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Journal articles on the topic 'Conjugated dendrimer'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Liu, Jie, Warren D. Gray, Michael E. Davis, and Ying Luo. "Peptide- and saccharide-conjugated dendrimers for targeted drug delivery: a concise review." Interface Focus 2, no. 3 (March 21, 2012): 307–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2012.0009.

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Dendrimers comprise a category of branched materials with diverse functions that can be constructed with defined architectural and chemical structures. When decorated with bioactive ligands made of peptides and saccharides through peripheral chemical groups, dendrimer conjugates are turned into nanomaterials possessing attractive binding properties with the cognate receptors. At the cellular level, bioactive dendrimer conjugates can interact with cells with avidity and selectivity, and this function has particularly stimulated interests in investigating the targeting potential of dendrimer materials for the design of drug delivery systems. In addition, bioactive dendrimer conjugates have so far been studied for their versatile capabilities to enhance stability, solubility and absorption of various types of therapeutics. This review presents a brief discussion on three aspects of the recent studies to use peptide- and saccharide-conjugated dendrimers for drug delivery: (i) synthesis methods, (ii) cell- and tissue-targeting properties and (iii) applications of conjugated dendrimers in drug delivery nanodevices. With more studies to elucidate the structure–function relationship of ligand–dendrimer conjugates in transporting drugs, the conjugated dendrimers hold promise to facilitate targeted delivery and improve drug efficacy for discovery and development of modern pharmaceutics.

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2

Chen, Junjie, and Mark M. Banaszak Holl. "Dendrimer and dendrimer–conjugate protein complexes and protein coronas." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 95, no. 9 (September 2017): 903–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2017-0198.

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Dendrimers and dendrimer conjugates are widely employed for biological applications such as bio-imaging and drug delivery. Understanding the interaction between dendrimers and their biological environment is key to evaluating the efficacy and safety of these materials. Proteins can form an adsorbed layer, termed a “protein corona”, on dendrimers in either a non-specific or specific fashion. A tight-binding, non-exchangeable corona is defined as a “hard” corona, whereas a loosely bound, highly exchangeable corona is called a “soft” corona. Recent research indicates that small molecules conjugated to the polymer surface can induce protein structural change, leading to tighter protein–dendrimer binding and further protein aggregation. This “triggered” corona formation on dendrimer and dendrimer conjugates is reviewed and discussed along with the existing hard or soft corona model. This review describes the triggered corona model to further the understanding of protein corona formation.

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3

Zhang, Mengen, Jingyi Zhu, Yun Zheng, Rui Guo, Shige Wang, Serge Mignani, Anne-Marie Caminade, Jean-Pierre Majoral, and Xiangyang Shi. "Doxorubicin-Conjugated PAMAM Dendrimers for pH-Responsive Drug Release and Folic Acid-Targeted Cancer Therapy." Pharmaceutics 10, no. 3 (September 19, 2018): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics10030162.

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We present here the development of multifunctional doxorubicin (DOX)-conjugated poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers as a unique platform for pH-responsive drug release and targeted chemotherapy of cancer cells. In this work, we covalently conjugated DOX onto the periphery of partially acetylated and folic acid (FA)-modified generation 5 (G5) PAMAM dendrimers through a pH-sensitive cis-aconityl linkage to form the G5.NHAc-FA-DOX conjugates. The formed dendrimer conjugates were well characterized using different methods. We show that DOX release from the G5.NHAc-FA-DOX conjugates follows an acid-triggered manner with a higher release rate under an acidic pH condition (pH = 5 or 6, close to the acidic pH of tumor microenvironment) than under a physiological pH condition. Both in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation and cell morphological observation demonstrate that the therapeutic activity of dendrimer-DOX conjugates against cancer cells is absolutely related to the DOX drug released. More importantly, the FA conjugation onto the dendrimers allowed a specific targeting to cancer cells overexpressing FA receptors (FAR), and allowed targeted inhibition of cancer cells. The developed G5.NHAc-FA-DOX conjugates may be used as a promising nanodevice for targeted cancer chemotherapy.

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4

Bahadoran, Azadeh, Hassan Moeini, Mohd Hair Bejo, Mohd Zobir Hussein, and Abdul Rahman Omar. "Development of Tat-Conjugated Dendrimer for Transdermal DNA Vaccine Delivery." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 19, no. 3 (August 21, 2016): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.18433/j3g31q.

