Academic literature on the topic 'Conjunctional complex sentence'
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Journal articles on the topic "Conjunctional complex sentence"
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Konjuskevic, Marija. "The preposition potential in formation of conjunctional means." Juznoslovenski filolog, no. 70 (2014): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1470017k.
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In the article the ability of preposition to form conjunction or its equivalent has been considered. The mechanism of denominalization has been shown on the Russian material with the involvement of the author?s observations on prepositions in the Belarusian language - the morphological form transformation in to the subordinate part of complex sentence. The author?s conception is: 1) the syntaxeme is the actant position in the sentence; 2) the syntaxeme consists of the formant (preposition + flexion) and nominative component (substantive); 3) at the level of the complex sentence the same actant position may take the predicative unit (subordinate part of the complex sentence); 4) the formant of the predicative syntaxeme in transforms is the conjunctional combination ?preposition + demonstrative pronoun that + subordinate part conjunction?. The preposition at case syntaxeme transformation in to predicative does not change its function, but it is included in to the conjunctional formant as one of the elements of more complex formant - conjunctional combination. Each element of the conjunctional combination fulfills its function: the preposition still forms the syntaxeme, but with more complex nominative component as predicative unit, the pronoun that is ?flection? of this nominative component (subordinate part), and the conjunction acts as the explicator, providing grammatical connection of the nominative component of syntaxeme with the ?flexion? and the preposition. It is noted that the mechanism and the results of denominalization depend on the syntaxemes repertoire and character and on the preposition meaning: the same preposition, with different meaning has different conjunctional potential. In to the mechanism of denominalization are involved categorematic names (classifiers), which initially are used as structural vocabulary for forming secondary prepositions, and together with them, for forming conjunctional combinations. The methods of transformation of prepositional-nominal syntaxeme in to conjunctional-predicative reveal more conjunctional means than there are in the existing grammatical and lexicographical descriptions.
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Tanasic, Sreto. "Asyndetic sentences with a concretiser." Juznoslovenski filolog 71, no. 3-4 (2015): 91–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1504091t.
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The paper discusses asyndetic sentences, compound sentences without a conjunction between the clauses. Slavic scholars pay considerable attention to these sentences. They predominantly consider asyndetic sentences to be a model of compound sentences, apart from the model of compound conjunctional sentences, and plead that they should be described separately. Asyndetic sentences in contemporary Serbian have not been studied sufficiently. There are few specific papers dedicated to asyndetic sentences, and one can say that there are virtually no papers giving them an in-depth treatment. Therefore, we are so far left without a full insight into how widespread that compound sentence model is in contemporary Serbian and in what variants it occurs, not to mention our even lesser knowledge of its distribution in certain functional styles. This paper describes one type of asyndetic sentences in the contemporary Standard Serbian language. It includes such sentences that have a word or a phrase functioning as the verifier of the semantic relation between the clauses of asyndetic sentences. The paper demonstrates that such sentences take up a sizeable portion of the asyndetic sentence corpus, and that a large number of concretisers occur functioning as the verifiers of different meanings which are established between the clauses. The concretisers, similarly to conjunctions in syndetic sentences, serve the purpose of reducing the typical polysemy of asyndetic sentences to monosemy by assigning a monosemic relation between the clauses while foregrounding one of the possible meanings, and suppressing the others. The paper indicates that coordinate asyndetic sentences express a number of different semantic relations between the clauses. Some of them are expressed in complex sentences, some in compound sentences, and there are also those that can be expressed in both types of conjunctional sentences. The paper presents examples of sentences which have in their second clauses concretisers with conclusive, exclusive, temporal, adversative, causal, concessive, manner, spatial, gradational, respective and explanatory meanings. An array of subtypes occur within some of the types, depending on what semantic relation between the clauses is assigned by the concretisers. Finally, it is woth noting that this paper has more consistently solved the problem of exclusive and conclusive clauses as well. It is not well founded to place them among compound sentences because those sentences have their own conjunctions, whereas these are without conjunctions; it is also not well founded to classify them within some types of compound sentences because some of their classes stand out on account of characteristical conjunctions. Conclusive and exclusive clauses, as the paper demonstrates, are two types of asyndetic sentences with concretisers, the kind better represented in Serbian and which, in their entirety, are a model of asyndetic sentences.
