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Journal articles on the topic 'Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Strong, George V. "The congress dances: Vienna 1814–1815." History of European Ideas 8, no. 1 (1987): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(87)90088-x.

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Dupont, Christophe. "History and Coalitions: The Vienna Congress (1814–1815)." International Negotiation 8, no. 1 (2003): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138234003769590703.

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AbstractThis note describes and analyzes the coalition patterns that developed during the 1814–1815 Congress of Vienna negotiations. Useful insights for theory and practice are derived from this historical case, including the dynamics of stability, complexity and ambiguity on the value and effectiveness of coalitions.

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3

Kotova, Elena. "The last Congress of the Holy Alliance. Alexander I and K. L. Metternich in Verona in 1822." ISTORIYA 13, no. 9 (119) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840022834-6.

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The last congress of the Holy Alliance was held 200 years ago. The era of congresses has played an important role in the history of Europe. During this period, the foundations of the Vienna system of international relations were laid, formulated at the Congress of 1814—1815. The concert of European powers that developed at that time — Russia, Austria, France, Great Britain, Prussia — determined world politics. The revolutions of 1820—1821 in European countries became a serious challenge to the Vienna system. At the congresses of the Holy Alliance, measures were developed to combat the revoluti

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Kotova, Elena. "Vienna Regulations on the Ranks of Diplomatic Representatives of 1815: Reasons for Adoption and Its Significance." ISTORIYA 14, no. 9 (131) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840028130-2.

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Congress of Vienna 1814—1815 entered the history of international relations as the first experience of multilateral diplomacy of modern times. Along with the global problems of the reorganization of Europe, the congress participants also discussed the organization of the diplomatic service. An important achievement of the congress was the adoption of the Vienna Regulations, which unified the ranks of diplomatic representatives and established a simple and understandable principle of their seniority depending on the rank and time of arrival in the country. This put an end to centuries of disput

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Vick, Brian. "The Vienna Congress as an Event in Austrian History: Civil Society and Politics in the Habsburg Empire at the End of the Wars against Napoleon." Austrian History Yearbook 46 (April 2015): 109–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237814000137.

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Historians usually portray theCongress ofViennain a European frame—and rightly so. The actors and the diplomatic flashpoints spanned the European continent, and the negotiations began before and continued after the Congress. The rulers and statesmen had already started parleying and planning the reconstruction of Europe as they followed behind the armies in the campaigns of 1813–1814, a process that continued while making peace with France in Paris in the spring of 1814, and amid the mixed celebrations and conversations during their visit to London that summer. Even the Congress, successful as

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Eyck, Frank, and Enno E. Kraehe. "Metternich's German Policy. Vol. II: The Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815." German Studies Review 8, no. 1 (1985): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1429627.

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7

KWAN, JONATHAN. "THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA, 1814–1815: DIPLOMACY, POLITICAL CULTURE, AND SOCIABILITY." Historical Journal 60, no. 4 (2017): 1125–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x17000085.

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On 29 November 1814, the Austrian Emperor Francis, the Russian Tsar Alexander, and the Prussian King Frederick Wilhelm, along with 6,000 others, attended a concert in Vienna's Redouten Hall; Beethoven personally conducted three of his works: the Seventh symphony, the bombastic ‘Wellington's victory’, and a newly written cantata entitled ‘The glorious moment’. In this cantata, the figure of ‘Vienna’ sings the following words:Oh heaven, what delight!What spectacle greets my gaze!All that the earth holds in high honourHas assembled within my walls!My heart throbs! My tongue stammers!I am Europe –

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Aaslestad, Katherine B. "Serious Work for a New Europe: The Congress of Vienna after Two Hundred Years." Central European History 48, no. 2 (2015): 225–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938915000357.

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Given the current challenges to European unity, in particular Russian aggression in Ukraine and dissent in the European Union over economic policy toward Greece, Europeans should remember that, two hundred years ago, they celebrated together a long-awaited peace, as their statesmen collaborated on a lasting settlement to solve territorial questions and ensure international stability. Revisiting the Congress of Vienna, however, is not an exercise in nostalgia. New works on the Congress underscore the critical international stakes in 1814 and 1815, following two decades of war and revolution, an

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9

Wade, Harry. "Barlett, Peace, War, And The European Powers, 1814-1914." Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 23, no. 1 (1998): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.23.1.29-30.

