To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Conjunctive rule.
Journal articles on the topic 'Conjunctive rule'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Conjunctive rule.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Plinere, Darya, and Arkady Borisov. "SWRL: Rule Acquisition Using Ontology." Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University. Computer Sciences 40, no. 1 (2009): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10143-010-0016-8.
Full textAbstract:
SWRL: Rule Acquisition Using Ontology Nowadays rule-based systems are very common. The use of ontology-based systems is becoming ever more popular, especially in addition to the rule-based one. The most widely used ontology development platform is Protégé. Protégé provides a knowledge acquisition tool, but still the main issue of the ontology-based rule system is rule acquisition. This paper presents an approach to using SWRL rules Tab, a plug-in to Protégé, for rule acquisition. SWRL rules Tab transforms conjunctive rules to Jess rules in IF…THEN form.
2
Jedidi, Kamel, and Rajeev Kohli. "Probabilistic Subset-Conjunctive Models for Heterogeneous Consumers." Journal of Marketing Research 42, no. 4 (2005): 483–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.2005.42.4.483.
Full textAbstract:
The authors propose two generalizations of conjunctive and disjunctive screening rules. First, they relax the requirement that an acceptable alternative must be satisfactory on one criterion (disjunctive) or on all criteria (conjunctive). Second, they relax the assumption that consumers make deterministic judgments when evaluating alternatives. They combine the two generalizations into a probabilistic subset-conjunctive rule, which allows consumers to use any number or subset of decision criteria when screening alternatives and permits them to be uncertain about the acceptability of attribute levels. These two features allow for a screening process that is uncertain and more flexible than the deterministic conjunctive and disjunctive rules currently described in the literature. The authors describe a latent-class method for the estimation of the subset-conjunctive rules and the attribute-level consideration probabilities using either consideration or choice data. Applications using both types of data suggest that the proposed models predict as well as linear models do; can make different predictions of consideration, choice, and market shares; and provide insights into consumer decision processes that are different from those obtained with linear models.
3
Byrne, Kaileigh A., Tyler Davis, and Darrell A. Worthy. "Dopaminergic Genetic Polymorphisms Predict Rule-based Category Learning." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 28, no. 7 (2016): 959–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00942.
Full textAbstract:
Dopaminergic genes play an important role in cognitive function. DRD2 and DARPP-32 dopamine receptor gene polymorphisms affect striatal dopamine binding potential, and the Val158Met single-nucleotide polymorphism of the COMT gene moderates dopamine availability in the pFC. Our study assesses the role of these gene polymorphisms on performance in two rule-based category learning tasks. Participants completed unidimensional and conjunctive rule-based tasks. In the unidimensional task, a rule along a single stimulus dimension can be used to distinguish category members. In contrast, a conjunctive rule utilizes a combination of two dimensions to distinguish category members. DRD2 C957T TT homozygotes outperformed C allele carriers on both tasks, and DARPP-32 AA homozygotes outperformed G allele carriers on both tasks. However, we found an interaction between COMT and task type where Met allele carriers outperformed Val homozygotes in the conjunctive rule task, but both groups performed equally well in the unidimensional task. Thus, striatal dopamine binding may play a critical role in both types of rule-based tasks, whereas prefrontal dopamine binding is important for learning more complex conjunctive rule tasks. Modeling results suggest that striatal dopaminergic genes influence selective attention processes whereas cortical genes mediate the ability to update complex rule representations.
4
Chin, Kwai-Sang, and Chao Fu. "Weighted cautious conjunctive rule for belief functions combination." Information Sciences 325 (December 2015): 70–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2015.07.003.
Full text
5
Kikumoto, Atsushi, Tesufuaishin Sameshima, and Ulrich Mayr. "The Role of Conjunctive Representations in Stopping Actions." Psychological Science 33, no. 2 (2022): 325–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09567976211034505.
Full textAbstract:
Action selection appears to rely on conjunctive representations that nonlinearly integrate task-relevant features. Here, we tested a corollary of this hypothesis: that such representations are also intricately involved during attempts to stop an action—a key aspect of action regulation. We tracked both conjunctive representations and those of constituent rule, stimulus, or response features through trial-by-trial representational similarity analysis of the electroencephalogram signal in a combined rule-selection and stop-signal paradigm. Across two experiments with student participants ( N = 57), we found (a) that the strength of decoded conjunctive representations prior to the stop signal uniquely predicted trial-by-trial stopping success (Experiment 1) and (b) that these representations were selectively suppressed following the onset of the stop signal (Experiments 1 and 2). We conclude that conjunctive representations are key to successful action execution and therefore need to be suppressed when an intended action is no longer appropriate.
6
Chang, Leilei, Yuwang Chen, Zhiyong Hao, Zhijie Zhou, Xiaobin Xu, and Xu Tan. "Indirect disjunctive belief rule base modeling using limited conjunctive rules: Two possible means." International Journal of Approximate Reasoning 108 (May 2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijar.2019.02.006.
Full text
7
Chang, Liang-Cheng, Hone-Jay Chu, and Yi-Wen Chen. "A Fuzzy Inference System for the Conjunctive Use of Surface and Subsurface Water." Advances in Fuzzy Systems 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/128393.
Full textAbstract:
This study develops the water resources management model for conjunctive use of surface and subsurface water using a fuzzy inference system (FIS). The study applies the FIS to allocate the demands of surface and subsurface water. Subsequently, water allocations in the surface water system are simulated by using linear programming techniques, and the responses of subsurface water system with respect to pumping are forecasted by using artificial neural networks. The operating rule for the water systems is that the more abundant water system supplies more water. By using the fuzzy rule, the FIS conjunctive use model easily incorporates expert knowledge and operational polices into water resources management. The result indicates that the FIS model is more effective and efficient when compared with the decoupled conjunctive use and simulation-optimization models. Furthermore, the FIS model is an alternative way to obtain the conjunctive use policies between surface and subsurface water.
8
Kikumoto, Atsushi, and Ulrich Mayr. "Conjunctive representations that integrate stimuli, responses, and rules are critical for action selection." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 19 (2020): 10603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922166117.
