Academic literature on the topic 'Connection Existence Period (CEP)'

The objective of this paper is to investigate the existence of the Feldstein and Horioka puzzle in transition countries, divided into three groups of countries: South-East Europe (SEE), Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Central to this puzzle is the ? coefficient, which measures the relationship between domestic savings and investment. In their seminal paper from 1980 Feldstein and Horioka estimated a value of the ? coefficient close to 1, which in their opinion indicates low capital mobility as opposed to the theory and the conventional wisdom of perfect capital mobility. We use annual data for the period 1991-2010 and panel cointegration econometric technique to examine this relationship in three panels of countries (SEE, CEE, and CIS). We find that the puzzle of Feldstein and Horioka exists in all three panels, but the connection between savings and investment is generally lower than 1. As we move towards a panel composed of the larger and richer countries the value of the ? coefficient increases. Moreover, the coefficient of adjustment of the disequilibrium between domestic savings and investment is positive in all cases, indicating that any imbalance between savings and investment is not corrected immediately.

We show that the OPAL opacities, in addition to explaining the origin of β Cep stars pulsations, also predict existence of a large region in the Main Sequence band at lower luminosities, where high-order g-modes of low harmonic degrees, l, are unstable. The excitation mechanism remains the same and is due to the usual κ-effect acting in the metal opacity bump (T ≈ 2 × 105K). The new instability domain nearly bridges the gap in spectral types between δ Set and β Cep stars. Periods of unstable modes are in the range 0.4–3.5 days for l = 1 and l = 2. We propose that this excitation mechanism causes photometric variability in the Slowly Pulsating B-type stars (SPB stars, Waelkens 1991) and perhaps in other B stars whose variability in the same period range has been reported.

Abstract The north tropical Atlantic (NTA) displays significant sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) during the ENSO decaying spring. This study identifies a largely weakened impact of ENSO on the SSTA concentrated over the northeast tropical Atlantic (NETA) after the mid-1980s, while the impacts on the SSTA over the northwest tropical Atlantic (NWTA) are stable during the whole period. Different SST datasets can recognize this weakened connection between ENSO and the NETA SSTA, suggesting the robustness in this decadal variation. The El Niño–related teleconnections shift westward after the mid-1980s, and thus the anomalous southwesterly, leading to the positive NTA SSTA via the wind–evaporation–SST feedbacks, is restricted over the NWTA without extending eastward. As a result, the positive SSTA rises only over the NWTA but is diminished over the NETA. The regime shift in these circulation anomalies is due to the westward shift in the El Niño–induced convection and circulation anomalies from the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) to the central equatorial Pacific (CEP). Further analysis indicates that the intensified zonal SST gradient over the equatorial Pacific leads to a westward shift of Pacific Walker circulation after the mid-1980s. The westward shift of Walker circulation contributes to the convergent circulation anomalies over the CEP and thus results in the El Niño–induced precipitation anomalies concentrated there. Significance Statement Previous studies have indicated a positive connection between ENSO and the succeeding spring SSTA over the north tropical Atlantic (NTA), and this connection tends to be unstable. This study identifies a decadal weakening in the connection between ENSO and the SSTA actually concentrated over the northeast part of tropical Atlantic (NETA) after the mid-1980s. Further analysis indicates that the decadal changes in the ENSO–NETA connection are due to the westward shift in the ENSO-related convection and teleconnections, resulting from the westward shift of Pacific Walker circulation, induced by the intensified zonal SST gradient over the equatorial Pacific after the mid-1980s. The result implies a decadal change in NTA SSTA structure, which may bring different climate anomalies in the surrounding area.

Introduction. Despite the apparent connection of the existing neurological disorders and changes in the psycho-emotional sphere with sleep disorders in patients with chronic mercury intoxication (CRI), these relationships remain the least studied in the clinic neurointoxications. The study aimed to establish a connection between neurophysiological, biochemical, and psychopathological indicators in patients with occupational chronic mercury intoxication and insomnia. Materials and methods. Thirty-six patients took part in the examination in the remote period of CRI. The average age of patients in this group was 50.7±1.05 years, with an average work experience of 14.7±1.05. The authors carried out a psychological examination to determine the levels of depression, anxiety, asthenic state, computed electroencephalography (EEG), cognitive evoked potentials (CEP), polysomnography, the level of neurotransmitters. Results. The study showed that asthenization, when exposed to mercury, occurs due to a decrease in the limbic-hypothalamo-reticular complex activity (the presence of equivalent dipole sources of pathological activity in the area of diencephalic formations (thalamus, hypothalamus) in 56.2±5.6% of cases. The study showed a decrease in activity cerebral cortex, confirmed by weakening the coherent connections of the α-range in the occipital, central and frontal leads according to the data of coherent EEG analysis and changes on the part of the CEP. There was a direct correlation between the level of total sleep time and the serotonin level (rs=0.45), an inverse relationship between the level of depression and histamine level (rs=-0.56). Conclusion. The studies carried out to make it possible to establish the mechanisms of insomnia disorders in chronic mercury intoxication, which cause a weakening of the tone of the cerebral cortex and changes in neurotransmitter metabolism, as well as disorders of the reticular system with limbic structures. The study showed a close direct relationship between neurophysiological, psychological, and biochemical parameters in implementing insomnia in patients with chronic mercury intoxication.

AbstractWe give a new proof of the Hansen–Mullen irreducibility conjecture. The proof relies on an application of a (seemingly new) sufficient condition for the existence of elements of degree n in the support of functions on finite fields. This connection to irreducible polynomials is made via the least period of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of functions with values in finite fields. We exploit this relation and prove, in an elementary fashion, that a relevant function related to the DFT of characteristic elementary symmetric functions (that produce the coefficients of characteristic polynomials) satisfies a simple requirement on the least period. This bears a sharp contrast to previous techniques employed in the literature to tackle the existence of irreducible polynomials with prescribed coefficients.