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Peace, War and the European Powers, 1814-1914 is the first title published in a new British series, European History in Perspective, edited by Jeremy Black. The author, C.J. Bartlett, Professor of International History at the University of Dundee, has written extensively on European diplomacy in the nineteenth century, including Great Britain and Sea Power, 1815-1853 (1963), Castlereagh (1966), and Defense of Diplomacy (1993). The book's brief 180 pages devote equal time to European diplomacy from the Congress of Vienna to the Franco-Prussian war and from the Bismarckian System to World War I.

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Tsivatyi, V. "European Political and Diplomatic Dialogue in the Institutional Space of International Relations of Early New Age (XVI-XVIII centuries)." Problems of World History, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2016-2-4.

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The article deals with the analysis of the foreign policy and diplomacy of the European states of the early Modern period (XVI-XVIII centuries). Particular attention is given to the institutional development of public and political opinion as well as to the institutional and diplomatic practices in Western and Central Europe. The author defines the directions of the theoretical and practical development of diplomacy and foreign policy in Europe of the early Modern period (XVI-XVIII centuries) as well as their formation peculiarities in the leading countries of Europe. The Congress of Vie

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Bretones Lane, Fernanda, Guilherme de Paula Costa Santos, and Alain El Youssef. "The Congress of Vienna and the Making of Second Slavery." Journal of Global Slavery 4, no. 2 (2019): 162–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00402001.

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Abstract This article analyzes the ways that discussions regarding the abolition of the slave trade held at the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815) affected slavery in the Iberian empires. Drawing from newspaper coverage, diplomatic correspondence, and conference minutes, we reassess the conditions under which Portuguese and Spanish agents negotiated with their British counterparts; highlight the Iberian political dilemmas that surfaced at the Congress; and elucidate the plenipotentiaries’ subsequent resolutions addressing the transatlantic slave trade. As a result of the talks held in Vienna, Span

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Ignatchenko, I. V. "France in the Vienna System of International Relations (the First Half of The 19^th Century)." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 6(45) (December 28, 2015): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-6-45-9-14.

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Abstract: The Vienna system of international relations established at the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815, was a real challenge for the French political elite during all subsequent decades. France was a defeated party and was thus morally humiliated. The objective for all French governments after 1815 was to improve the position of France in this new system of international relations, including due to the destabilization and breaking of the Vienna system. In the years of the Restoration in France (1814-1830) a major foreign policy action of the government of Louis XVIII was the intervention in

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Larin, E. A. "Problems of the slave trade and state borders in Europe at the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815." Latin-American Historical Almanac 21, no. 1 (2019): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/2305-8773-2019-21-1-34-41.

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MAJOROS, István. "Questions of Organisation, Portraits and Everyday Life in Vienna, 1814-1815. La Garde-Chambonas about the Congress of Vienna." Central European Papers 4, no. 1 (2016): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25142/cep.2016.002.

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15

Schroeder, Paul W. "Metternich’s German Policy. Volume II: The Congress of Vienna 1814–1815 by Enno E. Kraehe." South Atlantic Quarterly 85, no. 1 (1986): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00382876-85-1-102.

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Horváth, Csaba. "The Captains of the Habsburg 11th Székely Border Guard Hussar Regiment." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Historia 67, Special Issue (2022): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbhist.2022.spiss.04.

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"The following paper aims to present a prosopographical research about the captains of the Habsburg 11th Székely Border Guard Hussar regiment who served between the Congress of Vienna (1815) and the 1848 revolutions. Keywords: captains, Habsburg, Székely, Border Guard, service "

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17

Lockwood, Lewis. "Beethoven's Leonore and Fidelio." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 36, no. 3 (2006): 473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002219506774929827.

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Ludwig van Beethoven's 1805/6 Leonore and its 1814 revision, Fidelio, had contrasting political, biographical, and cultural contexts. Leonore took form against the background of contemporary French rescue operas and of Beethoven's commitment to heroism as a personal and social ideal. The 1814 version shifted its perspective to celebrate the benevolence of rulers, in anticipation of the impending Congress of Vienna and the restoration of monarchies after Napoleon's downfall.

