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Journal articles on the topic 'Conjugated polymer brushes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 April 2022

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1

VonWald, Ian A., S. Gaither Frye, Mark M. Moog, Carrie L. Donley, Frank Tsui, and Wei You. "Initiation and Polymer Density of Conjugated Polymer Brushes." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 124, no. 43 (October 15, 2020): 9734–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c06923.

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2

Smenda, Joanna, Karol Wolski, Kamila Chajec, and Szczepan Zapotoczny. "Preparation of Homopolymer, Block Copolymer, and Patterned Brushes Bearing Thiophene and Acetylene Groups Using Microliter Volumes of Reaction Mixtures." Polymers 13, no. 24 (December 19, 2021): 4458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13244458.

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The synthesis of surface-grafted polymers with variable functionality requires the careful selection of polymerization methods that also enable spatially controlled grafting, which is crucial for the fabrication of, e.g., nano (micro) sensor or nanoelectronic devices. The development of versatile, simple, economical, and eco-friendly synthetic strategies is important for scaling up the production of such polymer brushes. We have recently shown that poly (3-methylthienyl methacrylate) (PMTM) and poly (3-trimethylsilyl-2-propynyl methacrylate) (PTPM) brushes with pendant thiophene and acetylene groups, respectively, could be used for the production of ladder-like conjugated brushes that are potentially useful in the mentioned applications. However, the previously developed syntheses of such brushes required the use of high volumes of reagents, elevated temperature, or high energy UV-B light. Therefore, we present here visible light-promoted metal-free surface-initiated ATRP (metal-free SI-ATRP) that allows the economical synthesis of PMTM and PTPM brushes utilizing only microliter volumes of reaction mixtures. The versatility of this approach was shown by the formation of homopolymers but also the block copolymer conjugated brushes (PMTM and PTPM blocks in both sequences) and patterned films using TEM grids serving as photomasks. A simple reaction setup with only a monomer, solvent, commercially available organic photocatalyst, and initiator decorated substrate makes the synthesis of these complex polymer structures achievable for non-experts and ready for scaling up.

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3

Hu, Hao, Xiu-Ju Hou, Xiao-Chen Wang, Jing-Jun Nie, Qing Cai, and Fu-Jian Xu. "Gold nanoparticle-conjugated heterogeneous polymer brush-wrapped cellulose nanocrystals prepared by combining different controllable polymerization techniques for theranostic applications." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 18 (2016): 3107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6py00251j.

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4

Sotoma, Shingo, Feng-Jen Hsieh, and Huan-Cheng Chang. "Single-Step Metal-Free Grafting of Cationic Polymer Brushes on Fluorescent Nanodiamonds." Materials 11, no. 8 (August 20, 2018): 1479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081479.

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Cationic polymers are often employed in conjugation with nanomaterials, and the resultant hybrids are useful for various bioapplications. Here, a single-step metal-free method for the synthesis of fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) conjugated with cationic polymer brushes is reported. Distinct from the common methods such as atom transfer radical polymerization and reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer, our ring-opening-polymerization-based method is simple and less time consuming and hazardous. Infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, zeta potential, and dynamic light scattering confirmed the synthesis. The produced FND-polymer brushes showed markedly higher cell labeling and internalization efficiency without noticeable cytotoxicity. Our method is general and applicable to other nanoparticles as well for uses in diverse research areas.

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5

Zhao, Kaijie, Zhiliang Gao, Dongpo Song, Peiyu Zhang, and Jiwei Cui. "Assembly of catechol-modified polymer brushes for drug delivery." Polymer Chemistry 13, no. 3 (2022): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1py00947h.

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The anticancer drug of Bortezomib conjugated onto catechol-modified bottlebrush block copolymers can be intracellularly released owing to the pH-responsive behavior, resulting in considerable cell death and tumor growth inhibition.

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6

Słowikowska, Monika, Karol Wolski, Artur J. Wójcik, Daniel Wesner, Holger Schönherr, and Szczepan Zapotoczny. "Unraveling the nanomechanical properties of surface-grafted conjugated polymer brushes with ladder-like architecture." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 44 (2020): 7050–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py01422b.