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PURPOSE: In order to enhance cellular uptake and to facilitate transdermal delivery of DNA vaccine, polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers conjugated with HIV transactivator of transcription (TAT) was developed. METHODS: First, the plasmid DNA (pIRES-H5/GFP) nanoparticle was formulated using PAMAM dendrimer and TAT peptide and then characterized for surface charge, particle size, DNA encapsulation and protection of the pIRES-H5/GFP DNA plasmid to enzymatic digestion. Subsequently, the potency of the TAT-conjugated dendrimer for gene delivery was evaluated through in vitro transfection into Vero cells followed by gene expression analysis including western blotting, fluorescent microscopy and PCR. The effect of the TAT peptide on cellular uptake of DNA vaccine was studied by qRT-PCR and flow cytometry. Finally, the ability of TAT-conjugated PAMAM dendrimer for transdermal delivery of the DNA plasmid was assessed through artificial membranes followed by qRT-PCR and flow cytometry. RESULTS: TAT-conjugated PAMAM dendrimer showed the ability to form a compact and nanometre-sized polyplexes with the plasmid DNA, having the size range of 105 to 115 nm and a positive charge of +42 to +45 mV over the N/P ratio of 6:1(+/-). In vitro transfection analysis into Vero cells confirms the high potency of TAT-conjugated PAMAM dendrimer to enhance the cellular uptake of DNA vaccine. The permeability value assay through artificial membranes reveals that TAT-conjugated PAMAM has more capacity for transdermal delivery of the DNA compared to unmodified PAMAM dendrimer (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that TAT-conjugated PAMAM dendrimer is a promising non-viral vector for transdermal use.This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.

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5

Mendoza-Nava, Héctor, Guillermina Ferro-Flores, Flor de María Ramírez, Blanca Ocampo-García, Clara Santos-Cuevas, Liliana Aranda-Lara, Erika Azorín-Vega, Enrique Morales-Avila, and Keila Isaac-Olivé. "177Lu-Dendrimer Conjugated to Folate and Bombesin with Gold Nanoparticles in the Dendritic Cavity: A Potential Theranostic Radiopharmaceutical." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1039258.

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177Lu-labeled nanoparticles conjugated to biomolecules have been proposed as a new class of theranostic radiopharmaceuticals. The aim of this research was to synthesize 177Lu-dendrimer(PAMAM-G4)-folate-bombesin with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the dendritic cavity and to evaluate the radiopharmaceutical potential for targeted radiotherapy and the simultaneous detection of folate receptors (FRs) and gastrin-releasing peptide receptors (GRPRs) overexpressed in breast cancer cells. p-SCN-Benzyl-DOTA was conjugated in aqueous-basic medium to the dendrimer. The carboxylate groups of Lys1Lys3(DOTA)-bombesin and folic acid were activated with HATU and also conjugated to the dendrimer. The conjugate was mixed with 1% HAuCl4 followed by the addition of NaBH4 and purified by ultrafiltration. Elemental analysis (EDS), particle size distribution (DLS), TEM analysis, UV-Vis, and infrared and fluorescence spectroscopies were performed. The conjugate was radiolabeled using 177LuCl3 or 68GaCl3 and analyzed by radio-HPLC. Studies confirmed the dendrimer functionalization with high radiochemical purity (>95%). Fluorescence results demonstrated that the presence of AuNPs in the dendritic cavity confers useful photophysical properties to the radiopharmaceutical for optical imaging. Preliminary binding studies in T47D breast cancer cells showed a specific cell uptake (41.15±2.72%). 177Lu-dendrimer(AuNP)-folate-bombesin may be useful as an optical and nuclear imaging agent for breast tumors overexpressing GRPR and FRs, as well as for targeted radiotherapy.

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6

Seixas, Nalin, Bruno Ravanello, Ibrahim Morgan, Goran Kaluđerović, and Ludger Wessjohann. "Chlorambucil Conjugated Ugi Dendrimers with PAMAM-NH2 Core and Evaluation of Their Anticancer Activity." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11020059.

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Herein, a new Ugi multicomponent reaction strategy is described to enhance activity and solubility of the chemotherapeutic drug chlorambucil through its conjugation to poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM-NH2) dendrimers with the simultaneous introduction of lipidic (i-Pr) and cationic (–NH2) or anionic (–COOH) groups. Standard viability assays were used to evaluate the anticancer potential of the water-soluble dendrimers against PC-3 prostate and HT-29 colon cancer cell lines, as well as non-cancerous mouse NIH3T3 fibroblasts. It could be demonstrated that the anticancer activity against PC-3 cells was considerably improved when both chlorambucil and –NH2 (cationic) groups were present on the dendrimer surface (1b). Additionally, this dendrimer showed activity only against the prostate cancer cells (PC-3), while it did not affect colon cancer cells and fibroblasts significantly. The cationic chlorambucil-dendrimer 1b blocks PC-3 cells in the G2/M phase and induces caspase independent apoptosis.

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7

Chun, Candy K. Y., and Richard J. Payne. "Synthesis of MUC1 Peptide and Glycopeptide Dendrimers." Australian Journal of Chemistry 62, no. 10 (2009): 1339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch09282.

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Several dendrimers possessing multiple copies of peptides and glycopeptides belonging to the MUC1 eicosapeptide tandem repeat sequence have been prepared. Fmoc-strategy solid-phase peptide synthesis was used to construct the peptides and glycopeptides, which were conjugated to suitably functionalized dendrimer cores using the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction to produce multivalent peptide and glycopeptide dendrimers.

