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1
Gerome, Rebecca. "Introductory Remarks by Rebecca Gerome." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 113 (2019): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amp.2019.161.
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If you follow the news, you might think that international disarmament law and policy have not been successful at preventing atrocities. Tuesday marked the fifth year of the war in Yemen. That same day, a Save the Children hospital was hit by a deadly air strike. Yesterday, the commander of U.S. forces in South Korea informed Congress that North Korea's actions are inconsistent with nuclear disarmament.
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Evangelista, Matthew. "Cooperation Theory and Disarmament Negotiations in the 1950s." World Politics 42, no. 4 (July 1990): 502–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2010512.
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Soviet-American disarmament negotiations of the mid-1950s provide a critical case for evaluating theories of cooperation such as Tit-for-Tat and GRIT. Although both sides were close to agreement on the main terms of a treaty by May 1955, the negotiations were ultimately unsuccessful. On the basis of declassified U.S. documents, it now appears that the U.S. did not favor an agreement at the time: thus the game was not Prisoners' Dilemma, but Deadlock. The case reinforces the criticism of Tit-for-Tat that its unitary actor assumption ignores domestic second-image pressures for arming, and it also calls into question “first-image” explanations, such as GRIT, that focus on individual cognitive barriers to cooperation. The importance of understanding the links between internal political coalitions and external bargaining strategies is emphasized.
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Rydell, Randy. "Security through Disarmament: The Story of the Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission." Hague Journal of Diplomacy 2, no. 1 (2007): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187119007x180485.
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AbstractThe world has been trying to eliminate weapons of mass destruction (WMD) — nuclear, biological and chemical arms — for over half a century. Yet many such weapons remain, and progress in nuclear disarmament has been especially disappointing. The chronic failure to achieve agreed WMD disarmament mandates has prompted the creation of several independent international commissions to find some solutions. The WMD Commission created by Sweden in late 2003 was the latest such venture, and its 2006 report has received international acclaim. Chaired by Hans Blix, the Commission covered disarmament, non-proliferation and counter-terrorism issues, and did so from a variety of policy dimensions, from unilateral action through fully multilateral cooperation. Written by a member of the Commission's secretariat staff, this article tells the story of the Commission: how it conducted its work, what it proposed and what impacts it has had — and may yet have — in revitalizing WMD disarmament efforts.
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EZZ, ESMAT A. "Medical Knowledge—An Important Factor in Disarmament Negotiations and Increased International Cooperation." Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 28, Supplement (January 1988): S1—S4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005373-198801001-00002.
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Fry, James, and Saroj Nair. "Moral Disarmament: Reviving a Legacy of the Great War." Michigan Journal of International Law, no. 40.1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.36642/mjil.40.1.moral.
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In short, this Article examines the concept of moral disarmament using a broad-spectrum definition of humanity rather than the traditional IHL perspective. Rather than referring to human rights that are impacted by armaments, this Article looks at methods through which human initiative can create a society that truly hungers for disarmament. In other words, this Article points out that the extent of change that society can bring about through education, intellectual cooperation, peace initiatives, international affairs awareness, and intercultural communication can be reflected in the economic growth, social growth, and development of states. The aim is to help the reader envisage a world where moral disarmament is part of the fabric of society, thus helping to create an environment where people begin to see disarmament as a way of life or a natural result of the peace and prosperity that they otherwise enjoy.
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Lantis, Jeffrey S., and Carmen Wunderlich. "Resiliency dynamics of norm clusters: Norm contestation and international cooperation." Review of International Studies 44, no. 3 (March 19, 2018): 570–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210517000626.
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AbstractThis study examines the effects of contestation on individual norms that are embedded in larger norm clusters. We define norm clusters as collections of aligned, but distinct norms or principles at the center of a regime. Norm clusters include multiple norms that can be insulated from contestatory challenges by degrees of cohesion, institutionalisation, and legalisation. While some constructivists argue that the most important dynamic to study is ‘robustness’ of individual norms, we contend that ‘resiliency’ of norm clusters offers a richer assessment of prospects for international cooperation and long-term impact on state behaviours. Thus, this study distinguishes conceptually between different structural layers that can generate various effects in conjunction with norm contestation. We add a third, or intervening layer of explanation with norm clusters, between the intersection of norms (lowest layer) and normative structures (broadest layer). To explore this argument, comparative case studies examine the resiliency of two prohibitionary norms – the nuclear disarmament norm within the non-proliferation regime and the norm banning assassination of foreign adversaries, which is not embedded in a regime structure. While the robustness of individual norms may be challenged, our results suggest a role for resilient structures in promoting overall longevity of norm clusters.
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Blix, Hans. "un Security Council vs. Weapons of Mass Destruction." Nordic Journal of International Law 85, no. 2 (May 17, 2016): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-08502003.
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International institutions given the task to maintain collective security and to seek disarmament need to build on cooperation between major powers. The authors of the un Charter vested great powers in the Security Council but a consensus between the five permanent great powers was required for use of the powers. This inevitably paralyzed the Council during the Cold War. After the end of the Cold War, the permanent members have remained unable jointly to pursue disarmament, but they have succeeded in several remarkable cases to reach consensus, notably on measures to prevent the further spread of weapons of mass destruction. The quick action to eliminate chemical weapons in Syria was a win-win case led by us-Russian diplomacy, while the comprehensive deal settling the controversy over Iran’s nuclear program was a victory for patient diplomacy involving all permanent members and the eu. These actions show the potentials of the Council.
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Pekez-Pavliško, Tanja, Nina Vrdoljak, and Anja Aleksić. "Organization of International Medical Congresses as Possibility for Extending Croatian Tourist Offer." Acta Economica Et Turistica 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aet-2016-0018.
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AbstractOrganization of international medical congresses is a perfect example of multidisciplinary cooperation with professional medical associations and Medical schools on one side and professional congress organizers on the other. Medical congresses are perhaps most frequent congresses in the world. Organization of medical congresses can be achieved in a number of ways: Organizers can be local professional associations or Medical schools, international professional associations and international professional congress organizers. To be nominated for organization of a congress, successful cooperation of medical professionals is needed, especially doctors and professional congress organizers. Success largely depends on knowledge of the availability of conference halls, available accommodations in the vicinity of the congress halls, ease of access to the congress destination, expectancies of possible candidates who will attend in connection to the congress destination, lobbying for nomination for organization of a congress. This article will analyze availability of conference halls in Croatia, accommodation capacities, transport possibilities. For the needs of this article, pilot questionnaire was constructed about demands of possible participants and their preferable destinations to be visited. Statistical analysis of Medical congresses in Europe is also shown according to geographical spreading. Concluding the article, we show that better education of medical staff about the possibilities of professional congress organizing are very important, as well as sharing of the experiences from big congresses among the medical professional in the field of medical congress organization. With multidisciplinary approach of all participants in organization of the congress (Ministry of Tourism, Croatian Tourist Association, Croatian Associations of professionals in congress tourism, hotels, medical professionals) Croatia could be much better recognized as destination for organizing medical congresses.
