Journal articles on the topic 'Conjugal trajectories'

This study examines how the work trajectories of women and men after childbirth and their subjective evaluation influence conjugal love. Data are drawn from the study, «Social Stratification, Cohesion and Conflict in Contemporary Families» (Widmer et al., 2003). The results show that an interruption of labour force participation increases the risk of feeling less in love for women, especially if the interruption is perceived as a sacrifice. Women's feelings of love also depend on the way in which their male partners consider their own work trajectories. Men's feelings of love are much less sensitive to their own and their partners' work trajectories. The results are discussed within the life course perspective.

Background. The study aimed to examine sex differences in healthcare use before and after widowhood to investigate whether reduced healthcare use among widowers compared with widows may partially explain excess mortality and more adverse health outcomes among men than women after spousal loss.Methods. All individuals alive and aged at least 60 years in 1996 and who became widowed in the period from 1996 to 2003 were selected from the 5% sample of the total Danish population and all Danish twins. The healthcare use was assessed as the average daily all-cause and major system-specific medication use and the average annual number of visits to general physicians (GPs).Results. The average daily use of all-cause and major system-specific medications, as well as the number of GP visits increased over the period from 1 year before and up to 5 years after a spouse's death, but there were no sex-specific patterns in the trajectories of medication use and number of GP visits after conjugal loss.Conclusion. We found little support for the hypothesis that reduced healthcare use contributes to the explanation of more adverse health outcomes after conjugal loss in men compared with women in Denmark.

This article explores the migration choices of Chinese–Taiwanese couples who have met in a third country as students and formed transnational and cross-cultural families. Being subject to three sets of regulations (those of China, Taiwan and the third country) has put these couples in a more restrictive situation in negotiating their life choices and mobility. Using qualitative data, this article elucidates the migration trajectories of these couples, the conflicts they face, how they negotiate conflict areas and the strategic use of marriage in a third country to be together. This article finds that the conjugal lives of these transnational couples cannot completely disengage from institutionalized cross-Strait relations and state ideologies which eventually push them to stay in a third country rather than return to either of their countries of origin.

Postponing motherhood is a widespread phenomenon across developed countries, however only few studies look into very late motherhood in post-socialist countries using individual level data. In this study, I look at the context of the first childbirth in Poland in the midst of the political transformation of 1989. Employing sequence analysis I reconstructed life trajectories of women who experienced the transition to adulthood during the late 1980’s and the early 1990’s and have just completed their fertility histories. Individual data from the 2011 GGS-PL and the 2011 FAMWELL Survey were used. Comparing paths of mothers’ lives, I searched for differences in educational, professional and conjugal careers between women who gave birth before the age of 30 and after the age of 35. The results show how various life careers crisscross over the life course leading women to late motherhood.

The study of within-person change lies at the core of developmental research. Theory and empirical data suggest that many of these developmental processes are not linear. We describe a broad class of multilevel models that allows for nonlinear change — nonlinear mixed models. To demonstrate the utility of these models, we present a nonlinear mixed model analysis of adjustment to conjugal loss. Coming from a perspective of the individual as a regulatory system, our model predicts a faster rate of adjustment immediately following the loss and diminished adjustment as time since the loss increases, approaching an equilibrium level of well-being. This model allows us to estimate various aspects of the adjustment trajectory and individual differences in these trajectories, including multiple ways that pre- and post-loss factors can explain variability in the adjustment process. The model provides new insights into an important phenomenon that cannot be gleaned from linear models and other methods of trajectory analysis. We discuss the strengths and limitations of this type of analysis relative to other methods.

In this paper we answer positively to a question of whether it is possible for a circle diffeomorphism with breaks to be smoothly conjugate to a rigid rotation in the case where its breaks are lying on pairwise distinct trajectories. An example constructed is a piecewise linear circle homeomorphism that has four break points lying on distinct trajectories and whose invariant measure is absolutely continuous with respect to the Lebesgue measure. The irrational rotation number for our example can be chosen to be a Roth number, but not of bounded type.

In this research we introduce a new class of quadratic stochastic operators called ξ s -QSO which are defined through coefficient of the operator from measure-theoretic (namely we are looking the coefficient as the measures which are absolute continuous or singular) point of view. We also study the limiting behaviour of ξ s -QSO defined on 2D-simplex. We first describe ξ s -QSO on 2D-simplex and classify them with respect to the conjugacy and renumeration of the coordinates. We find six non-isomorphic classes of such operators. Moreover, we investigate the behaviour of each operator from three classes and prove convergence of trajectories of these classes and study their certain properties. We showed trajectories of two classes converge to the equilibrium. For the third class, it is established only the negative trajectories converge to the equilibrium.

The trajectories of a mission to an asteroid with the presence of a spacecraft (SC) near the asteroid for some time and including a return to the Earth have been studied. A two-stage method of constructing optimum (with respect to the maximum of the useful SC mass) interplanetary trajectories of an Earth–asteroid–Earth mission with high thrust engines has been developed: in the central Newtonian field of the Sun’s attraction at the first stage and with allowance for disturbances at the second stage. An algorithm of constructing conjugate functions for the case of maximizing the useful mass has been designed. The optimum trajectories for the Earth-Apophis-Earth mission have been constructed and analyzed. The possibility in principle of organizing the Earth-Apophis-Earth space mission based on the "Soyuz" and "Zenit" launch vehicles and "Fregat" upper stage for a flight has been demonstrated.

We construct a class of variational methods for the study of open quantum systems based on Gaussian ansatzes for the quantum trajectory formalism. Gaussianity in the conjugate position and momentum quadratures is distinguished from Gaussianity in density and phase. We apply these methods to a driven-dissipative Kerr cavity where we study dephasing and the stationary states throughout the bistability regime. Computational cost proves to be similar to the Truncated Wigner Approximation (TWA) method, with at most quadratic scaling in system size. Meanwhile, strong correspondence with the numerically-exact trajectory description is maintained so that these methods contain more information on the ensemble constitution than TWA and can be more robust.

The article proposes a new method of mathematical modeling evolutional systems interacting with medium. A cutting process or tribo-space formed in the contact area of two conjugate mechanical subsystems is considered as medium. The features of the medium depend not only on state coordinates of systems but also on trajectories. It is obtained that the parameters of the medium are performed as integral operators of equations like Volterra equations of 2nd type. The problems of control of evolutional systems are being analyzed.

In the present paper, semiclassical formulation of optimal control theory is made by combining the conjugate gradient search method with new approximate semiclassical expressions for correlation function. Two expressions for correlation function are derived. The simpler one requires calculations of coordinates and momenta of classical trajectories only. The second one requires extra calculation of common semiclassical quantities; as a result additional quantum effects can be taken into account. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated by controlling nuclear wave packet motion in a two-dimensional model system.

We study numerically the nature of the retrieval attractors in an asymmetrically diluted Hopfield neural network through the damage propagation technique. We consider the damage evolution of two replicas, initially very close to each other and having both finite projection with one memorized pattern. By analyzing the asymptotic behavior of the damage, we characterize the dynamical nature of the retrieval attractors. We found, in the recognition phase, a dynamical phase transition separating chaotic and fixed point retrieval trajectories. We also present a conjugate field h associated with the damage, which destroys the dynamical transition and whose corresponding susceptibility presents a sharp peak at the critical parameter.

The purpose of this work is to obtain local estimates, and to calculate the constants of approximation of smooth functions. To achieve this goal, the trajectory of functionals, the concept of an approximation families of functionals, the tape of the trajectory of functionals and the width of the tape are considered. For this, the concepts of approximation functionals and their trajectories in the conjugate space are introduced, and the concepts of the trajectory tape and the tape width at a given point are discussed. The resulting overall evaluation of the approximation is applied to multidimensional cases, namely, to approximations by the Courant and Zlamal elements.

For non-invertible maps, subshifts that are mainly of finite type and piecewise monotone interval maps, we investigate what happens if we follow backward trajectories, which are random in the sense that, at each step, every preimage can be chosen with equal probability. In particular, we ask what happens if we try to compute the entropy this way. It turns out that, instead of the topological entropy, we get the metric entropy of a special measure, which we call the fair measure. In general, this entropy (the fair entropy) is smaller than the topological entropy. In such a way, for the systems that we consider, we get a new natural measure and a new invariant of topological conjugacy.

We present a geometric framework to analyze optimal control problems of uncoupled spin 1/2 particles occurring in nuclear magnetic resonance. According to the Pontryagin's maximum principle, the optimal trajectories are solutions of a pseudo-Hamiltonian system. This computation is completed by sufficient optimality conditions based on the concept of conjugate points related to Lagrangian singularities. This approach is applied to analyze two relevant optimal control issues in NMR: the saturation control problem, that is, the problem of steering in minimum time a single spin 1/2 particle from the equilibrium point to the zero magnetization vector, and the contrast imaging problem. The analysis is completed by numerical computations and experimental results.