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18

Sluga, Glenda. "On the Historical Significance of the Presence, and Absence, of Women at the Congress of Vienna, 1814–1815." Figurationen 15, no. 2 (2014): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7788/figurationen-2014-0205.

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19

Diefendorf, Jeffry M. "Metternich’s German Policy, Vol. II, The Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815, by Enno E. KraeheMetternich’s German Policy, Vol. II, The Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815, by Enno E. Kraehe. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1983. xvi, 443 pp. $45.00(cloth), $18.50(paper)." Canadian Journal of History 20, no. 1 (1985): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.20.1.129.

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20

Langhorne, Richard. "Reflections on the significance of the Congress of Vienna." Review of International Studies 12, no. 4 (1986): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500113877.

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The Final Act of Congress of Vienna was signed on June 9, 1815. More accurately, because of Napoleon's escape and the consequent battle of Waterloo, the Vienna settlement was completed with the signature of the second Treaty of Paris on November 20s 1815. There is thus no doubt that last year marks the 170th anniversary of the settlement. There is equally no doubt that in many ways 1815 has come to seem very remote. There are no great historical arguments in progress about it, nor does it seem to attract any great interest from the students of international relations, unless their attention is

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А.В., Латонова. "АЛЕКСАНДР I НА ВЕНСКОМ КОНГРЕССЕ ГЛАЗАМИ НЕМЕЦКОЙ ПРЕССЫ". Человеческий капитал 1, № 12(168) (2022): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.25629/hc.2022.12.06.

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Статья посвящена анализу формирования образа российского императора Александра I в немецкоязычной прессе 1814-1815 гг. Исследуются репрезентации Александра I как монарха-победителя, дипломата, а также его повседневные репрезентации в ходе Венского конгресса. На основе анализа источников автор статьи воссоздает тот образ российского императора, который немецкоязычные газетчики хотели преподнести своим читателям в указанный период. При этом отмечается, что они описывали как реальные, так и отчасти вымышленные ситуации, демонстрирующие положительные качества Александра I без опоры на какие-либо ф

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22

Ostashova, Valeriia, and Yevheniia Lypii. "Holy Alliance Congresses as instruments of establishing international law and order." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 2 (August 10, 2020): 448–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.2.2020.88.

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The article describes the progress of the activities of the congresses of the Holy Alliance as a tool for establishing internationallaw and order, their results and significance for the development of international law. The tasks of the Holy Alliance were fulfilledthrough a system of international legal norms adopted at three diplomatic congresses. The first of them took place in the German cityof Aachen. During the congress, a number of regulations were signed, two of which are in the spotlight, because they enshrined theimplementation of the new international law – the protocol and declarati

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23

Абашева, Екатерина, and Ekaterina Abasheva. "Features of formation of unified tariff system cus toms legislation of the Russian empire and the Kingdom of Poland in the late 40’s of the 19th century." Advances in Law Studies 2, no. 1 (2014): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/5088.

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This articke discloses a process for legalization of the principles and foundations of the content of the customs legislation of the Russian Empire in the late 40s of the 19th century in connection with the introduction of it, after the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the Kingdom of Poland at the Congress of Vienna in 1815.

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Zhidkova, Oksana V., and Elena A. Popova. "Diplomacy of European States and the Revolution of 1830 in Belgium." RUDN Journal of World History 16, no. 1 (2024): 94–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2024-16-1-94-104.

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The nature of interstate and international relations in the post - Napoleonic period was determined at the Vienna Congress of 1814-1815. Maintaining peace and stability in Europe, preserving the legitimacy of the ruling dynasties and controlling the balance of power were considered one of the main tasks of the Vienna system of international relations. The main obstacles to compliance with these principles were the revolutionary events of 1820-1830, which arose in different regions of Europe. The response to the “challenges” of the new system of international relations was both diplomatic and m

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Urrestarazu, Ursula Stark. "‘Vienna Calling’: Diplomacy and the Ordering of Intercommunal Relations at the Congress of Vienna." Hague Journal of Diplomacy 10, no. 3 (2015): 231–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1871191x-12341316.