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Groshev, I. V., and A. A. Krasnoslobodtsev. "Potential of congress industry in Russia." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 4 (April 28, 2018): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2018-4-149-159.
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The article considers the present state and trends of development of congress industry on the world market of business tourism. Big potential and dynamics of development of Russian congress industry are noted. Peculiarities of attracting congress, exhibition and other events in order to improve the image and present Russian cities and regions on international and domestic markets of business tourism are studied. To promote Russia as a world congressional destination the international cooperation of Russian and international convention bureaus is needed.
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Makdisi, Karim, and Coralie Pison Hindawi. "Exploring the UN and OPCW Partnership in Syrian Chemical Weapons Disarmament." Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 25, no. 4 (December 10, 2019): 535–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02504003.
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Abstract After reviewing recent literature on international organizations’ autonomy and cooperation, this article explores the unprecedented partnership between the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons—implementing body for the Chemical Weapons Convention—and the UN Secretariat during the 2013–2014 chemical weapons disarmament in Syria. The article explores how this collaboration, embodied on the ground through the creation of a Joint Mission, evolved from hesitant, bureaucratic rivalry to an increasingly intense relationship in the aftermath of a large-scale attack near Damascus in August 2013. The research is based on wide-ranging interviews with senior OPCW and UN staff, and relevant state officials. The article shows how international shocks, high-level support from key Member States, and leadership at the Secretariat level produced requisite intra- and interorganizational consensus to mitigate turf wars. Relative autonomy of mission staff and bureaucratic flexibility further allowed skilled boundary spanners to build trust and increase the mission’s leeway, allowing it to navigate complex political challenges.
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Várdai, Mihail. "Possible methods and approaches for verification of undeclared and decommissioned sites for verifying nuclear disarmament, the reasons to employ them, and the dissemination of findings." Przegląd Nauk o Obronności, no. 11 (March 25, 2022): 89–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.37055/pno/147576.
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ObjectivesThe future verification of the nuclear disarmament poses different challenges. The International Partnership for Nuclear Disarmament Verification is working on these challenges. The verification methods and approaches are very different so they can greatly influence the outcome of the inspection activities.MethodsThese methods and approaches can be identified in other, already functioning arms control arrangements and confidence and security building measures. The methods and approaches have their advantages and disadvantages, so the planning of different verification activities have to take into account these aspects.ResultsThe future nuclear disarmament verification can be achieved by combining the methods of verification. The availability of technology also can contribute for verification of nuclear disarmament without entering sensitive areas, thus the states can comply with the provisions of the Non-proliferation Treaty. The use of different sensors for verification can complement the on-site inspection activities by providing for the inspectors data on the outline of specific site. After the certification of the sensors, states can use those under specific information barriers. The recording of findings of a verification activity also important for planning future inspection missions, and in case of non-compliance they can be used as factual evidence in different negotiations.ConclusionsFor this purpose the network maintained by the Organization of Security and Cooperation in Europe can be viewed as a model that ensures the confidentiality of the notifications.
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KHELASSI, Abdeldjalil, and Wolfgang Seger. "Highlighting the achievements of the fourth International Congress on Health Sciences and Medical Technologies." Medical Technologies Journal 4, no. 2 (November 2, 2020): 545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26415/2572-004x-vol4iss2p545-549.
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This is an editorial reporting the fourth International Congress on Health Sciences and Medical Technologies ICHSMT. After the success of three versions of the international congress ICHSMT, The fourth congress was established from 5 to 7 December 2019 at Tlemcen, Algeria. With the cooperation of University of Tlemcen, Knowledge Kingdom Publishing and other partners, the congress attracted an important number of researchers from several domains and affiliations. Aiming to contributing the scientific progress and the promotion of the community of health sciences and medical technologies. The congress was established virtually and in-person which challenged the political and technical problems.
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Salaks, Juris, and Marika Garnizone. "The International Society for the History of Medicine Begins the Celebration of Its 100th Anniversary in Latvia." Acta medico-historica Rigensia 13 (2020): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/amhr.2020.xiii.06.
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In August 2020, Riga became the world’s capital of the history of medi- cine, hosting the 47th Congress of the International Society for the History of Medicine (ISHM). The Congress was organised by the Latvian Society for the History of Medicine in cooperation with Rīga Stradiņš University and Pauls Stradiņš Museum of the History of Medicine.
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Hoffman, Michael E. S. "Principles for Post-War International Economic Cooperation." Journal of World Trade 52, Issue 1 (February 1, 2018): 15–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2018002.
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At the close of the Second World War, American officials, in concert with their allies in the United Kingdom and elsewhere, set out to remake the machinery of international commerce. They did so not as naive globalists, but as desperate realists – realists who had survived the Great Depression and the second great war of the century. In designing the framework that would govern post-war international economic policy, American leaders and technocrats adhered to a set of essential principles. These principles had emerged from their hard-earned experience during the breakdown of global cooperation in the interwar years and the staggering bloodshed of the war itself. A careful review of the substance of negotiations over the formation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and political communications by US officials in support of those institutions – including essays, speeches, and testimony before Congress – suggests a set of vital and, perhaps, enduring principles that won the day: multilateral coordination, liberalization, mutual benefit-mutual responsibility, and economy = security. To American leaders these principles were abundantly evident. Their task was to persuade their domestic and international peers of the necessity of these principles and to put them into action. Ultimately they created a set of interlocking multilateral institutions to facilitate global commerce and global peace.
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Schmidt, Klaus M., and Axel Ockenfels. "Focusing climate negotiations on a uniform common commitment can promote cooperation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 11 (March 8, 2021): e2013070118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2013070118.
