Relevant bibliographies by topics / Coniferous logs

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Academic literature on the topic 'Coniferous logs'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Coniferous logs"

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Strukelj, Manuella, Suzanne Brais, Sylvie A. Quideau, et al. "Chemical transformations in downed logs and snags of mixed boreal species during decomposition." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 43, no. 9 (2013): 785–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2013-0086.

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Snags and downed logs are substantial components of the detrital carbon pool in boreal forests. Effects of their decomposition on chemical and physical characteristics of the forest floor remain relatively unknown. The main objective of this study was to characterize chemical transformations of decaying logs and snags of common tree species in the boreal mixedwood forest. Logs and snags from a wide range of decay classes were sampled and analyzed by solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and by near-infrared spectroscopy. Little or moderate chemical changes appeared in fresh and moderately decayed snags and logs, but in well-decayed logs, substantial degradation of carbohydrates and increases in lignin concentrations occurred. Deciduous species had initially more carbohydrates than coniferous species, but decomposition narrowed their differences, and in well-decayed logs, species differed mainly in terms of their lignin concentrations. Well-decayed deciduous logs reached very low wood densities, and their integration into the forest floor and long-term preservation remains questionable. In contrast, chemical composition of well-decayed coniferous logs resembles that of lignic forest floor (i.e., forest floor originating from deadwood decomposition), with preserved lignins, carbohydrates, and alkyl carbon compounds. Decomposed coniferous wood thus contributes to chemical heterogeneity of the forest floor, possibly promoting diversity of decomposers as well as carbon retention in soils.
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Marra, James L., and Robert L. Edmonds. "Coarse woody debris and forest floor respiration in an old-growth coniferous forest on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, USA." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 9 (1994): 1811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-234.

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Carbon dioxide evolution rates for downed logs (coarse woody debris) and the forest floor were measured in a temperate, old-growth rain forest in Olympic National Park, Washington, using the soda lime trap method. Measurements were taken every 4 weeks from October 22, 1991, to November 19, 1992. Respiration rates for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), logs were determined for decay classes 1–2, 3, and 5 in two diameter classes. Overall, western hemlock logs respired at a rate 35% higher (4.37 g CO2•m−2•day−1) than Douglas-fir logs (3.23 g CO2•m−2•day−1). Respiration rates for decay class 1–2 logs of both species were similar to decay class 5 logs (4.46 and 4.07 g CO2•m−2•day−1, respectively), but decay class 3 logs respired at a lower rate (3.23 g CO2•m−2•day−1). Seasonal patterns of respiration rates occurred, particularly for decay class 1 and 2 western hemlock logs where monthly averages ranged from a low of 2.67 g CO2•m−2•day−1 in February 1992 to a high of 8.30 g CO2•m−2•day−1 in September 1992. Rates for decay class 1–2 western hemlock logs were greater than those from the forest floor, which ranged from 3.42 to 7.13 g CO2•m−2•day−1. Respiration rates were depressed in late July and August compared with fall and spring owing to the summer drought characteristic of the Pacific Northwest. Large-diameter western hemlock logs in decay class 1–2 had higher respiration rates than small-diameter logs, whereas large-diameter decay class 3 western hemlock logs had lower respiration rates than small-diameter logs.
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Bingham, Bruce B., and John O. Sawyer Jr. "Volume and mass of decaying logs in an upland old-growth redwood forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 12 (1988): 1649–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-249.

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A line intersect technique was used to determine the volume and mass of dead, naturally fallen logs at least 25 cm in diameter and 4 m or more in length over an 80-ha mesic, upland old-growth redwood forest in northwestern California. Each log was identified to species and placed in one of three decay classes: sound logs, moderately decayed logs, and logs in an advanced state of decay. Only logs of redwood (Sequoiasempervirens (D. Don) Endl.), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), and western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) met the dimension requirements of sampling. Redwood logs in the middle decay class had the greatest volume (528 m3/ha) and mass (116 t/ha). The total volume and mass of all logs were 957 m3/ha and 200 t/ha, respectively. The total volume and mass of decaying logs in this redwood stand exceeded averages typical of other kinds of low-elevation coniferous forests in the Douglas-fir region.
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Simard, Marie-Josée, Yves Bergeron, and Luc Sirois. "Substrate and litterfall effects on conifer seedling survivorship in southern boreal stands of Canada." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 4 (2003): 672–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-204.