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This article contends that diplomacy is an essential factor in the (trans)formation of ‘intercommunal relations’ — that is, international relations understood as social order(s) constituted by the practices of different sorts of actors. This relationship is illustrated by the regulation of ranks of diplomatic agents at the Congresses of Vienna (1815) and Aix-la-Chapelle (1818) and its effects on international order. This regulation was supposed to — and indeed did — offer a solution to some typical ‘foreign policy problems’ of the early nineteenth century, whereas other equally typical problem

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26

DE LANGE, ERIK. "THE CONGRESS SYSTEM AND THE FRENCH INVASION OF ALGIERS, 1827–1830." Historical Journal 64, no. 4 (2021): 940–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x2000062x.

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AbstractThe Congress system that arose in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars facilitated European imperial expansionism throughout the nineteenth century. Yet, the ties between that system and expansionism have rarely been unwound and studied in detail. Taking the French invasion of Algiers in 1830 as a case in point, this article shows how the Congress system's shared discourses of security and threat perceptions as well as its common practices of concerted diplomacy fostered European imperialism in North Africa. The article emphasizes obscured continuities and understudied multilateral diploma

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Ullendorff, Edward. "An Ethiopic Text in a Volume to Celebrate the Congress of Vienna, 1814–15." Aethiopica 5 (May 8, 2013): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.5.1.446.

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The interest of this short inscription in Geʿez lies in the curious (and unexplained) reason why such a version on the Congress of Vienna should have been composed in Ethiopic. The name of the alleged writer, Dr. Middeldorpf, is otherwise unknown in Ethiopian studies. ATTENTION: Due to copy-right no online publication is provided.

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Getman, A., and I. Yakoviyk. "European Security Architecture at the end of the XVIII – the first half of the XIX century." Problems of Legality, no. 150 (October 2, 2020): 8–32. https://doi.org/10.21564/2414-990x.150.209571.

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<em>Taking into account the new dangerous challenges to the modern international legal order and security system, politicians and scholars are faced with the question of the timeliness and validity of the revision of established conceptual approaches to the construction of international and European security architecture. Since the beginning of the XXI century there are more and more calls to significantly update the current international order, its institutions, norms and rules, which emerged after 1945 (especially the UN Security Council). In this regard, the study of the evolution of previo

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ÇETİNTAŞ, ERDAL. "1815 Viyana Düzenlemesi: Dayatma Barış." ESAR- Eğitim ve Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi 5, no. 2 (2024): 18–32. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14585253.

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Fransa karşıtı güçler, başarısız Rusya seferi sonrası 1813 yılında Leipzig Savaşı’nda Napoleon’u yenilgiye uğrattılar. I. Paris Anlaşması’yla Fransa ile barış yapıldı ve Napoleon’un iktidarına son verildi. Avrupa’nın büyük bir kısmını ele geçiren Napoleon bir imparatorluk ve Fransa merkezli yeni bir düzen kurmuştu. Yenilmiş Fransa ile yapılan barışın ardından Napoleon’dan geriye kalan düzenin de restore edilmesi gerekiyordu. Bu maksatla, Viyana’da 1814’de başlayan bir kongre düzenlendi. Muzaffer gü

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Dialla, Ada. "Thinking Europe on Europe’s margins: Alexander Sturdza, Konstantinos Oikonomos and Russian-Greek orthodoxy in the early nineteenth century." Historical Review/La Revue Historique 16 (April 1, 2020): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hr.22823.

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This article seeks to examine the construction of the notion of Europe not from a West–East perspective but from a more complex geographical and conceptual vantage point, including the north and the south in relation to the West and East and, more specifically, from the point of view of the Ggreek orthodox and Russian worlds in the postnapoleonic era. Following the political, religious and intellectual activity of two expatriates and close friends, Alexander Sturdza and Konstantinos Oikonomos, it explores how the idea of Europe was visited and how these two intellectuals and politicians negoti

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Davis, John A. "Opera and Absolutism in Restoration Italy, 1815–1860." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 36, no. 4 (2006): 569–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh.2006.36.4.569.