Despite using potential energy surfaces, multivariable functions on molecular configuration space, to comprehend chemical dynamics for decades, the real happenings in molecules occur in phase space, in which the states of a classical dynamical system are completely determined by the coordinates and their conjugate momenta. Theoretical and numerical results are presented, employing alanine dipeptide as a model system, to support the view that geometrical structures in phase space dictate the dynamics of molecules, the fingerprints of which are traced by following the Hamiltonian flow above saddles. By properly selecting initial conditions in alanine dipeptide, we have found internally free rotor trajectories the existence of which can only be justified in a phase space perspective. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modern theoretical chemistry’.

Loop Gain of the Common-Drain Colpitts OscillatorThis paper presents the derivations of the voltage transfer functions of the amplifier A, the feedback network β, and the loop gainTof the common-drain (CD) Colpitts oscillator, using the small-signal model of the CD Colpitts oscillator. The derivation of the characteristic equation of the CD Colpitts oscillator is presented. Using the characteristic equation, the equation for the oscillation frequency of the sinusoidal output voltage and the condition for steady-state oscillation are derived. The characteristic equation is used to obtain a plot of trajectories of the poles of the CD Colpitts oscillator by varying the MOSFET small-signal transconductancegm. The locations of the complex conjugate poles depicting starting and steady-state conditions for oscillations are also presented.

Electricity supply in Nigeria has been far below the estimated demand and the installed capacity of the plants. Hence, there has been continuous research on improving the performance of the existing plants, but the government mainly focuses on increasing the installed capacity. This paper presents the determination of the optimal release of water to maximize the energy generation potential of the cascaded Kainji-Jebba hydroelectric power station in Nigeria. The problem was formulated as an optimal control problem with an objective of minimizing the deviation of the head of the Jebba reservoir within a set limit. A conjugate gradient algorithm was then used as a direct solution to the optimal control problem. The computed control law and the resulting state trajectories of 2% error affirm the solution to be genuine and reliable. The algorithm is recommended for use in the design of a real-time optimal controller for the system and a decision guide for the operators.

Abstract The new bathymetric map of the Bay of Biscay and Northeast Atlantic Ocean is based on available conventional and swath bathymetric data. It extends from the European coast to the mid-Atlantic ridge in longitude and from the Azores-Gibraltar fracture zone to 50°N in latitude. Grid spacing is 1 km. The map is in Mercator projection at a 1/2,400,000 scale (41°N latitude). With respect to previously published maps, the detailed morphology of the Eurasian and Iberian continental margins is now well established. In addition, we have mapped the two fossil trajectories of the Bay of Biscay triple junction, which limit the western extension of the Bay of Biscay sensu stricto. The Bay of Biscay and Northeast Atlantic Ocean opened simultaneously, between chrons M0 (118 Ma) and 33o (80 Ma). A triple junction existed during that period. Fossil triple junctions trajectories on each of the three Eurasia (EU), Iberia (IB) and North America (NA) plates separate oceanic domains which were formed between the three plate pairs : IB/EU for the Bay of Biscay, EU/NA and IB/NA for the northern and southern portions of the Northeast Atlantic respectively. On each side of the fossil trajectories, rift directions formed between different plate pairs display different azimuths. The three triple junction branches have been identified on the basis of magnetic, seismic and bathymetric data. They are generally associated with a basement ridge which generally appears in the youngest parts of triple junction branches. The intersections of fossil trajectories with the base of the continental margins correspond to conjugate points before the opening of the Bay of Biscay, giving an additional independent constraint for plate reconstructions at M0 time. In addition, rotations of Iberia as deduced from plate kinematic reconstructions at chrons A33o (80 Ma), M0 (118 Ma) and M25 (156.5 Ma), fit with those derived from paleomagnetic declination data of the stable Iberia with respect to EU. The identification of chrons M0 and M3 (125 Ma) in the Bay of Biscay implies that the northern Bay of Biscay margin rifting episode ended in lowermost Cretaceous instead of late Aptian as currently admitted in the litterature. The duration of the rifting episode is reduced to about 20 Ma, as it has been already suggested for the Iberian Abyssal Plain margin [Wilson et al., 2001].

The classical Šil'nikov homoclinic theorem provides an analytic criterion for proving the existence of chaos in three-dimensional autonomous systems, but it can only be applied to systems with fixed points of the saddle-focus type. This paper extends this powerful theorem to a degenerate case where one of the eigenvalues of the Jacobian evaluated at an equilibrium point is zero and the other two are a pair of conjugate complex numbers, and consequently establishes a set of criteria for proving the existence of chaos in the sense of having Smale horseshoes. Based on this new extended Šil'nikov homoclinic theorem, a new chaotic system is constructed, whose corresponding bounded chaotic attractor is first verified numerically through phase trajectories, Lyapunov exponents, bifurcation routes and Poincaré mappings, followed by theoretical analysis on the existence of one homoclinic orbit, the key component of the extended Šil'nikov homoclinic theorem.

Two-dimensional convection heat transfer on a chip with a flow-disturbing obstruction block above it, as induced by natural coupling between flow and structure, was investigated numerically. The effects of various induced trajectories of the obstruction block on chip cooling were investigated. A numerical algorithm PISO, a conjugate heat transfer scheme for fluid-solid thermal interactions with moving grids was used to solve a coupled system of governing equations. The study shows that the induced trajectories of the obstruction block, as a result of natural coupling between the block and the flow, have a noticeable impact on chip cooling. The present study successfully simulated the motion of an obstruction block on a heated chip and the associated “lock-in” phenomenon due to natural coupling. When lock-in occurs, the trajectory of the block movement follows the shape of an oval. If this occurs, the cross-stream movement is much larger than the stream-wise movement. Passively induced disturbance of the flow field for the case with a large oval trajectory yields an enhancement of heat dissipation from the chip. In general, the vibration of the block as induced by an unbalanced pressure field around the chip would disturb the thermal boundary above the chip. Hence, the induced vibration enhances heat dissipation from the chip. It is concluded in this study that a vibrating obstruction block with a lock-in mode of oscillation is a vital condition for achieving an enhancement of heat dissipation as can be observed by an increase of Nusselt number on the chip top surface.

The goal of this investigation was to derive strictly new properties of chaotic systems and their mutual relations. The generalized Fokker-Planck equation with a nonstationary diffusion has been derived and used for chaos analysis. An anomalous transport turned out to be natural property of this equation. A nonlinear dispersion of the considered motion allowed us to find a principal consequence: a chaotic system with uniform dynamic properties tends to instable clustering. Small fluctuations of particles density increase by time and form attractors and stochastic islands even if the initial transport properties have uniform distribution. It was shown that an instability of phase trajectories leads to the nonlinear dispersion law and consequently to a space instability. A fixed boundary system was considered, using a standard Fokker-Planck equation. We have derived that such a type of dynamic systems has a discrete diffusive and energy spectra. It was shown that phase space diffusion is the only parameter that defines a dynamic accuracy in this case. The uncertainty relations have been obtained for conjugate phase space variables with account of transport properties. Given results can be used in the area of chaotic systems modelling and turbulence investigation.

In this, the second of two papers focused on optimizing CMM productivity, a strategy is presented for obtaining operating speeds that maximize CMM throughput. The strategy involves posing the objective and constraints in terms of a nonlinear programming problem. The objective is to minimize measuring time, and constraints are on measurement quality, available motor power and other machine specific characteristics. Solutions to various measurement scenarios are given, computed with a generalized conjugate gradient method that uses a golden section acceptable search method. Also, a sensitivity study is presented that utilizes the optimization strategy to determine how change to a CMM’s design will affect overall productivity. In the final section, experimental results utilizing the optimally computed trajectories for both single axis and multiple axis motion are given. In addition, an example is presented to demonstrate the implementation of the optimization strategy in an actual measuring application. In the example, a connecting-rod is measured at three speeds: the machine’s default speed, a speed constrained by available motor power, and the optimized speed (constrained additionally by measurement quality). The experiment demonstrates a 27 percent reduction in time for the optimized speed compared to the default speed using the Bartlett test for comparing variances in the dimensional data obtained.