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Seagal, Kirill. "The Semantic Dominant of Adversative Conjunction "Zato" ('But') in the Mirror of Constructive Experiment." PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 23, no. 2 (2018): 214–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1199226.
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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> The article discusses the question of the formal-grammatical status and semantics of the Russian adversative conjunction “zato” (eng. ‘but’) in its usage. According to a number of linguists, the conjunctional function of this formal word is not obvious. The semantics of the conjunction “zato” did not also receive a uniform description. The author shows that some linguists find in the conjunction “zato” the reflection of syncretism of different parts of speech (conjunction and adverb, conjunction and pronominal particle, etc.) or refuse to consider it as the conjunction at all. Besides, not all linguists agree that the semantics of compensation predominates in the use of the conjunction “zato”. The article presents a constructive experiment in which native speakers had to compose and write down a sentence with the word “zato”. It turned out that in the usage “zato” performs the function of an adversative conjunction or its component and has a semantic dominant – the meaning of compensation, indicating the transition to the positive part of the message. The presence of a semantic dominant in the conjunction “zato” gets a psycholinguistic explanation. According to the author, the development of a semantic dominant in the conjunction “zato” is connected with the development of its formal, actually grammatical meaning of compensation. In the experiment it is shown that in a number of sentences-reactions the conjunction “zato” expresses such semantic relations as comparative, comparative and adversative, and causal justification. However this semantic interpretation of the conjunction “zato”, not connected with the positive restriction, is poorly supported in the usage. In the experiment another regularity is also revealed: if the conjunction “zato” sometimes does not express the meaning of compensation, then the conjunctional complexes formed with its participation never lose this semantics. In addition, the article expressed a semantic hypothesis about the origin of the conjunctional complex “no zato” (Eng. ‘but’). The author believes that the need for creation of a complex marker of the compensatory relations has been caused, on the one hand, by the causal and adversative syncretism of the conjunction “zato”, and on the other hand, by the low-expressiveness of the all-adversative conjunction “no” as a marker of compensation.
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В., М. Терещенко. "МІСЦЕ КОНСТРУКЦІЙ ІЗ ПОЯСНЮВАЛЬНИМ ВІДНОШЕННЯМ У КЛАСИФІКАЦІЯХ СКЛАДНОГО СПОЛУЧНИКОВОГО РЕЧЕННЯ". Лінгвістичні дослідження, № 45 (20 червня 2017): 103–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.814436.
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<em>The article analyzes the specific of complex explanatory sentence of modern Ukrainian language to justify the view on this type of syntactic units as the element of the Compound class structures. Background is caused by the fact that the explanatory structures are considered contradictory in syntax science: some researchers recognize them as Complex, others – as Compound, and others – as syncretic or transitive (Complex-Compound or Compound- Complex). Based on the outline of a unique communicative and pragmatic orientation of explanatory sentences as a means of the speaker’s reflection of his predicate-nominative activities it was proved that in their logical-semantic nature they are mono-denotative, i.e. correlated with one situation of reality, and in the semantic-syntactic – poli-propositional specific entities. These features contribute their specific formal nature as implicit equivalent of multi-component structures. In multi-component sentences conjunction provides installation explanatory relationship between modus, and in the case of modus implication it retains its function, formally establishing the relationship between dictum components. In both cases, the function of conjunctions indicates a compound syntactic relationship between predicative centers. This thesis was confirmed by verification of the specific of Compound explanatory sentences according to the certain criteria proved their compound nature.</em>
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Volkova, Elena B., and Vladilena L. Korotun. "ON STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC FEATURES OF COMPLEX SENTENCES OF HETEROGENEOUS SUBORDINATION WITH A CAUSAL COMPONENT IN THE SCIENTIFIC STYLE OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE (based on mathematical texts)." Vestnik of Kostroma State University 30, no. 3 (2024): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2024-30-3-148-153.