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Opera played an important part in the lives of urban Italians during the decades that followed the fall of Napoleon's European empire and the restoration of the Italian legitimist rulers by the Congress of Vienna. To argue, however, that opera mattered because of its association with nationalism is to get the formula the wrong way around. Nationalists, as well as political authorities, wanted to harness opera to their cause because of its inherent social significance. The theater offered urban, educated Italians the opportunity to be entertained and to congregate lawfully in a public place. Th

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Larroche, Emmanuel. "Thierry LENTZ, Le congrès de Vienne. Une refondation de l’Europe, 1814-1815 | Mark JARRETT, The Congress of Vienna and its Legacy. War and Great Power Diplomacy After Napoleon." Revue d'histoire du XIXe siècle, no. 48 (June 1, 2014): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rh19.4681.

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Rumph, Stephen. "Allegory and Ethics in Beethoven’s Fidelio." Enjeux éthiques et valeurs morales en histoire de la musique 11, no. 1-2 (2018): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1054023ar.

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Few operas foreground ethics as clearly as Beethoven’s Fidelio. Yet the heroic tale of liberation from political oppression resists narrowly historical interpretations, availing itself equally to revolutionary and reactionary interpretations. Allegory theory offers a new approach to the ethical meanings of Fidelio. Allegory, in which characters embody moral qualities, preserved a hierarchical and theocentric view of society, in opposition to the humanistic outlook of Enlightenment mimesis. Allegory and mimesis coexist in Fidelio, whose title character traces a lineage to the Christian morality

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Flogkerzie, Lawrence J. "Saxony, Austria, and the German Question after the Congress of Vienna, 1815–1816." International History Review 12, no. 4 (1990): 661–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.1990.9640563.

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Ozavci, Ozan. "A Priceless Grace? The Congress of Vienna of 1815, the Ottoman Empire and Historicising the Eastern Question." English Historical Review 136, no. 583 (2021): 1450–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceab356.

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Abstract The budding scholarship on the Congress of Vienna has devoted limited attention to the ‘Eastern Question’ in the 1810s. Even though the issue of the (non-) involvement of the Ottoman Empire in the new European state system has previously received mention, the rational and emotional factors that informed decisions taken by the Ottoman cabinet at the time have never been analysed in detail. Using previously unexplored Ottoman, Russian, British and French archival sources, this article historicises the ‘Eastern Question’ of the 1810s, when a new transimperial order was formed. It documen

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Krustev, Lubomir. "Reflections on Russophobia in Britain in the First Half of the XIX Century." Istoriya-History 29, no. 4 (2021): 371–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/his2021-4-3-russo.

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This article explores some of the most important aspects of the beginnings and early development of Russophobia in Britain. In the first half of the 19th century public opinion started to shift from Francophobia to Anti-Russian sentiment. The reasons for this were political and cultural. Britons were afraid of the Russian expansionism and felt contempt for the Russians as being less civilized than other European nations. A great impact on the British perception of Russia made Emperor Nicholas I and his conservative and despotic policies. Thus, the period between the Vienna Congress of 1815 and

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Junes, Tom. "A Century of Traditions: The Polish Student Movement, 1815-1918." Central and Eastern European Review 2 (June 7, 2008): 2–26. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14602231.

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This article focuses on the Polish student movement and its different manifestations in the former Polish lands in Prussia and the Russian and Habsburg empires between the Vienna Congress and the First World War. Its aim is to provide a generational narrative concerning the evolution of ideas and organisational activity that compelled Polish students to engage in political action. Moreover, it will show that the student movement in the 19th century served as a vehicle for the various political traditions that would play a dominant role in 20th century Polish politics. By particularly addressin

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Horel, Catherine. "France and the Austrian Empire 1815-1918." Balcanica, no. 38 (2007): 65–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc0738065h.

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Relations between France and the Habsburg Empire during the long nineteenth century went through several phases bounded by the events crucial not just to the two countries' mutual relations but to all of Europe. The Congress of Vienna defined their mutual relations for the next thirty years. The Habsburgs and their omnipresent minister Metternich were fearful of revolutionary and liberal movements traditionally having their origins in France. And it was the revolutionary events of 1848 that brought about a change in the balance of power and their mutual relations. Metternich's retirement and,

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Henke, Manfred. "Toleration and Repression: German States, the Law and the ‘Sects’ in the Long Nineteenth Century." Studies in Church History 56 (May 15, 2020): 338–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/stc.2019.19.