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International cooperation on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, disarmament, or free trade needs to be negotiated. The success of such negotiations depends on how they are designed. In the context of international climate change policy, it has been proposed [e.g., M. L. Weitzman J. Assoc. Environ. Resour. Econ. 1, 29–49 (2014)] that shifting the negotiation focus to a uniform common commitment (such as a uniform minimum carbon price) would lead to more ambitious cooperation. Yet, a proof-of-concept for this important claim is lacking. Based on game theoretical analyses, we present experimental evidence that strongly supports this conjecture. In our study, human subjects negotiate contributions to a public good. Subjects differ in their benefits and costs of cooperation. Participation in the negotiations and all commitments are voluntary. We consider treatments in which agreements are enforceable, and treatments in which they have to be self-enforcing. In both situations, negotiating a uniform common commitment is more successful in promoting cooperation than negotiating individual commitments (as in the Paris Agreement) and complex common commitments that tailor the commitment to the specific situation of each party (as attempted with the Kyoto Protocol). Furthermore, as suggested by our model, a uniform common commitment benefits most from being enforced.
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Egeland, Kjølv. "Who stole disarmament? History and nostalgia in nuclear abolition discourse." International Affairs 96, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 1387–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa096.
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Abstract Influential members of the disarmament community have in recent years maintained that further progress towards the international community's nominally shared goal of a world without nuclear weapons depends on recapturing the spirit and practices of cooperation that prevailed in the late 1980s and 1990s. Proponents of abolition, in this view, should focus their efforts on revitalizing the tried and tested arms control formula that was implemented following the end of the Cold War. In this article, I argue that this call to make disarmament great again reflects unwarranted nostalgia for a past that never was, fostering overconfidence in established approaches to the elimination of nuclear weapons. Far from putting the world on course to nuclear abolition, the end of the Cold War saw the legitimation of nuclear weapons as a hedge against ‘future uncertainties’ and entrenchment of the power structures that sustain the retention of nuclear armouries. By overselling past progress towards the elimination of nuclear arms, the nostalgic narrative of a lost abolitionist consensus is used to rationalize the existing nuclear order and delegitimize the pursuit of new approaches to elimination such as the movement to stigmatize nuclear weapons and the practice of nuclear deterrence.
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Veerman, C. P. "Feeding the planet and the role of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 6, no. 1-2 (June 30, 2012): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2012/1-2/1.
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Takeda, Yu. "US nonproliferation policy, nuclear cooperation, and Congress: revision of the US–Japan Nuclear Cooperation Agreement, 1987–88." Nonproliferation Review 24, no. 1-2 (January 2, 2017): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2017.1371407.
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Maddocks, Ian, and Tilman Ruff. "Cooperation not confrontation; International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Fifth Congress." Medical Journal of Australia 143, no. 12-13 (December 1985): 613–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1985.tb119971.x.
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Muthuchidambaram, S. "From Swords to Plowshares: An Evaluation of the U.S. Legislative Attempts on Economic Conversion and Human Resource Planning." Business Ethics Quarterly 2, no. 1 (January 1992): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857219.
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This paper deals with the genesis, development, and impact of Military Keynesianism in the U.S. Its impact on the civilian sector is examined in terms of: geographical distribution of military spending, sectoral militarization, labor market and occupational distortion, the militarization of R & D, R & D's impact on American competitiveness in the international market, the parasitic role of the military contract system and the unethical and exploitative role of military contractors.This paper examines the issues related to disarmament and economic conversion with special reference to bills pending before the Congress. The author suggests a redefinition of “national security” in tune with the INF Treaty and the end of cold-war ideology.
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Andrés Aucejo, Eva. "Towards an International Code for administrative cooperation in tax matter and international tax governance." Revista Derecho del Estado, no. 40 (December 13, 2017): 45–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18601/01229893.n40.03.
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There is not a “Global Code” that encodes the duty of cooperation between tax authorities in the world, concerning the global tax system. This article addresses this issue by proposing a global Code of administrative cooperation in tax matters including both tax relations: between States, and between States, taxpayers and intermediary’s agents. It follows a wide concept of tax governance. The findings of this research have highlighted several practical applications for future practice. article analyses, firstly, the State of the question, starting with the legal sources (international and European sources of hard law and soft law) reviewing the differences with the Code as here proposed. It also examines some important Agents who emit relevant normative in international administrative tax cooperation and the role that these agents are developing nowadays (sometimes international organizations but also States like the United States, which Congress enacted the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act, FATCA). Overlapping and gaps between different regulations are underlined. Finally, the consequences of this “General Code” lack for the functioning of a good international governance, are described. Hence, the need to create an International Cooperation Code on tax matters and international fiscal governance is concluded. That Code could be proposed by any International Organization as the World Bank nature, for instance, or the International Monetary Fund or whichever International or European Organization. This instrument could be documented through a multilateral instrument (soft law), to be signed by the States to become an international legal source (hard law). Filling this Code as Articulated Text (form) could be very useful for the International Community towards an International Tax Governance.
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Stolte, Carolien. "Bringing Asia to the world: Indian trade unionism and the long road towards the Asiatic Labour Congress, 1919–37." Journal of Global History 7, no. 2 (July 2012): 257–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174002281200006x.
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AbstractThis article considers Asianism in the Indian trade union movement, against the backdrop of increasing international cooperation between Asian trade union movements in the interwar period, which culminated in the short-lived Asiatic Labour Congress (1934–37). It demonstrates how Asianist enthusiasm both propelled and hampered Indian workers’ representation at the International Labour Organization and other international bodies. Finally, it considers Asianism as a crucial characteristic of Indian trade unionism in the interwar period, by showing how the All-India Trade Union Congress, once the hope of Indian labour as an organized force, split into rival federations over the issue of its Asian affiliations.
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Ramchandani, R. R. "Rationalising India-Africa Economic Relations: The Role of Production Cooperation." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 42, no. 3 (July 1986): 247–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492848604200303.
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A group of Indian parliamentarians, cutting across party lines, organised on 24–25 July 1986 a two-day national seminar on “Parliamentarians Action for Removal of Apartheid.” The seminar constituted yet another milestone in underscoring India's unflinching commitment to stand firmly united with the African countries in their fight against the pernicious system of apartheid and the removal of the remaining remnants of colonialism that still persist in parts of Southern Africa. It is because of India's principled stand and considerable sacrifice in this respect, and the unwavering appreciation of that standby the African leadership, that ever since their independence India and African countries have forged the most cordial and constructive political ties. Apart from sharing common ideals of the Non-aligned Movement, they have often expressed common concern on crucial world issues such as peace moves and nuclear disarmament, security and development issues, “South-South” cooperation and the establishment of the New International Economic Order. But, despite close political understanding, their economic relations have yet to develop sufficient depth to register a sustained forward thrust to record a lasting impact on the global production structure. India's trade with African states, for instance, has shown an uneven pattern for the last two decades and a half, and depicted a falling trend in recent years.