Full textAbstract:
People can use abstract rules to flexibly configure and select actions for specific situations, yet how exactly rules shape actions toward specific sensory and/or motor requirements remains unclear. Both research from animal models and human-level theories of action control point to the role of highly integrated, conjunctive representations, sometimes referred to as event files. These representations are thought to combine rules with other, goal-relevant sensory and motor features in a nonlinear manner and represent a necessary condition for action selection. However, so far, no methods exist to track such representations in humans during action selection with adequate temporal resolution. Here, we applied time-resolved representational similarity analysis to the spectral-temporal profiles of electroencephalography signals while participants performed a cued, rule-based action selection task. In two experiments, we found that conjunctive representations were active throughout the entire selection period and were functionally dissociable from the representation of constituent features. Specifically, the strength of conjunctions was a highly robust predictor of trial-by-trial variability in response times and was selectively related to an important behavioral indicator of conjunctive representations, the so-called partial-overlap priming pattern. These results provide direct evidence for conjunctive representations as critical precursors of action selection in humans.
9
Ahmed, Faisal, Mohammad Shahadat Hossain, Raihan Ul Islam, and Karl Andersson. "An Evolutionary Belief Rule-Based Clinical Decision Support System to Predict COVID-19 Severity under Uncertainty." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (2021): 5810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135810.
Full textAbstract:
Accurate and rapid identification of the severe and non-severe COVID-19 patients is necessary for reducing the risk of overloading the hospitals, effective hospital resource utilization, and minimizing the mortality rate in the pandemic. A conjunctive belief rule-based clinical decision support system is proposed in this paper to identify critical and non-critical COVID-19 patients in hospitals using only three blood test markers. The experts’ knowledge of COVID-19 is encoded in the form of belief rules in the proposed method. To fine-tune the initial belief rules provided by COVID-19 experts using the real patient’s data, a modified differential evolution algorithm that can solve the constraint optimization problem of the belief rule base is also proposed in this paper. Several experiments are performed using 485 COVID-19 patients’ data to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed system. Experimental result shows that, after optimization, the conjunctive belief rule-based system achieved the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 0.954, 0.923, and 0.959, respectively, while for disjunctive belief rule base, they are 0.927, 0.769, and 0.948. Moreover, with a 98.85% AUC value, our proposed method shows superior performance than the four traditional machine learning algorithms: LR, SVM, DT, and ANN. All these results validate the effectiveness of our proposed method. The proposed system will help the hospital authorities to identify severe and non-severe COVID-19 patients and adopt optimal treatment plans in pandemic situations.
10
Li, Fenglian, Xueying Zhang, Xiaolei Chen, and Yu-Chu Tian. "Adaptive and robust evidence theory with applications in prediction of floor water inrush in coal mine." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 39, no. 4 (2017): 483–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331216687816.
Full textAbstract:
The Internet of Things generates rich information either from different sources or the same source via different measurement methods. This demands data fusion for decision making. Despite the progress in data fusion, existing data fusion techniques, such as the classic Dempster–Shafer evidence Theory, face challenges when dealing with highly conflicting sources of evidence. To address this problem, an Adaptive and Robust evidence Theory (ART) is presented in this paper through a robust combination of conjunctive and disjunctive rules. It is capable of handling both conflicting and reliable sources of evidence. When the sources of evidence are reliable, the conjunctive rule plays a predominant role, whereas if the sources of evidence are in high conflict the disjunctive rule is critical. Our ART approach was compared with existing representative evidence theory methods through two examples, and was further applied in the prediction of floor water inrush in coal mines. The ART approach presented in this paper was demonstrated to behave better than the existing methods.
11
Zhang, Chunchao, Zhijie Zhou, Pengyun Ning, Peng Zhang, Zheng Lian, and Zhichao Ming. "MBRB: Micro-belief rule Base model based on cautious conjunctive rule for interpretable fault diagnosis." Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 135 (September 2024): 108598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2024.108598.
Full text
12
Baković, Eric, and Lev Blumenfeld. "Rule Interaction Conversion Operations." Loquens 6, no. 2 (2020): 062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/loquens.2019.062.
Full textAbstract:
Different types of interactions between pairs of phonological rules can be converted into one another using three formal operations that we discuss in this article. One of these conversion operations, rule re-ordering (here called swapping), is well-known; another, flipping, is a more recent finding (Hein et al., 2014). We introduce a third conversion operation that we call cropping. Formal relationships among the members of the set of rule interactions, expanded by cropping beyond the classical four (feeding, bleeding, counterfeeding, and counterbleeding) to include four more (mutual bleeding, seeding, counterseeding, and merger), are identified and clarified. We show that these conversion operations exhaustively delimit the set of possible pairwise rule interactions predicted by conjunctive rule ordering (Chomsky & Halle, 1968), and that each interaction is related to each of the others by the application of at most two conversion operations.
13
Cantone, Domenico, Marianna Nicolosi-Asmundo та Daniele Francesco Santamaria. "An Improved Set-based Reasoner for the Description Logic 𝒟ℒD4,׆". Fundamenta Informaticae 178, № 4 (2021): 315–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-2021-2009.
Full textAbstract:
We present a KE-tableau-based implementation of a reasoner for a decidable fragment of (stratified) set theory expressing the description logic 𝒟ℒ〈4LQSR,×〉(D) (𝒟ℒD4,×, for short). Our application solves the main TBox and ABox reasoning problems for 𝒟ℒD4,×. In particular, it solves the consistency and the classification problems for 𝒟ℒD4,×-knowledge bases represented in set-theoretic terms, and a generalization of the Conjunctive Query Answering problem in which conjunctive queries with variables of three sorts are admitted. The reasoner, which extends and improves a previous version, is implemented in C++. It supports 𝒟ℒD4,×-knowledge bases serialized in the OWL/XML format and it admits also rules expressed in SWRL (Semantic Web Rule Language).
14
Rabi, Rahel, Marc F. Joanisse, Tianshu Zhu, and John Paul Minda. "Cognitive changes in conjunctive rule-based category learning: An ERP approach." Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 18, no. 5 (2018): 1034–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-018-0620-6.
Full text
15
Zhu, Jing, Chen Xi Wang, Li Fang Hu, and Yi Cheng Zheng. "New Methods of Evidence Conflict Measurement Based on Conjunctive Combination Rule." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 2877–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.2877.
