Academic literature on the topic 'Connectivité larvaire'
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Journal articles on the topic "Connectivité larvaire"
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Afandy, Zulfikar, Ario Damar, Syamsul Bahri Agus, and Budy Wiryawan. "CORAL LARVAL DISPERSAL MODEL ON CONSERVATION AREA OF KAPOPOSANG MARINE TOURISM PARK." Coastal and Ocean Journal (COJ) 1, no. 2 (2017): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/coj.1.2.39-51.
Full textAbstract:

 The availability of information related to the pattern of connectivity between coral reef is one of the key in coral reef conservation management. The identification of pattern of connectivity in the form of dispersion dynamics of coral larvae is very important as the development of coral reef itself is highly depended upon the external input, which this input must be accordingly managed in order to support the continuity of coral larvae supply. This research’s objectives are including to create the coral larvae dispersal model of Marine Protected Area (MPA) of Kapoposang. For instance, the modelling of coral larvae dispersal had been conducted using the biophysics modelling which combined the biological and physics factor in order to obtain the recruitment scenario and the traces of larvae dispersal. This simulation used coral larvae object with the Pelagic Larval Duration (PLD) for 30 days, the larvae release was conducted during the full moon and during the west and east monsoon. The result of the larvae dispersion model has indicated that the coral larvae dispersion process was influenced by the currents and variation of monsoons. Based coral connectivity pattern on Kapoposang found site Gondongbali, Kapoposang2, Suranti and Pamanggangang as a source. Then other location as sink by received larvae from other site are Gondongbali, Kapoposang, Pamanggangang, Taka Karangkarangang, Taka Pallawangang and Taka Palekko.
 
 
 Keywords
 connectivity, coral reef, larva dispersal, marine protected area, twp kapoposang
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Fox, Alan D., Lea-Anne Henry, David W. Corne, and J. Murray Roberts. "Sensitivity of marine protected area network connectivity to atmospheric variability." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 11 (2016): 160494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160494.
Full textAbstract:
International efforts are underway to establish well-connected systems of marine protected areas (MPAs) covering at least 10% of the ocean by 2020. But the nature and dynamics of ocean ecosystem connectivity are poorly understood, with unresolved effects of climate variability. We used 40-year runs of a particle tracking model to examine the sensitivity of an MPA network for habitat-forming cold-water corals in the northeast Atlantic to changes in larval dispersal driven by atmospheric cycles and larval behaviour. Trajectories of Lophelia pertusa larvae were strongly correlated to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the dominant pattern of interannual atmospheric circulation variability over the northeast Atlantic. Variability in trajectories significantly altered network connectivity and source–sink dynamics, with positive phase NAO conditions producing a well-connected but asymmetrical network connected from west to east. Negative phase NAO produced reduced connectivity, but notably some larvae tracked westward-flowing currents towards coral populations on the mid-Atlantic ridge. Graph theoretical metrics demonstrate critical roles played by seamounts and offshore banks in larval supply and maintaining connectivity across the network. Larval longevity and behaviour mediated dispersal and connectivity, with shorter lived and passive larvae associated with reduced connectivity. We conclude that the existing MPA network is vulnerable to atmospheric-driven changes in ocean circulation.
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Yund, Philip O., Charles E. Tilburg, and Michael A. McCartney. "Across-shelf distribution of blue mussel larvae in the northern Gulf of Maine: consequences for population connectivity and a species range boundary." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 12 (2015): 150513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150513.
Full textAbstract:
Studies of population connectivity have largely focused on along-shelf, as opposed to across-shelf, processes. We hypothesized that a discontinuity in across-shelf mixing caused by the divergence of the Eastern Maine Coastal Current (EMCC) from shore acts as an ecological barrier to the supply of mussel larvae to the coast. Existing data on the relative abundance of two congeneric blue mussels, Mytilus edulis and M. trossulus , were analysed to quantify the association of M. trossulus with the colder temperature signal of the EMCC and generate larval distribution predictions. We then sampled the across-shelf distribution of larvae along two transects during 2011. Larvae were identified using restriction digests of PCR amplicons from the mitochondrial 16S rDNA. Mytilus edulis larvae were consistently abundant on either the inshore and offshore transect ends, but not homogeneously distributed across the shelf, while M. trossulus larvae were less common throughout the study area. The divergence of the EMCC from shore appears to create a break in the connectivity of M. edulis populations by isolating those inshore of the EMCC from upstream larval sources. Across-shelf transport processes can thus produce connectivity patterns that would not be predicted solely on the basis of along-shelf processes.