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8

Qiao, Shanlin, Ting Wang, Wei Huang, Jia-Xing Jiang, Zhengkun Du, Fa-Kuen Shieh, and Renqiang Yang. "Dendrimer-like conjugated microporous polymers." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 6 (2016): 1281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5py01767j.

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9

Han, Shuqin, Tsogzolmaa Ganbold, Qingming Bao, Takashi Yoshida, and Huricha Baigude. "Sugar Functionalized Synergistic Dendrimers for Biocompatible Delivery of Nucleic Acid Therapeutics." Polymers 10, no. 9 (September 18, 2018): 1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10091034.

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Sugars containing cationic polymers are potential carriers for in vitro and in vivo nucleic acid delivery. Monosaccharides such as glucose and galactose have been chemically conjugated to various materials of synergistic poly-lysine dendrimer systems for efficient and biocompatible delivery of short interfering RNA (siRNA). The synergistic dendrimers, which contain lipid conjugated glucose terminalized lysine dendrimers, have significantly lower adverse impact on cells while maintaining efficient cellular entry. Moreover, the synergistic dendrimers complexed to siRNA induced RNA interference (RNAi) in the cells and profoundly knocked down green fluorescence protein (GFP) as well as the endogenously expressing disease related gene Plk1. The new synergic dendrimers may be promising system for biocompatible and efficient siRNA delivery.

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10

Geiger, Brett C., Sheryl Wang, Robert F. Padera, Alan J. Grodzinsky, and Paula T. Hammond. "Cartilage-penetrating nanocarriers improve delivery and efficacy of growth factor treatment of osteoarthritis." Science Translational Medicine 10, no. 469 (November 28, 2018): eaat8800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aat8800.

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Osteoarthritis is a debilitating joint disease affecting nearly 30 million people for which there are no disease-modifying therapies. Several drugs that have failed clinical trials have shown inefficient and inadequate delivery to target cells. Anabolic growth factors are one class of such drugs that could be disease-modifying if delivered directly to chondrocytes, which reside deep within dense, anionic cartilage tissue. To overcome this biological barrier, we conjugated a growth factor to a cationic nanocarrier for targeted delivery to chondrocytes and retention within joint cartilage after direct intra-articular injection. The nanocarrier uses reversible electrostatic interactions with anionic cartilage tissue to improve tissue binding, penetration, and residence time. Amine terminal polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers were end functionalized with variable molar ratios of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to control surface charge. From this small family of variably PEGylated dendrimers, an optimal formulation showing 70% uptake into cartilage tissue and 100% cell viability was selected. When conjugated to insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), the dendrimer penetrated bovine cartilage of human thickness within 2 days and enhanced therapeutic IGF-1 joint residence time in rat knees by 10-fold for up to 30 days. In a surgical model of rat osteoarthritis, a single injection of dendrimer–IGF-1 rescued cartilage and bone more effectively than free IGF-1. Dendrimer–IGF-1 reduced width of cartilage degeneration by 60% and volumetric osteophyte burden by 80% relative to untreated rats at 4 weeks after surgery. These results suggest that PEGylated PAMAM dendrimer nanocarriers could improve pharmacokinetics and efficacy of disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs in the clinic.

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11

Ma, Dongge, J. M. Lupton, I. D. W. Samuel, Shi-Chun Lo, and P. L. Burn. "Bright electroluminescence from a conjugated dendrimer." Applied Physics Letters 81, no. 12 (September 16, 2002): 2285–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1507826.

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12

Ma, Dongge, Yufeng Hu, Yanguang Zhang, Lixiang Wang, Xiabing Jing, Fosong Wang, J. M. Lupton, I. D. W. Samuel, Shi-Chun Lo, and P. L. Burn. "Bright electroluminescence from a new conjugated dendrimer." Synthetic Metals 137, no. 1-3 (April 2003): 1125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-6779(02)00954-2.

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13

Kim, Chae Kyu, Won-Jae Joo, Eun Seok Song, Hyung Joo Kim, Jina Kim, Chiyoung Park, Hoing Lae Lee, and Chulhee Kim. "Ferrocene-cored-conjugated dendrimer with electrical bistability." Synthetic Metals 157, no. 16-17 (August 2007): 640–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2007.07.004.

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14

BELAISSAOUI, ABDELHAK, HIDEO TOKUHISA, EMIKO KOYAMA, and MASATOSHI KANESATO. "SINGLE MOLECULE IMMOBILIZATION OF π-CONJUGATED MOLECULES ON Au USING DENDRIMER-BASED TEMPLATES." International Journal of Nanoscience 04, no. 04 (August 2005): 467–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x05003516.