Full textAbstract:
In the effective combination of conflicting evidences using the Dempster-Shafer evidence theory, the first step is to reasonably measure the conflict between evidences, but there are limitations in the existing conflict measurement methods. Two new conflict measurement methods based on conjunctive combination rule are put forword, which overcome the limitations of the existing measurement methods. They have four satisfactory properties. Firstly, new methods can measure the total conflict between any pieces of evidence simultaneously, which can satisfy the interchangeability and combinability. Secondly, they overcome the operational problem of the existing binary conflict measurement methods. Thirdly, they are more suitable for people's intuitive logic reasoning. Another, their moderate complexity are easy for project implementation. So new methods have better comprehensive effect under different evidence conditions.
16
Zhang, Ziwei, Qisheng Guo, Zhiming Dong, Hongxiang Liu, Ang Gao, and Pengcheng Qi. "Operational effectiveness evaluation based on the reduced conjunctive belief rule base." Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics 33, no. 5 (2022): 1161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/jsee.2022.000112.
Full text
17
Neil, Greg J., and Philip A. Higham. "Implicit learning of conjunctive rule sets: An alternative to artificial grammars." Consciousness and Cognition 21, no. 3 (2012): 1393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2012.07.005.
Full text
18
Yang, Long-Hao, Fei-Fei Ye, and Ying-Ming Wang. "Ensemble belief rule base modeling with diverse attribute selection and cautious conjunctive rule for classification problems." Expert Systems with Applications 146 (May 2020): 113161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2019.113161.
Full text
19
Wei, Chong, Lin Xiao, and Chun Fu Shao. "Mode Choice Behavior Analysis by Using a Semi-Compensatory Discrete Choice Model." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 3300–3304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.3300.
Full textAbstract:
In this study we proposed a semi-compensatory model to analyze the mode choice behavior. The proposed model formulated the conjunctive rule through a straightforward way. The proposed model can take into account the probability distribution of the threshold involved by the conjunctive rule. To estimate the parameters of the proposed model, we derived the posterior distribution of the parameters by using the Bayes theorem and developed a blacked Metropolis-Hastings algorithm to carry out the estimation based on the posterior distribution. We also employed the data augmentation technology to simplify the estimation procedure. The proposed model was validated by using a SP survey dataset. We compared the performance of the proposed model to that of the logit model.
20
Wang, Lina. "Innovation of Visual Communication Design of Interactive Packaging for Internet-Famous Food Based on Artificial Intelligence." Scientific Programming 2022 (July 31, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5828852.
Full textAbstract:
The combination of visual communication design of food packaging and digital media art is the new trend. In this study, the visual communication design of interactive packaging of Internet-famous food is analyzed, and an innovative identification method of the interactive packaging visual communication design based on artificial intelligence is put forward. The weighted fusion rule of conjunction disjunction double operators is used to fuse the innovative evaluation information of multiple expert groups on interactive packaging, and finally, the innovative multigroup discrimination results of interactive packaging are obtained. Considering both the consistency of evaluation information and the contradiction of evaluation information, the weight factor is introduced to achieve the balance between conjunction operator and disjunction operator. The designed conjunctive disjunctive double operator weighted fusion rule can support the contradiction handling in the innovative discrimination of interactive packaging and has the advantages of convenient application and easy programming.
21
Shesterina, E. A. "Making Indirect Speech in German journalistic comments: Conjunctive vs Indicative." Linguistics & Polyglot Studies 9, no. 1 (2023): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2023-1-34-32-41.
Full textAbstract:
The article is aimed at identifying trends in the linguistic design of indirect speech in German, which differs from the requirements of standard grammar. Recent works have noted significant deviations from the rules of constructing indirect speech using the conjunctive, there is a discrepancy in approaches to their use in the literary language, its national variants and dialects, oral and written speech, as well as in various speech genres. Modern grammarians recognize the existence of alternative forms of indirect speech, which include constructions with prepositional phrases, subordinate clauses with ‘wie’, the combination of so + source of information in postposition to indirect speech, as well as modal verbs ‘wollen’ and ‘sollen’ in epistemic meaning. However, the authors do not provide explicit and understandable rules for their use. All deviations from the standard rule of using conjunctive in indirect speech can be grouped into three complex areas: the interchangeability of conjunctive forms I and II, the expression of distancing from the refereed sources information and ignoring the conjunctive as a violation of the norm of constructing indirect speech. The authors of the comments practically do not allow the interchangeability of the forms of conjunctive I and II, since this may lead to the fact that their statements will be interpreted not as carrying factual, ascertaining information, but as a potential opportunity to commit an action. Commentators in the vast majority of cases take a critical position regarding the actions of the actors of the events under consideration, therefore, the conjunctive is exactly the means that helps to mark the distancing of the author of the comment from the refereed sources. In the texts of journalistic comments, there are isolated examples of the design of indirect speech with indicative forms. This is possible only in cases when a journalist uses lexemes with the semantics of confidence in the words of the author, thanks to which he indirectly gives either a positive or negative assessment of information from the source being reviewed, and thus ceases to be an impartial observer, but expresses his attitude to the actions of actors in the situation he is commenting on.
22
Imtiaz, Aneeza, та Umer Shuaib. "On conjunctive complex fuzzification of Lagrange's theorem of <i>ξ</i>−CFSG". AIMS Mathematics 8, № 8 (2023): 18881–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/math.2023961.
Full textAbstract:
<abstract><p>The application of a complex fuzzy logic system based on a linear conjunctive operator represents a significant advancement in the field of data analysis and modeling, particularly for studying physical scenarios with multiple options. This approach is highly effective in situations where the data involved is complex, imprecise and uncertain. The linear conjunctive operator is a key component of the fuzzy logic system used in this method. This operator allows for the combination of multiple input variables in a systematic way, generating a rule base that captures the behavior of the system being studied. The effectiveness of this method is particularly notable in the study of phenomena in the actual world that exhibit periodic behavior. The foremost aim of this paper is to contribute to the field of fuzzy algebra by introducing and exploring new concepts and their properties in the context of conjunctive complex fuzzy environment. In this paper, the conjunctive complex fuzzy order of an element belonging to a conjunctive complex fuzzy subgroup of a finite group is introduced. Several algebraic properties of this concept are established and a formula is developed to calculate the conjunctive complex fuzzy order of any of its powers in this study. Moreover, an important condition is investigated that determines the relationship between the membership values of any two elements and the membership value of the identity element in the conjunctive complex fuzzy subgroup of a group. In addition, the concepts of the conjunctive complex fuzzy order and index of a conjunctive complex fuzzy subgroup of a group are also presented in this article and their various fundamental algebraic attributes are explored structural. Finally, the conjunctive complex fuzzification of Lagrange's theorem for conjunctive complex fuzzy subgroups of a group is demonstrated.</p></abstract>
23
Goodman, Rodney M., Charles M. Higgins, John W. Miller, and Padhraic Smyth. "Rule-Based Neural Networks for Classification and Probability Estimation." Neural Computation 4, no. 6 (1992): 781–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1992.4.6.781.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper we propose a network architecture that combines a rule-based approach with that of the neural network paradigm. Our primary motivation for this is to ensure that the knowledge embodied in the network is explicitly encoded in the form of understandable rules. This enables the network's decision to be understood, and provides an audit trail of how that decision was arrived at. We utilize an information theoretic approach to learning a model of the domain knowledge from examples. This model takes the form of a set of probabilistic conjunctive rules between discrete input evidence variables and output class variables. These rules are then mapped onto the weights and nodes of a feedforward neural network resulting in a directly specified architecture. The network acts as parallel Bayesian classifier, but more importantly, can also output posterior probability estimates of the class variables. Empirical tests on a number of data sets show that the rule-based classifier performs comparably with standard neural network classifiers, while possessing unique advantages in terms of knowledge representation and probability estimation.