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7

Zhang, Xin-Yang, Yu-Qing Zhao, Yidan Zhang, Anzhi Wang, Xiaokang Ding, Yang Li, Shun Duan, Xuejia Ding, and Fu-Jian Xu. "Antimicrobial Peptide-Conjugated Hierarchical Antifouling Polymer Brushes for Functionalized Catheter Surfaces." Biomacromolecules 20, no. 11 (October 9, 2019): 4171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01060.

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8

VonWald, Ian A., Mark M. Moog, Travis W. LaJoie, Joshua D. Yablonski, Dean M. DeLongchamp, Jason Locklin, Frank Tsui, and Wei You. "Morphology, Structure, and Enhanced Intramolecular Conduction in Ultralong Conjugated Polymer Brushes." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 122, no. 14 (March 27, 2018): 7586–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b00033.

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9

Sontag, S. Kyle, Nicholas Marshall, and Jason Locklin. "Formation of conjugated polymer brushes by surface-initiated catalyst-transfer polycondensation." Chemical Communications, no. 23 (2009): 3354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b907264k.

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10

Nakayama, Romu, Toru Ube, Kenji Katayama, Masa-aki Haga, and Tomiki Ikeda. "Supramolecular assemblies composed of polymer brushes and conjugated molecules for organic photovoltaics." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 676, no. 1 (November 22, 2018): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2019.1595484.

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11

Wang, Gang, Wei Huang, Nicholas D. Eastham, Simone Fabiano, Eric F. Manley, Li Zeng, Binghao Wang, et al. "Aggregation control in natural brush-printed conjugated polymer films and implications for enhancing charge transport." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 47 (November 6, 2017): E10066—E10073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713634114.

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Shear-printing is a promising processing technique in organic electronics for microstructure/charge transport modification and large-area film fabrication. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which shear-printing can enhance charge transport is not well-understood. In this study, a printing method using natural brushes is adopted as an informative tool to realize direct aggregation control of conjugated polymers and to investigate the interplay between printing parameters, macromolecule backbone alignment and aggregation, and charge transport anisotropy in a conjugated polymer series differing in architecture and electronic structure. This series includes (i) semicrystalline hole-transporting P3HT, (ii) semicrystalline electron-transporting N2200, (iii) low-crystallinity hole-transporting PBDTT-FTTE, and (iv) low-crystallinity conducting PEDOT:PSS. The (semi-)conducting films are characterized by a battery of morphology and microstructure analysis techniques and by charge transport measurements. We report that remarkably enhanced mobilities/conductivities, as high as 5.7×/3.9×, are achieved by controlled growth of nanofibril aggregates and by backbone alignment, with the adjusted R2 (R2adj) correlation between aggregation and charge transport as high as 95%. However, while shear-induced aggregation is important for enhancing charge transport, backbone alignment alone does not guarantee charge transport anisotropy. The correlations between efficient charge transport and aggregation are clearly shown, while mobility and degree of orientation are not always well-correlated. These observations provide insights into macroscopic charge transport mechanisms in conjugated polymers and suggest guidelines for optimization.

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12

Alfawaz, Amal, Khalid Alzahrani, Abdurahman Niazy, Hamdan Alghamadi, Rhodanne Lambarte, Abeer Beagan, Latifah Alfhaid, Khalid Alotaibi, and Abdullah Alswieleh. "Smart Nanocarrier Based on Poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate) Terminated pH-Responsive Polymer Brushes Grafted Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles." Applied Sciences 12, no. 7 (April 6, 2022): 3688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12073688.

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A platform technology based on inorganic/organic nanoparticles for carrying drugs could be of enormous potential benefit in treating cancer. Surface modification of the nanoparticles with pH-responsive and biocompatible polymers can improve the selectivity and targeting toward the tumor cells. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and its derivatives being present on the surface could enhance the ability to tailor nanomaterial hydrophilicity and to resist the adhesion of proteins and/or cells. Herein, we report a new nanoplatform based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) conjugated with poly(2-(diethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) (PDEAEMA) brushes as a candidate for stimuli-responsive intracellular drug delivery system. Alkyl bromide functional initiators (end-functionalized PDEAEMA brushes) were derivatized to amine, followed by the reaction with ethylene sulfide and poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (POEGMEA). Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to examine the attachment of POEGMEA, it was found that the POEGMEA molecules in the outer surface of PDEAEMA brushes have been successfully reacted with thiol groups, as indicated by the increase in the peak intensity of the C–O group at 286.5 eV. Brush-modified silica hybrids have an average diameter of ca. 250 nm, as estimated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Rhodamine B dye was loaded into the brush-modified silica hybrids nanoparticles with loading capacity of ca. 74%. The accumulated dye released from brush-modified particles in acidic media was approximately 60%, whereas the dye amount release in basic media was less than 15% after 10 h exposure time. Alamar Blue assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of MSNs–PDEAEMA, MSNs–PDEAEMA–SH, and MSNs–PDEAEMA–POEGMEA. The results show that all three nanosystems were non-toxic to hMSC with an increase in cell proliferation for MSNs–PDEAEMA–POEGMEA at 50 µg/mL after both 24 and 48 h of incubation.