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Lu, Jiaying, Yuanjie Chen, Zihan Wang, et al. "Larval Dispersal Modeling Reveals Low Connectivity among National Marine Protected Areas in the Yellow and East China Seas." Biology 12, no. 3 (2023): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12030396.
Full textAbstract:
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are vital for protecting biodiversity, maintaining ecosystem integrity, and tackling future climate change. The effectiveness of MPA networks relies on connectivity, yet connectivity assessments are often skipped in the planning process. Here we employed a multi-species biophysical model to examine the connectivity patterns formed among the 21 national MPAs in the Yellow and East China Seas. We simulated the potential larval dispersal of 14 oviparous species of five classes. Larvae of non-migratory species with pelagic larval duration (PLD) were assumed to be passive floating particles with no explicit vertical migration. A total of 217,000 particles were released according to spawning period, living depth, and species distribution, and they were assumed to move with currents during the PLD. Most larvae were dispersed around the MPAs (0–60 m isobaths) and consistent with the currents. Larval export increased with PLD and current velocity, but if PLD was too long, few larvae survived due to high daily mortality during pelagic dispersal. The overall connectivity pattern exhibited a north-to-south dispersal trend corresponding to coastal currents. Our results indicated that the national MPAs in the Yellow and East China Seas did not form a well-connected network and nearly 30% of them were isolated. These MPAs formed three distinct groups, one in the Yellow Sea ecoregion and two in the East China Sea ecoregion. Four MPAs (all in coastal Zhejiang) emerged as key nodes for ensuring multi-generational connectivity. Under the pressure of future climate change, high self-recruitment and low connectivity present significant challenges for building well-connected MPA networks. We suggest adding new protected areas as stepping stones for bioecological corridors. Focused protection of the Yellow Sea ecoregion could have a good effect on the southern part of the population recruitment downstream. Conservation management should be adjusted according to the life cycles and distributions of vulnerable species, as well as seasonal changes in coastal currents. This study provides a scientific basis for improving ecological connectivity and conservation effectiveness of MPAs in the Yellow and East China Seas.
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Takeyasu, Kimika, Yusuke Uchiyama, Xu Zhang, Kosei Matsushita, and Satoshi Mitarai. "A Numerical Analysis on Coral Larval Networks across Reef Areas on the Northwest Coast of Okinawa Main Island, Japan." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 945, no. 1 (2021): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/945/1/012030.
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Abstract Coral bleaching has recently occurred extensively over the world’s oceans, primarily due to high water temperatures. Mesophotic corals that inhabit at depths of approximately 30–150 m are expected to survive during bleaching events and to reseed shallow water corals afterward. In particular, in Okinawa, Japan, mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) have been reported to serve as a refuge to preserve genotypic diversities of bleaching-sensitive corals. Connectivity of larval populations between different habitats is a key element that determines the area to be conserved for desirable coral ecosystems. Coral larvae generally behave passively to the surrounding currents and are transported by the advective and dispersive effects of ambient ocean currents. Thus, numerical ocean circulation models enable us to quantify connectivity with detailed spatiotemporal network structures. Our aim in this study is to quantify the short-distance and vertical connectivity of coral larvae in reef areas on the northwest coast of Okinawa Main Island. For the reason that both short-distance and vertical larval transport are influenced by complex nearshore topography, a very high-resolution 3-D circulation model is required. Therefore, we developed a quadruple nested high-resolution synoptic ocean model at a lateral spatial resolution of 50 m, coupled with an offline 3-D Lagrangian particle-tracking model. After validation of the developed model, short-distance horizontal coral connectivity across reef areas on the northwest coast was successfully evaluated. Furthermore, a series of Lagrangian particle release experiments were conducted to identify the vertical coral migration and 3-D connectivity required for the preservation of MCEs. The model revealed that coral larvae released from the semi-enclosed areas tended to remain near the source area, whereas they were diffused and dispersed gradually with time. The mesophotic corals were dispersed vertically to the deeper zone below the mixed layer, while upward transport occurred to induce the mesophotic corals to emerge near the surface, under the influence of the surface mixed layer. The model results solidly indicated significant connectivity between MCEs and shallow coral ecosystems.
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Fobert, Emily K., Eric A. Treml, and Stephen E. Swearer. "Dispersal and population connectivity are phenotype dependent in a marine metapopulation." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1909 (2019): 20191104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1104.