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Most conifer seeds die as seeds or seedlings within 5 years after dispersal. Understanding what factors keep a few of them alive is essential if natural regeneration is to be maintained in managed forests. For example, decaying logs and the conifer seedlings that often grow on them are rare under certain canopies such as deciduous trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). We conducted a seeding experiment to evaluate the role of certain substrates, and litterfall, on early conifer survivorship. Seeds of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), and eastern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) were sown during 2 consecutive years on mineral soil, relocated logs, and litter in deciduous aspen and coniferous (Thuja occidentalis dominated) stands. Seedling survivor ship was monitored at the end of the first growing season and 1 year after each sowing. Conifer seedling survivorship was equivalent or greater under aspen than under cedar-dominated canopies. Picea and Thuja survivorship was highest on decaying logs of approximately 9 cm high (compared with logs buried at forest floor level) and lowest on forest floor litter during both the first growing season and the following autumn–winter. Abies survivorship was little affected by substrate type, except for low autumn–winter survival on litter. Thuja autumn–winter survival was significantly reduced by litterfall in both deciduous and coniferous stands.
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Katarzyna, Szewczyk, and Iwanicki Piotr. "Evaluating the suitability of machinery use during skidding of wood in pine stands." Lesne Prace Badawcze / Forest Research Papers 80, no. 3 (2019): 219–26. https://doi.org/10.2478/frp-2019-0020.

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Skidding of large-sized logs requires special machinery such as skidders, clambunks, forwarders or farm tractors with a winch or hydraulic tongs. The precise choice of which skidding machine to use depends largely on the desired efficiency and economic factors. The aim of this research was to evaluate the suitability of three different machines (LKT 81 skidder, John Deere 1110D forwarder and Pronar 1221A agricultural tractor with hydraulic tongs) for wood skidding based on technical and economic indicators. The practical work for this research was carried out in the Mirosławiec Forest Division in areas with fresh mixed coniferous forest habitats where the dominant species in the stands was pine and strip-like clear cutting was the preferred management practice. The best machinery performance values were obtained for skidding using the John Deere forwarder
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Rajala, Tiina, Mikko Peltoniemi, Taina Pennanen, and Raisa Mäkipää. "Relationship between wood-inhabiting fungi determined by molecular analysis (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) and quality of decaying logs." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, no. 12 (2010): 2384–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-176.

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We investigated the fungal communities inhabiting decaying logs in a seminatural boreal forest stand in relation to host tree species, stage of decay, density, diameter, moisture, C to N ratio, Klason lignin content, and water- and ethanol-soluble extractives. Communities were profiled using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprinting of the rDNA ITS1 region coupled with sequencing of fungal DNA extracted directly from the wood. In addition, polypore fruit bodies were inventoried. Logs from different tree species had different fungal communities and different physicochemical properties (e.g., C to N ratio, density, ethanol extractives, and diameter). Ascomycetes comprised a larger portion of communities inhabiting deciduous birch ( Betula spp.) and European aspen ( Populus tremula L.) logs compared with those living on coniferous Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.). A relationship between mycelial community structure and density of decaying spruce logs suggested a succession of fungi with mass loss of wood. The fruit body inventory underestimated fungal diversity in comparison with the culture-free denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis that also detected inconspicuous but important species inhabiting decaying wood.
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Prescott, Cindy E., Kirsten Corrao, Anya M. Reid, Jenna M. Zukswert, and Shalom D. Addo-Danso. "Changes in mass, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in logs decomposing for 30 years in three Rocky Mountain coniferous forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, no. 10 (2017): 1418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0001.

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Estimates of decomposition rates of coarse woody debris (CWD) and fluxes of nutrients therein are essential components of carbon (C) and nutrient budget models. In a 30-year field experiment, we periodically measured mass remaining and nutrient concentrations in log segments of pine, spruce, and fir in natural, mature coniferous forests in Alberta, Canada. The predicted turnover times (t95; years) were 43–44 years for pine, 42–60 years for spruce, and 38–46 years for fir. Extrapolating from best-fit models, we predict that decomposition of these logs would be complete within 50–60 years. The ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C:N) declined for most of the decomposition period, and ratios of the three species converged at <200 at 90% mass loss. Net release of N occurred only after logs had lost 90% of their original C and C:N had declined to <200. The ratio of carbon to phosphorus (C:P) declined and converged at 500–1000 at 90% mass loss. There was no evidence of net P release from logs even at 90% mass loss. It may be possible to estimate the amounts of N and P that will be incorporated into decaying logs based on the extent to which their initial C:N differs from 200 and their initial C:P differs from 500.
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Prestemon, Jeffrey P., Shushuai Zhu, James A. Turner, Joseph Buongiorno, and Ruhong Li. "Forest Product Trade Impacts of an Invasive Species: Modeling Structure and Intervention Trade-Offs." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 35, no. 1 (2006): 128–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500010108.

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Asian gypsy and nun moth introductions into the United States, possibly arriving on imported Siberian coniferous logs, threaten domestic forests and product markets and could have global market consequences. We simulate, using the Global Forest Products Model (a spatial equilibrium model of the world forest sector), the consequences under current policies of a widespread, successful pest invasion, and of plausible trading partner responses to the successful invasion. We find that trade liberalization would have a negligible effect on U.S. imports of Siberian logs and, consequently, on the risk of a pest invasion. But, if it happened, possibly through trade in other commodities, a successful and widespread pest invasion would have large effects on producers and consumers over the period 2002 to 2030.
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Watchman, A. L., R. A. Lessard, A. J. T. Jull, L. J. Toolin, and Weston Blake. "14C Dating of Laser-Oxidized Organics." Radiocarbon 35, no. 2 (1993): 331–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200065024.