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Negovsky, Vladimir A. "Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1, S1 (1985): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00045234.
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First of all, I would like to express gratitude on behalf of academician Eugeni I. Chazov, who was kindly invited by Professor Safar to attend this Congress. Unfortunately, some circumstances connected with work prevented Dr. Chazov's attending. Most of you are probably informed about his attitude toward the movement known as Physicians for Nuclear Disarmament. In 1981, Dr. Chazov delivered his paper at the First Congress of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW), held in Airlie, Virginia, USA. The Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR has established a special Council to help guide this disaster prevention movement among Soviet physicians. Academician Chazov is the chairman of this Council.In May 1981, our central newspaper,Pravda, published an appeal to the scientists of the world, signed by many prominent Soviet scientists, Lenin and State Prize winners of the USSR, and Nobel Prize winners, calling upon their colleagues and urging all scientific workers to do everything possible to avert the danger of nuclear war. Professor Chazov was among those who signed.
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Ирхин and Yuriy Irkhin. "INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL SCIENCE ORGANIZATION AND RUSSIAN POLITICAL SCIENTISTS: 60 YEARS OF COOPERATION." Central Russian Journal of Social Sciences 10, no. 6 (November 27, 2015): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/16795.
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The article analyses experience of the creation, development and functioning of the International Political Science Association in complex. The author shows basic principles and directions of the creation of the International Political Science Association. The author presents materials about dynamics of the cooperation of International Political Science Association with Russian Political Science Association for 60 years. Discussed The role of the World International Congress of Political Scientists in developing of political science around the world is revealed.
International Political Science Association (IPSA) is one of the oldest and most authoritative international organizations, uniting political scientists from most countries of the world for nearly 70 years. It has made significant contribution to the constitution of Political Science as a recognized science discipline in the world. In 2015 it celebrated 60 years of cooperation between the IPSA and Russian political scientists.
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Haron, Muhammed. "Second International Congress on Islamic Civilization in Southern Africa." American Journal of Islam and Society 33, no. 3 (July 1, 2016): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v33i3.931.
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In 2006 the first International Congress of Islamic Civilization in SouthernAfrica was hosted by AwqafSA (www.awqafsa. org.za) and IRCICA (Centrefor Islamic History, Art, and Culture www.ircica.org) at the University of Johannesburg.IRCICA, the prime mover and funder of this and similar conferencesand congresses worldwide, has been actively promoting these platformsto bring academics, scholars, researchers, and other stakeholders together tohighlight research outputs and findings that reflect upon the status and positionof Muslim minorities worldwide. Since Southern African Muslim communitiesform an integral part of Africa’s Muslims, it decided to host a follow-upevent in the region.IRCICA once again teamed up with AwqafSA, which had been in closecontact with IRCICA since the 2003 Uganda “Islamic Civlization in EastAfrica” conference. For this congress, AwqafSA partnered with the InternationalPeace College of South Africa (IPSA) and the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN). It also teamed up with ITV, Radio Al-Ansaar, and the MinaraChamber of Commerce. Since UKZN was the main academic partner, thecongress was held from March 4-6, 2016, at the Senate Chambers of UKZN’sWestville campus.The organizers’ objectives for the congress were to (a) increase people’sknowledge of the history and heritage of Southern Africa’s Muslims, (b)strengthen cooperation among Muslim and African nations and their peoplesby producing and disseminating Islamic and cultural knowledge, and (c) offera forum for the true understanding of Islamic culture in the world.Donal McCracken (acting dean of research, College of Humanities) officiallywelcomed the delegates. Following his opening remarks, the audienceheard from the representatives of the Congress Organizing Committee.Zeinoul Cajee (CEO, AwqafSA), Halit Eren (director-general, IRCICA), andShaykh Ighsaan Taliep (IPSA). Eren underscored the importance of these ...
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McKinney, Blake. "“One Lord, One Faith, One Baptism” in the Land of ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer: The Fifth Baptist World Congress (Berlin, 1934)." Church History 87, no. 1 (March 2018): 122–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640718000823.
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The interplay of religion, politics, and state in National Socialist Germany continues to defy facile characterizations. In 1934, mere weeks following the Röhm Putsch in which the Nazi regime committed dozens of political assassinations, Berlin hosted thousands of Baptists from across the globe who would unanimously decry nationalism and racialism and advocate for the separation of church and state. Held from August 4–10, 1934, the fifth Baptist World Congress marks the zenith of German Baptist publicity and international Baptist cooperation during the interwar period. The Congress thus provides a focal point for analyzing interwar British and German Baptist relations. This relationship reflected both international cooperation and the gradual divergence of doctrine along nationalistic lines. German Baptists experienced greater freedom of exercise under the Third Reich than under previous regimes, and they leveraged their international connections in order to further their mission. They refused to become involved in the well-documented “Church Struggle” of the Confessing Church and the “German Christian Movement,” and this refusal strained international partnerships. The German Baptist experience challenges many assumptions concerning the churches under the Third Reich as it illustrates the Nazi regime's permissive toleration of a biblicist Free Church group with propagandistically valuable international connections.
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Panzera, Don, and Evelinde Hutzler. "E-Journal Access through International Cooperation: Library of Congress and the Electronic Journals Library EZB." Serials Review 30, no. 3 (January 2004): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00987913.2004.10764907.
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Medillo, Robert Joseph. "Seeking Accountability, Legitimacy, and Transparency: Congressional Intervention in the Philippines’ South China Sea Policy." Philippine Political Science Journal 41, no. 1-2 (November 6, 2020): 161–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2165025x-bja10008.
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Abstract Why and how did the Philippine Congress intervene in the policies of Arroyo (hedging), Aquino III (balancing), and Duterte (appeasement) on the South China Sea disputes? In particular, why and how did the Philippine Congress challenge each president’s attempt to forge either cooperation or confrontation towards China? Guided by the domestic politics – foreign policy nexus, this article explores the dynamic role of the Philippine Congress in the country’s foreign policy process. It combines comparative case-study and content analysis methods to examine relevant congressional records, government documents, public speeches, and news reports. This article finds that the impetus behind Congress’ intervention was to seek accountability, legitimacy, and transparency via registering a bill or passing a law, filing legislative resolutions, holding congressional hearings, calling for impeachment proceedings, delivering privilege speeches, and issuing press releases. This article offers its empirical and theoretical contributions to broaden current understanding of the relationship between domestic politics and foreign policy.