Full textAbstract:
Larval dispersal is a key process determining population connectivity, metapopulation dynamics, and community structure in benthic marine ecosystems, yet the biophysical complexity of dispersal is not well understood. In this study, we investigate the interaction between disperser phenotype and hydrodynamics on larval dispersal pathways, using a temperate reef fish species, Trachinops caudimaculatus . We assessed the influence of larval traits on depth distribution and dispersal outcomes by: (i) using 24-h depth-stratified ichthyoplankton sampling, (ii) quantifying individual phenotypes using larval growth histories extracted from the sagittal otoliths of individual larvae, and (iii) simulating potential dispersal outcomes based on the empirical distribution of larval phenotypes and an advanced biological-physical ocean model. We found T. caudimaculatus larvae were vertically stratified with respect to phenotype, with high-quality phenotypes found in the bottom two depth strata, and poor-quality phenotypes found primarily at the surface. Our model showed high- and average-quality larvae experienced significantly higher local retention (more than double) and self-recruitment, and travelled shorter distances relative to poor-quality larvae. As populations are only connected when dispersers survive long enough to reproduce, determining how larval phenotype influences dispersal outcomes will be important for improving our understanding of marine population connectivity and persistence.
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Kvile, Kristina Øie, Giovanni Romagnoni, Knut-Frode Dagestad, Øystein Langangen, and Trond Kristiansen. "Sensitivity of modelled North Sea cod larvae transport to vertical behaviour, ocean model resolution and interannual variation in ocean dynamics." ICES Journal of Marine Science 75, no. 7 (2018): 2413–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy039.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Transport with ocean currents affects the spatial distribution and survival of fish eggs and larvae and thereby population connectivity. Biophysical models are commonly used to understand these dynamics. Advancements such as implementing vertical swimming behaviour and higher resolution ocean circulation models are known to improve model performance, however, the relative importance of vertical behaviour vs. ocean model resolution is elusive. Here, we use North Sea cod (Gadus morhua) as a case study to assess how vertical movement, ocean model resolution and interannual variation in ocean dynamics influence drift patterns and population connectivity. We couple a fine (1.6 km, 3 h) and coarser (4 km, 24 h) ocean model to an individual-based model for cod eggs and larvae, and compare simulations with and without vertical movement of eggs and larvae. The results are moderately influenced by vertical movement and ocean model resolution but differ substantially between years. While ocean model resolution is consistently more influential than vertical movement, the effect of vertical movement strongly depends on the spatiotemporal scale of the analyses. This study highlights which aspects of biophysical modelling of connectivity that most critically affect the results, allowing better investing computational resources and proposing goal-based guidelines for future studies.
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Crocetta, Fabio, Luigi Caputi, Sofia Paz-Sedano, Valentina Tanduo, Angelo Vazzana, and Marco Oliverio. "High genetic connectivity in a gastropod with long-lived planktonic larvae." Journal of Molluscan Studies 86, no. 1 (2019): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyz032.
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Abstract Genetic connectivity plays a crucial role in shaping the geographic structure of species. Our aim in this study was to explore the pattern of genetic connectivity in Bursa scrobilator, an iconic marine caenogastropod with long-lived pelagic larvae. Our study was based on the analysis of DNA sequence data for the 658-bp barcoding fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. This is the largest DNA sequence dataset assembled to date for B. scrobilator. These data confirm that the two recently described subspecies B. scrobilator scrobilator (Linnaeus, 1758), from the Mediterranean and Macaronesia, and B. s. coriacea (Reeve, 1844), from West Africa, constitute two evolutionarily significant units (ESUs). We found that for the nominal subspecies, the variation in morphology (shell, radula and gross anatomy) and DNA sequences was not geographically structured, and this agrees with what we would expect in a species with high connectivity at the larval stage. The divergence between the two subspecies cannot be easily explained by isolation by distance, and we would argue that one or more extrinsic factors may have played a role in isolating the two ESUs and maintaining that isolation.
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Bradbury, I. R., S. E. Campana, and P. Bentzen. "Low genetic connectivity in an estuarine fish with pelagic larvae." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65, no. 2 (2008): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f07-154.
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We evaluated the spatial scale of metapopulation structure and genetic connectivity in rainbow smelt, Osmerus mordax, using eight microsatellite loci at 22 spawning locations throughout Newfoundland and Labrador. Consistent with low gene flow and limited dispersal, significant genetic structuring (FST ≈ 0.11) was present at small spatial scales (<200 km). Moreover, strong isolation by distance (IBD, P < 0.001, r2 = 0.47) was observed, which was linear at small scales and nonlinear at large distances (>200 km). We hypothesized that despite high dispersal potential associated with a pelagic larval stage, behaviours restricting gene flow may result in structuring at the estuary scale. Multidimensional scaling and neighbour-joining of multilocus genotypes indicate some bay-scale associations. However, a comparison of FST values and IBD residuals at both estuary and bay scales indicated low structure within and elevated structure among estuaries. Estuarine structuring was further supported by the presence of significant small-scale IBD within several coastal embayments (50–100 km), as well as Bayesian clustering consistent with estuarine-scale independence. Finally, estimates of dispersal based on the IBD relationship are consistent with local estuarine recruitment (<1.5 km·generation–1). We conclude that the unexpectedly high genetic structure observed is consistent with behavioral influences reducing dispersal, supporting previous work implicating active larval retention.