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We demonstrate that immobilization of a π-conjugated molecule containing a bipyridine moiety as a hydrogen bond acceptor on Au using a dendrimer-based template with 3,4-dihydroxybenzene moiety at the core as a hydrogen bond donor. The hydrogen bond interaction was used for the linkage between the conjugated molecule and the template to improve the method to fabricate single-molecule arrays we reported before.1 Although the binding constant is small ( K = 120 ± 20 M -1) in CDCl 3, it was demonstrated that the dendrimer spacer serves as a template to isolate the π-conjugated molecule, and is removable simply with a CH 2 Cl 2 rinsing by surface FTIR spectroscopy.

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15

Nakajima, Sae, Ken Albrecht, Soh Kushida, Eiji Nishibori, Takashi Kitao, Takashi Uemura, Kimihisa Yamamoto, Uwe H. F. Bunz, and Yohei Yamamoto. "A fluorescent microporous crystalline dendrimer discriminates vapour molecules." Chemical Communications 54, no. 20 (2018): 2534–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cc09342j.

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16

Czarnomysy, Robert, Anna Muszyńska, Jakub Rok, Zuzanna Rzepka, and Krzysztof Bielawski. "Mechanism of Anticancer Action of Novel Imidazole Platinum(II) Complex Conjugated with G2 PAMAM-OH Dendrimer in Breast Cancer Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 5581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115581.

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Transition metal coordination compounds play an important role in the treatment of neoplastic diseases. However, due to their low selectivity and bioavailability, as well as the frequently occurring phenomenon of drug resistance, new chemical compounds that could overcome these phenomena are still being sought. The solution seems to be the synthesis of new metal complexes conjugated with drug carriers, e.g., dendrimers. Numerous literature data have shown that dendrimers improve the bioavailability of the obtained metal complexes, solving the problem of their poor solubility and stability in an aqueous environment and also breaking down inborn and acquired drug resistance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to synthesize a novel imidazole platinum(II) complex conjugated with and without the second-generation PAMAM dendrimer (PtMet2–PAMAM and PtMet2, respectively) and to evaluate its antitumor activity. Cell viability studies indicated that PtMet2–PAMAM exhibited higher cytotoxic activity than PtMet2 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells at relatively low concentrations. Moreover, our results indicated that PtMet2–PAMAM exerted antiproliferative effects in a zebrafish embryo model. Treatment with PtMet2–PAMAM substantially increased apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner via caspase-9 (intrinsic pathway) and caspase-8 (extrinsic pathway) activation along with pro-apoptotic protein expression modulation. Additionally, we showed that apoptosis can be induced by activating POX, which induces ROS production. Furthermore, our results also clearly showed that the tested compounds trigger autophagy through p38 pathway activation and increase Beclin-1, LC3, AMPK, and mTOR inhibition. The high pro-apoptotic activity and the ability to activate autophagy by the imidazole platinum(II) complex conjugated with a dendrimer may be due to its demonstrated ability to reverse multidrug resistance (MDR) and thereby increase cellular accumulation in breast cancer cells.

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Satoh, Norifusa, Toshio Takashima, Ken Albrecht, and Kimihisa Yamamoto. "Dye-sensitized Solar Cell using .PI.-Conjugated Dendrimer." Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology 19, no. 2 (2006): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.19.141.

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18

Wang, Meng, Yinhui Yang, Meiling Qi, and Jinliang Wang. "Separation performance of a large π-conjugated truxene-based dendrimer as stationary phase for gas chromatography." RSC Advances 7, no. 71 (2017): 44665–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra09326h.

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19

Nilsen, TW, R. Getts, and M. Weinstein. "Single Molecule Detection of Fluorescently Labelled DNA Dendrimers." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 856–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600036771.

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Single molecule detection has been achieved via many highly sophisticated microscopic techniques. Here we describe the detection of single molecules with conventional epifluorescent microscopy. The key to the technique is the use of DNA dendrimers DNA dendrimers have demonstrated utility in nucleic acid blots, Southerns, Northerns, etc. Typically DNA dendrimers yield 50-100 fold gain in signal over comparably labeled oligonucleotides. Immunodendrimers, DNA dendrimers conjugated to antibody molecules, have also been constructed and utilized in western blot assays. Individual, i.e. single molecule, 4- layer dendrimers, are readily detectable as point sources via conventional fluorescence microscopy and are useful for in situ hybridization and flow fluorescence quantitation.Nucleic acid hybridization is the underlying principle behind DNA dendrimer assembly. The “monomer” of DNA dendrimers consists of partially double stranded heteroduplexed DNA. Each monomer has an approximately 50 base double stranded “waist” surrounded by four approximately 30 base single stranded “arms”.

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20

Schito, Anna Maria, Gian Carlo Schito, and Silvana Alfei. "Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Cationic Amino Acid-Conjugated Dendrimers Loaded with a Mixture of Two Triterpenoid Acids." Polymers 13, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13040521.