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All works of scientific style, in particular, in the style of exact sciences, contain a large number of complex sentences. Many of them are multi-component. Of particular interest for the study are the constructions of heterogeneous subordination. They have large “pictorial” means, making it possible to convey the author’s complicated thought in a form that is easy enough for perception. The complex structure breaks down into separate components, allowing the reader to follow the course of logical reasoning, which is of key importance when reading and thinking about sophisticated mathematised texts. However, it would be a mistake to imagine the studied constructions as simply separate predicative parts composed with each other. A complex sentence, built from many components, is a complex “organism” with its own syntactic relations, with a common modality and a predominant connection of structural parts. The subject of this article is constructions consisting of only three components – the main part, the causal subordinate clause and the subordinate clause of the indivisible type. In the style of exact sciences, the causal component makes it possible to clearly establish the cause-and-effect relationship between phenomena, and the entire structure promotes an adequate understanding of complex scientific thought, focusing the reader’s attention on the important points of the presentation of the material. The study was conducted on a number of works by famous modern mathematicians. Their books and textbooks are written in classical mathematical language and are deservedly popular with students and young scientists. In the studied constructions, the causal component can be combined with the component of the indivisible type in different ways. Almost always, the causal component precedes the subordinate clause of the indivisible type and is joined by the conjunctions as and since. When a pronominal-conjunctional correlative subordinate clause acts as a component of the indivisible type, the causal meaning of the entire construction is significantly enhanced. Explanatory and substantive-attributive subordinate clauses lose their independence and are strongly united with the main one in structure and meaning. The construction of the studied constructions turns out to be harmonious: the theme-rheme division of a sentence almost always corresponds to the division of the construction into a subordinate causal clause and a complex main clause. This helps the reader correctly determine the vector of movement of the author’s thought.
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Kosta, Peter, and Petr Karlík. "Die Nominalisierung von Nebensätzen im Tschechischen." Zeitschrift für Slawistik 65, no. 4 (2020): 479–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2020-0023.
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Summary The present article ties in with an earlier study by Chomsky (1970) on nominalizations in English, which was then refined primarily in the influential work of Jane Grimshaw (1990) and is dealt with in detail in Borer (2013) and in Kosta (2020). In contrast to the English gerundives, which do not lose verbal behavior due to the derivation in the syntax and maintain all grammatical categories and characteristics of verbs, which is why one can speak of a real conversion while preserving the verbal semantics, the situation is somewhat different in Czech. In the deverbal, deadjective and other derivations, the Czech apparently made the transition to the noun with its critical properties, which is shown by certain restrictions in the aspectuality marking of deverbal noun phrases on -ní-, -tí-, which, e. g., do not pass the progression durativity test (Vendler 1967). In passive constructions, as is well known, a valence point in the position of the external argument is reduced compared to the corresponding active sentences, while the external argument position in anti-causatives is also not available in the deep structure. In addition to the syntactic restrictions that are evident in nominalizations in the context of simple sentences of different sentence types (causative, anti-causative, passive) and demonstrate the nominal character of certain types of deverbal noun phrases in the first part of this article, the second part of the essay deals with more complex structures and extends its analytical and theoretical part to the phenomenon of nominalizing subordinate clauses. The aim of the central part of this contribution is therefore to test the nominal properties of embedded conjunctional sentences and of embedded headless relative sentences on the basis of empirical data and thus contribute to the knowledge of whether certain types of relative sentences can (or must) be nominalized.
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Uyanik, Osman. "Evaluation of Turkish Teacher Candidates' Usage of Complex Sentences Containing “ki” Conjunction in Turkish." Journal of Education and Training Studies 7, no. 6 (2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v7i6.4166.
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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Turkish teacher candidates’ usage of Turkish complex sentences with “ki” conjunction, which are one of the most commonly used sentence patterns in Turkish.The Turkish language has been interacting with different languages for centuries. There are two types of “ki” conjunctions in Turkish. One of them originated from Turkish and the other one was transferred from Persian to Turkish. There is a difference between the "ki" conjunction taken from Persian language and the one which originated from Turkish language. With this research, it is aimed to determine whether students use these two different “ki” conjuctions in their sentences correctly or not. While the “ki” conjunction which was transferred from Persian to Turkish is used for making description sentences, the “ki” conjunction belonging to Turkish is used to make cause-effect sentences.In this study, a number of Turkish teacher candidates were asked to write compositions containing sentences with “ki” conjunction. The study group consisted of 11 female and 9 male Turkish Teacher Candidates. Data were collected through qualitative research methods and analyzed by document analysis and descriptive analysis.According to the research results the “ki” conjunction used in sentences by Turkish teacher candidates do not conform to the sentence structure of Persian, but do conform to the sentence structure of Turkish. As a result, it can be said that Turkish teacher candidates should use sentences with “ki” conjunction by taking this difference into consideration.