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Couton, Louise, Alex S. Mauss, Temur Yunusov, Soeren Diegelmann, Jan Felix Evers, and Matthias Landgraf. "Development of Connectivity in a Motoneuronal Network in Drosophila Larvae." Current Biology 25, no. 5 (2015): 568–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.12.056.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Connectivité larvaire"
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Crochelet, Estelle. "Modélisation de la connectivité larvaire et implications en terme de gestion de l'environnement." Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0003/document.
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Intégrer les connaissances sur la connectivité écologique dans la gestion des écosystèmes marins est essentiel, surtout dans un contexte d'appauvrissement des ressources marines et de dégradation des habitats côtiers à l'échelle mondiale. Des outils environnementaux, tels que les Aires Marines Protégées ont été mises en œuvre pour protéger la biodiversité, restaurer les écosystèmes endommagés, soutenir les pêcheries et reconstituer les stocks surexploités. Leur efficacité dépend en partie du maintien de la connectivité entre les populations marines, assurée à travers divers processus écologiques dont la dispersion larvaire. Dans le cadre de ce travail de thèse, un modèle biophysique intégrant des données de courants, issues de mesures d'altimétrie par satellite, a été utilisé pour évaluer la connectivité entre les récifs de l'océan Indien d'une part, et à travers le réseau d'AMP de Méditerranée d'autre part. Différentes méthodes d'analyse ont été utilisées, telles que la théorie des graphes et le clustering. Dans l'océan Indien occidental, l'analyse des connectivités marines montre que le nombre de connexions entre les récifs augmente avec la durée de vie larvaire des poissons. Elle met également en évidence une faible connectivité à l'échelle de la région, mais une forte inter-connectivité au sein de plusieurs sous-régions (Canal du Mozambique, Mascareignes). En Méditerranée, la connectance est globalement faible à l'échelle régionale, bien que plus importante dans le bassin occidental que le bassin oriental. L'analyse des connectivités marines montre également un taux de connectivité élevé à l'échelle d'un même pays. Selon le cas d'étude, une liste de récifs ou de sites prioritaires dans la mise en œuvre des AMP a été proposée. Enfin, les implications de ces résultats en termes de politiques transfrontalières et de coopération régionale sont discutées<br>Integrating ecological connectivity into marine ecosystem management and planning is important, especially in a global context of severe fish stocks depletion and growing habitat degradation. Environmental tools such as Marine Protected Areas have been proposed to protect biodiversity, restore damaged ecosystems, sustain fisheries, and rebuild overexploited stocks. The effectiveness of marine protected areas depends in part on the maintenance of connectivity between marine populations, linked by ecological processes such as larval dispersal. In this thesis, we applied a biophysical model driven by ocean currents derived from satellite altimetry to evaluate connectivity between Western Indian Ocean reefs and across the current MPA system in the Mediterranean Sea. We applied different methods of analysis such as graph-theoretic and clustering. In the Western Indian Ocean, marine connectivity analyses show that the number of connections between reefs increases with fish pelagic larval duration. It also highlights a low connectivity across the region and a high interconnectivity within several regions (Mozambique Channel, Mascarene archipelago). In the Mediterranean Sea, connectance is globally low at the regional scale. This connectance is more important in Western than Eastern Mediterranean. Moreover, the marine connectivity analyses revealed high domestic connectivity rates. Depending on the study area, priority reefs or sites for MPA implementation are proposed. Finally, implications for transboundary marine policies and regional cooperation are discussed
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Tiavouane, Josina. "Les bénitiers de Nouvelle-Calédonie : nouvelles espèces et échelles spatiales de connectivité chez Tridacna maxima et Hippopus hippopus." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066661.