The article reveals the features of the toponymic names of M. Auezov's epic novel "The Way of Abai", their history, the connection of names with specific historical events of that period. An attempt is made to perform a linguistic analysis of toponyms, and their statistical analysis is given. The authors emphasize the undoubted connection of place names with the conditions of the people's existence, which can be traced in historical geographical names, the socio-political structure of the state, and the lifestyle of the population. The article provides a classification of toponyms, argued by textual examples, an etymological analysis of some toponyms is carried out.

Photometry of AU Ser, a contact binary in poor thermal contact, was made using the 1-meter reflector of the Yunnan Observatory, China, in 1991, 1992and 1995. Our observations, together with Binnendijk’s (1972), show variations in light curves similar to ones of VW Cep:1)Changes in sign and value of O’Connell effect. According to Binnendijk(1972), the maximum following primary minimum was higher than the other maximum, i.e., the O’Connell effect was positive. In our 1991 and 1992 light curves it became negative. After three years, however, the situation has reversed again.2)Variations of the difference between minimum depths.The difference in 1991 was smaller than that in 1969 and 1970. It got smallest in 1992 and largest in 1995. The difference increases by about 0.3 mag in three years, which is hard to explained.3)The phase shift. The observed minimum phase in 1991, 1992 and 1995 have progressively displaced forward with respect to computed minimum phase according to Binnendijk’s ephemeris. The O-C diagram seems to indicate a sudden decrease of orbital period after 1970. Also, short period oscillations have been found at frequencies of 0.0003, 0.005 and 0.0075 Hz. Flickering. with an average amplitude of about 0.05 mag, can be seen in the light curves. The power spectral analysis suggest the existence of oscillations. It is unusual that such oscillations exist in a contact binary.

The article is devoted to the study of cultural and historical attitudes of students. The attitudes of students to the period of existence, causes and consequences of the collapse of the USSR as the main topic are investigated. The study used two versions of the questionnaire developed for this purpose: an abbreviated one, containing 14 questions and expanded version based on it, containing 50 questions. The expanded version of the questionnaire in particular allowed to obtain data on students perception of the problem of the existence of the people as a cultural and historical phenomenon, the problem of the existence of sovereign countries, democracy, the possibility of creating a union world state and a number of others. The article presents the results concerning the connection of cultural and historical attitudes of students with their socio-demographic characteristics.

In this essay, I explore the Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH) in language acquisition, which suggests the existence of a specific time frame during which humans can achieve native-like fluency in a second language (L2). I begin with a historical overview highlighting the methodological issues and criticism of statistical analysis in CPH studies. I mention two contemporary studies, Hartshorne et al. (2018) and Chen & Hartshorne (2021), which I posit to be good examples of how to respond to statistical critiques. I discuss critiques of CPH research methodology, focusing on issues such as the lack of a clear definition for the critical period (CP), variations in experimental designs, and the effects of the native language on second language acquisition. I propose a hypothesis linking the CP to the development of logical thinking in children and suggest using neuroimaging techniques, i.e., ERP and fMRI, to investigate this connection, drawing on proposals by Krashen (1975) and Rosansky (1975) to connect CPH with the theories of Inhelder & Piaget (1958). In summary, the CPH for language acquisition remains a topic of debate, but recent studies have provided stronger statistical support. I encourage continued research to better understand the CP and its relationship with cognitive development.

Starting from previous analytical results assuring the existence of a saddle-node bifurcation curve of periodic orbits for continuous piecewise linear systems, numerical continuation is done to get some primary bifurcation curves for the piecewise linear Chua's oscillator in certain dimensionless parameter plane. The primary period doubling, homoclinic and saddle-node of periodic orbits' bifurcation curves are computed. A Belyakov point is detected in organizing the connection of these curves. In the parametric region between period-doubling, focus-center-limit cycle and homoclinic bifurcation curves, chaotic attractors coexist with stable nontrivial equilibria. The primary saddle-node bifurcation curve plays a leading role in this coexistence phenomenon.

The Tattvasaṃgraha, or Encyclopedia of Metaphysics, is the most influential and most frequently studied philosophical text from the late period of Indian Buddhism. This edition includes verses by Śāntarakṣita (c. 725–788 CE), which are clarified and expounded in the commentary of his student Kamalaśīla (c. 740–795 CE); both of these authors played crucial roles in founding the Buddhist tradition of Tibet. In the Tattvasaṃgraha, they explain, discuss, and critique a vast range of views and arguments from across the whole South Asian philosophical and religious spectrum. The work deals at length with ideas drawn from Buddhism, Jainism, and a variety of traditions now incorporated within Hinduism, including Mīmāṃsā, Nyāya-vaiśeṣika, and Sāṃkhya; it also includes the earliest discussion of Advaita Vedānta in any Buddhist text. The chapters selected for translation from Sanskrit and Tibetan deal with fundamental philosophical issues such as the existence or nonexistence of God and the soul; the nature of matter and of causal relationships; the connection between words and their referents; the rules of logic; the sources of our knowledge; and the compatibility of beliefs about karma with Buddhism’s fundamental claim that there is no self. Introductory chapters discuss translation choices and explain the forms of argument and methods of reasoning employed by Śāntarakṣita and Kamalaśīla.