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To counteract the growing bacterial resistance, we previously reported the remarkable antimicrobial activity of amino acid-conjugated cationic dendrimers (CDs) against several Gram-negative species, establishing that the cationic lysine was essential for their potency. In this paper, CDs conjugated with lysine and arginine and encapsulating ursolic and oleanolic acids (UOACDs) were assumed to be excellent candidates for developing new antibacterial agents, possibly active against Gram-positive species. Indeed, both the guanidine group of arginine and the two triterpenoid acids are items known for directing antibacterial effects, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria. The cationic dendrimers were obtained by peripheral conjugation with the selected amino acids and by entrapping a physical mixture of the commercial triterpenoid acids. The cationic compounds were characterized and successfully tested against 15 Gram-positive isolates. Interesting minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were obtained for all the dendrimer-drug agents, establishing that the antibacterial activity observed for the UOACDs strongly depended on the density and on the type of the cationic groups of the cationic amino acid-conjugated dendrimers and not on the presence and the release of UOA. Particularly, lysine was critical for potency, while arginine was critical for redirecting activity against Gram-positive species. Especially, a high cationic character, associated with a balanced content of lysine/arginine, produced a remarkable antimicrobial effect (MIC = 0.5–8.7 µM).

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21

Kodama, Yasunobu, Soh Ishii, and Kaoru Ohno. "Dynamics simulation of a π-conjugated light-harvesting dendrimer II: phenylene-based dendrimer (phDG2)." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 21, no. 6 (January 20, 2009): 064217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/21/6/064217.

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22

Thomas, Thommey P., Anil K. Patri, Andrzej Myc, Mon Thiri Myaing, Jing Yong Ye, Theodore B. Norris, and James R. Baker. "In Vitro Targeting of Synthesized Antibody-Conjugated Dendrimer Nanoparticles†." Biomacromolecules 5, no. 6 (November 2004): 2269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm049704h.

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23

Lee, Yeol, Jongsu Kim, Suhyun Kim, Woo-Dong Jang, Sangphil Park, and Won-Gun Koh. "Protein-conjugated, glucose-sensitive surface using fluorescent dendrimer porphyrin." Journal of Materials Chemistry 19, no. 31 (2009): 5643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b906587n.

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24

Lupton, J. M., I. D. W. Samuel, M. J. Frampton, R. Beavington, and P. L. Burn. "Control of Electrophosphorescence in Conjugated Dendrimer Light-Emitting Diodes." Advanced Functional Materials 11, no. 4 (August 2001): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1616-3028(200108)11:4<287::aid-adfm287>3.0.co;2-z.

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Kodama, Yasunobu, Soh Ishii, and Kaoru Ohno. "Dynamics simulation of a π-conjugated light-harvesting dendrimer." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 19, no. 36 (August 24, 2007): 365242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/19/36/365242.

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26

Nam, Kihoon, Simhyun Jung, Joung-Pyo Nam, and Sung Wan Kim. "Poly(ethylenimine) conjugated bioreducible dendrimer for efficient gene delivery." Journal of Controlled Release 220 (December 2015): 447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.11.005.

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27

Zhao, Huanying, Wei Gu, Ling Ye, and Hui Yang. "Biodistribution of PAMAM dendrimer conjugated magnetic nanoparticles in mice." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 25, no. 3 (November 26, 2013): 769–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-013-5104-1.

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Zhao, Jingjing, Bo Zhang, Shun Shen, Jun Chen, Qizhi Zhang, Xinguo Jiang, and Zhiqing Pang. "CREKA peptide-conjugated dendrimer nanoparticles for glioblastoma multiforme delivery." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 450 (July 2015): 396–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2015.03.019.

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29

Bhatt, Himanshu, Sri Vishnu Kiran Rompicharla, Balaram Ghosh, Vladimir Torchilin, and Swati Biswas. "Transferrin/α-tocopherol modified poly(amidoamine) dendrimers for improved tumor targeting and anticancer activity of paclitaxel." Nanomedicine 14, no. 24 (December 2019): 3159–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2019-0128.

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Aim: Transferrin anchored, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and α-tocopheryl succinate (α-TOS) conjugated generation 4 dendrimer has been prepared in order to develop a tumor targeted delivery system of a hydrophobic chemotherapeutic agent, paclitaxel (PTX). Materials & methods: The dendrimers were characterized physicochemically for size, ζ and encapsulation ability. The cellular uptake, cytotoxicity potential and apoptosis of prepared nanoconstruct were evaluated in human cervical epithelial cells monolayer and 3D spheroids. Results & conclusion: G4-TOS-PEG-Tf demonstrated increased cellular uptake, cytotoxicity and apoptotic potential of PTX compared with free PTX and G4-TOS-PEG-PTX. G4-TOS-PEG-Tf-PTX inhibited growth of human cervical epithelial cells spheroids significantly. The newly developed dendrimers hold promise as an efficient delivery system for PTX or other hydrophobic chemotherapeutic agents for targeted delivery to tumors.

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Bundle, David, Eugenia Paszkiewicz, Hassan Elsaidi, Satadru Mandal, and Susmita Sarkar. "A Three Component Synthetic Vaccine Containing a β-Mannan T-Cell Peptide Epitope and a β-Glucan Dendritic Cell Ligand." Molecules 23, no. 8 (August 6, 2018): 1961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23081961.