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Malgré leur rôle fonctionnel au sein des écosystèmes coralliens, les populations de bénitiers (Tridacninae) sont en déclin à travers le monde en raison de leur surexploitation. En Nouvelle-Calédonie, 1 à 9 tonnes sont prélevées par an. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse a pour principaux objectifs de fournir des indications quant aux connectivités démographiques et évolutives des populations de deux espèces de bénitiers en Nouvelle-Calédonie, Tridacna maxima et Hippopus hippopus afin d'estimer les échelles spatiales de dispersion larvaire, comprendre leur dynamique et proposer des mesures de conservation adaptées. La connectivité des populations a été estimée via l'analyse de marqueurs génétiques microsatellites spécifiquement développés pour ces deux espèces. L'échantillonnage a permis l'identification de deux nouvelles espèces en Nouvelle-Calédonie. A l'échelle d'un récif et de quelques kilomètres, les tests de parenté montrent des taux d'auto-recrutement variables, jusqu'à 8% pour T. maxima dans le lagon sud-ouest et 29% pour H. hippopus dans le lagon nord-est. Les échelles spatiales de dispersion larvaire varient selon les espèces, jusqu'à au moins 35km pour H. hippopus. A l'échelle du territoire, les populations de bénitiers sont peu structurées, indiquant une connectivité évolutive certaine. Néanmoins, des différences significatives ont été observées entre la Grande Terre et Chesterfield, les Iles Loyautés et les atolls d'Entrecasteaux pour H. hippopus et entre la côte ouest et les Îles Loyautés pour T. maxima. Ces résultats fournissent d'importants éléments de réponse relatifs aux échelles spatiales de dispersion des bénitiers en Nouvelle-Calédonie<br>Despite their functional role in coral reef ecosystems, giant clams (Tridacninae) are in decline worldwide due to their overexploitation. In New Caledonia, 1 to 9 tons are harvested per year. In this context, the main objectives of this thesis are to provide information about the demographic and evolutionary population’s connectivity for two species of giant clams in New Caledonia, Tridacna maxima and Hippopus hippopus, in order to estimate the spatial scales of larval dispersal, understand their population dynamics and propose appropriate conservation measures. The connectivity of populations was estimated by analyzing microsatellite genetic markers specifically developed for these two species. Sampling allowed the identification of two new species in New Caledonia. At reef scale and up to a few kilometers, parentage analysis showed that giant clam populations have varying self-recruitment rates, up to 8% for T. maxima in southwest lagoon and 29% for H. hippopus in northeastern lagoon. The spatial scales of larval dispersal varied for the two species, up to at least 35km for H. hippopus. At the scale of the territory, giant clam populations showed a weak genetic structure, highlighting evolutionary connectivity among sampled sites. However, significant differences were observed between the Mainland and Chesterfield, Loyalty Islands and Entrecasteaux for H. hippopus and between the west coast and the Loyalty Islands for T. maxima. These results provide important answers related to the spatial scales of larval dispersal in giant clams in New Caledonia
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Padrón, Mariana. "Evaluation of conservation efficiency for gorgonian species at a regional scale based on an existing Marine Protected Area network and modeling scenarios accounting for hydrodynamical connectivity." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066652/document.
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La connectivité est supposée influencer fortement la dynamique et la pérennité des populations d’organismes marins. Ainsi, étudier l’évolution et le maintien des patrons de connectivité au sein des populations marines semble essentiel pour la planification spatiale, la création et la gestion des Aires Marines Protégées (AMP). Cependant, comprendre la complexité des processus régissant la connectivité entre les populations marines nécessite l’utilisation d’outils, qui associent des modèles biophysiques et des informations caractérisant les relations entre démographie et génétique, résultant des échanges larvaires entre les populations. L’objectif de cette thèse de doctorat est donc, d’évaluer les patrons de connectivité génétique au sein des populations de gorgones à une échelle régionale et d'explorer les processus induisant la connectivité observée, grâce à des simulations de modèles prenant en compte les connectivités hydrologique, démographique et génétique. Le premier chapitre présente un modèle de métapopulation spatialement explicite qui, grâce à l’utilisation de matrices de connectivité stochastique, permet d’évaluer l’effet de la démographie sur la fréquence des allèles dans une métapopulation d’espèces marines benthiques sessiles. Le modèle est alors utilisé pour déterminer l’effet des traits démographiques et de la structure de connectivité sur la diversité génétique de la métapopulation. Le deuxième chapitre présente une analyse des patrons de connectivité génétique de deux espèces communes et largement répandues de gorgones, à une échelle régionale : Paramuricea clavata en mer de Ligure et Eunicella singularis dans le Golfe du Lion. Les deux espèces présentent de forts patrons de structure génétique à l’échelle régionale, bien que