This book discusses the theological views of Abū Isḥāq al-Ṣaffār d. 534/1139), within the framework of his comments on the meanings of Allah’s names, provided in his work titled Talkhīṣ al-adilla. Abū Isḥāq al-Ṣaffār is one of the Ḥanafite-Māturīdite scholars in the 6th/12th century. In his work titled Talkhīṣ al-adilla li-qawāʿid al-tawḥīd on kalām, he spared extensive space for al-asmāʾ al-husnā. Approximately one third of this work, published in two volumes, is devoted to al-asmāʾ al-husnā. An examination of the related section reveals that al-Ṣaffār explains many issues, particularly those related to the existence, unity, and attributes of Allah, based on 175 al-asmāʾ al-husnā. He mentions some of the names that he does not include in the al-asmāʾ al-husnā section under separate headings. For example, the name al-Mutakallim is addressed within the context of the attribute of kalām and in relation to subjects, such as the khalq al-Qurʾān and i‘jaz al-Qurʾān. Upon the addition of these names to the list, the number names reaches 178. This means that half of the work deals with the subject of al-asmāʾ al-husnā. al-Ṣaffār lists the divine names in alphabetical order and explains them semantically in the chapter of al-asmāʾ al-husnā. Then he goes on to clarify each divine name through a theological lens with a specific reference to the subject of kalām. In the pre-Saffar Ḥanafite-Māturīdite theological literature, there is no other work that addresses al-asmāʾ al-husnā in such an extensive way. This book consists of three main sections. The first section titled “Methodological Framework”, elaborates on the focus, significance, purpose and method of the study, along with the sources used. The first part describes the political, social, and religious status of Transoxiana (Mā-warāʾ al-Nahr) region and the cities of Bukhara and Marw, the sociocultural environment in which Saffar lived. The second chapter addresses various concepts, which promote the understanding of al-asmāʾ al-husnā, such as name, tasmiya, musammā, attribute and qualification in addition to the theological debates such as the number and iḥṣāʾ of al-asmāʾ al-husnā. Then, it provides information about the al-asmāʾ al-husnā literature produced in the pre- Ṣaffār period. The end of each chapter comes with a detailed table with the 178 divine names mentioned by al-Ṣaffār. In the third chapter, the author initially discusses the theological principles that al-Ṣaffār considered while explaining the essence of al-asmāʾ al-husnā. This section also determines and systematically categorizes the theological views and evaluations put forward by al-Ṣaffār while explaining the divine names in Talkhīṣ al-adilla. The tables with the divine names and the related discussions can be seen at the end of the discussion for each subject. The last section presents the conclusions reached, regarding the kalām method based on al-Ṣaffār’s understanding of the essence of al-asmāʾ al-husnā. The present study revealed that he made theological interpretations in 75% of the al-asmāʾ al-husnā and interpreted all theological issues ranging from the subjects of knowledge and existence to the Afterlife in connection with the al-asmāʾ al-husnā. These results indicate that al-Ṣaffār's understanding of kalām is based on the interpretation of the divine names.

The article is devoted to the analysis of doctrinal approaches to the implementation of civil procedural relations. The relevance of this issue is determined by the fact that many works were developed under significantly different conditions, which are significantly different from the current period, and some of the existing conclusions are ambiguous.It is noted that various problems of the functioning of civil procedural legal relations as a constituent element of the mechanism of civil procedural regulation are understudied.It is emphasized that the issue of legal relations is one of the fundamental ones in the theory of law, therefore there is a variety of concepts regarding its definition. It is proposed to understand civil procedural legal relations as dynamic and multi-stage individualized social relations, regulated by the norms of civil procedural law, arising between the court as a mandatory subject, persons participating in the case, and other participants in the civil process, and the connection between which are defined in their rights and obligations arising in civil proceedings for the purpose of ensuring justice in the protection of violated, unrecognized or disputed rights, freedoms or interests of natural persons, rights and interests of legal entities, interests of the state.The signs of legal relations as a special type of social relations are singled out: 1) emergence, termination or change only on the basis of legal norms that directly give rise to them; 2) the existence of mutual subjective rights and obligations of subjects of legal relations; 3) strong-willed character; 4) state protection; 5) individualization of subjects.The place and functions of civil procedural legal relations in the mechanism of civil procedural regulation are analyzed. It is indicated that the mechanism of civil procedural regulation is a system of complex, interconnected and united by a common goal of procedural and legal means, methods and forms that operate in a well-established manner and in constant connection and functioning of which is associated with the legal influence of the state on civil – legal relations aimed at satisfying the public and private interests of the participants and their regulation.It is proposed to divide the functions of civil procedural legal relations in the mechanism of civil procedural regulation into general theoretical functions of civil procedural legal relations and special sectoral functions of civil procedural legal relations.A conclusion was made regarding the optimization of the current civil procedural legislation by excluding from §3 Other participants in the legal process Chapter 4 Participants in the legal process of the Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine such a participant in the legal process as a witness.