HIV-1 protease (PR) is a primary target for anti-HIV therapeutics. A well conserved water molecule, denoted as W301, is found in almost all the crystallographic structures of PR/inhibitor complexes and it plays an important role in PR/inhibitor binding. As the PR/inhibitor interaction depends on the ionization state of the cleavage site which contains an aspartyl dyad (Asp25/Asp25′), the determination of the protonation states of aspartyl dyad in PR may be essential for drug design. In this study, a linear scaling quantum mechanical method, molecular fragmentation with conjugate caps (MFCC), is used for interaction study of PR/ABT-538 and W301 at four different monoprotonation states of the Asp25/Asp25′. Combined method of MFCC and conductor-like polarizable continuum model (CPCM) is applied in binding affinity calculation for four minimum energy structures which are extracted from four different molecular dynamics trajectories corresponding to four different monoprotonation states of Asp25/Asp25′. Our result is in good agreement with previous result obtained by FEP/TI method, showing that the conserved W301 contributes significantly to the binding free energy of PR/ABT-538 complex and different protonation states of Asp25/Asp25′ have significant impact on the binding free energy contribution from W301.

The axiomatic geometric structure which lays at the basis of Covariant Classical and Quantum Gravity Theory is investigated. This refers specifically to fundamental aspects of the manifestly-covariant Hamiltonian representation of General Relativity which has recently been developed in the framework of a synchronous deDonder–Weyl variational formulation (2015–2019). In such a setting, the canonical variables defining the canonical state acquire different tensorial orders, with the momentum conjugate to the field variable g μ ν being realized by the third-order 4-tensor Π μ ν α . It is shown that this generates a corresponding Hamilton–Jacobi theory in which the Hamilton principal function is a 4-tensor S α . However, in order to express the Hamilton equations as evolution equations and apply standard quantization methods, the canonical variables must have the same tensorial dimension. This can be achieved by projection of the canonical momentum field along prescribed tensorial directions associated with geodesic trajectories defined with respect to the background space-time for either classical test particles or raylights. It is proved that this permits to recover a Hamilton principal function in the appropriate form of 4-scalar type. The corresponding Hamilton–Jacobi wave theory is studied and implications for the manifestly-covariant quantum gravity theory are discussed. This concerns in particular the possibility of achieving at quantum level physical solutions describing massive or massless quanta of the gravitational field.

The paper presents studies of linear models of economic dynamics of the Neumann-Gale type, taking into account their possible stationarity, presents an analysis of existing classification approaches to the concept of optimality, presents their advantages and comparative characteristics, it is noted that the first type model open connects the concept of optimality with discounted maximization total utility. The first considers a closed system, the technological description of which includes the reproduction of all the resources necessary for development, including labor. Such a system has no external goals; its natural end in itself is development at the maximum pace. This is the most abstract and idealized scheme, but on the other hand it was it that made it possible to develop such fundamental concepts as equilibrium, a ray of (Neumann) balanced growth. Later, the apparatus of the closed model was replenished with the concepts of “direct and inverse Bellman operators”, “effective functional” (“potential”) of the model, etc. The second approach involves explicit accounting for consumption. Here the description becomes open, consumption is derived from the "technology" and described using the utility function. A new approach to the concept of “optimal development strategy” is proposed, a detailed analysis of the corresponding model is given. The article consists of three sections. 1 - staging part; 2 - analysis of the model with illustrative examples; 3 - conjugate (dual) model. The last section contains the main result on the connection of the optimal trajectories of the direct and dual problems. The paper provides an overview of literary sources in the subject area, as well as an economic interpretation of the results.

The paper presents studies of linear models of economic dynamics of the Neumann-Gale type, taking into account their possible stationarity, presents an analysis of existing classification approaches to the concept of optimality, presents their advantages and comparative characteristics, it is noted that the first type model - open - connects the concept of optimality with discounted maximization total utility. The first considers a closed system, the technological description of which includes the reproduction of all the resources necessary for development, including labor. Such a system has no external goals; its natural end in itself is development at the maximum pace. This is the most abstract and idealized scheme, but on the other hand it was it that made it possible to develop such fundamental concepts as equilibrium, a ray of (Neumann) balanced growth. Later, the apparatus of the closed model was replenished with the concepts of “direct and inverse Bellman operators”, “effective functional” (“potential”) of the model, etc. The second approach involves explicit accounting for consumption. Here the description becomes open, consumption is derived from the "technology" and described using the utility function. A new approach to the concept of “optimal development strategy” is proposed, a detailed analysis of the corresponding model is given. The article consists of three sections. 1 - staging part; 2 - analysis of the model with illustrative examples; 3 - conjugate (dual) model. The last section contains the main result on the connection of the optimal trajectories of the direct and dual problems. The paper provides an overview of literary sources in the subject area, as well as an economic interpretation of the results.

1. We recorded eye movements in four normal human subjects during refixations between targets calling for various combinations of saccades and vergence. We confirmed and extended prior observations of 1) transient changes in horizontal ocular alignment during both pure horizontal saccades (relative divergence followed by relative convergence) and pure vertical saccades (usually divergence for upward and convergence for downward saccades); 2) occasional, high-frequency (20-25 Hz), conjugate oscillations along the axis orthogonal to the main saccade; and 3) the speeding up of horizontal vergence by both horizontal and vertical saccades. 2. To interpret these findings, we developed a hypothesis for the generation of vergence to step changes in target depth, both with and without associated saccades. The essential features of this hypothesis are 1) the transient changes in horizontal ocular alignment during pure horizontal saccades reflect asymmetries in the mechanical properties of the lateral and medial rectus muscles causing adduction to lag abduction; 2) pure vergence movements in response to step changes in target depth are generated by a neural network that uses a desired change in vergence position as its input command and instantaneous vergence motor error (the difference between the desired change and the actual change in vergence) to drive vergence premoter neurons; and 3) the facilitation of horizontal vergence by saccades arises from nonlinear interactions in central premotor circuits. 3. The hypothetical network for generating pure vergence to step changes in target depth is analogous in structure to the local feedback model for the generation of saccades and has the same conceptual appeal. With the assumption of a single nonlinearity describing the relationship between a vergence motor error signal and the output of the neurons that generate promoter vergence velocity commands, this model generates pure vergence movements with peak velocity-amplitude relationships and trajectories that closely match those of experimental data. 4. Several types of models are proposed for the central, nonlinear interaction that occurs when saccades and vergence are combined. Common to all models is the idea that omnidirectional pause neurons (OPN), which are thought to gate activity for saccade burst neurons, also gate activity for saccade-related vergence. In one model we hypothesize the existence of a separate class of saccade-related vergence burst neurons, which generate premotor horizontal vergence commands but only during saccades. In a second model we hypothesize separate right eye and left eye saccadic burst neurons that receive not only conjugate, but also equal but oppositely directed vergence error signals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Abstract. An auroral westward flow channel (AWFC) is a latitudinally narrow channel of unstable F-region plasma with intense westward drift in the dusk-to-midnight sector ionosphere. AWFCs tend to overlap the equatorward edge of the auroral oval, and their life cycle is often synchronised to that of substorms: they commence close to substorm expansion phase onset, intensify during the expansion phase, and then decay during the recovery phase. Here we define for the first time the relationship between an AWFC, large-scale field-aligned current (FAC), the ring current, and plasmapause location. The Tasman International Geospace Environment Radar (TIGER), a Southern Hemisphere HF SuperDARN radar, observed a jet-like AWFC during ~08:35 to 13:28 UT on 7 April 2001. The initiation of the AWFC was preceded by a band of equatorward expanding ionospheric scatter (BEES) which conveyed an intense poleward electric field through the inner plasma sheet. Unlike previous AWFCs, this event was not associated with a distinct substorm surge; rather it occurred during an interval of persistent, moderate magnetic activity characterised by AL~−200 nT. The four Cluster spacecraft had perigees within the dusk sector plasmasphere, and their trajectories were magnetically conjugate to the radar observations. The Waves of High frequency and Sounder for Probing Electron density by Relaxation (WHISPER) instruments on board Cluster were used to identify the plasmapause location. The Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) EUV experiment also provided global-scale observations of the plasmapause. The Cluster fluxgate magnetometers (FGM) provided successive measurements specifying the relative location of the ring current and filamentary plasma sheet current. An analysis of Iridium spacecraft magnetometer measurements provided estimates of large-scale ionospheric FAC in relation to the AWFC evolution. Peak flows in the AWFC were located close to the peak of a Region 2 downward FAC, located just poleward of the plasmapause. DMSP satellite observations confirmed the AWFC was located equatorward of the nightside plasmasheet, sometimes associated with ~10 keV ion precipitation.