leur capacité de dispersion ne semble pas limitante (>100m). Le troisième chapitre vise à tester si la dispersion larvaire seule permet d'expliquer la connectivité réalisée d’E. singularis dans le Golfe du Lion, en appliquant le modèle présenté dans le Chapitre 1, et en comparant les patrons de structure génétique modélisés, aux résultats obtenus dans le Chapitre 2, par les méthodes empiriques d’analyse de données génétiques. Les patrons de structure génétique modélisés en ne prenant en compte que la structure spatiale de dispersion sont similaires à ceux observés entre les populations d’E. singularis dans cette région, suggérant le rôle prépondérant de la connectivité hydrologique dans la distribution régionale de l'espèce, tant au niveau démographique que génétique. La capacité d’évaluer le développement des structures génétiques entre populations, sous différents scénarios démographiques et hydrologiques, avec le modèle de paysage sous-marin présenté dans le Chapitre 1 s'avère donc un outil efficace pour la planification spatiale et la pérennité des populations marine<br>Connectivity is expected to strongly influence the dynamics and persistence of marine populations. Studying the development and maintenance of connectivity patterns among marine populations is, thus, essential for spatial planning and the proper design and management of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). However, understanding the complex processes driving marine population connectivity requires the use of tools that integrate bio-physical models with information regarding the demographic and genetic linkages resulting from the larval exchange among populations. Therefore, the aim of this PhD dissertation is to evaluate the patterns of genetic connectivity among gorgonian populations at a regional scale, and disentangle the processes that shape the observed connectivity by using model simulations accounting for hydrological, demographic and genetic connectivity. The first chapter presents a spatially explicit metapopulation model that, using stochastic connectivity matrices, assesses the effect of demography on allele frequencies in a marine metapopulation of sessile benthic species. The model is then used to evaluate the effect of demographic traits and connectivity structure on the genetic diversity of a marine metapopulation. The second chapter examines the patterns of genetic connectivity of two common and widely distributed gorgonian species at a regional scale: Paramuricea clavata in the Ligurian Sea, and Eunicella singularis in the Gulf of Lions. Both species exhibit strong patterns of genetic structure at a regional scale, although the dispersal capacity of each species does not seem limited (>100 m). The third chapter discerns among the potential processes shaping the realized connectivity of E. singularis in the Gulf of Lions by applying the model presented in Chapter 1, and comparing the modeled patterns of genetic structure to the results obtained from empirical genetic data in Chapter 2. Modeled and empirical results show similar patterns of genetic structure among populations of E. singularis in the region. Genetic and demographic differentiation among populations is demonstrated to result from the spatial structure of dispersal alone. The ability to evaluate the expected development of genetic structure among populations under different demographic and hydrological scenarios using the seascape model presented in Chapter 1 provides a useful tool with relevance for marine spatial planning and the persistence of marine populations
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Tiavouane, Josina. "Les bénitiers de Nouvelle-Calédonie : nouvelles espèces et échelles spatiales de connectivité chez Tridacna maxima et Hippopus hippopus." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066661.
Full textAbstract:
Malgré leur rôle fonctionnel au sein des écosystèmes coralliens, les populations de bénitiers (Tridacninae) sont en déclin à travers le monde en raison de leur surexploitation. En Nouvelle-Calédonie, 1 à 9 tonnes sont prélevées par an. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse a pour principaux objectifs de fournir des indications quant aux connectivités démographiques et évolutives des populations de deux espèces de bénitiers en Nouvelle-Calédonie, Tridacna maxima et Hippopus hippopus afin d'estimer les échelles spatiales de dispersion larvaire, comprendre leur dynamique et proposer des mesures de conservation adaptées. La connectivité des populations a été estimée via l'analyse de marqueurs génétiques microsatellites spécifiquement développés pour ces deux espèces. L'échantillonnage a permis l'identification de deux nouvelles espèces en Nouvelle-Calédonie. A l'échelle d'un récif et de quelques kilomètres, les tests de parenté montrent des taux d'auto-recrutement variables, jusqu'à 8% pour T. maxima dans le lagon sud-ouest et 29% pour H. hippopus dans le lagon nord-est. Les échelles spatiales de dispersion larvaire varient selon les espèces, jusqu'à au moins 35km pour H. hippopus. A l'échelle du territoire, les populations de bénitiers sont peu structurées, indiquant une connectivité évolutive certaine. Néanmoins, des différences significatives ont été observées entre la Grande Terre et Chesterfield, les Iles Loyautés et les atolls d'Entrecasteaux pour H. hippopus et entre la côte ouest et les Îles Loyautés pour T. maxima. Ces résultats fournissent d'importants éléments de