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Pyatakov, Andrey. "Military-technical ties between the USSR and Latin America as a phenomenon of the actual past." Latinskaia Amerika, no. 7 (2022): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044748x0020679-5.
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The article analyzes the evolution of the Soviet-Latin American military-technical cooperation in the period from 1955 until 1991. The Latin American aspect is considered in the context of the general dynamics of cooperation with the "third world" regions. The compilation of the US Agency for Arms Control and Disarmament statistical data on the supply of weapons from the USSR to Latin America was carried out. The periodization of the development of Soviet-Latin American military-technical cooperation has been developed according to the criterion of the USSR and the USA volume of military-technical cooperation with the region. The vector of development of the USSR military relations with the Latin American allies is traced from the total lag in the 50s and 60s to the qualitative and quantitative superiority by the end of the 80s of the twentieth century. It is proved that by the time of the collapse of the USSR, it had significant superiority over the United States in military supplies to the region in terms of the gross volume and variety of types of weapons. The superiority of the United States consisted in diversifying the arms market, while the USSR concentrated on the "left triumvirate" - Cuba, Peru and Nicaragua. Here is expressed the hypothesis that the objective goal of the USSR military assistance was the formation of an international pole of left and communist orientation, as a counterbalance to right-wing dictatorships.
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Kozyakova, Natal’ya S. "The problem of disarmament and the attitude of austrian statesmen to it in the 1960s and 1970s." Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University 55, no. 3 (September 27, 2021): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/2311-4444/21-3/03.
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The article is devoted to international security problems in the Second Austrian Republic in the 1960s and 1970s. The aim is to consider the policy of neutral Austria, which was an active struggle for the preservation and strengthening of peace in the international arena and not flight to isolation. The topic's relevance lies in the fact that Austria's leading interests during the period under review were to ensure that all European problems were resolved peacefully and, therefore, nuclear weapons were not placed near its borders. It has been very active in the international arena, based primarily on its own interests, and has supported the solution of such problems as ensuring European security and disarmament. The study is based on the Austrian Government's materials containing resolutions on the cessation of nuclear weapons testing. Austrian politicians recognized the importance of a peaceful solution to this problem. The author pays special attention to the German question. His decision was of great importance for Austria since the country's vital interests demanded that a new hotbed of danger should not arise on its borders in the center of Europe. Until 1966, the Austrian Government had not expressed its attitude to ensuring European security while referencing the country's neutrality. In conclusion, it is noted that Austria, as a neutral country, could not be isolated from the initiatives of the socialist camp countries on security and cooperation at the Pan-European conference in connection with the emerging trends in the second half of the 1960s to defuse tensions.
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Malyshev, Vladimir. "CILECT as the Project of a World Film School: Origins, Specifics, Development." Journal of Flm Arts and Film Studies 11, no. 4 (December 13, 2019): 8–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vgik1148-24.
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The continuing introduction of digital technologies into the production of meaningful and engaging audiovisual images accentuates the necessity of international cooperation in the sphere of the professional education of those young people who are planning to work in film, television and other screen arts. All over the world film schools are challenged by problems the solution of which requires consolidated participation of worldfamous masters. This has been recently confirmed at the Congress of the International Association of Film and Television Schools (CILECT) Congress held in October 2019 in Moscow in connection with the 100th anniversary of the All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography (VGIK). This essay analyzesVGIK's contribution to the process of perfecting programs in the field of screen arts at different stages of their development.
The essay explores issues of CILECT development since its foundation in 1954. Initially, CILECT was supported by nations with developed film cultures, such as Brazil, Chile, Czechoslovakia, France, Italy, Poland, the Soviet Union, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Today, the Association unites 180 film schools from 65 nations. The essay analyzes VGIK's role in the development of film education and, more generally, the development of screen arts; and emphasizes the importance of international cooperation in this technological, digital age.
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Šabič, Zlatko. "Parliamentary Diplomacy and the us Congress: The Case of the nato Parliamentary Assembly." Hague Journal of Diplomacy 11, no. 2-3 (March 11, 2016): 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1871191x-12341328.
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This article analyses the history and practice of the involvement of the us Congress in inter-parliamentary cooperation and diplomacy, with a specific case study of its members’ involvement in the Parliamentary Assembly of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (nato pa), as a leading international parliamentary institution (ipi) in the field of international security. It argues that while members of Congress have participated in the activities of ipis in the past, they mostly focus on domestic affairs and are therefore less keen on engaging with ipis. Nevertheless, they do keep in close touch with transatlantic ipis. This is in line with us foreign policy, which places transatlantic relations at the top of the United States’ strategic interests. The article focuses on Congressional participation in the work of the nato pa before and during nato’s enlargement. It shows that Congress and its members can help the nato pa to play a visible role in transatlantic affairs.
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Gruznova, E. B. "Cooperation Council of the National Libraries of Russia: Overall Results and Prospects." Bibliotekovedenie [Library and Information Science (Russia)], no. 1 (February 28, 2015): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2015-0-1-24-26.
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The article presents the main areas of cooperation of three national libraries of Russia in the field of normative and legal regulation and standardization of library activities; organization of joint research and practical events; implementation of publishing, audiovisual and other educational projects; improvement of state library statistics and state tasks performance assessment system; development of the National Electronic Library; development of the system of national electronic catalogues; preparation of the II International Bibliographic Congress; maintenance of union catalogues and databases; release of bibliographic publications.
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Patti, Carlo, and Matias Spektor. "“We Are Not a Nonproliferation Agency”: Henry Kissinger's Failed Attempt to Accommodate Nuclear Brazil, 1974–1977." Journal of Cold War Studies 22, no. 2 (May 2020): 58–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00940.
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In the aftermath of India's first nuclear explosion in 1974, U.S. officials concluded that Brazil posed a growing proliferation risk, and they proposed to target Brazil with a new set of nonproliferation policies that included the denial of fuel-cycle technologies. However, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger expressed doubt that such an approach would curb Brazilian nuclear ambitions. Pushing back against influential voices in the U.S. Congress, the State Department, and the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Kissinger argued that Brazil should be allowed to proceed with its plans to master the nuclear fuel cycle in exchange for U.S. assistance and new nonproliferation commitments. He justified this attitude on the grounds of alliance politics (Brazil was too important a pillar of U.S. Cold War policy in Latin America) and the interests of key domestic constituencies (U.S. private companies eyed Brazil's burgeoning nuclear industry). The Brazilian government responded well to Kissinger's approach and would have struck a deal if the transition to the Carter administration had not rendered the bargain untenable.