24
Chang, Leilei, Zhijie Zhou, Yuwang Chen, et al. "Akaike Information Criterion-based conjunctive belief rule base learning for complex system modeling." Knowledge-Based Systems 161 (December 2018): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2018.07.029.
Full text
25
Destercke, S., and D. Dubois. "Idempotent conjunctive combination of belief functions: Extending the minimum rule of possibility theory." Information Sciences 181, no. 18 (2011): 3925–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2011.05.007.
Full text
26
Tchamova, Albena, Jean Dezert, Nadejda Bocheva, Pavlina Konstantinova, Bilyana Genova, and Miroslava Stefanova. "A Study on Human Learning Ability during Classification of Motion and Colour Visual Cues and Their Combination." Cybernetics and Information Technologies 21, no. 1 (2021): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cait-2021-0006.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The paper presents a study on the human learning process during the classification of stimuli, defined by motion and color visual cues and their combination. Because the classification dimension and the features that define each category are uncertain, we model the learning curves using Bayesian inference and more precisely the Normalized Conjunctive Consensus rule, and also on the base of the more efficient probabilistic Proportional Conflict Redistribution rule No 5 (pPCR5) defined within Dezert-Smarandache Theory (DSmT) of plausible and paradoxical reasoning. Our goal is to study how these rules succeed to model consistently both: human individual and group behaviour during the learning of the associations between the stimuli and the responses in categorization tasks varying by the amount of relevant stimulus information. The effect of age on this process is also evaluated.
27
Oberauer, Klaus, Sonja M. Geiger, Katrin Fischer, and Andrea Weidenfeld. "Two meanings of “if”? Individual differences in the interpretation of conditionals." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 60, no. 6 (2007): 790–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210600822449.
Full textAbstract:
This work investigates the nature of two distinct response patterns in a probabilistic truth table evaluation task, in which people estimate the probability of a conditional on the basis of frequencies of the truth table cases. The conditional-probability pattern reflects an interpretation of conditionals as expressing a conditional probability. The conjunctive pattern suggests that some people treat conditionals as conjunctions, in line with a prediction of the mental-model theory. Experiments 1 and 2 rule out two alternative explanations of the conjunctive pattern. It does not arise from people believing that at least one case matching the conjunction of antecedent and consequent must exist for a conditional to be true, and it does not arise from people adding the converse to the given conditional. Experiment 3 establishes that people's response patterns in the probabilistic truth table task are very consistent across different conditionals, and that the two response patterns generalize to conditionals with negated antecedents and consequents. Individual differences in rating the probability of a conditional were loosely correlated with corresponding response patterns in a classical truth table evaluation task, but there was little association with people's evaluation of deductive inferences from conditionals as premises. A theoretical framework is proposed that integrates elements from the conditional-probability view with the theory of mental models.
28
Fash, William L., and Robert J. Sharer. "Sociopolitical Developments and Methodological Issues at Copan, Honduras: A Conjunctive Perspective." Latin American Antiquity 2, no. 2 (1991): 166–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/972276.
Full textAbstract:
Results of 16 years of archaeological research at Copán, Honduras, based on different methods and theoretical perspectives, can be used in combination to better understand the developmental trajectory of Classic period sociopolitical evolution in the Copán Valley. Although research continues, findings to date demonstrate the advantage of conjunctive research that applies archaeological, epigraphic, and iconographic data in a crosscutting, self-corrective strategy. While the use of any single data set may produce incomplete or inaccurate conclusions, as in the use of settlement data alone to reconstruct Middle Classic population size and assess the developmental status of the Copán polity, more complete conclusions can be reached by applying a fuller range of data from excavations in both the valley and Acropolis of Copán's urban core, along with epigraphic and iconographic evidence. These combined data show that from its beginning in the fifth century, the Classic Copán polity was ruled by powerful kings who controlled large populations and, quite likely, an extensive territory that may have included the site of Quiriguá in the Motagua Valley to the north.At the other end of the developmental trajectory, the combination of research findings from the Acropolis and surrounding elite residential compounds and valley settlement data, has led to a redefinition of the Classic “collapse” at Copán, now seen as a long-enduring process involving the decentralization of political authority, the end of centralized dynastic rule, and gradual depopulation of the valley. This reconstruction, in combination with evidence for the end of the Classic period at other Lowland Maya sites, supports the long-standing conclusion that there was no single cause for the collapse, but rather that a complex and long-operating series of processes was responsible for the end of lowland Classic Maya civilization.
29
Zhao, Yuxin, Hancong Feng, Kaili Jiang, and Bin Tang. "Information Fusion for Radar Signal Sorting with the Distributed Reconnaissance Receivers." Remote Sensing 15, no. 15 (2023): 3743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15153743.
Full textAbstract:
The conventional method of centralizing information fusion is commonly employed for sorting radar signals in reconnaissance receivers. However, challenges arise when the distance between reconnaissance receivers and the fusion center is distant, or when the fusion center is compromised by hostile forces. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel distributed information fusion method. In this method, each reconnaissance receiver is restricted to accessing adjacent nodes within an undirected graph for information transmission and local computation. The distributed Dempster’s combination rule and the cautious conjunctive rule are implemented using weight functions and consensus algorithms. Furthermore, an innovative outlier detection algorithm is incorporated into the fusion process to enhance its robustness. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively improves the accuracy of radar signal sorting. When the sorting accuracy of a single reconnaissance receiver is equal to or higher than 60%, both fusion rules achieve a sorting accuracy of 100%. Even when the sorting accuracy of a single reconnaissance receiver is as low as 50%, the fused result still maintains a sorting accuracy of over 97%.