The conclusion of contracts was known in ancient times and is still relevant today. Shares that are not distributed in kind can cause certain difficulties that force the interested parties to decide on distribution.Joint ownership of inherited property received from a family member necessitates joint decision-making on its maintenance, ownership, use, and disposal, and it is difficult to achieve such a consensus on all issues. Therefore, quite often a certain period may pass from the acquisition of the right to a share in the joint property to its distribution, but due to conflicts regarding the use of the property or in the case of the need to receive funds or for other reasons, the joint property is divided by the co-owners. That is, the reasons may even be questions of how to use agricultural land, for example, to rent it out, sow it yourself, plant a garden, etc. However, the complexity of the division of land plots is because it is difficult to «divide» agricultural lands at least. After all, their intended use depends on the size, etc. Quite often, disputes also arise regarding the use of residential buildings, since the size and location of the rooms make their use impossible or difficult, as well as the distribution in kind according to the inherited shares. In other words, there is a certain «trading» of assets. If the situation is related to the distribution of a small plot of land where the house is located, then questions also arise regarding the establishment of an easement, as well as mutual concessions for the compensation of a part of the house in exchange for most of the land. In general, there are protracted negotiations, from the point of view of which these parties, who are still in a family relationship, agree on the division of property.Factors that can affect the outcome of property division include unique family circumstances, the specific nature of assets, and traditional legal practices. The parties will use different mechanisms for the division of joint assets: sale, donation, or exchange, under the terms of which they «trade» with the consent of others their rights as co-owners of jointly owned objects. The various evolutionary stages of the agreement on the division of property by the testator’s family culminate in the final stage of agreeing. The agreement on the division of inheritance is a complex legal process. Potentially, in a single transaction, the beneficiaries can choose and implement the division by sale, exchange, or donation. These different legal constructions reflect the uniqueness of the decisions in each agreement and to some extent demonstrate the specific legal practice of the individual Old Babylonian city-state and the particular circumstances of each family.However, in addition to the division of property, there are other agreements regarding the division of inheritance. For example, an agreement on quasi-partition upon adoption (quasi-adoption), an agreement on the division of residential property by the owner between its future beneficiaries.The need to conclude such agreements arises when an agreement on the division of property is required, which differs from such concepts as sale, donation, exchange, etc.Domestic scientists consider the agreement on the distribution of joint property very broadly and include other types of agreements in the list of such agreements, establishing that the agreement on changing the succession of the right to inheritance by law is atypical. It was determined that the contract under investigation belongs to contracts on the distribution of inheritance. Agreements on the distribution of inheritance are concluded in the field of inheritance, which indicates that they belong to inheritance agreements. It is proposed to supplement the existing classifications of civil law contracts by distinguishing a new type of civil law contracts – contracts in the law of inheritance on the level with the selection of a new type of inheritance contracts – contracts on the distribution of inheritance.» This is a bold hypothesis, but it is difficult to agree with it for various reasons, not least because the distribution of inheritance has been known since ancient times.The factor that the term «distribution» of inheritance and giving it a broad legal meaning is analyzed is an interesting author’s hypothesis. At the same time, according to our position, the term «distribution of inheritance» is more balanced, since in Art. 1278 of the Civil Code does not quite successfully use the term «division», when in the content of this norm it is about the equality of shares in the inheritance and the allocation of a share in kind, and not about division. However, in Part 1 of Art. 1280 of the Civil Code, the term «distribution» is used with a direct meaning and «redistribution» as an opportunity to review the results of the distribution under new circumstances – in the case of acceptance of the inheritance by other heirs. In essence, the obvious meaning of the term «distribution» follows from this norm as the initial determination of the ownership of the share of each of the heirs. In this sense, the redistribution of the inheritance should be connected with the possible introduction of changes to the previously made distribution, that is, in this case, we do not limit the number of subsequent redistributions of the inheritance. This hypothesis is related to the fact that the number of heirs who missed the deadline for valid reasons is not limited by legislation and cannot be limited, but is determined by various legal circumstances.Therefore, it is hardly expedient and possible, to apply in Art. 1280 of the Civil Code, the concept of «distribution» should be given a wider meaning than it has in the Civil Code, as this would lead to its ambiguous perception and application both in theory and in legislation and practice. Usually, theoretical terms should be distinguished by being original and should accurately reflect the legal meaning of actions, events, or conditions.But an important element of the procedure for the distribution of common inheritance property or its redistribution are the subjects who must fix the relevant agreement or carry out such distribution according to their conviction.It is indicated that the practice of concluding contracts by the living owner with his future heirs is widespread in foreign countries. At the same time, German experts equate inheritance with what they consider to be contractual inheritance.It should be noted that the practice of concluding contracts on the distribution of inheritance in the practice of the Ukrainian notary is relatively new and does not have clear boundaries in regulation, which complicates the activity of notaries in certifying such contracts. There are several difficulties in the application of relevant legal norms in practice, as there is a lack of understanding of the legal nature and essence of the conclusion of contracts, the term of conclusion, and the procedure for notarization.The opinions of individual authors are studied, about legal relations regarding the division of inheritance characterized by a weak state policy, this obliges the participants of such relations to draw up the content of agreements on the division of inheritance independently. For agreements between heirs on the distribution of inheritance to be valid regulators of the relations of its participants (heirs), conditions (clauses) must be clarified and formulated, which will be disclosed with sufficient completeness and consistency of the content of the relevant agreement and the purpose of its conclusion.We do not agree with this point of view of the scientist regarding «weak state policy», since the Central Committee of Ukraine was not created by politicians or the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, but by leading scientists of Ukraine. It is also difficult to agree with the statement that the lack of clear regulation of the terms of inheritance contracts «obliges the participants of such relationships to independently draw up the content of inheritance distribution contracts.» In Ukraine, some good notaries and lawyers can draw up high-quality contracts for the distribution of inheritance. Moreover, according to Art. 4 of the Law of Ukraine «On Notaries», notaries have the right to draw up relevant draft contracts. In our opinion, it is worth emphasizing here that this is a right, not a duty of a notary public. That is, the notary may not undertake the drafting of the relevant project, but this provision is positive for interested parties since the lack of experience in drafting original contracts will most likely lead to the drafting of a low-quality draft contract. Indeed, in this case, it is worth looking for an experienced notary who will be able to draw up a draft contract, but this will make it possible to prevent errors in its drafting with a high probability.Thus, the agreement on the distribution of inheritance enters into force if the parties reach an agreement in the proper form on all the essential terms of the agreement. The main essential condition for agreeing on the division of inheritance is the subject of the agreement. However, either party may consider this condition insufficient and propose to include additional conditions in the contract. In this case, these conditions become essential. In connection with the instability of the regulation of the content of contracts between heirs on the distribution of inheritance, it can be concluded that the inclusion of normal conditions in the contract is currently impossible. We believe that such a general scheme of perception of contract terms is not entirely rational, since how to perceive ordinary terms or essential terms of a contract quite often in practice depends on the judgments of the parties to the contract unless otherwise regulated by legislation. This issue can be approached more precisely if we take into account the possibility of interpreting transactions and contracts (Article 213 of the Civil Code).So, based on the essence of the process of concluding contracts, it should be taken into account that the notary who drafts the contract can edit it, therefore it is worth recognizing the right of the notary to interpret it, since according to Art. 5 of the Law of Ukraine «On Notaries», he is obliged to clarify the legal consequences that will arise for persons after his certification. It follows from this that the notary must be given the official right to interpret the contract upon its certification, then it will be clear that after its certification, the court can interpret the content of the contract. In this regard, Art. 213 of the Civil Code is proposed to be supplemented with a corresponding provision regarding the powers of the notary, namely: his duty to interpret the content of the deed or contract before and during its certification.The Inheritance Regulation, which envisages wide acceptance of the inheritance contract, is considered. It is noted that it is worth revising Ukrainian inheritance law in advance for compliance with European standards since after Ukraine accedes to the EU it will be necessary to inform all EU countries about what types of contracts in Ukraine will be related to the issuance of the European Certificate of Succession.This is also important for inheritance by law, because, in case of non-fulfillment of the terms of the lifetime maintenance (care) agreement and the inheritance agreement, they will have to be terminated or recognized as invalid or unfulfilled by the acquirer, so the property that was the subject of this agreement will be inherited by law. At the same time, if the terms of these agreements are fulfilled, the part of the property that belonged to the testator will not be inherited but will become the property of the acquirers.The process of accepting the inheritance is quite long, and the inheritance law allows for several agreements between the heirs, which can significantly affect the size of the inheritance shares and the real things in each share in the inheritance. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the possibility of agreements between the heirs at different stages of accepting or not accepting the inheritance. From communication with one of the clients, the author learned that the notary unofficially advised the heirs to agree on the distribution of the inheritance, as well as for certain heirs to waive the right to inheritance, but to receive a proper share of the inheritance in household items. When the author was informed of all the circumstances of the inheritance case, it became clear that the notary could not solve the complex inheritance problem, since the inheritance took place based on a will and some heirs had the right to a mandatory share, as well as part of the property remained. So, in such a situation, it was necessary to solve an arithmetical and at the same time legal problem, the complexity of which was determined by the complex subject composition of numerous heirs. Therefore, the notary tried to simplify its solution by artificially «transforming» the heirs who have the right to a mandatory share into ordinary heirs who claim property that is not subject to recording in the certificate of the right to inheritance.A natural will was considered, when the testator bequeathed the specific property to each of the heirs, namely: a house to a daughter, a factory to one son, and a yacht to another let’s say. In such a case, the will of the testator is formulated in the Shodo of the objects of inheritance, so it is difficult to perceive the consequences of the refusal of one of the heirs to inherit, when the yacht will be divided into equal shares between the son and the daughter, because: firstly, the value of the factory and the house will be different, so someone from the testator gave the children a larger inheritance than the other. Secondly, in the case of the existence of a part of the inheritance not covered by the will, it can be assumed with a high degree of probability that the will of the testator was formulated about a certain property and nothing more. Therefore, in case of refusal of one of the heirs to inherit under the will, the property bequeathed to him should be considered as not covered by the will and should be inherited according to the law. That is, if the will of the testator regarding the entire property is revealed, it can be assumed that he thus intended to deprive one of the heirs of the right to inheritance.At the same time, the will must be interpreted not only by the heirs under the will but also by the heirs under the law, when its content concerns the right to a mandatory share in the inheritance, which belongs to the heirs under the law of the first rank, who due to incapacity have the right to claim it, as well as the recipients of the response. With a high degree of probability, it can be assumed that the inheritance, which consists of household items, will be divided even without a written agreement. However, the interpretation of a will, which concerns a substantial inheritance between a significant number of heirs, requires not only a written form of recording of agreements – a contract, but also, in our opinion, a notarial form that will allow recording the agreement more reliably, to explain to the parties to the contract the consequences of its conclusion. If all interested parties sign the agreement, and the notary recognizes it as legal, then it will be difficult to recognize it as illegal or invalid in the next one. Therefore, the agreement on the interpretation of the will, which will establish the specific rights of the heirs and their obligations regarding the coverage of the testator’s debts, is a rational form of specification of the terms of the inheritance, which will allow establishing the executor of the will, if he was not determined by the testator.We can assume with a high degree of probability that similar «simplified calculations» are made by other notaries, as well as directly by the heirs, and certain agreements are not necessary here.