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13

Fulghum, Timothy M., Prasad Taranekar, and Rigoberto C. Advincula. "Grafting Hole-Transport Precursor Polymer Brushes on ITO Electrodes: Surface-Initiated Polymerization and Conjugated Polymer Network Formation of PVK." Macromolecules 41, no. 15 (August 2008): 5681–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma800341a.

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14

Geng, Rugang, Anandi Roy, Wenbo Zhao, Ram Chandra Subedi, Xiaoguang Li, Jason Locklin, and Tho Duc Nguyen. "Engineering of Spin Injection and Spin Transport in Organic Spin Valves Using π-Conjugated Polymer Brushes." Advanced Functional Materials 26, no. 22 (February 5, 2016): 3999–4006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201504201.

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15

Roy, Anandi, Jing Gao, Jenna A. Bilbrey, N. Eric Huddleston, and Jason Locklin. "Rapid Electrochemical Reduction of Ni(II) Generates Reactive Monolayers for Conjugated Polymer Brushes in One Step." Langmuir 30, no. 34 (August 20, 2014): 10465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la502050n.

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16

Chen, Jihua. "Advanced Electron Microscopy of Nanophased Synthetic Polymers and Soft Complexes for Energy and Medicine Applications." Nanomaterials 11, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 2405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11092405.

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After decades of developments, electron microscopy has become a powerful and irreplaceable tool in understanding the ionic, electrical, mechanical, chemical, and other functional performances of next-generation polymers and soft complexes. The recent progress in electron microscopy of nanostructured polymers and soft assemblies is important for applications in many different fields, including, but not limited to, mesoporous and nanoporous materials, absorbents, membranes, solid electrolytes, battery electrodes, ion- and electron-transporting materials, organic semiconductors, soft robotics, optoelectronic devices, biomass, soft magnetic materials, and pharmaceutical drug design. For synthetic polymers and soft complexes, there are four main characteristics that differentiate them from their inorganic or biomacromolecular counterparts in electron microscopy studies: (1) lower contrast, (2) abundance of light elements, (3) polydispersity or nanomorphological variations, and (4) large changes induced by electron beams. Since 2011, the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (CNMS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory has been working with numerous facility users on nanostructured polymer composites, block copolymers, polymer brushes, conjugated molecules, organic–inorganic hybrid nanomaterials, organic–inorganic interfaces, organic crystals, and other soft complexes. This review crystalizes some of the essential challenges, successes, failures, and techniques during the process in the past ten years. It also presents some outlooks and future expectations on the basis of these works at the intersection of electron microscopy, soft matter, and artificial intelligence. Machine learning is expected to automate and facilitate image processing and information extraction of polymer and soft hybrid nanostructures in aspects such as dose-controlled imaging and structure analysis.

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17

Gao, Guangzheng, Dirk Lange, Kai Hilpert, Jason Kindrachuk, Yuquan Zou, John T. J. Cheng, Mehdi Kazemzadeh-Narbat, et al. "The biocompatibility and biofilm resistance of implant coatings based on hydrophilic polymer brushes conjugated with antimicrobial peptides." Biomaterials 32, no. 16 (June 2011): 3899–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.02.013.

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18

Awada, Hussein, Antoine Bousquet, Christine Dagron-Lartigau, and Laurent Billon. "Surface-initiated polymerization of A–A/B–B type conjugated monomers by palladium-catalyzed Stille polycondensation: towards low band gap polymer brushes." RSC Advances 5, no. 96 (2015): 78436–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra08027d.

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A surface-initiated Stille polycondensation from Pd catalyst-immobilized ZnO nanorods affords well-defined core–shell nanoparticles. For the first time, a low band gap polymer was anchored on ZnO nanorods to create hybrid materials with tunable photophysical properties.