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Voronova, O. V., A. S. Liashchuk, S. A. Smirnova, and M. E. Belokurova. "Congress and exhibition activity as a field of foreign economic activity." Scientific bulletin of the Southern Institute of Management, no. 4 (January 28, 2020): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31775/2305-3100-2019-4-103-108.
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This article discusses congress and exhibition activities as a field of foreign economic activity in the context of the development of business activity and the attractiveness of the Russian Federation as a venue for major international events of various kinds.The congress and exhibition industry is a dynamically developing field, which is constantly looking for new opportunities to attract and retain consumers of services. This area has a great influence on the economic component, in connection with which companies need to constantly work on the quality of the services provided in order to be competitive in the market.During the study, the basic concepts in the congress and exhibition industry, its impact on various fields of activity, regional and global economics, the main formats of events, the impact of the congress and exhibition industry during events of various sizes on the development and implementation of innovative solutions conducive to development of the city, region and country as a whole, as well as methods for determining the effectiveness of the congress and exhibition event are disclosed.The study revealed that the preparation and holding of congress and exhibition events affects various areas of activity, including economic and political, since these events are an incentive for the emergence of mutually beneficial international cooperation, which, in turn, contributes to the formation of the country as a center of attraction for business community.
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Le Foulon Morán, Carmen. "Cooperation and polarization in a Presidential Congress: Policy networks in the Chilean Lower House 2006–2017." Politics 40, no. 2 (July 11, 2019): 227–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263395719862478.
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The joint initiation of legislation is one of the most important forms of collaboration within Congress, and the nature of such relations may affect its responsiveness. Through social network analysis, this article analyses the evolution of cohesion and polarization of policy networks for the Chilean Lower House from 2006 until 2017, comparing those derived from all bills from those that emerge when considering only successful ones. Although scholars consider that initiation of legislation is mostly free of party discipline or policy gatekeeping, networks recovered from all bills despite being highly cohesive replicate the roll-call divisions during all years under analysis. Among networks derived from successful bills – those able to overcome policy gatekeeping, collaboration crosses the ideological divide. These results imply that agenda setting plays a different role on policy collaboration than on voting and emphasize the relevance of the partisan dimension in agenda setting influence presented by Tsebelis and Aleman. Whereas the institutional prerogatives in the Lower House did not change after 2006, the partisan configuration did, which might explain the different degree of polarization among networks of successful bills found before 2006 by other studies.
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Johnson, Christopher D. "The 59th Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space at the 67th International Astronautical Congress." Air and Space Law 42, Issue 1 (January 1, 2017): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2017007.
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The 59th International Institute of Space Law (IISL) Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space was held from 27–30 September 2016 in Guadalajara, Mexico, in conjunction with the 67th International Astronautical Congress (IAC). Comprised of seven technical sessions and one session for interactive presentations, the Colloquium focused on a range of thematic issues in space law, and featured papers from almost seventy presenters. Topics discussed included the legal aspects related to the remote sensing principles, regional cooperation and Latin American space activities, large satellite constellations, space resource utilization, planetary defence, and spectrum management. The 8th Nandasiri Jasentuliyana Keynote Lecture was delivered by incoming IISL president Kai-Uwe Schrogl, entitled ‘Space Law and Diplomacy’. The Manfred Lachs Space Law Moot Court semi-finals and world finals were also held in Guadalajara, as well the General Assembly of the IISL.
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Messell, Tania. "Globalization and Design Institutionalization: ICSID’s XIth Congress and the Formation of ALADI, 1979." Journal of Design History 32, no. 1 (October 19, 2018): 88–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jdh/epy040.
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Abstract The International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (ICSID) was founded in London in 1957 to raise the professional status of designers and to establish international standards for the profession. By the 1970s the Council had expanded its attempts to rationalize local production processes in developing countries and spur their entry into international markets, in line with the United Nations Industrial Development Organization’s (UNIDO) programme. As this article reveals, Latin America represented a crucial zone of intervention for the ICSID, whose efforts culminated in a congress held in Mexico City in 1979, organized around the theme ‘Industrial Design and Human Development’. The event nevertheless exposed heightened concerns about ICSID’s development policies and centralized structure, alongside the creation of the Latin American design organization ALADI by a circle of Latin American designers, who promulgated the benefits of place-based design practice and regional cooperation towards Latin America’s economic and cultural independence. Mapping ICSID’s initiatives in the region in the 1970s and examining the multifarious reception of the Council’s design precepts by Latin American design circles, this article highlights how processes of translation shaped their interactions, ultimately countering a ‘diffusionist’ model of cross-cultural exchanges.
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Forman, Jonathan E., Christopher M. Timperley, Pål Aas, Mohammad Abdollahi, Isel Pascual Alonso, Augustin Baulig, Renate Becker-Arnold, et al. "Innovative technologies for chemical security." Pure and Applied Chemistry 90, no. 10 (October 25, 2018): 1527–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0908.
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AbstractAdvances across the chemical and biological (life) sciences are increasingly enabled by ideas and tools from sectors outside these disciplines, with information and communication technologies playing a key role across 21st century scientific development. In the face of rapid technological change, the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), the implementing body of the Chemical Weapons Convention (“the Convention”), seeks technological opportunities to strengthen capabilities in the field of chemical disarmament. The OPCW Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) in its review of developments in science and technology examined the potential uses of emerging technologies for the implementation of the Convention at a workshop entitled “Innovative Technologies for Chemical Security”, held from 3 to 5 July 2017, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The event, organized in cooperation with the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine of the United States of America, the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, and the Brazilian Chemical Society, was attended by 45 scientists and engineers from 22 countries. Their insights into the use of innovative technological tools and how they might benefit chemical disarmament and non-proliferation informed the SAB’s report on developments in science and technology for the Fourth Review Conference of the Convention (to be held in November 2018), and are described herein, as are recommendations that the SAB submitted to the OPCW Director-General and the States Parties of the Convention. It is concluded that technologies exist or are under development that could be used for investigations, contingency, assistance and protection, reducing risks to inspectors, and enhancing sampling and analysis.
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Manenkov, Sergey. "Competencies diversification in COVID-19 pandemic conditions (case of congress-exhibition service market)." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Economics 2021, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5537-2021-1-84-92.