In theory, the foreign direct investment and environmental pollution nexus is explained by three hypotheses. Firstly, pollution haven hypothesis assumes that there is a positive nexus between these variables. Secondly, pollution halo hypothesis supposes that there is negative connection between these variables. Lastly, neutrality hypothesis asserts the non-existence of the connection between these variables. In recent years, many researchers have frequently tested whether these hypotheses are valid for different countries. In this study, applying Westerlund panel cointegration test, the authors aim to explore the nexus between foreign direct investment and environmental pollution for 23 developing countries after global crisis. For this aim, they use annual data covering the period 2009-2019. According to the obtained empirical findings, the presence of the long-term nexus between foreign direct investment and environmental pollution is not detected for 23 developing countries. Accordingly, the authors can say that there is neutrality hypothesis.

Introduction: The present study attempts to capture the dynamic connection between the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and stock indices of select Asian emerging economies like China, India, South Korea, Indonesia, Hong Kong, and Thailand, along with the volatility in the select stock markets occurring out of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: The study period begins on January 1, 2019 and continues up to April 6, 2022. The Bai-Perron test for the identification of structural breaks and the Wald test for the determination of short-run causality are used. Granger causality test measures the existence of uni-directional or bi-directional causality. To capture the volatility, Dummy-GARCH (1,1) along with EGARCH are used. Results: The results reveal the existence of causality over the short-run among the indices and COVID-19, as well as the existence of ARCH and GARCH effects in most of the stock indices, which may have occurred due to the external shock of the pandemic. Conclusion: The stock markets across the globe are experiencing depressed sentiment, which is replicated in the numerous crashes in the stock indices in all parts of the world.