30
Ellmauthaler, Stefan, Markus Krötzsch, and Stephan Mennicke. "Answering Queries with Negation over Existential Rules." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 5 (2022): 5626–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i5.20503.
Full textAbstract:
Ontology-based query answering with existential rules is well understood and implemented for positive queries, in particular conjunctive queries. For queries with negation, however, there is no agreed-upon semantics or standard implementation. This problem is unknown for simpler rule languages, such as Datalog, where it is intuitive and practical to evaluate negative queries over the least model. This fails for existential rules, which instead of a single least model have multiple universal models that may not lead to the same results for negative queries. We therefore propose universal core models as a basis for a meaningful (non-monotonic) semantics for queries with negation. Since cores are hard to compute, we identify syntactic conditions (on rules and queries) under which our core-based semantics can equivalently be obtained for other universal models, such as those produced by practical chase algorithms. Finally, we use our findings to propose a semantics for a broad class of existential rules with negation.
31
Walker, Caren M., Alexandra Rett, and Elizabeth Bonawitz. "Design Drives Discovery in Causal Learning." Psychological Science 31, no. 2 (2020): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797619898134.
Full textAbstract:
We assessed whether an artifact’s design can facilitate recognition of abstract causal rules. In Experiment 1, 152 three-year-olds were presented with evidence consistent with a relational rule (i.e., pairs of same or different blocks activated a machine) using two differently designed machines. In the standard-design condition, blocks were placed on top of the machine; in the relational-design condition, blocks were placed into openings on either side. In Experiment 2, we assessed whether this design cue could facilitate adults’ ( N = 102) inference of a distinct conjunctive cause (i.e., that two blocks together activate the machine). Results of both experiments demonstrated that causal inference is sensitive to an artifact’s design: Participants in the relational-design conditions were more likely to infer rules that were a priori unlikely. Our findings suggest that reasoning failures may result from difficulty generating the relevant rules as cognitive hypotheses but that artifact design aids causal inference. These findings have clear implications for creating intuitive learning environments.
32
García-Madruga, Juan A., Francisco Gutiérrez, Nuria Carriedo, Sergio Moreno, and Philip N. Johnson-Laird. "Mental Models in Deductive Reasoning." Spanish Journal of Psychology 5, no. 2 (2002): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600005904.
Full textAbstract:
We report research investigating the role of mental models in deduction. The first study deals with conjunctive inferences (from one conjunction and two conditional premises) and disjunctive inferences (from one disjunction and the same two conditionals). The second study examines reasoning from multiple conditionals such as: If e then b; If a then b; If b then c; What follows between a and c? The third study addresses reasoning from different sorts of conditional assertions, including conditionals based on if then, only if, and unless. The paper also presents research on figural effects in syllogistic reasoning, on the effects of structure and believability in reasoning from double conditionals, and on reasoning from factual, counterfactual, and semifactual conditionals. The findings of these studies support the model theory, pose some difficulties for rule theories, and show the influence on reasoning of the linguistic structure and the semantic content of problems.
33
Degelman, Douglas, John U. Free, Michelle Scarlato, Janice M. Blackburn, and Thomas Golden. "Concept Learning in Preschool Children: Effects of a Short-Term Logo Experience." Journal of Educational Computing Research 2, no. 2 (1986): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/rh2k-4aq7-2598-tvea.
Full textAbstract:
The ability of kindergarten children to solve rule-learning problems following five weeks of LOGO computer experience was compared with that of children not having such experience. Fifteen children were randomly assigned either to a LOGO experience condition or a wait-list control condition. A single-keystroke LOGO was gradually introduced to the children in the LOGO condition. All children were subsequently tested on affirmative and conjunctive rule-learning tasks. Children receiving LOGO instruction had a significantly higher proportion of correct responses on two problem-solving tasks than children in the control condition ( p < .05). Frequencies of subjects correctly solving each problem revealed no statistically significant differences between conditions ( p's > .10). The kindergarten children adapted easily to the use of the computer and the single-keystroke LOGO. Suggestions for future research are presented.
34
Sawsan, Salem, Al-Habashneh Obadah, and Lasassmeh Omar. "Data mining techniques for classifying and predicting Teachers' performance based on their evaluation reports." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 14, no. 2 (2021): 119–30. https://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v14i2.2149.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract <strong>Background/Objectives:</strong> Teachers’ performance is a key bridge to ensure successful pedagogical and educational objectives. However, the evaluation of teachers’ performance has been used to be a manual and temperamental task for school principals. This traditional context limits the teachers’ engagement to develop his/her performance as well as the principle to predict the strengths and weaknesses attached. Hence, schools’ principals need to use initiative methods to evaluate the teachers’ performance. In this study, a comparative approach was developed to evaluate the teachers’ performance aiming at avoiding the potential biased and temperamental human behaves in the teacher’s evaluation process. <strong>Methods:</strong> It involves different Data Mining (DM) techniques to identify the key patterns that are driving the teachers’ performance evaluation process. Therefore, the proposed approach extracts several potential and influential indicators mined from a paper-based on teachers’ performance reports at the Directorate of Education/ Southern Ghawrs, along with some demographics variables. Several DM algorithms are used to analyze teachers’ performance reports and predict their performance, such as NB Tree, Naïve Bayes, and Conjunctive Rule methods. <strong>Findings:</strong> The experimental results show a significant prediction accuracy improvement by (33%) when applying NB Tree compared to Conjunctive rule, and (12%) when compared to Naïve Bayes techniques respectively. <strong>Keywords:</strong> Data mining; machine learning; teachers’ performance; evaluation reports; Jordan
35
PRADERA, ANA, ENRIC TRILLAS, and SUSANA CUBILLO. "ON MODUS PONENS GENERATING FUNCTIONS." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 08, no. 01 (2000): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488500000034.