Abstract Seven quadrilaterals, constructed at broadly distributed points on surface breaks within the Superstition Hills fault zone, were repeatedly remeasured after the pair of 24 November 1987 earthquakes to monitor the growing surface displacement. Changes in the dimensions of the quadrilaterals are recalculated to right-lateral and extensional components at millimeter resolution, and vertical components of change are resolved at 0.2 mm precision. The displacement component data for four of the seven quadrilaterals record the complete fault movement with respect to an October 1986 base. These data fit with remarkable agreement the power law U ( t ) = U f ( B t 1 + B t ) c , where U(t) is a displacement component at time t after the second main shock and Uf, B, and c are constants. This power law permits estimation of the final displacement, Uf, from the data obtained within the period of observation. Data from one quadrilateral, located near the epicenter of the second main shock and northeast-trending conjugate faults, allow that about 5 cm of right-lateral slip may have been associated with the first main shock there. Data from the other quadrilaterals confirm that the surface faulting on most of the Superstition Hills fault zone did initiate at the time of the second main shock of the 1987 earthquakes. The three-dimensional motion vectors all describe nearly linear trajectories throughout the observation period, and they indicate smooth shearing on their respective fault surfaces. The inclination of the shear surfaces is generally nearly vertical, except near the south end of the Superstition Hills fault zone where two strands dip northeastward at about 70°. Surface displacement on these strands is right reverse. Another kind of deformation, superimposed on the fault displacements, has been recorded at all quadrilateral sites. It consists of a northwest-southeast contraction or component of contraction that ranged from 0 to 0.1 per cent of the quadrilateral lengths between November 1987 and April 1988.

Extracellular unit spikes were recorded in and around the Y-group nucleus in the anesthetized cat. Target (T) neurons of floccular caudal zone inhibition were identified by observing cessation of their spontaneous discharges following stimulation of the floccular caudal zone. The axonal trajectories of the T neurons to the rostral brain stem were studied by observing the antidromic responses of single neurons during systematic tracking with a stimulating microelectrode in the brain stem. The axons of the T neurons pass through a region closely ventral to the lateral part of the brachium conjunctivum (BC), continue rostrally in a region between the BC and the lateral lemniscus, arch medially around the rostral part of the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, cross the midline, continue to the contralateral side by about 1.5 mm lateral from the midline, arch rostrally, run in the central tegmental field on the contralateral side, arch dorsomedially around the caudal pole of the red nucleus, and enter the contralateral oculomotor nucleus (OMN) from the ventrolateral side. In the caudal half of the contralateral OMN, the axons of the T neurons branch out and terminate. The T neurons were exclusively located in the dorsal subdivision of the Y-group nucleus (DY), whereas some were in the medial part of the subnucleus lateralis parvocellularis (SLP, Ref. 12) of the lateral cerebellar nucleus. T neurons were not found in the ventral subdivision of the Y-group nucleus (VY). Differences in neuronal connections between the DY and VY neurons were investigated by observing responses of single neurons to stimulation of the contralateral OMN, the ipsilateral floccular caudal zone, the ipsilateral eighth nerve (i8N), and the contralateral eighth nerve (c8N). Most neurons in the DY and the adjacent medial part of the SLP, receiving inhibitory inputs from the ipsilateral flocculus (exclusively from the caudal zone), project to the contralateral OMN, and about one-half of these neurons receive polysynaptic inputs from the i8N and the c8N. On the other hand, most neurons in the VY receive monosynaptic inputs from the i8N, and some of these neurons project to the ipsilateral flocculus. The neuronal tract via the ventral part of the pontine tegmentum demonstrated in the present experiments is distinct from the classically established vestibulooculomotor tracts via the BC, the medial longitudinal fasciculus, or the ascending tract of Deiters. We call this tract the 'crossing ventral tegmental tract'. Previously, we reported that electrical stimulation of the caudal zone elicited conjugate downward eye movement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

O artigo apresenta resultados parciais de pesquisa concluída que buscou conhecer como se caracterizam as trajetórias escolares e profissionais de alunos diplomados pelo PROEJA. O referencial teórico conjuga os campos da educação, história da educação e sociologia. O caminho metodológico adotado foi da pesquisa qualitativa a partir dos estudos biográficos. Importante assinalar as questões relacionadas às responsabilidades assumidas pelas mulheres investigadas, diplomadas no PROEJA, que elaboram e concretizam suas estratégias de conciliação entre família, trabalho e escola.Palavras-chave: PROEJA; Educação de Jovens e Adultos; Trajetórias Escolares e Profissionais.The article presents partial results of research completed that aimed to know how to characterize the school and professional trajectories of graduate students at PROEJA. The theoretical framework combines the fields of education, history of education and sociology. The methodological approach adopted was the qualitative research from biographical studies. We consider it important to point out in this text, issues related to the multiple responsibilities taken daily of how the women investigated, registered in PROEJA, develop and accomplish their reconciliation strategies between family, work and school.Keywords: PROEJA; Youth and Adult Education; Professionals and Scholarly Trajectories.

O artigo apresenta resultados parciais de pesquisa concluída que buscou conhecer como se caracterizam as trajetórias escolares e profissionais de alunos diplomados pelo PROEJA. O referencial teórico conjuga os campos da educação, história da educação e sociologia. O caminho metodológico adotado foi da pesquisa qualitativa a partir dos estudos biográficos. Importante assinalar as questões relacionadas às responsabilidades assumidas pelas mulheres investigadas, diplomadas no PROEJA, que elaboram e concretizam suas estratégias de conciliação entre família, trabalho e escola.Palavras-chave: PROEJA; Educação de Jovens e Adultos; Trajetórias Escolares e Profissionais.The article presents partial results of research completed that aimed to know how to characterize the school and professional trajectories of graduate students at PROEJA. The theoretical framework combines the fields of education, history of education and sociology. The methodological approach adopted was the qualitative research from biographical studies. We consider it important to point out in this text, issues related to the multiple responsibilities taken daily of how the women investigated, registered in PROEJA, develop and accomplish their reconciliation strategies between family, work and school.Keywords: PROEJA; Youth and Adult Education; Professionals and Scholarly Trajectories.

Abstract We study the modular Hamiltonians of an interval for the massless Dirac fermion on the half-line. The most general boundary conditions ensuring the global energy conservation lead to consider two phases, where either the vector or the axial symmetry is preserved. In these two phases we derive the corresponding modular Hamiltonian in explicit form. Its density involves a bi-local term localised in two points of the interval, one conjugate to the other. The associated modular flows are also established. Depending on the phase, they mix fields with different chirality or charge that follow different modular trajectories. Accordingly, the modular flow preserves either the vector or the axial symmetry. We compute the two-point correlation functions along the modular flow and show that they satisfy the Kubo-Martin-Schwinger condition in both phases. The entanglement entropies are also derived.

Abstract In this paper, a new method is proposed to find a feasible energy-efficient path between an initial point and goal point on uneven terrain and then to optimally traverse the path. The path is planned by integrating the geometric features of the uneven terrain and the biped robot dynamics. This integrated information of biped dynamics and associated cost (energy) for moving toward the goal point is used to define the value of a new speed function at each point on the discretized surface of the terrain. The value is stored as a matrix called the dynamic transport cost (DTC). The path is obtained by solving the Eikonal equation numerically by fast marching method (FMM) on an orthogonal grid, by using the information stored in the DTC matrix. One step of walk on uneven terrain is characterized by 10 footstep parameters (FSPs); these FSPs represent the position of swinging foot at the starting and ending time of the walk, orientation, and state (left or right) of support foot. A walking dataset was created for different walking conditions (FSPs), which the biped robot is likely to encounter when it has to walk on the uneven terrain. The corresponding energy optimal hip and foot trajectory parameters (HFTPs) are obtained by optimization using a genetic algorithm (GA). The created walk dataset is generalized by training a feedforward neural network (NN) using the scaled conjugate gradient (SCG) algorithm. The Foot placement planner gives a sequence of foot positions and orientations along the obtained path, which is followed by the biped robot by generating real-time optimal foot and hip trajectories using the learned NN. Simulation results on different types of uneven terrains validate the proposed method.