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We used a continuous krypton ion laser to rapidly oxidize milligram-sized fragments of coniferous driftwood of known ages, and dated the resulting carbon dioxide by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). AMS 14C ages of non-pretreated young wood from different parts of two logs were within 10% of the ages of conventionally determined alkaline insoluble fractions. The age of the oldest whole wood measured after laser oxidation was within the error ranges of conventional values.
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Heppelmann, Joachim B., Eric R. Labelle, Thomas Seifert, Stefan Seifert, and Stefan Wittkopf. "Development and Validation of a Photo-Based Measurement System to Calculate the Debarking Percentages of Processed Logs." Remote Sensing 11, no. 9 (2019): 1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11091133.

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Within a research project investigating the applicability and performance of modified harvesting heads used during the debarking of coniferous tree species, the actual debarking percentage of processed logs needed to be evaluated. Therefore, a computer-based photo-optical measurement system (Stemsurf) designed to assess the debarking percentage recorded in the field was developed, tested under laboratory conditions, and applied in live field operations. In total, 1720 processed logs of coniferous species from modified harvesting heads were recorded and analyzed within Stemsurf. With a single log image as the input, the overall debarking percentage was calculated by further estimating the un-displayed part of the log surface by defining polygons representing the differently debarked areas of the log surface. To assess the precision and bias of the developed measurement system, 480 images were captured under laboratory conditions on an artificial log with defined surface polygons. Within the laboratory test, the standard deviation of average debarking percentages remained within a 4% variation. A positive bias of 6.7% was caused by distortion and perspective effects. This resulted in an average underestimation of 1.1% for the summer debarking percentages gathered from field operations. The software generally performed as anticipated through field and lab testing and offered a suitable alternative of assessing stem debarking percentage, a task that should increase in importance as more operations are targeting debarked products.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Coniferous logs"

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Šedbaraitė, Jūratė. "Paprastosios pušies spyglių morfologinių ir fiziologinių savybių kitimas lietuvos lokalios taršos poveikyje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050604_173045-44793.

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SUMMARY In the research work for Master degree the variance of morphological-physiological characteristics of the needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in the vicinity of local pollution sources of Lithuania were investigated. Subject of research: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing near the largest industrial pollution sources in Lithuania: a cement factory, a nitrogen fertilizer factory and an oil refinery. Goals of the research: to estimate morphological and physiological features of the needles sampled from the pines growing at different distances from the largest industrial pollution sources. Methodology: the needle morphological features were determined by evaluating needle fluctuating length asymmetry and needle fluctuating mass asymmetry. The needle surface quality was evaluated by measuring contact angles of the water droplets and following the dynamics of water loss from excised needles. Research results: Significant differences were documented between the pine stands located at different distances from the cement factory. The needle asymmetry and surface data of the pine stand near the cement factory showed that the cement dust had a negative effect on the needle development and structure. The pine stand growing in the vicinity of the cement factory was characterised by increased needle asymmetry, faster water loss from the excised needles and increased surface wettability. No morphological and physiological changes as caused by air... [to full text]
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Books on the topic "Coniferous logs"

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The Sawlogs and Veneer Logs of Coniferou. 2000 World Market Forecasts for Imported Sawlogs and Veneer Logs of Coniferous Trees. Icon Group International, 2000.

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The Sawlogs and Veneer Logs of Non-Conif. 2000 World Market Forecasts for Imported Sawlogs and Veneer Logs of Non-Coniferous Trees. Icon Group International, 2000.

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The Sawlogs and Veneer Logs of Coniferou, The Sawlogs, and Veneer Logs of Coniferous Trees Research Group. The 2000 World Forecasts of Sawlogs and Veneer Logs of Coniferous Trees Export Supplies (World Trade Report). 2nd ed. Icon Group International, 2000.

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Non-Conif, The Sawlogs and Veneer Logs of, The Sawlogs, and Veneer Logs of Non-Coniferous Trees Research Group. The 2000 World Forecasts of Sawlogs and Veneer Logs of Non-coniferous Trees Export Supplies (World Trade Report). 2nd ed. Icon Group International, 2000.

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Sawlogs, The, and Veneer Logs of Coniferous Trees Research Group. The 2000 Import and Export Market for Sawlogs and Veneer Logs of Coniferous Trees in Chile (World Trade Report). 2nd ed. Icon Group International, Inc., 2001.

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Sawlogs, The, and Veneer Logs of Coniferous Trees Research Group. The 2000 Import and Export Market for Sawlogs and Veneer Logs of Coniferous Trees in Romania (World Trade Report). 2nd ed. Icon Group International, Inc., 2001.