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19

Larnaudie, Sophie C., Johannes C. Brendel, Katrina A. Jolliffe, and Sébastien Perrier. "pH-Responsive, Amphiphilic Core–Shell Supramolecular Polymer Brushes from Cyclic Peptide–Polymer Conjugates." ACS Macro Letters 6, no. 12 (November 20, 2017): 1347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00728.

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20

Sun, Pengfei, Gaina Wang, Huanzhi Hou, Pengcheng Yuan, Weixing Deng, Chao Wang, Xiaomei Lu, Quli Fan, and Wei Huang. "A water-soluble phosphorescent conjugated polymer brush for tumor-targeted photodynamic therapy." Polymer Chemistry 8, no. 38 (2017): 5836–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7py01248a.

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21

Yu, Yun, Chih-Kuang Chen, Wing-Cheung Law, Haotian Sun, Paras N. Prasad, and Chong Cheng. "A degradable brush polymer–drug conjugate for pH-responsive release of doxorubicin." Polymer Chemistry 6, no. 6 (2015): 953–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py01194e.

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22

Zou, Jiong, Yun Yu, Yukun Li, Wei Ji, Chih-Kuang Chen, Wing-Cheung Law, Paras N. Prasad, and Chong Cheng. "Well-defined diblock brush polymer–drug conjugates for sustained delivery of paclitaxel." Biomaterials Science 3, no. 7 (2015): 1078–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4bm00458b.

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The synthesis, characterization and property studies of paclitaxel (PTXL)-containing brush polymer–drug conjugates (BPDCs) are presented and the influence of grafting structures of BPDCs on their assembly behaviour, drug release profile and therapeutic effects is discussed in this article.

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23

Liu, Fangjun, Xuezhi Zhao, Xiaolong Zhang, Xianshuo Zhang, Jinlei Peng, Huiru Yang, Kaicheng Deng, Liwei Ma, Cong Chang, and Hua Wei. "Fabrication of theranostic amphiphilic conjugated bottlebrush copolymers with alternating heterografts for cell imaging and anticancer drug delivery." Polymer Chemistry 9, no. 39 (2018): 4866–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8py01221k.

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24

Wang, Dali, Jiaqi Lin, Fei Jia, Xuyu Tan, Yuyan Wang, Xiaoya Sun, Xueyan Cao, et al. "Bottlebrush-architectured poly(ethylene glycol) as an efficient vector for RNA interference in vivo." Science Advances 5, no. 2 (February 2019): eaav9322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav9322.

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Nonhepatic delivery of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) remains a challenge for development of RNA interference–based therapeutics. We report a noncationic vector wherein linear poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), a polymer generally considered as inert and safe biologically but ineffective as a vector, is transformed into a bottlebrush architecture. This topology provides covalently embedded siRNA with augmented nuclease stability and cellular uptake. Consisting almost entirely of PEG and siRNA, the conjugates exhibit a ~25-fold increase in blood elimination half-life and a ~19-fold increase in the area under the curve compared with unmodified siRNA. The improved pharmacokinetics results in greater tumor uptake and diminished liver capture. Despite the structural simplicity these conjugates efficiently knock down target genes in vivo without apparent toxic and immunogenic reactions. Given the benign biological nature of PEG and its widespread precedence in biopharmaceuticals, we anticipate the brush polymer–based technology to have a significant impact on siRNA therapeutics.

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25

Tkachov, Roman, Volodymyr Senkovskyy, Ulrich Oertel, Alla Synytska, Marta Horecha, and Anton Kiriy. "Microparticle-Supported Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Brushes Prepared by Surface-Initiated Kumada Catalyst Transfer Polycondensation for Sensor Applications." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 31, no. 24 (October 21, 2010): 2146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.201000411.

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26

Sutthasupa, Sutthira, and Fumio Sanda. "Macroporous scaffolds: Molecular brushes based on oligo(lactic acid)–amino acid–indomethacin conjugated poly(norbornene)s." European Polymer Journal 98 (January 2018): 162–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.11.020.

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27

Beagan, Abeer M., Ahlam A. Alghamdi, Shatha S. Lahmadi, Majed A. Halwani, Mohammed S. Almeataq, Abdulaziz N. Alhazaa, Khalid M. Alotaibi, and Abdullah M. Alswieleh. "Folic Acid-Terminated Poly(2-Diethyl Amino Ethyl Methacrylate) Brush-Gated Magnetic Mesoporous Nanoparticles as a Smart Drug Delivery System." Polymers 13, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13010059.