réponse relatifs aux échelles spatiales de dispersion des bénitiers en Nouvelle-Calédonie<br>Despite their functional role in coral reef ecosystems, giant clams (Tridacninae) are in decline worldwide due to their overexploitation. In New Caledonia, 1 to 9 tons are harvested per year. In this context, the main objectives of this thesis are to provide information about the demographic and evolutionary population’s connectivity for two species of giant clams in New Caledonia, Tridacna maxima and Hippopus hippopus, in order to estimate the spatial scales of larval dispersal, understand their population dynamics and propose appropriate conservation measures. The connectivity of populations was estimated by analyzing microsatellite genetic markers specifically developed for these two species. Sampling allowed the identification of two new species in New Caledonia. At reef scale and up to a few kilometers, parentage analysis showed that giant clam populations have varying self-recruitment rates, up to 8% for T. maxima in southwest lagoon and 29% for H. hippopus in northeastern lagoon. The spatial scales of larval dispersal varied for the two species, up to at least 35km for H. hippopus. At the scale of the territory, giant clam populations showed a weak genetic structure, highlighting evolutionary connectivity among sampled sites. However, significant differences were observed between the Mainland and Chesterfield, Loyalty Islands and Entrecasteaux for H. hippopus and between the west coast and the Loyalty Islands for T. maxima. These results provide important answers related to the spatial scales of larval dispersal in giant clams in New Caledonia
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Cuif, Marion. "Combinaison de la modélisation biophysique et de marquages isotopiques pour estimer la connectivité démographique des populations marines : application à Dascyllus aruanus dans le lagon sud-ouest de Nouvelle-Calédonie." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066526/document.
Full textAbstract:
Comprendre la dynamique des populations marines est essentiel à une gestion efficaceet requiert des connaissances sur la dispersion et la connectivité entre populationsqui sont encore très lacunaires. Beaucoup d’organismes marins ont un cycle de viebipartite avec une phase larvaire pélagique qui représente souvent la seule possibilitéde dispersion. De nouvelles techniques de mesure de la dispersion larvaire, parmarquage ou modélisation, ont été développées durant ces quinze dernières années.Cependant, les résultats de ces deux types d’approches ont rarement été comparésau sein d’un même système marin, limitant l’utilisation des modèles de dispersiondans les modèles de métapopulation. Dans cette thèse, nous utilisons ces deux typesd’approches pour étudier la connectivité larvaire d’un poisson de récif corallien,Dascyllus aruanus, dans le lagon sud-ouest de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Notre modèle dedispersion montre que la rétention larvaire présente une variabilité temporelle élevéeà l’échelle lagonaire et à l’échelle d’un patch de récif, et atteint périodiquement desvaleurs élevées malgré des temps moyens de résidence courts. Le marquage artificieltransgénérationnel des otolithes montre des taux d’auto-recrutement relativementbas à l’échelle de la saison reproductive, suggérant une ouverture importante despopulations, et une variabilité temporelle considérable de l’auto-recrutement. Enfin,les grandes différences entre les résultats du modèle et ceux des marquages appuientle besoin de mieux comprendre les processus qui facilitent la rétention larvaire commeles comportements de homing et la circulation des courants à très petite échelle<br>Understanding marine populations dynamics is critical to their effective management,and requires information on patterns of dispersal and connectivity that are still poorlyknown. Many marine organisms have a bipartite life history with a pelagic larvalstage that often represents the only opportunity for dispersal. In the last decade,new empirical and simulation approaches to measuring larval dispersal have beendeveloped, but results from these two different approaches have rarely been comparedin the context of a single marine system, impeding the use of larval dispersal modelsin metapopulation models supporting decision making. In this doctoral research, weused both approaches to investigate larval connectivity for a coral reef fish, Dascyllusaruanus, in the South-West Lagoon of New Caledonia. Our biophysical dispersalmodel shows that larval retention exhibits considerable temporal variability at bothlagoon and patch reef scales and periodically reaches large values despite low averagewater residence time. Artificial transgenerational marking of embryonic otoliths inthe wild also showed relatively low self-recruitment rates indicating high populationopenness at the reproductive season scale, with considerable monthly variability ofself-recruitment. Large quantitative discrepancies between simulations and empiricalresults emphasize the need to better understand processes that facilitate local retention,such as homing behavior and very small scale circulation patterns
6
Padrón, Mariana. "Evaluation of conservation efficiency for gorgonian species at a regional scale based on an existing Marine Protected Area network and modeling scenarios accounting for hydrodynamical connectivity." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066652.