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The article considers the contemporary state of congress-exhibition service market as critical. Organizing the major events which have non-negligible impact on economical, innovative, technological, investment processes has been limited due to the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Decision-making process of putting limitation on activities organization has been derived from external environment adverse events aligned with current sanitary-epidemiological situation. There has been analyzed the potential loss due to cancelling or rescheduling congress-exhibition events in 2020. Demand and supply reduction necessitate searching alternative development directions and core business diversification. In the capacity one of potential and perspective directions There was stated a social activity vector of Roscongress foundation as a non-financial development institution and organization of Saint-Petersburg International Economic Forum, and Expoforum International, Ltd. as operator of holding forum venue. Saint-Petersburg International Economic Forum has endowed with not only economic impact but also influence on forming-up communications intended to favor realization of the social programs during offline traditional holding event. There have been analyzed the quantitative indicators dynamics of St.-Petersburg International Economic Forum and qualitative indicators in the context of thematic zones of social orientation, which gives the ground to state the wide institutional influence on social economic processes in tourism destination and in other fields. Cooperation programs diversification with local communities has been allowing positive image creation as one of elements of destination strategic promotion on the world congress and tourist map.
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Beletskaya, Maria. "Changes in international development aid policy: from Trump to Biden." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 6 (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760023425-4.
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International development assistance is an integral part of the foreign economic and foreign policy activities of the US government. International aid is one of the largest components of US foreign relations spending and is regarded by many members of Congress as one of the most important foreign policy instruments. However, many US citizens and members of Congress feel that the US cannot afford such international aid spending, given the current budget deficit and competing budgetary priorities. As one of the largest donors of international development aid, the United States is of considerable interest to many researchers, including those who study trends in the polarization of attitudes toward foreign policy, including international aid. This article is devoted to the current US policy in the field of international development cooperation at the beginning of the presidency of Joe Biden. It examines the economic component of US government assistance: the total amount of US economic assistance, as well as the structure of international aid spending and country priorities for US economic assistance, are considered. An assessment of the prospects for US assistance is presented based on an analysis of the Joint Strategic Plan of the State Department and the Agency for International Assistance 2022-2026 and the US National Security Strategy 2022. Despite the stability and relative inertia of the international aid system, one can observe an increase in US interest in development assistance after the transition of power to President Biden, including in the context of competition with China.
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Khalidi, Omar. "Third Conference of Council of Muslim Librarians and Information Scientists (COMLIS III)." American Journal of Islam and Society 6, no. 1 (September 1, 1989): 185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v6i1.2707.
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Istanbul, the seat of the Ottoman Caliphate, was the site of the thirdmeeting of The Council of Muslim Librarians and Information Scientistsat Ataturk Cultural Center in the heart of the city. COMLIS, as the acronymimplies, is the international professional organization of librarians from Muslimcountries and communities, as well as those involved in librarianship in general.At its third meeting seven sessions were held during which a total of 28 paperswere delivered. In addition, 48 papers were submitted and included in thepublished preliminary volume of proceedings of this congress. The sevensessions were titled: The International Muslim Information Network: AConceptual Framework; Networking Models; Systems Interconnection andNetworks; Compatibility and Standardization; Establishing Centers ofExcellence in the Muslim World; Telecommunication Requirements, and;Library Cooperation. All of the papers very neatly fitted the theme of thecongress, namely "Planning an Information Strategy for the Muslim World."That the congress wa,; held under the auspices of the Turkish Ministry ofCulture's Directorate of Libraries and Publications was particularly heartening,for it symbolizes another signal of Turkey's reentry into the mainstream ofMuslim nations and communities. The arrangements of the conference weremethodical and simultaneous translations of presentations between languageswere provided .Most of the papers concentrated on what is desirable in areas ofinternational cooperation, avoidance of duplication of research, standardizationin library technology, and bi bliographical practices. No one questions thesepious aspirations, but one must go beyond what is desirable to examine whatpresently exists, and how librarianship and its associated functions can beimproved. In one of the sessions many participants addressed these veryquestions, and indeed made some very sound and practical suggestions. Atleast two papers-that of Muhammad Ali al-Tasan and Abdussattar Chaudhribothlibrarians in Saudi Arabia dealt with practical issues in librarianshipas encountered in their institutions. The conclusion one may draw from thisparticular session was that national economic and political considerationsare a big hindrance in the way of library cooperation. Librarians on their ...
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Labbé Villa, Alfredo. "THE NUCLEAR ORDER UNDER STRESS." Revista Política y Estrategia, no. 139 (August 16, 2022): 127–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26797/rpye.vi139.997.
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The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) has been labelled the cornerstone of the global nuclear non-proliferation regime and an essential foundation for the pursuit of nuclear disarmament. However, through its reaffirmation of the inalienable right to peaceful uses of nuclear energy, the treaty encompasses the main elements of the nuclear phenomenon, the most pressing ones being the need to rid humanity of nuclear weapons while preventing the emergence of new nuclear-armed states. As such, the NPT constitutes a beacon for the advancement of international peace and security understood not just as the mere absence of war and conflict, but an underlying global condition enabling cooperation for the economic, social and cultural development of humankind. Disturbingly, the deterioration of the international political environment due to great -and regional- power competition and the increased pugnacity displayed by some states to pursue their national interests have raised the risk of nuclear confrontation and increased the danger of further nuclear and conventional proliferation, putting the nuclear order at risk. We posit that such risk and dangers require diplomatic action from non-nuclear weapon states (NNWS) concerting efforts in every multilateral fora but, particularly, the United Nations.
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Higgins, P. A. T. "A Year to Solve the Climate Problem." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 88, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 1181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-88-8-1181.
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For the last five years, the American Meteorological Society (AMS) and the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) have teamed up to sponsor a member of our community for a year's work in the U.S. Congress. As the 2005/06 AMS-UCAR Congressional Science Fellow, I chose to work on climate policy in the U.S. Senate. I witnessed the following three major obstacles to legislation intended to protect the climate system: 1) there is a persistent gap in understanding between policy makers and the research community, 2) there is a small group of powerful interests that will experience the costs of climate policy acutely while many of the benefits of climate policy will be distributed diffusely among members of society, and 3) there is concern—legitimate and misplaced—over the economic consequences of unilateral U.S. action and the genuine need for international cooperation. The scientific community can help solve these problems. The Congressional Science Fellowship program, for example, provides a valuable opportunity for scientists to actively engage in the policy process and to help reduce the gap in understanding between the research and policy communities. During my year, I focused on developing powerful incentives to encourage international cooperation and provisions to ease acute distributional impacts that could arise from reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Based on my time in Congress and despite remaining political and technological hurdles, I conclude that we have the capacity to enact legislation that begins reducing our greenhouse gas emissions.