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Sawlogs, The, and Veneer Logs of Coniferous Trees Research Group. The 2000 Import and Export Market for Sawlogs and Veneer Logs of Coniferous Trees in Austria (World Trade Report). 2nd ed. Icon Group International, Inc., 2001.

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Sawlogs, The, and Veneer Logs of Coniferous Trees Research Group. The 2000 Import and Export Market for Sawlogs and Veneer Logs of Coniferous Trees in Bulgaria (World Trade Report). 2nd ed. Icon Group International, Inc., 2001.

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Sawlogs, The, and Veneer Logs of Coniferous Trees Research Group. The 2000 Import and Export Market for Sawlogs and Veneer Logs of Coniferous Trees in Ireland (World Trade Report). 2nd ed. Icon Group International, Inc., 2001.

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Sawlogs, The, and Veneer Logs of Coniferous Trees Research Group. The 2000 Import and Export Market for Sawlogs and Veneer Logs of Coniferous Trees in Thailand (World Trade Report). 2nd ed. Icon Group International, Inc., 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Coniferous logs"

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Greer, Dennis H., Ilkka Leinonen, and Tapani Repo. "Modelling Cold Hardiness Development and Loss in Conifers." In Tree Physiology. Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9650-3_16.

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Nevalainen, Seppo, and Hannu Yli-Kojola. "The Occurrence of Abiotic and Biotic Damage and its Relation to Defoliation (Needle Loss) of Conifers in Finland (1985–1988)." In Acidification in Finland. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75450-0_28.

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Butin, Heinz. "Wood Damage in the Standing Tree." In Tree Diseases And Disorders, edited by David Lonsdale. Oxford University PressOxford, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198549321.003.0007.

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Abstract Forest fires can be one of the greatest causes of loss in forests since, at their most severe, they can wipe out entire stands by spreading through the forest canopy. Certain years come to be recognized as ‘forest fire years ‘ when persistently hot, dry weather brings an exceptionally high risk of damage. Information on fire risk factors and on prevention and control can be found in the specialist literature. Storm damage can take the form of ‘windthrow, ‘ when the whole tree is uprooted or of ‘wind snap, ‘ when the root anchorage is relatively firm, but the stem breaks under wind pressure which exceeds its bending strength. Windthrow, which progresses through a stand due to restricted rooting, is said to be ‘endemic, ‘ while extensive windthrow due to severe storms, regardless of site conditions is described as ‘catastrophic ‘. Storm damage destabilizes the forest ecosystem, sometimes favoring the build up of pests, especially bark beetles that can harm surviving trees or logs awaiting extraction in coniferous stands (227). Breakage due to ice or snow can occur when excessive accumulations build up in extreme winter weather. In the case of ice, accumulation occurs when supercooled rain freezes on contact with the tree. The weight of ice or snow can break leading shoots as well as branches. Pines, spruces, Silver fir, Cedar of Lebanon, and beech are particularly at risk.
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Cuevas-Suárez, Carlos, Lilia Ortiz-Rodríguez, and Carlos Alonso-Hernández. "Extracting resin from coniferous trees." In Biofilms based on forest resin for preservation of saladette tomatoes. ECORFAN, 2024. https://doi.org/10.35429/h.2024.10.11.20.

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The Valley and Cofre de Perote Region is located in the state of Veracruz, where the main source of income in the region is generated from agricultural activities, which is why, due to not having other types of alternative economic income to satisfy their needs, the region's forests are under notable pressure, given that agricultural activities generate the loss of forest cover. An alternative for the income of economic resources without the need to modify forest areas is the implementation of resin extraction to obtain rosin, since in addition to providing income to the population, it generates awareness within the region about the care and protection of forests, in addition to having a path for the development of integrated forest management that allows the sustainable and sustainable use of the forest.
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Sandim, André, Maria Emília Silva, Ana Cristina Gonçalves, Margarida Tomé, and Teresa Fidalgo Fonseca. "Management of Pinus pinaster Aiton for Wood and Resin Production: A Technical-Financial Feasibility Analysis." In Conifers - Recent Advances [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104855.

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Maritime Pine sector is an important agent for promoting economy and sustainable development in Portugal. Among the products explored in these forests are wood and resin. The objective of this work was to evaluate the technical and financial viability from the creation of three simulated exploration scenarios: Wood Exploration (W), Resin (R) and Wood + Resin (WR), for this it was defined a loss of 16% of wood volume in resined forest stands and created operational models that defined the costs, investments and revenues that made it possible to prepare cash flow for each scenario and apply the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) feasibility analysis indicators, Net Current Value (VAL), Net Profitability Index (NPI) and Discounted Pay Back (DPB). Scenario R presented the best indicators, however, with absolute values that were not attractive and that the W and WR scenario presented viability but with a DPB at 10 years of age. The loss of wood was not compensated by resin production. The indicators of the WR scenario fell short of those observed in scenario R. Increased market price of resin and scale gain can overcome wood loss and ensure added value in the joint exploration of wood and resin.
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Butin, Heinz. "Damage to Buds, Shoots, and Branches." In Tree Diseases And Disorders, edited by David Lonsdale. Oxford University PressOxford, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198549321.003.0004.