The persistent and intricate symbiotic relationship between plants and human beings surpasses temporal and cultural borders, profoundly influencing the fundamental nature of human existence. Plants are crucial in providing nourishment, clothing, shelter, and therapeutic resources, making them essential components of everyday existence. The varied nature of this job transcends temporal and geographical boundaries, exhibiting relevance in various communities and historical epochs. The significant role of plants in preserving health and promoting health resonates with the principles of classical wisdom and traditional folk knowledge systems. As society progresses into the future, it is crucial to recognize and safeguard the invaluable knowledge of plants for the collective progress of humanity. The enduring significance of preserving our natural environment and the inherent wisdom it contains is demonstrated by the indisputable interconnectedness between plants and the existence of human beings. In a period characterized by significant technological advancements and profound societal changes, acknowledging and preserving our botanical history is crucial in promoting sustainable development. This chapter emphasizes the inherent connection between the Earth's ecological state and its population's welfare, emphasizing the imperative to save and diligently transmit this floral heritage to succeeding cohorts. The preservation of the deep interrelation between plants and human existence is evidence of the lasting wisdom inherent in the natural world, directing humans toward a future characterized by harmony and sustainability.

The clash of temporal cultures implicit in modern imperial relationships is further evident in the next chapter, in which Eve Morrison asks how far ‘Irish time’ was irreplaceably lost through the processes of modernisation, war and revolution. In Ireland, the modern standard was often seen as a characteristic of English superiority. By turning attention to the expression of day-to-day existence in the Irish revolutionary movement, this chapter makes a fundamental connection between these high debates about the organisation of modern society and the experience of time in a period of violent upheaval. The clash between that lived existence and the increasing attempts of the British state to control daily life through time-measures such as the curfew was written into the politics of nationalist revolution. The quotidian experience of revolution gave Irish nationalism a sense of a living, albeit violently jarred, human present. Ironically, in the end, the independent state found Greenwich Time convenient and attempts to revive ‘Irish time’ tended to get nowhere – at least in Irish national political debate. The experience of the present was thus politicised; but the ordinary experience of time could also be mundanely local, in spite of those high debates in parliament and the early Dáils.

The article is the first to reconstruct the image of a commune in the “estate myth” of M.M. Prishvin on the material of his diaries of the 1920–1950s. In the writer’s work, the images of a garden, an estate house, a summer residence embody the idea of human space management. In a number of diary entries can be found allusions to the A.P. Chekhov’s idea that “all Russia is our garden”, Prishvin reinterprets this metaphor in the context of the problem of “socialism” in the philosophy of Christian personalism (A.А. Ukhtomsky, A.А. Meyer, A.К. Gorsky, etc.). In the diaries of 1937, appears the image of the “Нeavenly commune”, derivating from the myth of the Invisible city of Kitezh in the culture of the Silver Age. The “estate myth” in the Soviet period includes allusions to the religious and philosophical ideas of A.S. Khomyakov (the church as a single God-human organism), the idea of “all-unity” (“God-manhood”) by V.S. Solovyov. The myth of the “Нeavenly commune” becomes the basis for the plot of the return to the lost house, the prototype of which is the Khrushchevo estate and its transformed image in the country estate in the village of Dunino, acquired by Prishvin in 1946. The house in Dunino and the plot of collecting the ecumenical house associated with the image of dacha existence become the basis of Prishvin’s “estate myth” in the Soviet period, where the topos of the estate-dacha is included in the author’s philosophical reflections on the connection between the microcosm and the macrocosm, defining the connection between the concepts of “estate” — “common house” — “Commune” — “nature” — “Church”.

The begin of third decade of 19-th century, usually associated with the increase in popularity of Romanticism, was also period of specific manifestation of symbiotic connection of literaturę and fashion. Awareness of existence of such correlation – symptomatic in the dimension of European esthetic transformations, concerned both the writers with their readers and press editors. The press of that type gives many examples of this phenomenon. The article presents the mutual relations of both concepts, manifested on the pages of Polish journals of `20. As shows the analysis of the material from two magazines published in that time: „Warszawianin” and „Kurier dla Płci Pięknej”, favouring the „fashionable” literature resulted in publication of texts with the high degree of presentism, (topicality) focused on reporting current social events. It was production released from burden of universal veracity and authenticity which were imposed by magazines of kind of journaux savantes. Focused on the outer beauty, its ephemeral forms, preceded – in some ways- the subsequent Baudelairean idea of fugitive beauté.

The superficies solo cedit principle experienced its natural golden age in the period of the Middle Ages in Europe, when land relations had little in common with the private legal sphere and were completely determined by the measure of public legal power arising from land rights. At the same time, this principle has taken root in the national tradition of pri-vate law in many European countries. Considering this, it finds strong supporters in the modern civil law doctrine and judicial practice of Ukraine.The standpoint regarding the need to implement the superficies solo cedit principle con-sistently is becoming more and more widespread, and as a result, only land plots are de-clared real estate in a purely legal (namely, civil law) sense, while everything that is insepa-rably connected with the plots is proposed to be considered their constituent part that does not have an independent object existence (principle of the unity of the real estate object).A moderate position is also expressed, which is based on the existence of two objects of law: a land plot and an artificial real estate built on it, and points to their inseparable factual (physical) connection with each other, which must be taken into account by establishing the same inseparable legal connection of these objects (the principle of the unity of the legal fate of the land plot and the immovable property located on it).At the same time, the mentioned trends do not take into account the situation that has actually developed regarding this issue in Ukraine over the past 100 years where, both in fact and legally, land plots and buildings on them are different objects of law, in most cases they belong to different persons, and participate in economic turnover according to differ-ent rules. So active introduction of the superficies solo cedit principle into national legal life under such conditions raises serious doubts.