Full textAbstract:
This paper investigates the use of functions other than t-norms to model the Modus Ponens rule in a fuzzy inference process. For that purpose, new definitions for fuzzy inference related concepts are suggested, that take into account the possibility of using a larger class of functions. In particular, the concept of "Modus Ponens generating function" is revisited, allowing to find out when and where (in which subset of the defined universe) an operator is able to generate the Modus Ponens scheme. In addition, given such an operator, the conditional relations that may be used along with it to model an inference process are found. These results are applied to some common operators, finding their Modus Ponens generation capacity as well as their corresponding residuated fuzzy conditionals. Finally, the relation between an operator's ability to describe the Modus Ponens rule and its conjunctive/disjunctive behaviour is also studied, by means of a series of sufficient and/or necessary conditions relating both concepts.
36
Hatwell, Julian, Mohamed Medhat Gaber, and R. Muhammad Atif Azad. "CHIRPS: Explaining random forest classification." Artificial Intelligence Review 53, no. 8 (2020): 5747–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10462-020-09833-6.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Modern machine learning methods typically produce “black box” models that are opaque to interpretation. Yet, their demand has been increasing in the Human-in-the-Loop processes, that is, those processes that require a human agent to verify, approve or reason about the automated decisions before they can be applied. To facilitate this interpretation, we propose Collection of High Importance Random Path Snippets (CHIRPS); a novel algorithm for explaining random forest classification per data instance. CHIRPS extracts a decision path from each tree in the forest that contributes to the majority classification, and then uses frequent pattern mining to identify the most commonly occurring split conditions. Then a simple, conjunctive form rule is constructed where the antecedent terms are derived from the attributes that had the most influence on the classification. This rule is returned alongside estimates of the rule’s precision and coverage on the training data along with counter-factual details. An experimental study involving nine data sets shows that classification rules returned by CHIRPS have a precision at least as high as the state of the art when evaluated on unseen data (0.91–0.99) and offer a much greater coverage (0.04–0.54). Furthermore, CHIRPS uniquely controls against under- and over-fitting solutions by maximising novel objective functions that are better suited to the local (per instance) explanation setting.
37
Liu, Yannan, Yan Zhu, Wei Mao, et al. "Development and Application of a Water and Salt Balance Model for Well-Canal Conjunctive Irrigation in Semiarid Areas with Shallow Water Tables." Agriculture 12, no. 3 (2022): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030399.
Full textAbstract:
Irrigated agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions is seriously threatened by water shortage and soil salinization. The well-canal conjunctive irrigation scheme provides a stable groundwater resource for irrigation and can reduce surface salt accumulation by decreasing the groundwater levels, which makes it more suitable to alleviate the problems of irrigated agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions. However, the soil salinization process requires assessment on regional spatial and decadal time scales, as it is a continuous but slow change. Therefore, a water and salt balance model (WSBM) for well-canal conjunctive irrigation is developed herein to obtain long-term predictions of regional root zone salinity dynamics in canal- and well-irrigated areas. In the developed model, the characteristic length of the well-canal conjunctive irrigated area (Lc) is used to couple the canal- and well-irrigated areas. The performance of the WSBM as well as a sensitivity analysis and the value rule of the special parameter Lc are evaluated by comparing the simulation results with those derived from the MODFLOW. The results demonstrate the validity of the developed model, and the special parameter Lc is found to be insensitive, with a value approximately two-thirds of the center distance when the canal and well irrigation districts are regularly adjacent or centrosymmetric. Moreover, when a real-world application is adopted, the water table depth and root-zone soil salinity are simulated in the Longsheng well-canal irrigation area in the Hetao Irrigation District, Inner Mongolia, China. Water table depth and soil salinity collected from 2002–2005 and from 2006–2020 are used to calibrate and validate the model. The calibrated model is subsequently used to predict soil salinity dynamics in the next 100 years under current and future water-saving conditions. The predictions indicate that the soil salinity is basically stable at a relatively low level (<0.2 kg/100 kg) under current irrigation practices. The study could support planning making before implementation of well-canal conjunctive irrigation.
38
Loudahi, Mehena, John Klein, Jean-Marc Vannobel, and Olivier Colot. "New distances between bodies of evidence based on Dempsterian specialization matrices and their consistency with the conjunctive combination rule." International Journal of Approximate Reasoning 55, no. 5 (2014): 1093–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijar.2014.02.007.
Full text
39
AMENDOLA, GIOVANNI, NICOLA LEONE, and MARCO MANNA. "Finite model reasoning over existential rules." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 17, no. 5-6 (2017): 726–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068417000369.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractOntology-based query answering asks whether a Boolean conjunctive query is satisfied by all models of a logical theory consisting of a relational database paired with an ontology. The introduction of existential rules (i.e., Datalog rules extended with existential quantifiers in rule heads) as a means to specify the ontology gave birth to Datalog+/-, a framework that has received increasing attention in the last decade, with focus also on decidability and finite controllability to support effective reasoning. Five basic decidable fragments have been singled out: linear, weakly acyclic, guarded, sticky, and shy. Moreover, for all these fragments, except shy, the important property of finite controllability has been proved, ensuring that a query is satisfied by all models of the theory iff it is satisfied by all its finite models. In this paper, we complete the picture by demonstrating that finite controllability of ontology-based query answering holds also for shy ontologies, and it therefore applies to all basic decidable Datalog+/- classes. To make the demonstration, we devise a general technique to facilitate the process of (dis)proving finite controllability of an arbitrary ontological fragment.
40
Goyal, Manish Kumar, and C. S. P. Ojha. "Downscaling of precipitation on a lake basin: evaluation of rule and decision tree induction algorithms." Hydrology Research 43, no. 3 (2012): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2012.040.
Full textAbstract:
We investigate the performance of existing state-of-the-art rule induction and tree algorithms, namely Single Conjunctive Rule Learner, Decision Table, M5 Model Tree, Decision Stump and REPTree. Downscaling models are developed using these algorithms to obtain projections of mean monthly precipitation to lake-basin scale in an arid region in India. The effectiveness of these algorithms is evaluated through application to downscale the predictand for the Lake Pichola region in Rajasthan state in India, which is considered to be a climatically sensitive region. The predictor variables are extracted from (1) the National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis dataset for the period 1948–2000 and (2) the simulations from the third-generation Canadian Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM3) for emission scenarios A1B, A2, B1 and COMMIT for the period 2001–2100. M5 Model Tree algorithm was found to yield better performance among all other learning techniques explored in the present study. The precipitation is projected to increase in future for A2 and A1B scenarios, whereas it is least for B1 and COMMIT scenarios using predictors.