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Abstract Shoots tend to be damaged most severely by frost when it occurs in spring ( ‘late frost ‘), since the tissues are soft at this time and more susceptible to thermal shock than in autumn or winter. However, frosts at the end of the growing season ( ‘early frosts ‘) can also be damaging to certain species that have a continuous flushing habit and set buds late in the summer (e.g. poplars) or not at all (e.g. eucalypts). Severe frost damage causes shoots to wilt and droop, becoming brown and desiccated after a few days. If the damage is sublethal or confined to one side of the shoot, subsequent growth may be stunted, curved, or otherwise distorted, especially in the case of conifers (Fig. 51). In most broadleaved species, the loss of the shoot tips stimulates compensatory growth either from axillary buds (e.g. oak) or from dormant buds (e.g. beech), but this new growth usually bears undersized chlorotic leaves. Conifers are less able than broadleaves to replace lost shoots; an exception to this is larch, which can refoliate entirely.
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Esbah H., Kara B., Deniz B., and Kesgin B. "Urban growth pattern of Didim." In Remote Sensing for a Changing Europe. IOS Press, 2009. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-58603-986-8-165.

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Didim peninsula is the fattest growing urban area in the Aydin province, Turkey. Since 1990, the Town of Didim has changed significantly after discovered by domestic and international tourist. In spite of the recent rapid LULC change, Didim has not been spoiled compared to other big touristic towns of Turkey. Didim has been announced as “Tourism hot spot” in 2000, thus its planning is overseen by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Monitoring of the Didim's development is necessary to guide the Ministry in promoting sustainable planning guidelines. The present work aims to determine the characteristics and the amount of urban growth in Didim by using remote sensing and GIS technology. Already rectified Aster (dated 04/27/2005) and Spot 2X (03/02/1994) images were used as well as the population information, aerial photographs, city plans and thematic maps from previous studies. Object oriented classification technique is employed. Some complementary information is extracted from aerials and maps by on-screen digitization. Total of 16 LULC categories are defined. After, putting all information in the GIS database, the pattern of landscape change in Didim is described by using selected landscape metrics. The case study of the Town of Didim offers a good example of the impact of national policies on land use dynamics at local landscape scale. The findings indicate three simultaneous key trends: loss of coniferous forests, the thinning of the maqui vegetation cover, and intensification of urban areas on valuable class II type of soils. Identified trends have significant consequences in terms of the response that ecosystems have given to these anthropogenic landscape alterations. A strategy to promote sustainable land use management should be generated timely manner.
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Allen, Harriet. "Vegetation and Ecosystem Dynamics." In The Physical Geography of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199268030.003.0019.

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Within the Mediterranean region a number of distinctive vegetation communities can be recognized, comprising some 25,000 species, of which about 50 per cent are endemic. Broadly defined, these originated with the establishment of a mediterranean-type climate about 3.2 million years ago, since when they have been subject to the vicissitudes of glacial–interglacial climate changes, plus the intensification of human impact during the last 10,000 years (Chapters 4 and 9). These communities are dynamic, responding to environmental changes at a variety of scales, both spatial and temporal. This chapter explores the characteristics of these communities and examines the relationships between ecosystem dynamics and biodiversity, and ecosystem response to disturbance. For example, each year fires burn out of control and are the subject of regular news stories during summer months. While fires may be economically devastating and lead to loss of life (Chapter 19), ecologically their incidence is an important dynamic component of Mediterranean ecosystems and may, indeed, be crucial to the successful propagation and spread of plants and communities regarded as typically Mediterranean. Associated animal populations generally recover quickly despite inevitable loss of life in some populations. Thus understanding the role of fire and other disturbance factors such as grazing is key to understanding Mediterranean vegetation communities and ecosystem dynamics. The chapter concludes with an evaluation of the likely response of vegetation communities to potential atmospheric and land use changes. While a number of distinct vegetation communities have been identified, a common characteristic is an ability to survive hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters, together with frequent disturbances. Many of the communities are dominated by shrubs, and Mediterranean evergreen sclerophyllous shrublands are recognized as one of the defined ecosystems of the world (di Castri 1981). Such shrublands are at the centre of a continuum of communities which vary along gradients of moisture availability, temperature, and nutrient availability, usually determined by substrate, and human activity. At the extreme ends of these gradients, but still Mediterranean, are sclerophyllous woodlands, coniferous and deciduous forests, savannas and grasslands grading into steppe and semi-desert shrublands, and heathlands.
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Ehrenfeld, David. "A Walk in the Woods." In Swimming Lessons. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195148527.003.0036.