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Duan, Yuquan. "Conjunction wja1 in Tangut Language." Journal of Chinese Writing Systems 3, no. 1 (2018): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2513850218796081.
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Tangut wja1 is considered as a verb, a noun or a pronoun, which is ambiguous in current dictionaries. This paper makes it clear that wja1 is a conjunction in grammatical words of the Tangut language, and can be used to translate the conjunction na in Tibetan language. This conjunction usually occurs at the end of a former clause in a compound sentence, and expresses progressive, hypothetical, conditional and sequenced relations with the latter clause. Moreover, the latter clause is usually an interrogative sentence, in which there are mostly rhetorical questions in the progressive relation complex sentences, while it can be rhetorical questions or general questions in other complex sentences. However, there are some individual exceptions without using interrogative sentences.
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Rasulova, Sadagat, and Flora Mirzayeva. "Structural and Functional Analysis of Complex Compound Sentences in Russian Syntax." EuroGlobal Journal of Linguistics and Language Education 1, no. 2 (2024): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.69760/b10tcx30.
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This article examines the role of complex compound sentences (сложносочинённые предложения, or SSPs) in Russian syntax, focusing on their significance in expressing nuanced relationships between independent clauses. Utilizing both traditional and non-traditional linguistic frameworks, the study categorizes SSPs based on their coordinating conjunctions—connective, adversative, and disjunctive—and explores how each conjunction type impacts sentence meaning and structure. The findings highlight the syntactic independence of clauses within SSPs, which provides flexibility in creating cohesive, multi-layered sentences. The study also addresses pedagogical challenges for non-native learners, including punctuation errors and semantic misinterpretations, suggesting targeted teaching strategies to enhance learners’ proficiency. Recommendations for educators include exercises on differentiating SSPs from simple sentences with homogeneous parts and targeted practice with conjunction functions. Finally, the article suggests directions for future research on complex syntactic structures in Russian and their acquisition by learners from diverse linguistic backgrounds.
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Karymshakova, Aisha. "TURKOLOGISTS ABOUT DISJUNCTIVE CONJUNCTIONS, THEIR STRUCTURE, SEMANTICS AND FUNCTIONS." Alatoo Academic Studies 23, no. 4 (2023): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2023.234.28.
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The article aims to make a comparative-typological analysis of disjunctive conjunctions of the modern Kyrgyz language and their corresponding equivalents in a number of Turkic languages. For this purpose, scientific works in the field of auxiliary parts of speech by such leading Turkologists as Kononov A.N., Shcherbak A.M., Zeynalov F.R, Shukurov A.J., Sultanbaeva H.V., Molgazharov K.K. and others were thoroughly studied and analyzed. Thus, the article provides a comparative analysis of disjunctive conjunctions of the modern Kyrgyz language with similar conjunctions in some Turkic languages. As a result, phonetic features of disjunctive conjunctions, frequency of their use, their semantics in the sentence, in general their similarities and differences are revealed according to their area of distribution. Besides, the peculiarities of using disjunctive conjunctions of Kyrgyz language in different contexts of sentences, as well as terminological inconsistency and their reasons are described in detail. For example, it can be noted that in the modern Kyrgyz language among the conjuctions analyzed in the article, je (in Russian: ili (or)) is the most actively used in the phonetic form. In addition, it is determined that this conjunction is mainly used to connect similar parts of a sentence, as well as to connect simple sentences in the system of complex sentences. The article also notes that Kyrgyz dialectologists in their works with the use of relevant examples have scientifically substantiated that the southern dialect of the Kyrgyz language uses a variety of phonetic form of this conjunction that is not characteristic for the standard language.
Book chapters on the topic "Conjunctional complex sentence"
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Panchenko, Olena. "FEATURES OF TRANSLATION OF UKRAINIAN SERVICE PARTS OF SPEECH INTO ENGLISH." In Factors of cross- and intercultural communication in the higher educational process of Ukraine. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-051-3-6.