41
Carral, David, and Jacopo Urbani. "Checking Chase Termination over Ontologies of Existential Rules with Equality." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 03 (2020): 2758–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i03.5663.
Full textAbstract:
The chase is a sound and complete algorithm for conjunctive query answering over ontologies of existential rules with equality. To enable its effective use, we can apply acyclicity notions; that is, sufficient conditions that guarantee chase termination. Unfortunately, most of these notions have only been defined for existential rule sets without equality. A proposed solution to circumvent this issue is to treat equality as an ordinary predicate with an explicit axiomatisation. We empirically show that this solution is not efficient in practice and propose an alternative approach. More precisely, we show that, if the chase terminates for any equality axiomatisation of an ontology, then it terminates for the original ontology (which may contain equality). Therefore, one can apply existing acyclicity notions to check chase termination over an axiomatisation of an ontology and then use the original ontology for reasoning. We show that, in practice, doing so results in a more efficient reasoning procedure. Furthermore, we present equality model-faithful acyclicity, a general acyclicity notion that can be directly applied to ontologies with equality.
42
Gottlob, Georg, André Hernich, Clemens Kupke, and Thomas Lukasiewicz. "Equality-Friendly Well-Founded Semantics and Applications to Description Logics." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 26, no. 1 (2021): 757–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v26i1.8227.
Full textAbstract:
We tackle the problem of defining a well-founded semantics for Datalog rules with existentially quantified variables in their heads and negations in their bodies. In particular, we provide a well-founded semantics (WFS) for the recent Datalog+/- family of ontology languages, which covers several important description logics (DLs). To do so, we generalize Datalog+/- by non-stratified nonmonotonic negation in rule bodies, and we define a WFS for this generalization via guarded fixed-point logic. We refer to this approach as equality-friendly WFS, since it has the advantage that it does not make the unique name assumption (UNA); this brings it close to OWL and its profiles as well as typical DLs, which also do not make the UNA. We prove that for guarded Datalog+/- with negation under the equality-friendly WFS, conjunctive query answering is decidable, and we provide precise complexity results for this problem. From these results, we obtain precise definitions of the standard WFS extensions of EL and of members of the DL-Lite family, as well as corresponding complexity results for query answering.
43
Hutton, Lizzie, and Anne Curzan. "The Grammatical Status of However." Journal of English Linguistics 47, no. 1 (2019): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0075424218817811.
Full textAbstract:
Popular grammar books have long admonished their readers for using conjunctive adverbs as coordinators, and nowhere more than in the case of however. The very force of this prescription suggests that the rule is far from intuitive for many users of standard edited English: examples of however taking on a syntactically coordinating function (equivalent to but) are not difficult to find, nor are they limited to unedited sources. This paper addresses the question of whether prescriptivism is clouding our view of a linguistic change in the grammatical status of however. Drawing on data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and the Corpus of Historical American English (COHA), we argue that the apparent “confusion” about whether however can serve as a clausal coordinator may be closely related to its increasing preference, over the past century-and-a-half, for clause-initial placement. Descriptive grammars of the last twenty years have labeled select conjunctive adverbs other than however “marginal coordinators.” This paper presents the hypothesis that however is following a historical trajectory similar to the “marginal coordinators” so and yet, whose mixed function is now accepted as standard; and it explores the extent to which shifting patterns in sentence placement preferences—as a result, perhaps, of colloquialization—may be a factor in the changing grammatical function of however.
44
Itsykson, Dmitry, Alexander Okhotin, and Vsevolod Oparin. "Computational and Proof Complexity of Partial String Avoidability." ACM Transactions on Computation Theory 13, no. 1 (2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3442365.
Full textAbstract:
The partial string avoidability problem is stated as follows: given a finite set of strings with possible “holes” (wildcard symbols), determine whether there exists a two-sided infinite string containing no substrings from this set, assuming that a hole matches every symbol. The problem is known to be NP-hard and in PSPACE, and this article establishes its PSPACE-completeness. Next, string avoidability over the binary alphabet is interpreted as a version of conjunctive normal form satisfiability problem, where each clause has infinitely many shifted variants. Non-satisfiability of these formulas can be proved using variants of classical propositional proof systems, augmented with derivation rules for shifting proof lines (such as clauses, inequalities, polynomials, etc.). First, it is proved that there is a particular formula that has a short refutation in Resolution with a shift rule but requires classical proofs of exponential size. At the same time, it is shown that exponential lower bounds for classical proof systems can be translated for their shifted versions. Finally, it is shown that superpolynomial lower bounds on the size of shifted proofs would separate NP from PSPACE; a connection to lower bounds on circuit complexity is also established.
45
Putri, Gusti Agung Mira Diana, and Putu Nur Ayomi. "Exploring Thematic Structures and Progression in Self-Help Literature: A Textual Metafunction Analysis of “The 5 Second Rule”." Journal of Language and Literature Studies 4, no. 4 (2024): 730–43. https://doi.org/10.36312/jolls.v4i4.2105.
Full textAbstract:
Given the widespread appeal and influence of self-help literature, understanding how authors engage and inform their readers through linguistic strategies is crucial. The study aims to explore how thematic structures contribute to the genre’s purpose of motivating and guiding readers. A descriptive qualitative method was employed, involving observation, interpretation, and explanation. The analysis reveals that the most frequent Themes in the text are Unmarked Topical Themes, primarily in the forms of “You,” “I,” and “It.” The text also frequently utilizes Conjunctive Adjuncts as Textual Themes (e.g., "First," "Second") and Modal Adjuncts as Interpersonal Themes. The zig-zag pattern emerged as the dominant Thematic Progression, allowing the author to maintain clarity and engagement. The strategic use of Theme and Mood facilitates an approachable, mentor-like voice, helping to establish a connection with the reader. These findings offer valuable insight into how thematic structures and progression are employed in self-help literature to enhance readability, coherence, and emotional engagement. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of the linguistic mechanisms that drive the effectiveness of self-help texts in fulfilling their social and communicative purposes.
46
Hanley, John P., Donna M. Rizzo, Jeffrey S. Buzas, and Margaret J. Eppstein. "A Tandem Evolutionary Algorithm for Identifying Causal Rules from Complex Data." Evolutionary Computation 28, no. 1 (2020): 87–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/evco_a_00252.