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The forest was small by American standards, perhaps fifty or sixty acres, but in the rolling Devon countryside with its parceled fields and narrow, hedge-enclosed lanes, it felt appropriately spacious. I was enjoying the guided tour in one of my favorite parts of the world. The light rain and chilly July breezes felt right; the English ivy carpeting the ground seemed right; the leafy hardwoods looked right (although I didn’t know the species and could easily have been fooled); and the probably medieval bank and ditch running through the woods at right angles to the path gave everything an impressive air of authenticity. The path turned. As we rounded the corner, I saw ahead the darker shade of conifers. Soon we were in the midst of a grove of youthful but already towering California-coast redwoods. A deep silence hung like a benediction over the dark wood, but it was quickly shattered. “I’d give anything to be allowed to cut them down,” said our guide, Stephan, in an angry voice. This incident passed out of my thoughts until weeks later back in New Jersey, when I was reading the chapter on conservation in Oliver Rack-ham’s The History of the Countryside, an account of the origins of Britain’s landscapes, flora, and fauna. The British landscape of the late twentieth century, Rack-ham wrote, is suffering from an acute loss of meaning—the unique messages once conveyed by many historic woodlands, witness to millennia of slow and painstaking change, have been garbled beyond recognition in five or six decades of modern planting, “restoration,” development, and agriculture. The more I read in this remarkable book, surely one of the most profound and eloquent descriptions of people and nature ever written, the more I understood Stephan’s feeling that his Devon woodland had been desecrated by the planting of those redwoods. I also began to understand how little I knew about the long discourse between people and trees in Britain, where the history of the relationship is probably as well documented as in any place on earth.
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Conference papers on the topic "Coniferous logs"

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Серая, Л. Г., Г. Е. Ларина, И. Н. Калембет, Е. В. Бондарева, Н. Н. Полякова, and Т. А. Петровнина. "Coniferous fall near tree species at landscaping objects." In МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ АССОЦИАЦИЯ АКАДЕМИЙ НАУК СОВЕТ БОТАНИЧЕСКИХ САДОВ СТРАН СНГ ПРИ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ АССОЦИАЦИИ АКАДЕМИЙ НАУК Информационный бюллетень. Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35102/cbgcis.2022.34.81.018.

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Явление, при котором хвойное растение сбрасывает старую, засохшую хвою (в возрасте от 2-х до 5-и лет в зависимости от биологии вида) называют хвоепадом. Для многих хвойных пород осеннее опадение хвои – это естественное явление и, как правило, происходит ежегодно. На объектах озеленения помимо естественных причин хвоепада наблюдают частичный или полный сброс хвои как отклик на стресс. Например, на этапе адаптации при пересадке крупномерного посадочного материала существует вероятность опадения до 70% хвои. Таким образом дерево регулирует объем наземной части и корневой системы. Но возможен и иной сценарий развития событий, результатом которого может стать плохая приживаемость растения и потеря его функциональности, в т.ч. декоративности. Поэтому важное диагностическое значение приобретает не количество опавшей хвои, а состояние однолетнего прироста, который должен быть здоровым, с хорошо дифференцировавшимися почками для успешного роста в следующем году. The phenomenon in which a coniferous plant sheds old, withered needles (at the age of 2 to 5 years, depending on the biology of the species) is called coniferous fall. For many conifers, fall fall of the needles is a natural phenomenon and, as a rule, occurs annually. On landscaping objects, in addition to the natural causes of coniferous fall, partial or complete shedding of needles is observed as a response to stress. For example, at the stage of adaptation when transplanting large-sized planting material, there is a possibility of falling off up to 70% of the needles. Thus, the tree regulates the volume of the ground part and the root system. But another scenario is also possible, the result of which may be a poor survival of the plant and the loss of its functionality, incl. decorative. Therefore, it is not the number of fallen needles that acquires important diagnostic value, but the state of the annual growth, which must be healthy, with well-differentiated buds for successful growth next year.
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Medvedev, Il'ya, Dmitriy Parinov, and Vladimir Shamaev. "CONTINUOUS IMPREGNATION OF WOOD FROM THE END FACE UNDER PRESSURE WITH VARIOUS COMPOSITIONS." In Modern machines, equipment and IT solutions for industrial complex: theory and practice. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mmeitsic2021_245-249.