The developmental pace of human civilization can be sustained through quality healthcare services, along with an accelerated rate of economic growth, by raising the perception of sustainability in society. The World Health Organization, in this context, defines the term ‘health’ as a ‘particular state of human beings where three parameters of well-being, namely physical, psychological, and social function, are simultaneously provided without the existence of any diseases.’ It is undeniable that the progress of human society can be nourished only through fulfilling the goal of ending poverty and inequality. As sustainable development contributes a major part to human development, priority should be given to environmental protection. However, the dismal fact is that in many third-world as well as second-world countries, humans are still victims of discriminating factors grounded in worldwide socio-economic settings. The injustice and inequalities against them for a long period produce a detrimental retrogression of their health. In this connection, the physical and mental well-being of humans demands a lot of attention for attaining sustainable development throughout the world according to SD-Goal-3.

This paper explores the relationship between directors’ remuneration and banks’ performance using extensive panel data for the period 2002–2021, to be able to make comparisons between the COVID-19 period and the pre-COVID-19 period and also make a comparison with the Great Financial Crisis born in the US in 2007. The scientific analysis methodology adopted is based on panel data analysis and the content analysis approach. The first results of the data analysis allow highlighting the existence of a significant connection between the remuneration policies adopted by the US banks with respect to the results obtained in terms of profitability. These findings can help banks identify best practices for bank management during the financial international crisis, as well as provide useful insights to different categories of stakeholders, including bank regulators and supervisors

Lake Tikvara is the most significant hydrological unit of the "Tikvara" Nature Park. The paper presents the results of hydrobiological research with the aim of monitoring the fish fauna and relevant ecological factors of the "Tikvara" hydroecosystem from 2018 to 2023. The association of selected abiotic parameters, including changes in the water level of the Danube, with changes in the structure of the phytoplankton, benthic, and nektonic communities of Tikvara was analyzed. The results indicated the existence of a connection between the period of high and low water levels and the structure of the investigated communities, which was also reflected, indirectly, by the association of changes in biotic communities with the variation of certain abiotic (temperature, transparency) and biotic components (intraspecies relationships) of this unique hydroecosystem

Abstract: This paper seeks to demonstrate that Le Corbusier's autodidactic agenda between 1908 and 1911 reflects a consistent philosophical reasoning based on the philosophical tradition of German idealism. The vehicle of analysis is the connection between Édouard Schuré's 'Sanctuaires d'Orient', a book Le Corbusier read in 1908, and three key episodes of the subsequent period of travel. Schuré's book provides us with the philosophical framework to which he was exposed. The three episodes, in turn, are taken as case studies in order to demonstrate the correlation between the philosophical background of the book and Le Corbusier's changing attitudes during this period. The terms of this correlation are based on an evolutionary conception of history and can be synthesized as the belief in cultural progress, leading to a new society built upon the unity of science, religion and art, in a secular-sacred life attained through the recovery of a pantheistic existence, and in art and architecture as a means to an epistemological experience. I will lastly argue that this creates the basis for the lifelong influence of idealism in Le Corbusier's work and thought. Keywords: Le Corbusier's Education; Schuré; German Idealism; Romanticism. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.671

The paper is devoted to the problem of the number of children in Chinese-Russian families living in Russia in the first half of the 20th century. This issue is considered based on office documents identified in the collections of various Russian archives, as well as ≪Books of memory of victims of political repression in Eastern Transbaikalia≫. The study revealed that, at the beginning of the 20th century, most Chinese-Russian families had no children or only one child; the number of mixed families began to grow in the first half of the 1920s. The paucity of children was due to the short period of existence of most such families. In general, while Chinese-Russian families with two children predominated in Russia, there were many families with one child. After political repression, families with many children became rarer. Ultimately, most Chinese migrants before the 1940s did not start families in Russia; an additional factor that hindered the formation of an established Chinese diaspora was the weak connection of children from mixed marriages with Chinese culture.

The thematic framework of this paper indicates the fact that the world we live in today will not be the same tomorrow. Globalisation is a phenomenon that dominantly marks the time starting from the end of the World War II to the present day and as such shapes the political, economic and social life of the world, unevenly and with different consequences. This universal process, which includes strong political and military connections between people and countries, is gaining in intensity over time, with a profound tendency to cover all spheres of individual and collective existence of the people around the world, changing the rules and norms of behavior, value systems and lifestyles of entire communities. This paper will examine the mutual relation between globalisation and warfare or other conflicts fought in the previous period or that are still being fought, as well as the relation of cause and effect between globalisation and warfare over that period, in order to determine whether wars and other conflicts are actually the initial trigger for making the process of globalisation faster and in order to discover in what way they do that. The paper also deals with a historical connection between warfare and globalisation through the impact of historical contradictions on the globalisation directions, and also through the identification of the part of military challenges, risks, and threats in the process of globalisation. Additionally, the paper will consider the impact of military conflicts on globalisation directions by means of foreign interests aimed at limiting the sovereignty of nation states. Key words: security, globalisation, conflict, war, risk, international relations, sovereignty, interest, impact

This study aims at analyzing the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Growth in Turkey by using Threshold Cointegration. As the studies about the impact of Foreign Direct Investment on growth are surveyed, it is seen that all of them uses liner methods except two. Starting point of these studies that use liner methods are the positive relationship between Growth and Foreign Direct Investment. As such, Yılmaz and Barbaros (2006) find positive relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and market size in Turkey between 1980 and 2001. Erdal and Tatoğlu (2002) reach the same conclusion for the period of 1980-1998 by using real Gross Domestic Product as a proxy for market size. Deichmann, Karidis and Sayek (2003) find positive linkage between Foreign Direct Investment and Gross Domestic Product in Turkey by using Conditional Logit Model. Bildirici and Bozoklu (2008) find positive relationship between growth and Foreign Direct Investment by using Markov Switching Vector Auto Regression method. Katırcıoğlu (2009) analyses the connection between Foreign Direct Investment and economic development by using Auto Regressive Distributed Lag and indicates that economic development causes net Foreign Direct Investment. Darrat and Sarkar (2009) state the affirmative effects of the Foreign Direct Investment on growth as expected theoretically. Bildirici, Bozoklu (2008) find positive relationship between growth and Foreign Direct Investment in Turkey. Bildirici, Alp and Kayıkçı (2010) state the existence of threshold effect for these variables. This study intends to research this effect in historical perspective, using Threshold Cointegration Analysis.