Movimiento caótico de partículas libres que viajan sobre guías de ondas bajo un potencial eléctrico apantallado Free particle chaotic motion traveling on a low waveguides Shielded electrical potential C. Moya Egoavil, J. Gutiérrez Garcia Facultad de Ciencias Departamento de Física– Universidad Nacional de Piura DOI: https://doi.org/10.33017/RevECIPeru2012.0001/ RESUMEN El estudio del comportamiento caótico en la dispersión y movimiento que presentan las partículas libres frente a un potencial apantallado dentro de un medio de guía de onda mesoscópica, se realizó el análisis de la función hamiltoniana adimensional conservativa trabajada en coordenadas conjugadas, representando y evaluando las trayectorias de estado en el espacio fásico, con un trazado topológico de Poincaré en puntos fijos característicos del sistema, en el origen x = 0 y en x = ±∞, y su estabilidad como sistema dinámico no lineal mediante las ecuaciones de movimiento de Hamilton. Mediante métodos numéricos se retrató la función autónoma de Hamilton conservativa no integrable, debido a la perturbación del potencial que se aplicó dentro del sistema, dándonos información para poder concluir que el sistema era inestable y que las orbitas que dibujan el espacio de estados, tienden a un comportamiento asintótico sobre un punto característico en x = 0, alejados de ellas no existe predecibilidad del desenvolvimiento espacial para estas partículas, esto significa caos a menor escala para poder describir físicamente su movimiento. Palabras claves: Hamiltoniana, topológico, Poincaré, perturbación. ABSTRACT The study of chaotic behavior in the dispersal and movement presented by free particles shielded against potential within half mesoscopic waveguide, we performed the analysis of the dimensionless Hamiltonian function retain workers in conjugate coordinates, representing and evaluating state trajectories in phase space with a topological path at fixed points of Poincare characteristic of the system, the origin x = 0 and x = ±∞, and its stability as a nonlinear dynamic system using the Hamilton equations of motion . By numerical analysis portrayed the autonomous function of Hamilton conservative nonintegrable due to potential perturbation within the system was applied, giving information to Stripper Arm the system was unstable and the orbits drawn by the state space, tend to asymptotic behavior on a characteristic point at x = 0, away from them there is no predictability of the development space for these particles, this means a smaller scale chaos to describe physical movement. Keywords: Hamiltonian, topological, Poincaré, perturbation.

PurposeTo incorporate the bilateral filtering into the Deformable Vector Field (DVF) based 4D-CBCT reconstruction for realizing a fully automatic sliding motion compensated 4D-CBCT.Materials and MethodsInitially, a motion compensated simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (mSART) is used to generate a high quality reference phase (e.g. 0% phase) by using all phase projections together with the initial 4D-DVFs. The initial 4D-DVF were generated via Demons registration between 0% phase and each other phase image. The 4D-DVF will then kept updating by matching the forward projection of the deformed high quality 0% phase with the measured projection of the target phase. The loss function during this optimization contains an projection intensity difference matching criterion plus a DVF smoothing constrain term. We introduce a bilateral filtering kernel into the DVF constrain term to estimate the sliding motion automatically. The bilateral filtering kernel contains three sub-kernels: 1) an spatial domain Guassian kernel; 2) an image intensity domain Guassian kernel; and 3) a DVF domain Guassian kernel. By choosing suitable kernel variances, the sliding motion can be extracted. A non-linear conjugate gradient optimizer was used. We validated the algorithm on a non-uniform rotational B-spline based cardiac-torso (NCAT) phantom and four anonymous patient data. For quantification, we used: 1) the Root-Mean-Square-Error (RMSE) together with the Maximum-Error (MaxE); 2) the Dice coefficient of the extracted lung contour from the final reconstructed images and 3) the relative reconstruction error (RE) to evaluate the algorithm's performance.ResultsFor NCAT phantom, the motion trajectory's RMSE/MaxE are 0.796/1.02 mm for bilateral filtering reconstruction; and 2.704/4.08 mm for original reconstruction. For patient pilot study, the 4D-Dice coefficient obtained with bilateral filtering are consistently higher than that without bilateral filtering. Meantime several image content such as the rib position, the heart edge definition, the fibrous structures all has been better corrected with bilateral filtering.ConclusionWe developed a bilateral filtering based fully automatic sliding motion compensated 4D-CBCT scheme. Both digital phantom and initial patient pilot studies confirmed the improved motion estimation and image reconstruction ability. It can be used as a 4D-CBCT image guidance tool for lung SBRT treatment.