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Modern impregnating compositions for wood can significantly improve its characteristics. Water-soluble and oily antiseptics, flame retardants, strengthening and plasticizing modifiers, and dyes are used as impregnating compositions. By means of impregnation, substances are introduced into the wood that increase its characteristics such as plasticity, hydrophobicity, bio- fire resistance and shape stability. But, the indicator of certain properties after impregnation of wood with a certain composition depends on the depth of impregnation, on the uniformity of the distribution of the impregnating composition over the entire volume of wood, on the concentration of the impregnating composition in the wood, on the chosen method of impregnation. It also affects which group of impregnability a particular wood belongs to, according to the breed composition, the division is made into 3 groups: 1-easily nourished rocks (birch, alder, beech, aspen sapwood, poplar, pine); 2-moderately impregnated rocks (cedar, oak, ash, maple, linden, pine core); 3-hard- to-impregnate rocks (spruce, larch, fir). Spruce and larch are considered to be almost impervious to deep impregnation of the rocks, because of their clogged pores with resin. In the autoclave method of impregnation with water solutions, the wood must be dried to a humidity of 40% before impregnation, and to a humidity of 30% when impregnated with oily liquids. After impregnation, a re-drying operation follows. Another significant disadvantage of autoclave impregnation is its uneven distribution of the absorbed liquid in the workpieces, in some workpieces too much impregnating liquid penetrates, and in others not enough. In order to avoid two dries and to be able to set the volume of liquid that the wood will absorb, as well as to ensure the uniformity of impregnation over the entire volume of wood, it is proposed to develop a technology and equipment for end-to-end impregnation of coniferous wood from the end under pressure of raw, rounded logs with a diameter of 15-35 cm and a length of 3 m.
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Canaris, N., T. Kludt, and B. T. Newton. "Canopy interception loss for a mixed coniferous forest in southern New Mexico prior to tree-thinning treatment." In 2011 New Mexico Geological Society Annual Spring Meeting. New Mexico Geological Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.56577/sm-2011.611.

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Preto, Fernando. "Combustion of Wood Processing Residues in a Circulating Fluidized Bed." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-171.

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The combustion of wood processing residues was tested in the 0.8 MWth CANMET Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustor (CFBC) pilot plant. The specific residues tested were three different types of coniferous tree bark (i.e. from different locations to represent a range of possible fuels and fuel properties). Combustion conditions may be summarized as follows: fuel moisture levels 42–60%, fluidizing velocity 2.1–2.4 m/s; bed temperature 785–910 °C; maximum freeboard temperature 980–1070 °C and excess air levels 20–75%. The CFBC unit was able to burn the high moisture level fuels with no detrimental effect. In all trials the residues burned very well, with combustion efficiency greater than 99% based on overhead carbon loss. Emissions measurements were made of the following pollutant species CO, NOx, N2O, SO2, and dioxins and furans. The emissions levels were: 100–130 ppm NOx; <1 ppm N2O; 5–20 ppm SO2 and 400–1800 ppm CO. These emission levels are well below pollution guidelines for all major pollutants except CO. This however can be traced to the non-homogeneous nature of the coarse feed in the pilot plant. The problem can reasonably be addressed in a full-scale unit by a more stable feed system. A preliminary economic analysis of a new 25 MW FBC power plant firing these fuels was performed. Conservative inputs give a cost of 6 cents/kWh for the electricity produced and a economic wood haulage radius of 70 km.
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Daugaviete, Mudrite, Galina Telysheva, Ojars Polis, Ausma Korica, and Kaspars Spalvis. "Plantation forests as regional strength for development of rural bioeconomy." In 21st International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2020". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2020.53.001.

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The establishment of plantation forests in areas not viable for agriculture can make a significant contribution to the economy. The yield from 1 ha of plantation forest depends on the management purpose - obtaining of round wood (pulpwood, sawnlog, veneer log, tare), bioenergy and extraction of tree foliage (broadleaved and coniferous). In Latvia, based on 2019 data, plantation forests achieve 2760 ha of Scots pine, 7855 ha of Norway spruce, 7431 ha of Birch, 2123 ha of Grey alder, 1274 ha of Black alder and Populus spp. and 618 ha of Salix spp. Estimated and projected gains are calculated both as round wood over 20 to 50 years: pine - 410-to 994 thou. m3; spruce, - 335 to 2.906 thou. m3, birch - 1.040 -2.452 thou. m3. Accordingly, it is possible to obtain gross income from the whole plantation forest area in Latvia: pine-12.42-63.8 mln. EUR; spruce - 40.1 -192.3 mln. EUR; for birch - 32.2 -202.7 mln. Eur. Additionally to that, 18.6 -21.6 t ha-1 and 24.0 -37.0 t ha-1 of processed foliage can be obtained from 1 ha of pine and spruce forest plantations (40-50 years old). Alnus incana sp. (5-20 years), yielding 19.65-122.65 thou. Solid m3 and Salix spp. (3-5 years), yielding 58.71-84.97 thou. solid m3, are used for energy production, furthermore Alnus spp. wood can be used than valuable raw material for plywood production. At the same time, it is possible to capture 106-1477 thou. tonnes of CO2 equivalent. Systematic investigations of chemical composition of above mentioned Latvian plantation trees, wood and bark, have shown that incorporation of extraction treatment in existing processing schemes will allow to manufacture high value added monomeric and oligomeric products which are of great demand for substitution of synthetic ones in different economy sectors (agriculture, including means for plant protection, food industry, polymer production, pharmacy etc.). Creation of small and medium-sized enterprises in rural region in close proximity to plantations opens the opportunity for the appearance of new working places, including organization of new nurseries, plantation services, private businesses for processing of various lignocellulosic waste into new special products / semi-products / feedstock for green industrial materials and chemicals, at the same time diminishing the logistics expenses.
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Соколов, И. В., А. И. Иванов, Ж. А. Иванова, Е. Я. Рижия, and И. И. Петров. "REMOTE SENSING IN SOLVING PROBLEMS SECONDARY DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL LAND." In МАТЕРИАЛЫ II Всероссийской научной конференции с международным участием «ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ СРЕДСТВ ДИСТАНЦИОННОГО ЗОНДИРОВАНИЯ ЗЕМЛИ В СЕЛЬСКОМ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕ» Санкт-Петербург, 26–28 сентября 2018 г. Crossref, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25695/agrophysica.2018.2.18783.