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Glycoconjugates prepared from the capsular polysaccharide of several pathogenic bacteria and carrier proteins, such as CRM 197 or tetanus toxoid, have been one of the most successful public health measures to be implemented in the last quarter century. A crucial element in the success of conjugate vaccines has been the recruitment of T-cell help and systematic induction of a secondary immune response. The seminal discovery, that degraded polysaccharide fragments with attached peptide are presented to the T-cell receptor of carbohydrate specific T-cells by MHC-II molecules that bind to the peptide component of degraded vaccine, suggests potentially novel designs for conjugate vaccines. A fully synthetic conjugate vaccine was constructed from a 1,2-linked β-mannose trisaccharide conjugated to a T-cell peptide, previously shown to afford protection against Candida albicans. This combined B- and T-cell epitope was synthesized with a C-terminal azidolysine residue for subsequent conjugation by click chemistry. Four copies of a β-1,3 linked hexaglucan dendritic cell epitope were conjugated to an asymmetric dendrimer bearing an alkyne terminated tether. Click chemistry of these two components created a conjugate vaccine that induced antibodies to all three epitopes of the fully synthetic construct.

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31

Li, Wei-Shi, Dong-Lin Jiang, and Takuzo Aida. "Photoluminescence Properties of Discrete Conjugated Wires Wrapped within Dendrimeric Envelopes:“Dendrimer Effects” onπ-Electronic Conjugation." Angewandte Chemie 116, no. 22 (May 24, 2004): 3003–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200353519.

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Li, Wei-Shi, Dong-Lin Jiang, and Takuzo Aida. "Photoluminescence Properties of Discrete Conjugated Wires Wrapped within Dendrimeric Envelopes:“Dendrimer Effects” onπ-Electronic Conjugation." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 43, no. 22 (May 24, 2004): 2943–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200353519.

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Liaw, Kevin, Rajsekhar Reddy, Rishi Sharma, Sebastian Salazar, Ambar Jinemez, Sujatha Kannan, and Rangaramanujam Kannan. "EXTH-40. SPECIFIC DENDRIMER-MEDIATED DELIVERY OF IMMUNOTHERAPY BLZ945 TO TUMOR-ASSOCIATED MACROPHAGES IMPROVES THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY IN GLIOBLASTOMA." Neuro-Oncology 21, Supplement_6 (November 2019): vi90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noz175.372.

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Abstract Patients with glioblastoma have failed to see improved outcomes despite the discovery of powerful anti-cancer drugs because such therapies do not adequately cross the blood-brain barrier and penetrate into solid tumors to access pathological cells. In addition to these delivery challenges, tumors polarize host macrophages into tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which suppress the tumor-killing response and create a growth-conducive immune environment for cancer cells. As a result, TAMs are promising therapeutic targets but translational efforts targeting them have largely failed due to low response rates and high systemic toxicities. Therefore, a vehicle that carries immunotherapies into the brain, deep into solid tumors, and specifically to TAMs while remaining inactive in the body provides a promising clinical strategy. Here, we present hydroxyl-terminated polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers as novel targeted drug delivery systems to overcome these delivery challenges in the GL261 mouse model of glioblastoma. Upon systemic administration, these dendrimers, without any targeting ligands, are able to cross the blood-brain barrier, distribute uniformly throughout the solid glioblastoma tumor, and localize specifically within TAMs. Dendrimers display high tumor specificity (>5-fold compared to the contralateral hemisphere) and minimal systemic accumulation (< 5% initial dose remaining in livers or kidneys after 24 hours). We then conjugated BLZ945, a potent immunotherapy that prevents tumors from recruiting TAMs, to the dendrimer via pH-sensitive linkers for triggered intratumoral and intracellular release. We find that a single systemic dose of dendrimer-delivered BLZ945 halfway through disease progression prolongs survival by >30% compared to free BLZ945 and untreated cohorts. These survival benefits were accompanied by amelioration of disease progression and improved motor function. Finally, we demonstrate that repeat dosing of dendrimer-delivery BLZ945 in combination with current standard of care temozolomide provides robust, synergistic improvements to survival and disease severity. These studies validate the potential of dendrimers for localized immune manipulation in glioblastoma.

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Sakamoto, Muneyoshi, Akihiko Ueno, and Hisakazu Mihara. "Construction of α-helical peptide dendrimers conjugated with multi-metalloporphyrins: photoinduced electron transfer on dendrimer architecture." Chemical Communications, no. 18 (2000): 1741–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b003786i.

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Shukla, Rameshwer, Thommey P. Thomas, Jennifer L. Peters, Ankur M. Desai, Jolanta Kukowska-Latallo, Anil K. Patri, Alina Kotlyar, and James R. Baker. "HER2 Specific Tumor Targeting with Dendrimer Conjugated Anti-HER2 mAb." Bioconjugate Chemistry 17, no. 5 (September 2006): 1109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc050348p.