Introdução: A terapia fotodinâmica representa uma abordagem alternativa para a desinfecção do tecido cariado e tem apresentando resultados promissores no que diz respeito ao seu efeito deletério sobre os microrganismos envolvidos na progressão da cárie dentária. Objetivo: Investigar a produção científica brasileira sobre Terapia Fotodinâmica no manejo da Cárie dentária. Material e método: Tratou-se de uma pesquisa transversal, com abordagem quantitativa, a partir de dados secundários. Realizou-se uma análise bibliométrica dos resumos apresentados nas últimas dez Reuniões da Sociedade Brasileira de Pesquisa Odontológica. A pesquisa dos trabalhos procedeu-se através da seguinte estratégia: localização do fragmento “terapia fotodinâmica” e/ou “fotodinâmica” entre os resumos publicados nos anais do evento (1ª fase), em seguida foi realizada a busca pelo fragmento “cárie” e/ou “cardiologia” nos resumos selecionados na 1ª fase. Resultados: Foram selecionados 21 resumos, desses, 15 (71,43%) foram realizadas em universidades públicas, 13 (61,91%) receberam auxílio financeiro, 11 (52,38%) foram desenvolvidas na região Sudeste do Brasil, 9 (42,86%) eram do tipo in vitro, 6 (28,58%) utilizaram apenas o azul de toluidina como fotossensibilizante e 5 (23,81%) utilizaram apenas o LED vermelho como fonte de luz. Conclusão: Apesar dos resultados promissores da Terapia Fotodinâmica como terapia adjunta ao manejo da cárie, observou-se que poucas pesquisas abordando esse procedimento foram desenvolvidas nos últimos dez anos no Brasil.Descritores: Fotoquimioterapia; Cárie Dentária; Coleta de Dados.ReferênciasBradshaw DJ, lynch RJ. Diet and the microbial aetiology of dental caries: new paradigms. Int Dent J. 2013;63(Suppl 2):64-72.Hasan S, Singh K, Danisuddin M, Verma PK, Khan AU. Inhibition of major virulence pathways of Streptococcus mutansby quercitrin and deoxynojirimycin: a synergistic approach of infection control. PLoS one. 2014;9:1-12.Metwalli KH, Khan AS, Krom BP, Jabra-Rizk MA. Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, and the human mouth: a sticky situation. PLoS Pathog. 2013;9:1-5.Rouabhia M, Chmielewski W. Diseases associated with oral polymicrobial biofilms. Open Mycol J. 2012;6:27–32.Rozier RG, White BA, Slade GD. Trends in oral diseases in the U.S. population. J Dent Educ. 2017;81:98-109.Marcenes W, Kassebaum NJ, Bernabé E, Flaxman A, Naghavi M, Lopez A, et al. Global burden of oral conditions in 1990-2010: a systematic analysis. J Dent Res. 2013;9:592-97.Agnelli PB. Variação do índice CPOD do Brasil no período de 1980 a 2010. Rev bras odontol. 2015;72:10-5.Zaygorodniy AV, Rohanizadeh R, Swain MV. Ultrastructure of the dentine carious lesions. Arch Oral Biol. 2008; 53:124-32.Saffarpour M, Mohammadi M, Tahriri M, Zakerzaden A. Efficacy of modified bioactive glass for dentin remineralization and obstruction of dentinal tubules. J Dent. 2017;14:212-22.Leksell E, Ridell K, Cvek M, Mejàre I. Pulp exposure after stepwise excavation of deep carious lesions in young posterior permanent teeth. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1996;12:192-96.Ricketts D, Lamont T, Innes NP, Kidd E, Clarkson JE. Operative caries management in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;28:1-52.Griffin SO, Oong E, Kohn W, Vidakovic B, Gooch BF, Bader J, et al. The effectiveness of sealants in managing caries lesions. J Dent Res. 2008;87:169-74.Duque C, Negrini TC, Sacono NT, Boriollo MFG, Hofling JF, Hebling J et al. Genetic polymorphism of Streptococcus mutans strains associated with incomplete caries removal. Braz J Oral Sci. 2009;8:2-8.Lula EC, Monteiro-Neto V, Alves CM, Ribeiro CC. Microbiological analysis after complete or partial removal of carious dentin primary teeth: a randomized clinical trial. Caries Res. 2009;43:354-58.Williams JA, Pearson GJ, Colles MJ, Wilson M. The photoactivated antibacterial action of toluidine blue O in a collagen matrix and carious dentine. Caries Res. 2004;38:530-36.Pereira CA, Costa AC, Carreira CM, Junqueira JC, Jorge AO. Photodynamic inactivation of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis biofilms in vitro. Lasers Med Sci. 2012;28:859-64.Melo MAS, Zanin ICJ, Rolim JPML, Rodrigues LKA. Characterization of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy-Treated Streptococci mutans: An Atomic Force Microscopy Study. Photomed. Laser Surg. 2013;31:105-9.Steiner-Oliveira C, Ramalho, KM, Bello-Silva MS, Aranha ACC, Eduardo CP. The use of lasers in restorative dentistry: truths and myths. Braz Dent Sci.2012;15:40.Santin GC, Oliveira DBS, Galo R, Borsatto MC, Corona SAM. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and dental plaque: a systematic review of the literature. Scientific World Journal. 2014.Neves PA, Lima LA, Rodrigues FC, Leitão TJ, Ribeiro CC. Clinical effect of photodynamic therapy on primary carious dentin after partial caries removal. Braz. Oral Res. 2016;30:1-8.Melo MA. Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy as a Strategy for Dental Caries: Building a More Conservative Therapy in Restorative Dentistry. Photomed Laser Surg. 2014;32:589-91.Soria-Lozano P, Gilaberte Y, Paz-Cristobal MP, Pérez-Artiaga L, Lampaya-Pérez V, Aporta et J, et al. In vitro effect photodynamic therapy with differents photosensitizers on cariogenic microorganisms. BMC Microbiology. 2015;15:2-8.Araújo PV, Correia-Silva F, Gomez RS, Massara L, Cortes ME, Poletto LT. Antimicrobial effect of photodynamic therapy in carious lesions in vivo, using culture and real time PCR methods. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2015;12(3):401-7.Misba L, Kulshrestha S, Khan AU. Antibiofilm action of a toluidine blue O-silver nanoparticle conjugate on Streptococcus mutans: a mechanism of type I photodynamic therapy. Biofouling. 2016;32:313-28.Gursoy H, Ozcakir-Tomruk C, Tanalp J, Yilmaz S. Photodynamic therapy in dentistry: a literature review. Clin Oral Investig. 2013;17(4):1113-25.Melo MA, Rolim JP, Passos VF, Lima RA, Zanin IC, Codes BM, et al. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy and ultraconservative caries removal linked for management of deep caries lesions. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2015;12(4):581-86.Feuerstein O. Light therapy: complementary antibacterial treatment of oral biofilm. Adv. Dent. Res. 2012;24:103-7.Longo JP, Leal SC, Simioni AR, Almeida-Santos FM, Tedesco AC, Azevedo RB. Photodynamic therapy disinfection of carious tissue mediated by aluminum-chloride-phthalocyanine entrapped in cationic liposomes: an in vitro and clinical study. Lasers Med. Sci. 2012;27:575-84.Araújo NC, Fontana CR, Bagnato VS, Gerbi ME. Photodynamic antimicrobial therapy of curcumin in biofilms and carious dentine. Lasers Med Sci. 2014;29(2):629-35.Teixeira AH, Pereira ES, Rodrigues LK, Saxena D, Duarte S, Zanin IC. Effect of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy on in vitro and in situ biofilms. Caries Res. 2012;46(6):549-54.O'neill JF, Hope CK, Wilson M. Oral bacteria in multispecies biofilms can be killed by red light in the presence of toluidine blue. Lasers Surg Med. 2002;31(2):86-90.Dougherty TJ, Gomer CJ, Henderson BW, Jori G, Kessel D, Korbelik M et al. Photodynamic therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90(12);889-905.Dougherty TJ. An update on photodynamic therapy applications. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 2002;20(1):3-7.Bargrizan M, Fekrazad R, Goudarzi N, Goudarzi N. Effects of antibacterial photodynamic therapy on salivary mutans streptococci in 5- to 6-year-olds with severe early childhood caries. Lasers Med Sci. 2018;34(3):433-40.Hakimiha N. The susceptibility of Streptococcus mutans to antibacterial photodynamic therapy: a comparison of two diferente photosensitizers and light sources. J Appl Oral Sci. 2014;22:80-4.Baptista A, Kato IT, Prates RA, Suzuki LC, Raele MP, Freitas AZ et al. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy as a strategy to arrest enamel demineralization: a short-term study on incipient caries in a rat model. Photochem Photobiol. 2012;88(3):584-89.Longo JPF, Azevedo RB. Efeito da terapia fotodinâmica mediada pelo azul de metileno sobre bactérias cariogênicas. Rev Clín Pesq Odontol. 2010;6(3):249-57.Guglielmi CA, Simionato MR, Ramalho KM, Imparato JC, Pinheiro SL, Luz MA et al. Clinical use of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy for the treatment of deep carious lesions. J Biomed Opt. 2011;16(8):088003.Tonon CC, Paschoal MA, Correia M, Spolidório DM, Bagnato VS, Giusti JS et al. Comparative effects of protodynamic trerapy mediated by curcumin on standard and clinical isolate of streptococcus mutans. J Contemp Dental Pract. 2015;16(1):1-6.Araújo NC, Fontana CR, Bagnato VS, Gerbi ME. Photodynamic effects of curcumin against cariogenic pathogens. Photomed Laser Surg. 2012;30(7):393-99.Nagata JY, Hioka N, Kimura E, Batistela VR, Terada RS, Graciano AX, et al Antibacterial photodynamic therapy for dental caries: Evaluation of the photosensitizers used and light source properties. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2012; 9: 122-31.Dias AA, Narvai PC, Rêgo DM. Tendências da produção científica em odontologia no Brasil. Rev Panam Salud Publica/Pan Am J Public Health. 2008;24(1):54-60.Baltazar LM, Ray A, Santos DA, Cisalpino PS, Friedman AJ, Nosanchuk JD. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: an effective alternative approach to control fungal infections Front Microbiol. 2015;6:202.Steiner-Oliveira C, Longo PL, Aranha AC, Ramalho KM, Mayer MP, Paula Eduardo C. Randomized in vivo evaluation of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy on deciduous carious dentin. J Biomed Opt. 2015;20(10):108003.Martin ASS, Chisini LA, Martelli S, Sartori LRM, Ramos EC, Demarco FF. Distribuição dos cursos de Odontologia e de cirurgiões-dentistas no Brasil: uma visão do mercado de trabalho. Rev. ABENO. 2018;18(1):63-73.Scarpelli AC, Sadenberg F, Goursand D, Paiva SM, Pordeus IA. Academic trajectories of dental researchers receiving CNPq’s productivity grants. Braz Dent J. 2008;19(3):252-56.Oliveira Filho RS, Rochman B, Nahas FX, Ferreira LM. Fomento à publicação científica e proteção do conhecimento científico. Acta Cir Bras. 2005;20(Supl 2):35-9.Pinto GS, Nascimento GG, Mendes MS, Ogliari FA, Demarco FF, Correa MB. Scholarships for scientific initiation encourage post-graduation degree. Braz Dent J. 2014;25(1):63-8.Brasil. Ministério da Educação. Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. 2016. (Acesso em 01 de agosto de 2018). Disponível em: http://www.capes.gov.br/images/documentos/Documentos_de_area_2017/18_odon_docarea_2016.pdf.Allareddy V, Allareddy V, Rampa S, Nalliah RP, Elangovan S. Global dental research productivity and its association with human development, gross national income, and political stability. J Evid Based Dental Pract. 2015;15(3):90-6.Celeste RK, Warmling CM. Produção bibliográfica brasileira da Saúde Bucal Coletiva em periódicos da saúde coletiva e da odontologia. Ciênc Saúde Colet. 2014; 19(6):1921-32.