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At the beginning of the period, the Prussian General Law Code did not provide for equal rights for members of ‘churches’ and those of ‘sects’. However, the French Revolution decreed the separation of church and state and the principle of equal rights for all citizens. Between the Congress of Vienna (1815) and the revolution of 1848, Prussian monarchs pressed for the church union of Lutheran and Reformed and advocated the piety of the Evangelical Revival. The Old Lutherans felt obliged to leave the united church, thus eventually forming a ‘sect’ favoured by the king. Rationalists, who objected

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Belikova, Valentina. "THE SIGNIFICANCE OF M. V. LYSENKO'S COMPOSITION AND CONCERT-PERFORMANCE ACTIVITIES IN THE FORMATION OF THE MUSIC-CULTURAL CONTEXT UKRAINE." Academic Notes Series Pedagogical Science 1, no. 195 (2021): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2415-7988-2021-1-195-55-60.

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The article summarizes the significance of M. V. Lysenko's compositional and concert-performance activity in the formation of the musical and cultural context in Ukraine. The general Ukrainian culture in the years of the second half of the XIX century reaches a new qualitative level of its development. During this period, created a galaxy of prominent writers, artists and musicians, whose activities were aimed at the processes of national and cultural revival of society associated with the national liberation movement in the country. Under this approach, the study of composition and concert-pe

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Schaaf, Robert W. "The United Nations International Law Commission." International Journal of Legal Information 18, no. 2 (1990): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500026573.

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Those seeking information on the United Nations’ work in systematizing the rules of public international law may find it useful to examine the latest edition of The Work of the International Law Commission (4th ed., United Nations, 1988). According to this publication, (the primary source for this column), interest in the development and codification of the rules on international law may be traced back to the late 18th century and the English philosopher Jeremy Bentham, author of Principles of International Law. From this time forward there were numerous attempts at the codification of interna

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Musaddad, Aliyu Ibrahim. "The Impact of The Prophetic Legal Policy on Thenumbness Diplomacy and Contemporary International Relations: an Analytical Study." IKONOMIKA 6, no. 1 (2021): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/febi.v6i1.9486.

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The policy of the Prophet's legitimacy their role in The development, progress and culture of what is known today as diplomacy and international relations. andThe policy of the Prophet's legitimacy It means the policy of the Messenger, may God bless him and grant him peace, and the management of diplomatic relations in times of peace and war, and the relationship with enemiesThis isthe paper about The study inAnalyze it. The researcher chosecurriculum TheShowy Analytical, as he talked about Five points from The impact of the policy of the Messenger, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, in

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Бутвиловский, Владимир, and Vladimir Butvilovsky. "POLITICS, ECONOMICS, USE OF THE ENVIRONMENT: WHERE DO THE THEORIES LEAD AND WHAT DO THEY HAVE TO OFFER?" Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Biological, Engineering and Earth Sciences 2017, no. 2 (2017): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2542-2448-2017-2-32-36.

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The article describes «theories» of social development in the aspect of politics, economics and nature management. The social and futuristic theories of Thomas Malthus, Heinz von Förster, Francis Fukuyama, Sergei Kapitza, Andrei Parshev, Vitaly Bushuev, Yuri Mukhin, Mikhail Veller, Pierre Trier de Chardin, Nikita Moiseev, Yury Kosygin, Yuri Salin and other researchers are relevant. So far, there are no theories that correctly assess all the important aspects of human life and lead humanity quite safe roads, albeit different. In the opinion of the author, this «roads» have to begin with the «in

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Kruszewski, Tomasz. "NIEZREALIZOWANA KODYFIKACJA PRAWA ŁUŻYCKIEGO NA ŚLĄSKU W POŁOWIE XIX STULECIA." Zeszyty Prawnicze 11, no. 3 (2016): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2011.11.3.09.