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Li, Zhiming, Peng Huang, Rong He, Xiaomin Zhang, Chenchen Bao, Qiushi Ren, and Daxiang Cui. "Aptamer-conjugated dendrimer-modified quantum dots for glioblastoma cells imaging." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 188 (September 1, 2009): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/188/1/012032.

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da Silva, ShirsleyJ S., and Jordan Del Nero. "Conjugated Dendrimer: Characterization of a New Class of Organic Materials." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2011): 2209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2011.1945.

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Leng, Zhen-Hua, Qian-Fen Zhuang, Yan-Chao Li, Zeng He, Zhao Chen, Sai-Peng Huang, Hong-Ying Jia, Jian-Wei Zhou, Yang Liu, and Li-Bo Du. "Polyamidoamine dendrimer conjugated chitosan nanoparticles for the delivery of methotrexate." Carbohydrate Polymers 98, no. 1 (October 2013): 1173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.07.021.

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Liu, Fu-Hua, Chun-Yuan Hou, Di Zhang, Wen-Jing Zhao, Yong Cong, Zhong-Yu Duan, Zeng-Ying Qiao, and Hao Wang. "Enzyme-sensitive cytotoxic peptide–dendrimer conjugates enhance cell apoptosis and deep tumor penetration." Biomaterials Science 6, no. 3 (2018): 604–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7bm01182b.

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Czerniecka-Kubicka, Anna, Piotr Tutka, Marek Pyda, Małgorzata Walczak, Łukasz Uram, Maria Misiorek, Ewelina Chmiel, and Stanisław Wołowiec. "Stepwise Glucoheptoamidation of Poly(Amidoamine) Dendrimer G3 to Tune Physicochemical Properties of the Potential Drug Carrier: In Vitro Tests for Cytisine Conjugates." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 5 (May 22, 2020): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12050473.

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Third-generation poly(amidoamine) dendrimer (PAMAM) was modified by stepwise primary amine group amidation with d-glucoheptono-1,4-lactone. The physicochemical properties of the conjugates—size, ζ potential in lysosomal pH 5 and in neutral aqueous solutions, as well as intramolecular dynamics by differential scanning calorimetry—were determined. Internalization and toxicity of the conjugates against normal human fibroblasts BJ were monitored in vitro in order to select an appropriate carrier for a drug delivery system. It was found that initial glucoheptoamidation (up to 1/3 of amine groups of neat dendrimers available) resulted in increase of conjugate size and ζ potential. Native or low substituted dendrimer conjugates accumulated efficiently in fibroblast cells at nontoxic 1 µM concentration. Further substitution of dendrimer caused consistent decrease of size and ζ potential, cell accumulation, and toxicity. All dendrimers are amorphous at 36.6 °C as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The optimized dendrimer, half-filled with glucoheptoamide substituents, was applied as carrier bearing two covalently attached cytisine molecules: a rigid and hydrophobic alkaloid. The conjugate with 2 cytisine and 16 glucoheptoamide substituents showed fast accumulation and no toxicity up to 200 µM concentration. The half-glucoheptoamidated PAMAM dendrimer was selected as a promising anticancer drug carrier for further applications.

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Harrington, William R., Sung Hoon Kim, Cory C. Funk, Zeynep Madak-Erdogan, Rachel Schiff, John A. Katzenellenbogen, and Benita S. Katzenellenbogen. "Estrogen Dendrimer Conjugates that Preferentially Activate Extranuclear, Nongenomic Versus Genomic Pathways of Estrogen Action." Molecular Endocrinology 20, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 491–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2005-0186.

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Abstract Estrogenic hormones are classically thought to exert their effects by binding to nuclear estrogen receptors and altering target gene transcription, but estrogens can also have nongenomic effects through rapid activation of membrane-initiated kinase cascades. The development of ligands that selectively activate only the nongenomic pathways would provide useful tools to investigate the significance of these pathways. We have prepared large, abiotic, nondegradable poly(amido)amine dendrimer macromolecules that are conjugated to multiple estrogen molecules through chemically robust linkages. Because of their charge and size, these estrogen-dendrimer conjugates (EDCs) remain outside the nucleus. They stimulate ERK, Shc, and Src phosphorylation in MCF-7 breast cancer cells at low concentrations, yet they are very ineffective in stimulating transcription of endogenous estrogen target genes, being approximately 10,000-fold less potent than estradiol in genomic actions. In contrast to estradiol, EDC was not effective in stimulating breast cancer cell proliferation. Because these EDC ligands activate nongenomic activity at concentrations at which they do not alter the transcription of estrogen target genes, they should be useful in studying extranuclear initiated pathways of estrogen action in a variety of target cells.

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Kim, Chungkyun, Hyeseon Kim, and Kyungrae Park. "Preparation and Diels–Alder reaction of carbosilane dendrimer with conjugated diene." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 690, no. 21-22 (November 2005): 4794–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2005.07.079.

