine, a domain of medical practice whose entanglement with racial ideology and practice has been underexamined. I consider how knowledge about refugees from different groups—whether racially laden designations like “Asian” or “African” or national markers like Congolese or Burmese—circulates in clinical spaces as health-care teams diagnose and treat refugees using standards of “evidence-based” medicine. Assessing the primary literatures that refugee health-care providers use to justify varying care plans, I argue that race, while often unmentioned, structures the practice of refugee medicine. Additionally, the implicit use of race as an analytic, not racism or economic injustice, often disguises the impact of structural racism and inequality in refugee health disparities. I end with some reflections on how we might conduct a more just practice of refugee health care—and by extension, health care more generally—by shifting our gaze from the particularities of seemingly obvious cultural difference to social structure.
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Rogers, D. J. "A general model for the African trypanosomiases." Parasitology 97, no. 1 (August 1988): 193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000066853.
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SUMMARYA general mathematical model of a vector-borne disease involving two vertebrate host species and one insect vector species is described. The model is easily extended to other situations involving more than two hosts and one vector species. The model, which was developed from the single-host model for malaria described by Aron & May (1982), is applied to the African trypanosomiases and allows for incubation and immune periods in the two host species and for variable efficiency of transmission of different trypanosome species from the vertebrates to the vectors and vice versa. Equations are derived for equilibrium disease prevalence in each of the species involved. Model predictions are examined by 3-dimensional phase-plane analysis, which is presented as a simple extension of the 2-dimensional phase-plane analysis of the malaria model. Parameter values appropriate for the African trypanosomiases are derived from the literature, and a typical West African village situation is considered, with 300 humans, 50 domestic animals and an average population of 5000 tsetse flies. The model predicts equilibrium prevalences of Trypanosoma vivax, T. congolense and T. brucei of 47·0, 45·8 and 28·7% respectively in the animal hosts, 24·2, 3·4 and 0·15% in the tsetse vectors, and a 7·0% infection of humans with human-infective T. brucei. The contribution to the basic rate of reproduction of the human-infective T. brucei is only 0·11 from the human hosts and 2·54 from the animal hosts, indicating that in the situation modelled human sleeping sickness cannot be maintained in the human hosts alone. The animal reservoir is therefore crucial in determining not only the continued occurrence of the disease in humans, but its prevalence in these hosts as well. The effect of changing average fly density on equilibrium disease prevalences is examined, together with the effect of seasonal changes in fly numbers on disease incidence. In a seasonal situation changes in fly mortality rates affect both future population size and infection rate. Peak disease incidence lags behind peak fly numbers, and that in the less favoured host lags behind that in the more favoured host. Near the threshold fly density for disease transmission disease incidence is more changeable than at higher fly densities and may even exceed equilibrium prevalence at the same average fly density (because most hosts are susceptible at the time that fly numbers begin their annual increase). The implications of the model for disease control are discussed. Identifying the precise role of the animal reservoir may suggest that treating such animals will achieve a greater reduction of human sleeping sickness than direct treatment of the humans alone. Statistically significant results of control campaigns may also be more easily shown by monitoring the non-human reservoirs. The model provides a means by which a correct perspective view can be obtained of the complex epidemiology and epizootiology of the African trypanosomiases.
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Yoka, Lye M. "LA LITTÉRATURE MUSICALE CONGOLAISE: LA FÊTE DES MOTS." Afrika Focus 31, no. 2 (January 28, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/af.v31i2.9934.
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Much has been written on modern Congolese music, particularly in terms of its history and sociology. However, there are no studies dedicated to the literary qualities of the song texts in stylistic, paremiological and thematic terms. In addition, when considering this body of music, the tenacious survival of oral traditions should be taken into account. Such traditions take in the vivid culture of the “eristic”, the art of dispute and energetic discussion, accompanied by satirical turns and more or less subversive circumlocutions.
Finally, assert that what “purist” critics consider as “para-literature” (a rather deprecating term) is literature both in terms of its thematic and formal concerns.
KEYWORDS: MUSICAL LITERATURE, ODYSSEY AND EPIC OF THE CONGOLESE RUMBA, TRANSPHRASTIC AND SYNTAGMATIC CHARACTERS, DISGUISE OF THEMATIC PROFFERED, PAREMIOLOGICAL REINVENTIONS
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Van Cakenberghe, Victor, Guy-Crispin Gembu Tungaluna, Prescott Musaba Akawa, Ernest Seamark, and Erik Verheyen. "The bats of the Congo and of Rwanda and Burundi revisited (Mammalia: Chiroptera)." European Journal of Taxonomy, no. 382 (December 18, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.382.
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In 1966, Robert William Hayman, Xavier Misonne and Walter Verheyen published their listing of the Congolese, Rwandan and Burundian bat specimens in the collections in the museums of Tervuren, Brussels, Geneva, London and New York. In the fifty years that have passed since, some major changes have been introduced in the taxonomy of the Chiroptera: new species have been discovered, species have been split off, species have been moved to other genera, and additional material has been collected. We re-evaluated the data presented by Hayman et al., and supplemented this with specimen records found in the literature and in online catalogs. This resulted in 136 species, represented by 20 231 specimens (compared to 113 species and 8567 specimens originally). When available, we also recorded additional information such as locality, sex and age, collector, collection date and preservation type of the voucher specimen. The distribution maps of the Congolese taxa are revised to represent the current taxonomy, and are presented in perspective against the taxon’s Species Distribution Model to assess species distribution on the African continent. Additionally, an updated key to the various taxa is presented.
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Rubbers, Benjamin. "Company brokers: Human resources managers in foreign mining projects in the Congolese Copperbelt." Ethnography, September 2, 2020, 146613812094891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1466138120948911.
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Based on ethnographic research between 2016 and 2018, this article examines the role of Congolese HR managers working for the transnational companies that have developed new mining projects in DR Congo’s copperbelt over the past two decades. Drawing inspiration from the anthropological literature on brokerage, the analysis proposes to study this category of middle managers as company brokers, who derive power from their ability to control access to jobs in foreign companies and who take on an active role in the organizational changes that new investors put in place. In developing this line of analysis, the article’s aim is to understand how mining capitalism is mediated from within foreign companies. In this view, mining projects are not only negotiated by brokers in the local political arena, they are themselves co-produced by the local workers they employ.
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Kitoko, Roger Amisi. "Bilateral Scapular Osteochondromas in a Congolese Adolescent with Hereditary Multiple Exostosis: Case Report and Review of the Literature." Orthopedic Research Online Journal 6, no. 5 (February 28, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.31031/oproj.2020.06.000650.
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Pachi, Dimitra, and Martyn Barrett. "Perceived effectiveness of conventional, non-conventional and civic forms of participation among minority and majority youth." Human Affairs 22, no. 3 (January 1, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s13374-012-0029-9.
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AbstractThe existing literature on political and civic participation has tended to neglect individuals’ judgements about the effectiveness of specific forms of participation, focusing instead on the role of internal, external and collective efficacy in driving levels of participation. The present study examined young people’s judgements of the effectiveness of specific forms of conventional, non-conventional and civic participation and the reasons which are given for these judgements. Fourteen focus groups were conducted with English, Bangladeshi and Congolese young people aged between 16 and 26 years old living in Greater London. The findings revealed differences in judgements of the effectiveness of action across ethnic groups, and differences in the specific reasons that are given for judgements of effectiveness as a function of ethnicity, gender and age. It is argued that greater attention needs to be paid to subgroups formed by the intersection of ethnicity, gender and age in order to understand young people’s participatory attitudes and behaviours.