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Currently, chemotherapy is an important method for the treatment of various cancers. Nevertheless, it has many limitations, such as poor tumour selectivity and multi-drug resistance. It is necessary to improve this treatment method by incorporating a targeted drug delivery system aimed to reduce side effects and drug resistance. The present work aims to develop pH-sensitive nanocarriers containing magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MMSNs) coated with pH-responsive polymers for tumour-targeted drug delivery via the folate receptor. 2-Diethyl amino ethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA) was successfully grafted on MMSNs via surface initiated ARGET atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), with an average particle size of 180 nm. The end groups of poly (2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDEAEMA) brushes were converted to amines, followed by a covalent bond with folic acid (FA) as a targeting agent. FA conjugated to the nanoparticle surface was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). pH-Responsive behavior of PDEAEMA brushes was investigated by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). The nanoparticles average diameters ranged from ca. 350 nm in basic media to ca. 650 in acidic solution. Multifunctional pH-sensitive magnetic mesoporous nanoparticles were loaded with an anti-cancer drug (Doxorubicin) to investigate their capacity and long-circulation time. In a cumulative release pattern, doxorubicin (DOX) release from nano-systems was ca. 20% when the particle exposed to acidic media, compared to ca. 5% in basic media. The nano-systems have excellent biocompatibility and are minimally toxic when exposed to MCF-7, and -MCF-7 ADR cells.

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28

Yang, Zhenyi, Shaojun Yuan, Bin Liang, Yang Liu, Cleo Choong, and Simo O. Pehkonen. "Chitosan Microsphere Scaffold Tethered with RGD-Conjugated Poly(methacrylic acid) Brushes as Effective Carriers for the Endothelial Cells." Macromolecular Bioscience 14, no. 9 (June 4, 2014): 1299–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mabi.201400136.

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29

Lee, G. M., B. Johnstone, K. Jacobson, and B. Caterson. "The dynamic structure of the pericellular matrix on living cells." Journal of Cell Biology 123, no. 6 (December 15, 1993): 1899–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.123.6.1899.

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Although up to several microns thick, the pericellular matrix is an elusive structure due to its invisibility with phase contrast or DIC microscopy. This matrix, which is readily visualized by the exclusion of large particles such as fixed red blood cells is important in embryonic development and in maintenance of cartilage. While it is known that the pericellular matrix which surrounds chondrocytes and a variety of other cells consists primarily of proteoglycans and hyaluronan with the latter binding to cell surface receptors, the macromolecular organization is still speculative. The macromolecular organization previously could not be determined because of the collapse of the cell coat with conventional fixation and dehydration techniques. Until now, there has been no way to study the dynamic arrangement of hyaluronan with its aggregated proteoglycans on living cells. In this study, the arrangement and mobility of hyaluronan-aggrecan complexes were directly observed in the pericellular matrix of living cells isolated from bovine articular cartilage. The complexes were labeled with 30- to 40-nm colloidal gold conjugated to 5-D-4, an antibody to keratan sulfate, and visualized with video-enhanced light microscopy. From our observations of the motion of pericellular matrix macromolecules, we report that the chondrocyte pericellular matrix is a dynamic structure consisting of individual tethered molecular complexes which project outward from the cell surface. These complexes undergo restricted rotation or wobbling. When the cells were cultured with ascorbic acid, which promotes production of matrix components, the size of the cell coat and the position of the gold probes relative to the plasma membrane were not changed. However, the rapidity and extent of the tethered motion were reduced. Treatment with Streptomyces hyaluronidase removed the molecules that displayed the tethered motion. Addition of hyaluronan and aggrecan to hyaluronidase-treated cells yielded the same labeling pattern and tethered motion observed with native cell coats. To determine if aggrecan was responsible for the extended configuration of the complexes, only hyaluronan was added to the hyaluronidase-treated cells. The position and mobility of the hyaluronan was detected using biotinylated hyaluronan binding region (b-HABR) and gold streptavidin. The gold-labeled b-HABR was found only near the cell surface. Based on these observations, the hyaluronan-aggrecan complexes composing the cell coat are proposed to be extended in a brush-like configuration in an analogous manner to that previously described for high density, grafted polymers in good solvents.