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Ma, D., J. M. Lupton, R. Beavington, P. L. Burn, and I. D. W. Samuel. "Novel Heterolayer Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Based on a Conjugated Dendrimer." Advanced Functional Materials 12, no. 8 (August 5, 2002): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1616-3028(20020805)12:8<507::aid-adfm507>3.0.co;2-w.

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Shukla, Rameshwer, Thommey P. Thomas, Ankur M. Desai, Alina Kotlyar, Steve J. Park, and James R. Baker Jr. "HER2 specific delivery of methotrexate by dendrimer conjugated anti-HER2 mAb." Nanotechnology 19, no. 29 (June 10, 2008): 295102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/19/29/295102.

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Ganda, Ingrid S., Qian Zhong, Mirabela Hali, Ricardo L. C. Albuquerque, Francine F. Padilha, Sandro R. P. da Rocha, and Judith A. Whittum-Hudson. "Dendrimer-conjugated peptide vaccine enhances clearance of Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 527, no. 1-2 (July 2017): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.05.045.

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Tokuhisa, Hideo, Emiko Koyama, Abdelhak Belaissaoui, Hiroshi Suga, Takao Ishida, Yasushiro Nishioka, and Masatoshi Kanesato. "Immobilization of π-conjugated molecules on Au using dendrimer-based templates." Current Applied Physics 6, no. 4 (July 2006): 723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2005.04.027.

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Li, Yuanlin, Ting Su, Sai Li, Yusi Lai, Bin He, and Zhongwei Gu. "Polymeric micelles with π–π conjugated moiety on glycerol dendrimer as lipophilic segments for anticancer drug delivery." Biomater. Sci. 2, no. 5 (2014): 775–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3bm60267b.

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Zhao, Yinbo, Qi Zeng, Fengbo Wu, Jing Li, Zhaoping Pan, Pengfei Shen, Lu Yang, Ting Xu, Lulu Cai, and Li Guo. "Novel naproxen-peptide-conjugated amphiphilic dendrimer self-assembly micelles for targeting drug delivery to osteosarcoma cells." RSC Advances 6, no. 65 (2016): 60327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra15022e.

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Nguyen, Thanh Luan, Thi Hiep Nguyen, Cuu Khoa Nguyen, and Dai Hai Nguyen. "Redox and pH Responsive Poly (Amidoamine) Dendrimer-Heparin Conjugates via Disulfide Linkages for Letrozole Delivery." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8589212.

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Heparin (Hep) conjugated to poly (amidoamine) dendrimer G3.5 (P) via redox-sensitive disulfide bond (P-SS-Hep) was studied. The redox and pH dual-responsive nanocarriers were prepared by a simple method that minimized many complex steps as previous studies. The functional characterization of G3.5 coated Hep was investigated by the proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The size and formation were characterized by the dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, and transmission electron microscopy. P-SS-Hep was spherical in shape with average diameter about 11 nm loaded with more than 20% letrozole. This drug carrier could not only eliminate toxicity to cells and improve the drugs solubility but also increase biocompatibility of the system under reductive environment of glutathione. In particular, P-SS-Hep could enhance the effectiveness of cancer therapy after removing Hep from the surface. These results demonstrated that the P-SS-Hep conjugates could be a promising candidate as redox and pH responsive nanocarriers for cancer chemotherapy.

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Peng, Yucheng, Xiaomeng Wang, Yue Wang, Yue Gao, Rui Guo, Xiangyang Shi, and Xueyan Cao. "Macrophage-Laden Gold Nanoflowers Embedded with Ultrasmall Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Enhanced Dual-Mode CT/MR Imaging of Tumors." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13070995.

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The design of multimodal imaging nanoplatforms with improved tumor accumulation represents a major trend in the current development of precision nanomedicine. To this end, we report herein the preparation of macrophage (MA)-laden gold nanoflowers (NFs) embedded with ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles (USIO NPs) for enhanced dual-mode computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of tumors. In this work, generation 5 poly(amidoamine) (G5 PAMAM) dendrimer-stabilized gold (Au) NPs were conjugated with sodium citrate-stabilized USIO NPs to form hybrid seed particles for the subsequent growth of Au nanoflowers (NFs). Afterwards, the remaining terminal amines of dendrimers were acetylated to form the dendrimer-stabilized Fe3O4/Au NFs (for short, Fe3O4/Au DSNFs). The acquired Fe3O4/Au DSNFs possess an average size around 90 nm, display a high r1 relaxivity (1.22 mM−1 s−1), and exhibit good colloidal stability and cytocompatibility. The created hybrid DSNFs can be loaded within MAs without producing any toxicity to the cells. Through the mediation of MAs with a tumor homing and immune evasion property, the Fe3O4/Au DSNFs can be delivered to tumors more efficiently than those without MAs after intravenous injection, thus significantly improving the MR/CT imaging performance of tumors. The developed MA-mediated delivery system may hold great promise for enhanced tumor delivery of other contrast agents or nanomedicines for precision cancer nanomedicine applications.

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