The contribution focuses on the fortified structure of Tocco Casauria, ancient Castrum Tocci, analysing its defensive structure in relation to the environmental context and the development of the urban core. The castle rises in a dominant position over the upper Pescara valley. Its strategic location allowed the control of an important territorial area in which the main connections between the interior and the Adriatic strip took place, through the original consular routes of Via Claudia and Via Tiburtina Valeria. The first settlement dates back to the early medieval period, as evidenced by the coeval collection of chronicles reported in the Liber instrumentorum seu chronicorum monasterii Casauriensis documenting the heritage of the nearby Abbey of San Clemente a Casauria in the 11th-12th centuries, known as Chronicon Casauriense. The text mentions the existence of the manor, proven by deeds and donations that took place within it, before the Frederician period in which the structure was strengthened for its irreplaceable tasks of sighting the entire Pescara River valley and defending the territory. The surveillance of a neuralgic crossroads considered to be the key to the three Abbruzzi, as it connected Chieti, L’Aquila and Pescara through the Tremonti Gorge passing through Popoli, where Cantelmo Castle stands, allowed the connection between the Tirino and Pescara River valleys. The earthquake of 1456 destroyed the primitive structure, which was rebuilt and converted into the residence of the De Tortis dukes, as evidenced by the epigraph in the courtyard of the renovated Ducal Palace. A further change due to the seismic event in 1706 established the last modification of the fortified palace by the Pinelli dynasty, which was succeeded by the Caracciolo dynasty, whose heirs lived there until World War II. In short, the survey, starting from the current findings that see the structure in a state of complete abandonment, retraces its salient stages while documenting the evolutionary phases of the historical centre, in which the imposing bulk of the castle still emerges today, dominating the peculiar landscape.

Background: Clinical practice throughout the pandemic has generated a debate about the existence of neurotropism and the neuropathogenic capacity of the new coronavirus. Medical professionals have noted that there is a wide spectrum of neurological manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 infections; from hyposmia to encephalopathy. The interaction of the viral protein spike (S) with the ACE2 gene present in endothelial and nerve cells and the cytokine storm triggered by COVID-19 are explanatory bases for a series of mechanisms proposed in recent literature. Objectives: To establish a direct connection, or not, between neurological manifestations and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Design and setting: Analysis of the current literature present in medical databases. Methods: To select the studies, the Medline (Pubmed), LILACS and SciELO databases were used with the keywords “neurology” and “covid” and “mechanism”. The search period for the articles covered the last 10 months (since June 2020). The selection and design criteria of the studies were descriptive, crosssectional, cohort, case report and randomized clinical study. Results: Thirty-eight articles with potential for inclusion were retrieved, but only seventeen of them declared no conflict of interest and answered the inclusion criteria and the guiding question, which consisted of assessing the association between neurological disorders and COVID-19. Conclusion: Eight studies defend the indirect invasion, due to the imaging exams presenting an olfactory bulb without any alteration. Through infection of the endothelial cells, vascular alterations and wear of the BBB by the cytokine storm. In parallel, the other nine studies advocate direct invasion, where the virus infects the olfactory bulb and reaches the rhinencephalon and midbrain through the axons, generating, for example, the lack of symptoms in the so-called happy hypoxia of the coronavirus. Neuroinvasion in COVID-19 is still unclear, but hypotheses show 2 possible pathways for the virus to access the CNS: hematogenous and retrograde neuronal pathways. To elucidate these pathogenic pathways, larger and more systematic studies will be needed.

Thermal stratification in the primary loops and in the connected pipes can limit the lifetime of the piping, or lead to penetrating cracks due to the stresses caused by the temperature differences and the cyclic temperature changes. Therefore it is essential to determine the thermal hydraulic parameters of the stratified flow. The determination of the affected pipes can be based on the international operational experience and on engineering consideration. The most affected pipes in PWRs are the pressurizer surge line, the injection pipe of the emergency core cooling systems and the feedwater injection pipe of the steam generators. CFD codes can provide an appropriate tool for the examination of the development and the breaking up of the stratification and the determination of the temperature distribution. However, the challenge of the uncertainty of the boundary conditions has to be faced because of the unknown flow circumstances. According to an extensive evaluation, performed in 1998 by the VEIKI, in the VVER-440/213 units of Paks NPP the most affected pipe is the pressurizer surge line [1]. To find out the possible thermal stratification in the surge line, a temperature monitoring system was installed on the YP20 leg of the surge line of the Unit 1 of the Paks NPP in 2000. The measurements showed that during the heat-up period there is a thermal stratification almost all time in the surge line [2]. The maximum temperature differences reach 140 K (140 °C). The surge line has been modeled with the CFD code CFX-5.7. The performed transient simulations confirmed the existence of a thermal stratification in the surge line, but showed permanent recirculation of colder coolant in the lower layer, caused by the asymmetric arrangement of the surge line legs and the asymmetric connection of the two legs to the main loop. In this paper, the surge line model and the results of the transient simulations are presented. The CFD model of the injection pipe of the high pressure Emergency Core Cooling System and the performed simulations for the analysis of occurrence of thermal stratification are presented as well.