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UNREALIZED CODIFICATION OF LUSATIA’S LAW IN SILESIA IN THE MID – 19TH CENTURYSummary The statement refers to designed codification of Lusatia’s law, which was in effect (from 1815) in Prussian Upper Lusatia up to that time. There had been Saxon law so far, which saved operative power after had being connected to the area of Prussia during deliberation of the Congress of Vienna. When law was sorted in Prussia in the mid – 19th century two schemes of codifications – the first for Silesia and the second for Upper Lusatia – were formulated in Silesian province, Upper Lusatia belonged to it. But af

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Simeonov, Simeon Andonov. "“Insurgentes, Self-Styled Patriots”." Journal of Global Slavery 5, no. 3 (2020): 291–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00503004.

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Abstract This article argues that Iberian consulates in the United States identified the emergence of a “privateering archipelago,” a new revolutionary interimperial legal/economic regime stretching from Rhode Island to the greater Caribbean in the post-Napoleonic decade. Spanish consuls’ successful navigation of the privateering archipelago enabled them to expand the power of Cuban slavers into the southern U.S. Spanish consuls’ confrontation with privateers became a driving force in the revival of the slave trade after its international condemnation at the Congress of Vienna (1815). Even tho

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Tobiasz, Lesław. "Swiss neutrality – origins, development, prospects." Język. Religia. Tożsamość. 2, no. 30 (2024): 353–69. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.8714.

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The author presents the origin of the Swiss neutrality, its development throughout the history and the challenges for the neutral state that result from the current geopolitical situation. The beginning of the Swiss neutrality may bee seen already at the creation of the Confederation in 1291. The significant role in the developing of the neutrality played the defeat oft the Swiss troops in the battle of Marignano in 1291. From that time the Swiss Confederation avoid generally to be involved in conflicts outside of its territory. In 1674 Switzerland announced the declaration of neutrality. This

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Šedivý, Miroslav. "The Path to the Austro-Sardinian War: The Post-Napoleonic States System and the End of Peace in Europe in 1848." European History Quarterly 49, no. 3 (2019): 367–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691419853481.

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The aim of this article is to explain the long-term process leading to the decision of Sardinian King Charles Albert to wage war against Austria in March 1848. Moving beyond the normal stress on Italian national consciousness, the article focuses more on the King’s attitude towards the conduct of European powers in Italian affairs and attempts to prove that repeated illegal and aggressive actions of the European powers after 1830 destroyed the King’s faith in the fairness of the political-legal system established at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, leading also to his loss of faith in the stren

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Prejs, Roland. "Biskup Aleksander Bereśniewicz wobec klasztorów w Wielkopolsce Wschodniej (1883-1902)." Polonia Maior Orientalis 5 (2018): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/27204006pmo.18.002.16030.

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Biskup Aleksander Bereśniewicz objął rządy diecezją kujawsko-kaliską, której częścią była Wielkopolska Wschodnia, w trudnym okresie. Był to czas po powstaniu styczniowym, a jednym z problemów była kasata klasztorów w Królestwie Polskim, jako konsekwencja tego zrywu rewolucyjnego. Wiele klasztorów uległo całkowitej likwidacji, część z nich stała się etatowymi, w których gromadzono zakonników, czekając na ich wymarcie. Biskup Bereśniewicz starał się, w miarę swoich możliwości, ratować i podtrzymywać ich egzystencję. Choć nie było to łatwe, a trudności piętrzyły się ze strony władz zaborczych. Bi

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Pelleriti, Enza. "«Si volle rapire alla Sicilia la sua Costituzione, e la sua indipendenza». L'ultimo Parlamento del Regno di Sicilia al tempo del Congresso di Vienna (1814-1815)." ARCHIVIO STORICO PER LA SICILIA ORIENTALE, no. 2 (October 2017): 110–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/asso2017-002004.

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Toyoda, Tetsuya. "Influence of Public Opinion on International Law in the Nineteenth Century." Alberta Law Review 46, no. 4 (2009): 1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr218.

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This article examines the influence of public opinion on international law in the nineteenth century. The author argues that although the nineteenth century was dominated by imperialism and state interests, public opinion played an important role. The article first examines the Vienna Congress in 1815, where European representatives made a declaration condemning the slave trade. It then moves to 1864, when some European nations agreed at Geneva on a convention for humanitarian relief of war victims. Finally it looks at the Berlin Conference of 1885, where European representatives guaranteed Af

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