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30

"(Invited) Conjugated Polymer Brushes: A New Platform to Investigate Intramolecular Charge Transport?" ECS Meeting Abstracts, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2018-02/19/764.

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31

Gajos, Katarzyna, Kamil Awsiuk, and Andrzej Budkowski. "Controlling orientation, conformation, and biorecognition of proteins on silane monolayers, conjugate polymers, and thermo-responsive polymer brushes: investigations using TOF-SIMS and principal component analysis." Colloid and Polymer Science, August 16, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00396-020-04711-7.

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32

Zhou, Mi, Zejian He, Yulong Chen, Liangliang Zhu, Li Li, and Jie Li. "Synthesis, Self‐assembly, and Fluorescence Application of Bottlebrush Polyfluorene‐ g ‐Polycaprolactone with Conjugated Backbone and Crystalline Brushes." Macromolecular Rapid Communications, December 16, 2020, 2000544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.202000544.

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33

Yao, Yifan, Yusheng Chen, Kuidong Wang, Nicholas Turetta, Stefania Vitale, Bin Han, Hanlin Wang, Lei Zhang, and Paolo Samorì. "A robust vertical nanoscaffold for recyclable, paintable, and flexible light-emitting devices." Science Advances 8, no. 10 (March 11, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abn2225.

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Organic light-emitting devices are key components for emerging opto- and nanoelectronics applications including health monitoring and smart displays. Here, we report a foldable inverted polymer light-emitting diode (iPLED) based on a self-suspended asymmetrical vertical nanoscaffold replacing the conventional sandwich-like structured LEDs. Our empty vertical-yet-open nanoscaffold exhibits excellent mechanical robustness, proven by unaltered leakage current when applying 1000 cycles of 40-kilopascal pressure loading/unloading, sonication, and folding, with the corresponding iPLEDs displaying a brightness as high as 2300 candela per square meter. By using photolithography and brush painting, arbitrary emitting patterns can be generated via a noninvasive and mask-free process with individual pixel resolution of 10 μm. Our vertical nanoscaffold iPLED can be supported on flexible polyimide foils and be recycled multiple times by washing and refilling with a different conjugated polymer capable of emitting light of different color. This technology combines the traits required for the next generation of high-resolution flexible displays and multifunctional optoelectronics.

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34

Ikkala, Olli, and Gerrit ten Brinke. "Towards Monodomains of Self-Organized Comb-Shaped Polymeric Supramolecules." MRS Proceedings 775 (2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-775-p8.3.

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AbstractWe have previously shown that hierarchical self-organization is achieved upon physically bonding amphiphilic molecules to diblock copolymers. Here we discuss the effect of imposed shear flow to achieve overall alignment of the locally self-organized structures. We will first present shear aligned polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinyl pyridine) diblock copolymers (PS-b-P4VP), where pentadecyl phenol (PDP) has been hydrogen bonded to the pyridines. Depending on the selected molecular weights, eg. hexagonal arrangement of PS cylinders in the lamellar matrix of P4VP(PDP) can be obtained with high overall order of both structures. This is a template to obtain discrete PS nanorods, which have P4VP corona once the PDP molecules have been cleaved off by a solvent treatment. Selecting a relatively high molecular weight PS block and a short P4VP block leads to mesoporous materials with emptied cylinders with P4VP brushes at the walls. The glassy state of the PS matrix prevents the pores from collapsing. The pyridine groups of PS-b-P4VP can be protonated using eg. toluene sulphonic acid and the resulting polymeric salt has been complexed using PDP. The weight fractions have been selected so that the polyelectrolyte/amphiphile complex self-organizes into cylindrical domains with hexagonal packing. Shear alignment leads to high overall order. SAXS in combination with structural models suggests that within the cylinders there are parallel self-organized layers. The conductivity is anisotropic. We will also discuss dielectric reflectors based on self-organized block polyelectrolytes consisting PS-b-P4VP where DBSA has been complexed to P4VP. In this case, plasticization due to the oligomeric side chains promotes a facile structure formation at long periodicities in comparison to concepts based on eg. blends of high molecular weight polymers and block copolymers. Finally, plasticized comb-shaped supramolecules based on rigid conjugated poly(p-pyridine) are discussed. Even gentle shearing leads to highly aligned lamellar structures, which show efficient polarized photoluminescence.

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