Full textAbstract:
We propose a new evolutionary approach for discovering causal rules in complex classification problems from batch data. Key aspects include (a) the use of a hypergeometric probability mass function as a principled statistic for assessing fitness that quantifies the probability that the observed association between a given clause and target class is due to chance, taking into account the size of the dataset, the amount of missing data, and the distribution of outcome categories, (b) tandem age-layered evolutionary algorithms for evolving parsimonious archives of conjunctive clauses, and disjunctions of these conjunctions, each of which have probabilistically significant associations with outcome classes, and (c) separate archive bins for clauses of different orders, with dynamically adjusted order-specific thresholds. The method is validated on majority-on and multiplexer benchmark problems exhibiting various combinations of heterogeneity, epistasis, overlap, noise in class associations, missing data, extraneous features, and imbalanced classes. We also validate on a more realistic synthetic genome dataset with heterogeneity, epistasis, extraneous features, and noise. In all synthetic epistatic benchmarks, we consistently recover the true causal rule sets used to generate the data. Finally, we discuss an application to a complex real-world survey dataset designed to inform possible ecohealth interventions for Chagas disease.
47
Mishra, Vimal, and R. B. Mishra. "Handling of Infinitives in English to Sanskrit Machine Translation." International Journal of Artificial Life Research 1, no. 3 (2010): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jalr.2010070101.
Full textAbstract:
The development of Machine Translation (MT) system for ancient language like Sanskrit is a fascinating and challenging task. In this paper, the authors handle the infinitive type of English sentences in the English to Sanskrit machine translation (EST) system. The EST system is an integrated model of a rule-based approach of machine translation with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model that translates an English sentence (source sentence) into the equivalent Sanskrit sentence (target sentence). The authors use feed forward ANN for the selection of Sanskrit words, such as nouns, verbs, objects, and adjectives, from English to Sanskrit User Data Vector (UDV). Due to morphological richness of Sanskrit, this system uses only morphological markings to identify Subject, Object, Verb, Preposition, Adjective, Adverb, Conjunctive and as well as an infinitive types of sentence. The performance evaluations of our EST system with different methods of MT evaluations are shown using a table.
48
Byrne, Ruth M. J., and P. N. Johnson-Laird. "The Spontaneous Use of Propositional Connectives." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 45, no. 1 (1992): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640749208401317.
Full textAbstract:
We extend the model theory of reasoning to the understanding and use of propositional connectives, such as and, or, and if. We use a novel paraphrase paradigm to compare the model theory to an alternative one based on rules of inference. In Experiment 1, subjects paraphrased pairs of conditionals. Their general knowledge guided their combination of the antecedents: they used disjunctive descriptions to combine antecedents that were each sufficient to bring about the outcome, and they used conjunctive descriptions to combine antecedents that were both necessary to bring about the outcome. They expressed their combinations using simple connectives such as and or or, as the model theory predicts, rather than hypothetical connectives, such as and if or or if, as the rule theory predicts. Experiment 2 demonstrated the phenomenon in the less constrained task of combining three assertions in a single conditional. Conjunctions and disjunctions are easy to elicit; conditionals have proved far more difficult. The model theory proposes that individuals represent a conditional situation by keeping in mind the described events, but they also keep in mind that there may be alternatives to the events. Therefore, they should use conditionals when they are aware that the events may or may not occur. Experiment 3 corroborated this prediction: subjects used conditionals to combine assertions (with no restrictions on the connective they should use) when the clause describing the outcome contained a modal verb that suggested that the outcome might or might not occur.
49
Abudu, Shalamu, Zhuping Sheng, Hamed Zamani Sabzi, and James Phillip King. "Drought Scenario Analysis Using RiverWare: A Case Study in Urumqi River Basin, China." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 8 (2018): 1837. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-03091118.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, we applied RiverWare modeling approach to evaluate the management decisions on surface water and groundwater diversions in the agricultural watershed of the Urumqi River Basin of Xinjiang in Northwestern China. A rule-based daily time step RiverWare model was developed to simulate the hydrologic effects of different water management alternatives considering irrigation and drainage systems, crop water use, and diversion rules at the diversion dams within the basin. Daily data period from 2005 to 2009 was used to calibrate the model and 2010-2012 was used to validate the model. A calibrated daily RiverWare model was then used to evaluate the management decisions under different drought scenarios that generated by using the snowmelt runoff model (SRM) that developed to simulate inflow from upstream of Yingxiongqiao gaging station. Two drought scenarios (reduced precipitation and increased temperature) analysis were performed, and the corresponding hydrological variables were compared to the baseline scenario. The results indicated that the model adequately reproduced the historical inflows for the Wulabo Reservoir. The scenario analysis results suggest that the reduced precipitation led to increased groundwater pumping for irrigation both in the spring and summer. The increased temperature induces a significant increase in surface runoff in the basin and leads to increased crop water demand within the irrigation district, and however does not necessarily reduce the groundwater pumpage. Water operation policies from RiverWare provide guidelines for conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water resources within the basin under different water supply scenarios in the future.
50
AZIZBEKYAN, TATEVIK. "‘SPEAKING’ VERBS IN MIDDLE ARMENIAN." Scientific bulletin 1, no. 43 (2022): 166–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24234/scientific.v1i43.13.
Full textAbstract:
Identifying specific weight of verbs in the Armenian grammatical system, semantic diversity, communicative value, and communicative abilities, it is imperative to analyze the semantic grouping of verbs and the connective features of lexical groups, which will contribute to the discovery of lexical meaning and syntactic-conjunctive interrelationships. The purpose of this article is to show the boundaries, features, and linguistic potential of the most diversified collection of verbs in the lexicon-proverbial verbs.
 The analysis of verbs denoting ‘speaking’ in Middle Armenian brings to the conclusion that these verbs possess a common quality - that of telling information. Based upon this fact one can say that there are two subgroups within these verbs: a) single-stream and b) reciprocal verbs denoting speaking. Within the studied verbs, the stylistically neutral verb ‘say’ which is the most frequently used one due to its polysemy. As a rule, the verbs denoting speaking or other verbs used in the same meaning possess or gain the transitivity with two objects, one of which is presupposed or imposed by the grammatical rank of the verb (direct object) and the second – by the meaning of the verb (indirect object). In other words, the verbs of the studied group take two objects.