En esta tesis profundizamos el estudio de la cognición y comunicación numérica de niños y niñas de primeros grados de la escuela primaria en la zona andina rionegrina. Desde un enfoque socio-constructivista de recursos, interesó visibilizar, documentar y comprender la variedad, articulación y dinamismo de conocimientos numéricos en los diferentes grados de apropiación que estos jóvenes estudiantes ponen en juego al producir y reflexionar sobre signos numéricos en situación de entrevista, en distintos modos semióticos. También prestamos atención a sus procesos de reflexión y regulación de la propia cognición numérica. Los participantes son cuarenta y cinco niñas y niños que cursaban primer grado en cuatro escuelas públicas de gestión estatal de jornada simple en Bariloche y El Bolsón. Dos de las escuelas son céntricas y dos se encuentran en la periferia de la ciudad. La selección de las escuelas respondió a obtener un relativamente amplio abanico sociocultural y socioeducativo en el marco de la escolaridad urbana regional. Metodológicamente, se entrevistó a los niños individualmente en base a un guión semi-estructurado, con tareas abiertas, creativas, convocantes, desafiantes y andamiadas. Se utilizaron dispositivos de registro multimodal de los procesos comunicativo-cognitivos implicados en los momentos de producción oral, gráfica y con objetos. Los análisis mixtos buscaron conjugar profundidad y sistematicidad en la atención a la singularidad y la regularidad, utilizando técnicas que permiten tal diversidad de acercamientos a los textos gráficos creados por los niños, así como a sus respuestas verbales y gestuales y sus acciones con objetos. Principalmente trabajamos con: sistemas de categorías para la construcción de repertorios con posterior aplicación de técnicas de la estadística no paramétrica y multivariada, análisis de trayectorias de aprendizaje y estudio de casos múltiples. El enfoque socio-constructivista de recursos impregnó las decisiones tomadas tanto al realizar la entrevista como al analizar la producción numérica de cada niña o niño. Dimos cuenta de la variedad de las formas de conocer y comunicar numéricamente de los y las participantes mediante cuatro repertorios: el primero visibiliza el arco de producción numérica convencional identificado en la población estudiada; el segundo distingue las aproximaciones parciales a la convención numérica; el tercero articula trayectorias de conservación e innovación cognitiva al pensar en y con cantidades “grandes”, y finalmente, el cuarto identifica formas de reflexión y regulación de la propia cognición numérica. Ilustramos todas las categorías incluidas en esos cuatro repertorios con producciones orales, gráficas y a veces gestuales originales de los niños y niñas participantes. Además, nos dedicamos a captar multimodalmente el dinamismo del pensamiento y la comunicación numérica de los niños en situación, tanto a nivel intra-tarea como inter-tarea. Así, identificamos cuatro patrones de producción convencional, que se extienden desde una producción convencional limitada (Patrón 1, 9 niños) a una producción avanzada (Patrón 4, 8 niños), pasando por configuraciones de producción convencional “incipiente”(Patrón 2, 13 niños) e “intermedia” (Patrón 3, 15 niños). Encontramos una asociación entre los patrones de producción convencional y el sector socioeducativo y sociocultural vinculado a la escuela. En las escuelas céntricas se concentró la mayor proporción de niños y niñas cuya producción convencional es más extendida, y en las escuelas periféricas sucedió lo inverso. Sin embargo, en tres de los primeros grados participantes convivían niños de los cuatro patrones de producción convencional, y en uno, de tres patrones. La heterogeneidad se incrementa notablemente si miramos a los chicos considerando sus respuestas no convencionales como una producción comunicativa cognitiva genuina. Esta situación coloca a la heterogeneidad cognitiva en el campo del número como una condición a considerar como esperable en el inicio de la escolarización matemática primaria en la región. Para ahondar en el estudio del dinamismo en la puesta en juego de los recursos cognitivo-comunicativos de los niños realizamos varias líneas de análisis. Una fue el estudio de sus avances en el curso de una misma tarea o a lo largo de tareas relacionadas. El hallazgo de que el 78% de los niños evidenciaron alguna forma de progreso resalta la importancia de disponer un espacio abierto y sin prisa para la comunicación y evaluación del conocimiento. El progreso según indicadores de mayor producción estrictamente convencional se evidenció en niños o niñas pertenecientes a todos los patrones de producción convencional, lo que muestra que ni tan siquiera el saber que se corresponde con el establecido culturalmente constituye un bagaje del que niños y niñas disponen de forma estable, pronto a ser demostrado ante la primera demanda. A su vez pudimos constatar que las tensiones entre lo establecido y lo posible, o entre convenciones e invenciones, resultaron ser fuentes de conflicto y transformación cognitiva para algunos niños entrevistados. En este proceso, los niños y las niñas mostraron cómo gradualmente se apropiaron del conocimiento cultural establecido, exploraron relaciones, revisaron y generaron innovaciones en sus ideas y procedimientos. La mayoría de las niñas y niños entrevistados mostraron que tales respuestas surgieron de procesos constructivos y exploratorios no lineales, que introdujeron ajustes y fomentaron nuevas percataciones de regularidades numéricas, e incluso nuevos matices de significado. En nuestra búsqueda por comprender la variedad y el dinamismo de los recursos de los niños, elegimos incluir también un estudio de casos múltiples. Seleccionamos dos niños y una niña que se inscriben en distintos patrones de producción convencional para reconstruir su construcción de sentidos a lo largo de la progresión de tareas numéricas en la entrevista. Esta fue una vía más para dimensionar el grado en que los saberes de los niños entrevistados acerca de las formas y funciones numéricas abordadas revisten una notable disparidad inter-sujeto, y también conexiones de sentido a nivel inter-tarea. Somos conscientes de los alcances y restricciones de un trabajo investigativo acotado no solo en el número de participantes sino también en el tiempo/espacio de interacción en el que recabamos la información (una única entrevista diádica fuera del aula). No obstante, consideramos que los análisis de grano fino y multimodal de la variedad de recursos numéricos en esta etapa, junto a la atención al dinamismo de su puesta en juego en situación, pueden contribuir a articular un panorama de los niños como aprendices que buscan agentivamente apropiarse de las formas y funciones numéricas como instrumento de participación cultural. En ese sentido las contribuciones recogidas en los comentarios finales de los capítulos de resultados y en las conclusiones pueden ofrecer información valiosa de primera mano para el diseño y la implementación de prácticas de enseñanza capaces de promover la agencia en el aprendizaje numérico básico en entornos socioeducativos diversos. Planteamos una vía para superar enfoques de estándares que conciben el aprendizaje preferentemente como proceso descontextualizado, reproductivo, monomodal y universal. Para ello, por supuesto, es clave el trabajo también agentivo, creativo, colaborativo, multimodal y andamiado de los equipos docentes en sus comunidades de práctica. In this thesis we go a step further in the study of numerical cognition and communication of first-grade children in the Andean region of Rio Negro. From a resource-based socio-constructivist framework, we were interested in making visible, documenting and understanding the variety, articulation and dynamism of children’s numerical knowledge at work when they produced and thought about and with numerical signs during interviews, in different semiotic modes. We also paid attention to the processes of reflexion and regulation of their own numerical cognition. The participants are forty-five students who attended first grade in four public schools in Bariloche and El Bolsón. Two of the schools are located down-townl and two are located in the periphery of the city. The selection of schools aimed at obtaining a relatively wide sociocultural and socio-educational range within regional urban schooling. Methodologically, the children were interviewed individually based on a semi-structured script, with open, creative, convoking, challenging and scaffolding tasks. Multimodal recording devices of the communicative-cognitive processes evidenced during oral, graphic and object production were used. The mixed methods analyses sought to combine depth and systematic attention to both singularity and regularity, by using techniques that allow such a diversity of approaches to the graphic texts created by children, as well as to their verbal and gestural responses and to their actions with objects. We mainly worked with: category systems for the construction of repertoires, with subsequent application of non-parametric and multivariate statistics techniques, analysis of learning trajectories and study of multiple cases. The resource-based socio-constructivist framework resource-based socio-constructivist framework permeated the decisions made both when conducting the interview and when analyzing the numerical production of each girl or boy. Four repertoires captured the variety in participants’ ways of knowing and communicating numerically: the first one makes visible the conventional numerical production identified in the studied population; the second distinguishes partial approaches to numerical convention; the third articulates trajectories of cognitive preservation and cognitive innovation when thinking about and with relatively large quantities, and finally, the fourth identifies forms of reflexion and regulation of numerical cognition. We illustrate all the categories included in those four repertoires with original productions of the participating children ─oral, graphic and sometimes gestural. In addition, we sought to capture the multimodal dynamism of children’s situated thinking and communication, both at an intra-task and an inter-task level. Thus, we identified four conventional production patterns, which range from Limited conventional production (Pattern 1; 9 children) to Advanced production (Pattern 4; 8 children). Incipient conventional production (Pattern 2; 13 children) and Intermediate (Pattern 3; 15 children) configurations are half-way. We found an association between conventional production patterns and the socio-educational / socio-cultural sector characteristic of the schools. In the down-town schools a greater proportion of children whose conventional production is more widespread was concentrated, and in the peripheral schools the opposite happened. However, in three of the participating first grades, children of the four conventional production patterns coexisted, and in the remaining one, children from three patterns did so. Intra-school-grade heterogeneity increases markedly if we look at students’ unconventional responses as genuine