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В ходе комплексного исследования с использованием данных дистанционного зондирования установлены параметры накопления надземной биомассы на сельскохозяйственных угодьях, зарастающих древесной растительностью. В результате восстановления их плодородия при помощи новых мелиорантов продуктивность однолетних трав повысилась в 2,2–2,8 раза. Наибольшее преимущество было достигнуто в варианте с технологической переработкой ДКР в биоуголь. The crisis of commodity farming in the North-West of Russia has led to the loss of a significant part of agricultural land, their apparent and hidden degradation. The level of economic use of arable land in the region is 55 %, and the degree of overgrowing of trees and shrubs (DKR) varies by regions from 42 to 58 %. Remote sensing plays a positive role in solving the problems of secondary development of these lands. Methodological basis of research served as a geobotanical survey of a number of overgrown trees and shrubs in the typical agro-ecological conditions of land and Mitropoleos inpatient experience in the field crop rotation «annual grass + perennial grasses – perennial grasses 1 G. p. – grasses 2 G. p. – grasses of 3 G. p. – winter crops – spring crops». The soil of experience sod podzolic soils are predominant in tailspinpack slabosolenym. The power of the arable layer is 22 cm, the structure is fragile lumpy-clumpy, phkcl 4,27, humus content of 3.87 %, mobile compounds of phosphoRA and potassium – 74 and 215 mg/kg, respectively. The experimental setup twofactor: factor a – a product of technological processing of IPD (control, chaff, chaff, biochar and ash vdcs) and factor B – system of reproduction of soil fertility on the basis of bird droppings, dolomite Sy-ramalatha and potassium chloride. The study found that the stock of DKR biomass on agricultural land in the North-West of Russia depends on the Botanical composition, age and agroecological conditions. At the age of 15–20 159 years, its level varies from 56–145 t/ha in coniferous species, to 75–255 t/ha – in smallleaved. Reduced in the secondary development of agricultural land DKR in any form of technological processing has a negative impact on the nutritional regime of acidic sodpodzolic soil, causing a significant reduction in the productivity of annual herbs by 42– 80 %. Overcoming these consequences requires the combined use of meliorants: raw dolomite and poultry manure together with potassium fertilizer, providing an increase in productivity of 2.2–2.8 times from 1.27 to 2.76–3.59 kg/m2 . Against this background, the option of technological processing of DKR into bio-coal, which provided an increase in the yield of green mass by 14%, has a distinct advantage from agroecological positions. Analysis of the quality of green oat mass showed a marked reduction under the action of wood products of accumulation in its dry matter of crude protein from 19.4 to 15.3–16.6%, simple sugars and ash substances. The complex application of meliorants in the system of reproduction of fruit-rhodium of the developed soil not only leveled the negative effects, but also allowed to increase the content of crude protein by 11–27, simple sugars – by 8–18, phosphorus – by 23–41, potassium, calcium and magnesium – by 32–85%.
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Reports on the topic "Coniferous logs"

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Becker, Sarah, Craig Daughtry, and Andrew Russ. Robust forest cover indices for multispectral images. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42760.

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Trees occur in many land cover classes and provide significant ecosystem services. Remotely sensed multispectral images are often used to create thematic maps of land cover, but accurately identifying trees in mixed land-use scenes is challenging. We developed two forest cover indices and protocols that reliably identified trees in WorldView-2 multispectral images. The study site in Maryland included coniferous and deciduous trees associated with agricultural fields and pastures, residential and commercial buildings, roads, parking lots, wetlands, and forests. The forest cover indices exploited the product of either the reflectance in red (630 to 690 nm) and red edge (705 to 745 nm) bands or the product of reflectance in red and near infrared (770 to 895 nm) bands. For two classes (trees versus other), overall classification accuracy was >77 percent for the four images that were acquired in each season of the year. Additional research is required to evaluate these indices for other scenes and sensors.
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