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In the system of parts of speech functional words are important, because they serve as indicators of different relationships between words (prepositions), between words and sentences (conjunctions) or provide new words and sentence emotional shades (particles). Prepositions are function words that precede a noun or a word that replaces it, contributing to their joining phrases and sentences. Particles are functional words that are used to provide individual words or sentences more expressive and emotional connotations or creation morphological forms and new words. Conjunction is the functional part of speech that combines parts of a sentence or the sentence, expresses the semantic relations between homogeneous sentence members or parts of a complex sentence. The aim of this work is the analysis of Ukrainian functional parts of speech translation into English means. In order to illustrate translation of Ukrainian functional parts of speech in the artwork we’ve chosen a story written by V. Stefanyk «The stone cross» and its translation by A. Bilenko. This story is full of properly Ukrainian lexicon and complicated by using of Galytsky dialect. Researching the concept of functional parts of speech in modern linguistics, and the Ukrainian prepositions, particles and conjunctions dictionary translation, analysis of the Ukrainian functional words translation in the artwork allows doing the following conclusions. It was set that preposition is unchangable functional word that indicates syntactic subordination of noun (or its equivalent) to other words in the sentence or word-combination; not lexical but grammatical meaning is typical for preposition; the particle as a function word does not fulfill the nominative function, cannot be an independent member of sentences, but plays an important role in the communication process, because it provides new emotionally-expressive and semantic nuances to speech; conjunction is a word which connects two words or clauses or sentences and shows the relation between them. The study of Ukrainian functional parts of speech dictionary translation in English found that a large number of Ukrainian functional words have their equivalents in English. Particles often translated by adverbs or adjectives, prepositions and conjunctions – by their English equivalents.
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Lovestrand, Joseph. "Sentence structure." In Barayin Morphosyntax. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851158.003.0003.
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This chapter provides a phrase structure analysis of the simple clause in Barayin, as well as several types of complex sentences. The clause is analyzed as a relatively flat exocentric structure, and and other analyses of the clause (headed by a functional category, or further dissected into binary constituents) are considered and rejected. Three complex sentence types are analyzed as structures headed by a functional head of the category C: subordinating conjunctions, quotatives and the background marker. A marked sentence-initial position is analyzed as a left-adjunction to the clause. At the end of the chapter, the XLE implementation of the clause analysis is introduced.
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Mcgregor, R. S. "Lesson XX." In Outline of Hindi Grammar. Oxford University PressOxford, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198700074.003.0020.
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"Chapter 3. Syntax of Old Frisian." In Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1075/la.161.03syn.
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After noting some specific problems of the study of the syntax of Old Frisian, this paper summarizes the main points of the syntactic aspects of Old Frisian that have been published. These main points include verbal syntax, a.o. verb second and the verbal complex, properties of the subject, case and word order, negation, and some aspects of the structure of complex sentences, in particular relative clauses and conjunctions.
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Prado, Malila, and Adriana Mendes Porcellato. "“When I land - if I ever land”: exploring if-clauses in Aeronautical English." In Aviation English - A global perspective: analysis, teaching, assessment. Bookerfield Editora, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53268/bkf22080504.
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Conditional sentences are listed in the complex structure glossary of Doc 9835 (ICAO, 2010). Recent research has found that expressions with if are relevant in the plain aviation English used in R/T communications (PRADO, 2019) but has not examined these fully. Following Prado (2019, 2021a), the present study investigates if-clauses in a corpus of radio communications in abnormal situations (PRADO; TOSQUI-LUCKS, 2019), with a view to identifying the functions they perform in plain aviation English (BIESWANGER, 2016) and how they can inform aviation English teaching and assessment. A corpusbased analysis revealed that of the 310 occurrences of if in the corpus, 60% were employed in requests and orders, 22% in indirect questions, and only 18% expressed conditionality such as “When I touch down / if I ever touch down / do I just kill the throttle or what?” Then, for each of the three functions, we examined the structures in which the conjunction if was used and compared them with traditionally taught conditional structures so as to inform aviation English pedagogical materials and resources from a pragmatic perspective and in the light of real language use (ISHIHARA, 2022).
Conference papers on the topic "Conjunctional complex sentence"
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Chekalina, Elena. "COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH THE TIME CONJUNCTIONS NÄR AND DÅ IN SWEDISH." In VII Readings in Memory of V. N. Yartseva. Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.37892/978-5-6049527-5-7-17.