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Vladimirovich, Martynenko Evgeny. "International legal regulation of the education quality." Geopolitical, Social Security and Freedom Journal 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gssfj-2020-0003.
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AbstractThe category of education quality in the system of higher professional education acts as providing high competitiveness, optimal organization and management of the educational process, as well as access to the world market of educational services. We can talk about the international legal regulation of the quality of education relatively arbitrarily, bearing in mind the practical absence of normative legal acts regulating the relations of subjects of international educational law in the field of regulating the quality of education. We can talk about the international component of assessing the quality of education in the context of the Bologna Declaration, because the Bologna process strengthens the European emphasis on assessment and quality control, accreditation, takes a course towards convergence of standards and assessment procedures. Among the most important reforms proclaimed by the Bologna Declaration, the development of European cooperation based on developed comparable criteria and methods is named. In a resolution of the Congress of European Rectors of Universities (Salamanca, March 29–30, 2001), quality is defined as the “cornerstone”, the “fundamental condition” of trust, relevance, mobility, compatibility, and attractiveness. Rectors reaffirmed their intentions to seek mutually recognized mechanisms for assessing, controlling and certifying quality.
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Bilovus, L. "World Congress of Ukrainians on the USA Ukrainian Diaspora’s Pages of Periodicals (Since 1991) – Key Priorities to Preserve the National Identity." Problems of World History, no. 4 (June 8, 2017): 196–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2017-4-14.
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The main aspects of the World Congress of Ukrainians’ activities aimed at the preservation the Ukrainian Diaspora’s national identity are revealed in the article. Due to the analysis of Ukrainian periodicals in the United States (“Svoboda”, “Mist”, “Chas i Podii”) the vigorous activity of the Ukrainian association in the presentation of Ukrainians among the international community has been identified. The World Congress of Ukrainians has been working efficiently to preserve the religious and cultural heritage, national identity, and it has been also making significant efforts for Ukraine’s entering the Western educational and political space as well. The materials of periodicals suggest a lot of information on the association’s activities in the protection of future generations from the assimilation; on a sustainable cooperation with the USA government officials in order to support Ukraine, defending the right of Ukrainians to establish the historical justice about Holodomor-Genocide, its statehood and unity. Attention is paid to the Congresses of organization, as Chief Executive and heads of committees’ reports show the diversity and importance of the activity of the World Congress of Ukrainians.
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Florea, Dumitrita, and Narcisa Gales. "Polexit – Is the Exit of Poland from the EU a Viable Option?" European Journal of Law and Public Administration 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/eljpa/8.1/146.
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States must respect the interests of the international community since they must exercise their powers in a manner consistent with the general rules of international law; the territorial competence of the State is in this case limited, not only to foreigners, but also to their own residents, this means that the role of the state is to protect its own citizens, but also foreign citizens. The State must also exercise its competence in a manner that maintains the freedom of international communications. From the outset, the European Communities have sought to achieve forceful cooperation between Member States than that resulting from co-oping organizations. To this end, the states put themselves in a more similar perspective to the federal aspirations, which were, conceived at the Hague Congress in May 1948, and were then struck by the conceptions of proponents of institutionalized cooperation. Initially, in the West, the European construction took the form of co-operation organizations conceived in the late 40 years, some of which were due to American-inspired initiatives. After years of sustained efforts to recover and rebuild Europe, it faces the creation of a actually broader Community than that of industrialized countries, made up of multiple organizations operating on a solidarity basis and finding a balance in their development. The cooperation organizations set up in the West come to add new, restricted organizations in the early 50 years, not other than the European Communities, which contribute to a new federal vision.
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Alvarez, José E. "International Organizations: Then and Now." American Journal of International Law 100, no. 2 (April 2006): 324–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000016687.
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International organizations (or IOs)—intergovernmental entities established by treaty, usually composed of permanent secretariats, plenary assemblies involving all member states, and executive organs with more limited participation—are a twentieth-century phenomenon having little in common with earlier forms of institutionalized cooperation, including those in the ancient world. The story of how, shortly after the turn of the last century, the Euro-American lawyers that dominated the field of international law sought to transcend the chaos of war by “moving to institutions” has been told elsewhere and needs no repeating here. David Kennedy, Martti Koskenniemi, and David Bederman, among others, have described the disparate individuals, separated by nationality, juridical philosophy, and competing “idealist”/“realist” schools of thought, who nevertheless shared a messianic, quasi-religious, and coherent “internationalist sensibility” that sought to institutionalize multilateral diplomacy with a view to promoting civilization and progress. Kennedy locates the move to international organization in turn-of-the-century reformist aspirations for parliamentary, administrative, and judicial mechanisms that, in the Victorian language of the day, would convert “passion into reason.” By the time this Journal was established, the Congress of Vienna’s concert system had provided a model for an incipient (albeit only periodic) pseudo-parliament; diverse public administrative unions and river commissions suggested the possibilities for international administration and even the interstate pooling of funds; and the Permanent Court of Arbitration presaged an international judiciary.
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Nedoshytko, I. "The Ukrainian Diaspora of the USA in the Formation of International Image of Ukraine (1991-2018)." Problems of World History, no. 9 (November 26, 2019): 175–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2019-9-9.
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The article is dedicated to the research of contribution of diaspora to recognition of Ukrainian independency by the United States of America. The influence of diaspora on the development of international cooperation is clarified; its role on protection of national internal and external interests and consolidation of Ukraine on the world stage are highlighted. The results of diaspora participation in the foreign policy activity of the Ukrainian state are analyzed. In 2008, the contractual framework between Ukraine and the USA was supplemented by an extremely important document – the Strategic Partnership and Security Charter. With the support of the United States, the Ukrainian side has made progress in its relations with NATO, receiving the prospect of membership in April 2008, in December of the same year – a similar format to the MAP for further preparation for NATO membership – Annual National Programs. It is emphasized that the main directions of cooperation of the Ukrainian Diaspora with official institutions of the USA correspond to the internal and external interests of Ukraine. Congress Ukrainian Caucus, Ukrainian National Information Service, Ukrainian Congressional Committee of America, a network of other organizations are active in covering major problems of the Ukrainians, ensuring the international image of Ukraine.