cognitive-communicative productions. This situation places cognitive-communicative heterogeneity as a condition to be considered at the beginning of primary mathematical schooling in the region. In order to deepen into the study of the dynamism of children’s cognitive-communicative resources we performed several lines of analysis. One was the study of their progress in the course of a same task or along related tasks. The finding that 78% of children showed some form of progress highlights the importance of having an open and unhurried space for communication and knowledge assessment. Progress according to indicators of conventional production was evidenced in children belonging to all conventional production patterns. The latter shows that children’s established cultural knowledge is not a stable ready-made possession, soon to be demonstrated at request. At the same time, tensions between the realms of the established and the possible, or between conventions and inventions, turned out to be sources of conflict and cognitive transformation for some of the children. In this process, students showed how they gradually appropriated established cultural knowledge, explored relationships, reviewed and generated innovations in their ideas and procedures. Most of the interviewed children showed that such answers arose from nonlinear constructive and exploratory processes, which introduced adjustments and encouraged new perceptions of numerical regularities, and even new nuances of meaning. In our quest to understand the variety and dynamism of children's resources, we also chose to include a multiple case study. We selected two boys and a girl who belonged in different patterns of conventional production, as a way to reconstruct their meaning-making processes throughout the progression of numerical tasks in the interview. This was one more way to measure the degree to which the knowledge of the interviewed children about the numerical forms and functions addressed is markedly heterogeneous across learners, and also to understand connections of meaning at the single learner, inter-task level. We are aware of the scope and restrictions of a limited research work as ours. Limitations are related to the number of participants as well as to the temporal-spatial frame of interaction in which we collected the information (a single dyadic interview outside the classroom). However, we consider that the fine-grained and multimodal analyses of the variety of numerical resources at this stage, together with the attention to the dynamism of their putting into play in situation, can contribute to articulate a panorama of children as apprentices who agentively seek to appropriate numerical forms and functions as an instrument for their cultural participation. In that sense, we expect that the contributions collected in the final comments of each chapter, together with the final conclusions chapter can offer valuable first-hand information for the design and implementation of teaching practices capable of promoting children’s agency in basic numerical learning, in diverse socio-educational environments. We propose a way to overcome standardized approaches that conceive learning preferably as a decontextualized, reproductive, monomodal and universal process. To that end, of course, the agentive, creative, collaborative, multimodal and scaffolded work of the teaching teams in their communities of practice is also a key factor. Dans cette thèse, on approfondit l'étude de la cognition et de la communication numérique des enfants des premières années d'école primaire dans la région des Andes, province de Rio Negro. À partir d’un optique socioconstructiviste des ressources, on a voulu visualiser, documenter et comprendre la variété, l'articulation et le dynamisme des connaissances numériques à des degrés divers d'appropriation que ces jeunes étudiants mettent en jeu pour produire et réfléchir sur des signes numériques lors d'un entretien, dans différents modes sémiotiques. On s'intéresse également à leurs processus de réflexionet de régulation de la propre cognition numérique. Les participants sont quarante-cinq enfants de la première année d'école primaire de quatre écoles publiques de demi-journée d'activité à Bariloche et El Bolsón. Deux des écoles sont dans la ville et deux sont situées en périphérie. La sélection des écoles est motivée par l'idée d'obtenir un éventail socioculturel et socio-éducatif relativement large dans le cadre de la scolarisation en milieu urbain régional.Du point de vue méthodologique, des entretiens individuels avec les enfants se sont déroulés sur la base d'un protocole semi-structuré avec des tâches ouvertes, créatives, attirantes, défiantes et didactiques. Dispositifs multimodaux on été employés pour saisir les processus cognitifs-communicatifs impliqués pendant les périodes de production orale, graphique et avec des objets. Les analyses mixtes ont cherché à combiner profondeur et systématisation dans l'attentionà la singularité et à la régularité, en utilisant des techniques qui permettent une telle diversité d'approches aux textes graphiques créés par les enfants, ainsi qu'à leurs réponses verbales et gestuelleset à leurs actions avec des objets. Principalement, on a travaillé avec: systèmes de catégories pour la construction de répertoires avec application ultérieure de techniques d'analyse statistique non paramétrique et multi-variée, analyse de trajectoires d'apprentissage et étude de cas multiples. L'approche socioconstructiviste des ressources a imprégnée les décisions tant lors de la conduite de l'entretien comme pendant l'analyse de la production numérique de chaque enfant. Nous avons remarqué la variété de manières de comprendre et communiquer numériquement des enfants à travers quatre répertoires: le premier met en évidence l'arc de production numérique conventionnel correspondant à la population étudiée; le second distingue les approches partielles à la convention numérique; le troisième articule trajectoires de conservation et d'innovation cognitive en pensant à et avec des quantités "grandes", et en fin, le quatrième identifie les manières de réflexionet de régulation de la propre cognition numérique. On illustre toutes les catégories comprises dans ces quatre répertoires avec des productions orales, graphiques et parfois gestuelles des enfants. En plus, on s'est engagé à capter d'un point de vue multimodal le dynamisme de la pensée et de la communication numériques des enfants en situation, soit intra-tâche que inter-tâche. Ainsi, on a identifié quatre modèles de production conventionnels, allant d'une production conventionnelle limitée (modèle 1, 9 enfants) à une production avancée (modèle 4, 8 enfants), en passant par des configurations de production conventionnelle "naissante" (modèle 2, 13 enfants) et "intermédiaire" (modèle 3, 15 enfants). On a trouvé une association entre les modèles de production conventionnelle et le secteur socio-éducatif et socioculturel lié à l'école. Dans les écoles du centreville, on a trouvé la plus forte proportion d'enfants dont la production conventionnelle est la plus répandue, tandis que l'inverse caractérise les écoles périphériques. Toutefois, dans trois des premiers niveaux participants coexistaient des enfants des quatre modèles de production conventionnelle, et dans un, des trois modèles. L’hétérogénéité est fortement augmentée si l'on regarde les enfants en ce qui concerne leurs réponses non conventionnelles comme une véritable production communicative et cognitive. Cette situation place l'hétérogénéité cognitive dans le domaine du nombre comme condition à considérer attendue au début de l'scolarisation mathématique primaire dans la région. Pour plonger dans l'étude de la dynamique des enjeux des ressources cognitives et de communication des enfants on a considéré plusieurs lignes d'analyse. L'un était l'étude de leurs progrès au cours de la même tâche ou tout au long des tâches connexes. Le constat que 78% des enfants ont démontré une certaine forme de progrès souligne l'importance d’avoir un espace ouvert et le temps pour la communication et l'évaluation des connaissances. Selon les indicateurs de production plus vaste et strictement conventionnelle, le progrès s’est fait évident pour les enfants de tous les modèles de production conventionnelle, ce qui démontre que même pas le savoir qui correspond au plan culturel établi constitue un bagage dont les enfants disposent d’une manière stable, ce qui est facilement vérifié à la première question.Aussi, on a pu constater que les tensions entre l'établi et le possible, ou entre conventions et inventions, se sont révélées comme sources de conflit et de transformation cognitive pour certains enfants interrogés. Dans ce processus, les enfants ont mis en évidence comment ils se sont appropriés graduellement des connaissances culturelles établies, ont exploré des relations, examiné et généré des innovations de leurs idées et procédures. La plupart des enfants interrogés ont montré que ces réponses provenaient de processus constructifs et exploratoires non linéaires, qu’ils ont introduit des ajustements et qu’ils ont aperçu des nouvelles régularités numériques, et même de nouvelles nuances de sens. Dans notre quête pour comprendre la diversité et le dynamisme des ressources des enfants, on a choisi également d’inclure une étude de cas multiples. On a sélectionné deux garçons et une fille qui appartiennent à des différents modèles de production conventionnelle pour reconstruire leur construction de sens tout au long de la progression des tâches numériques dans l'entretien. Ce fut une autre façon d'évaluer la mesure dans laquelle les connaissances des enfants interrogés sur les formes et les fonctions numériques abordées ont des disparités considérables entre les individus, et aussi des connexions de sens au niveau individuel et inter-tâche. On comprend l’ampleur et les contraintes d'un travail de recherche limitée non seulement dans le nombre de participants, mais aussi dans le temps/espace d’interaction dans lequel on a recueilli l’information (un seul entretien dyadique en dehors de la salle de classe). Cependant, on considère que les analyses multimodaux et à grains fins sur la variété des ressources numériques à ce stade, avec une attention au dynamisme de la mise en jeu dans des situations, peuvent contribuer à articuler un panorama des enfants en tant qu’apprentis qui cherchent à s’approprier des formes et fonctions numériques comme instrument de participation culturelle. En ce sens, les contributions recueillies dans les observations finales des chapitres des résultats et dans les conclusions peuvent fournir de précieuses informations de première main pour la conception et la mise en œuvre des pratiques d'enseignement capables de promouvoir l'apprentissage numérique de base en milieux socioéducatifs divers. On propose un moyen de surmonter les approches standardisés qui perçoivent de préférence l’apprentissage comme un processus sans contexte, reproductif, monomodal et universel. Pour ce faire, bien sûr, le travail créatif, collaboratif, multimodal et didactique des équipes d’enseignement est clé dans leurs communautés de référence.