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The article analyses compound sentences with the time conjunctions när and då in Ingmar Bergman’s memoirs “Laterna Magica”. The pecu liarities of their use are conditioned by textual functions and depend on the character of the semantic link between the main and subordinate parts of a sentence. Sentences with the conjunction då are considerably more frequent (140 occurrences). They serve to indicate external time reference points in the narrative, which is characterised by chronological inconsistencies and returns to events in the past. They are particularly frequent as the theme at the beginning of a chapter or a paragraph, as well as after an empty line, which indicates a new point of reference in the reminiscences of the past, and they express the ‘outer’ reference points of the objective time that are outside of the scope of the events of the main part. The content of the subordinate clause proves to be the most important part of the utterance, while the main clause provides it with an additional description of concomitant circumstances. Compound sentences with när (28 occurrences ) indicate the ‘inner’ time of the event of the main part, which is directly conditioned by the content of the subordinate clause. The analysis of the empirical material within one literary work allows for revealing the functional and semantic peculiarities of close but not identical linguistic units, conditioned by the inner logic of the narrative and not evident in utterances outside a given text and context.
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Magomedov, D. M. "Compound sentences with connecting unions in Dagestan languages." In SCIENCE OF RUSSIA: GOALS AND OBJECTIVES. L-Journal, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/sr-10-12-2020-20.
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The semantic connection between the parts of a complex sentence is determined by the unions by which they are connected. In the Dagestan languages, there are three types of creative conjunctions: connecting, separating, adversary. Parts of compound sentences are equal. The union is not included in any of the predicative parts. Compound sentences, parts of which are connected by connecting unions, can convey different semantic meanings between parts, namely: simultaneity, sequence of actions, as well as the meanings of cause and effect. Such proposals are very common in Dagestani.
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Amendola, Giovanni, Nicola Leone, and Marco Manna. "Finite Controllability of Conjunctive Query Answering with Existential Rules: Two Steps Forward." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/719.
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Reasoning with existential rules typically consists of checking whether a Boolean conjunctive query is satisfied by all models of a first-order sentence having the form of a conjunction of Datalog rules extended with existential quantifiers in rule-heads. To guarantee decidability, five basic decidable classes - linear, weakly-acyclic, guarded, sticky, and shy - have been singled out, together with several generalizations and combinations. For all basic classes, except shy, the important property of finite controllability has been proved, ensuring that a query is satisfied by all models of the sentence if, and only if, it is satisfied by all of its finite models. This paper takes two steps forward: (i) devise a general technique to facilitate the process of (dis)proving finite controllability of an arbitrary class of existential rules; and (ii) specialize the technique to complete the picture for the five mentioned classes, by showing that also shy is finitely controllable.
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Kumamoto, Tadahiko, and Akira Ito. "Semantic interpretation of a Japanese complex sentence in an advisory dialogue - focused on the postpositional word "KEDO," which works as a conjunction between clauses." In 4th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 1996). ISCA, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/icslp.1996-169.
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Straupeniece, Daiga, and Normunds Dzintars. "Pupils’ Written Language in the Latvian Language and History State Examinations in Riga in 2021." In 81th International Scientific Conference of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/htqe.2023.50.
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The research examines pupils’ text creation skills in the Latvian language and history state examinations in 2021. It compares the quality of written language in two examination papers by 15 pupils. The statistical method has been used to evaluate the types of errors in orthography and syntax and establish the frequency of the use of the language means. Pupils’ skills in orthography vary. Only 4 examination papers in Latvian and history do not contain orthographic errors. Writing complex proper names and the use of macrons cause problems for pupils. Similarly, the skills of separate spelling of some words have been underdeveloped. Also, an unjustified lack of a letter or unjustified use of it can be observed. Pupils pay more attention to orthography in the Latvian language examination. Pupils’ skills in syntax are also varied. Syntactical means used in text creation are uniform. In the Latvian language examination papers, 143 instances when coordinated parts of sentence were used have been registered; 78 such instances have been registered in the history examination. In both examinations, a connection of two coordinated parts with the conjunction un ‘and’ was used most frequently, with 78 cases in Latvian and 32 in history. Also, the participial clause, including the undeclinable participle with the suffix -ot and auslaut -oties, was dominant (60% in history, 40% in Latvian). In the third part of the Latvian language examination, insertions were used more often than in the history examination, 63% and 37%, respectively. Other syntactic means were rarely used. It can be concluded that there are no significant differences in the types of orthographic and punctuation errors in the Latvian language and history examination papers; the differences are visible in the choice of language means and their quantity.