Full textAbstract:
La connectivité est supposée influencer fortement la dynamique et la pérennité des populations d’organismes marins. Ainsi, étudier l’évolution et le maintien des patrons de connectivité au sein des populations marines semble essentiel pour la planification spatiale, la création et la gestion des Aires Marines Protégées (AMP). Cependant, comprendre la complexité des processus régissant la connectivité entre les populations marines nécessite l’utilisation d’outils, qui associent des modèles biophysiques et des informations caractérisant les relations entre démographie et génétique, résultant des échanges larvaires entre les populations. L’objectif de cette thèse de doctorat est donc, d’évaluer les patrons de connectivité génétique au sein des populations de gorgones à une échelle régionale et d'explorer les processus induisant la connectivité observée, grâce à des simulations de modèles prenant en compte les connectivités hydrologique, démographique et génétique. Le premier chapitre présente un modèle de métapopulation spatialement explicite qui, grâce à l’utilisation de matrices de connectivité stochastique, permet d’évaluer l’effet de la démographie sur la fréquence des allèles dans une métapopulation d’espèces marines benthiques sessiles. Le modèle est alors utilisé pour déterminer l’effet des traits démographiques et de la structure de connectivité sur la diversité génétique de la métapopulation. Le deuxième chapitre présente une analyse des patrons de connectivité génétique de deux espèces communes et largement répandues de gorgones, à une échelle régionale : Paramuricea clavata en mer de Ligure et Eunicella singularis dans le Golfe du Lion. Les deux espèces présentent de forts patrons de structure génétique à l’échelle régionale, bien que leur capacité de dispersion ne semble pas limitante (>100m). Le troisième chapitre vise à tester si la dispersion larvaire seule permet d'expliquer la connectivité réalisée d’E. singularis dans le Golfe du Lion, en appliquant le modèle présenté dans le Chapitre 1, et en comparant les patrons de structure génétique modélisés, aux résultats obtenus dans le Chapitre 2, par les méthodes empiriques d’analyse de données génétiques. Les patrons de structure génétique modélisés en ne prenant en compte que la structure spatiale de dispersion sont similaires à ceux observés entre les populations d’E. singularis dans cette région, suggérant le rôle prépondérant de la connectivité hydrologique dans la distribution régionale de l'espèce, tant au niveau démographique que génétique. La capacité d’évaluer le développement des structures génétiques entre populations, sous différents scénarios démographiques et hydrologiques, avec le modèle de paysage sous-marin présenté dans le Chapitre 1 s'avère donc un outil efficace pour la planification spatiale et la pérennité des populations marine<br>Connectivity is expected to strongly influence the dynamics and persistence of marine populations. Studying the development and maintenance of connectivity patterns among marine populations is, thus, essential for spatial planning and the proper design and management of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). However, understanding the complex processes driving marine population connectivity requires the use of tools that integrate bio-physical models with information regarding the demographic and genetic linkages resulting from the larval exchange among populations. Therefore, the aim of this PhD dissertation is to evaluate the patterns of genetic connectivity among gorgonian populations at a regional scale, and disentangle the processes that shape the observed connectivity by using model simulations accounting for hydrological, demographic and genetic connectivity. The first chapter presents a spatially explicit metapopulation model that, using stochastic connectivity matrices, assesses the effect of demography on allele frequencies in a marine metapopulation of sessile benthic species. The model is then used to evaluate the effect of demographic traits and connectivity structure on the genetic diversity of a marine metapopulation. The second chapter examines the patterns of genetic connectivity of two common and widely distributed gorgonian species at a regional scale: Paramuricea clavata in the Ligurian Sea, and Eunicella singularis in the Gulf of Lions. Both species exhibit strong patterns of genetic structure at a regional scale, although the dispersal capacity of each species does not seem limited (>100 m). The third chapter discerns among the potential processes shaping the realized connectivity of E. singularis in the Gulf of Lions by applying the model presented in Chapter 1, and comparing the modeled patterns of genetic structure to the results obtained from empirical genetic data in Chapter 2. Modeled and empirical results show similar patterns of genetic structure among populations of E. singularis in the region. Genetic and demographic differentiation among populations is demonstrated to result from the spatial structure of dispersal alone. The ability to evaluate the expected development of genetic structure among populations under different demographic and hydrological scenarios using the seascape model presented in Chapter 1 provides a useful tool with relevance for marine spatial planning and the persistence of marine populations
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Mbaye, Baye Cheikh. "Etude de l'impact de l'environnement biophysique sur les premiers stades de vie de Sardinella aurita dans le système d'upwelling sénégalo-mauritanien : modélisation saisonnière et interannuelle." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066154/document.
Full textAbstract:
Le système d’upwelling Nord-Ouest africain au large du Maroc, de la Mauritanie et du Sénégal est le système le plus productif au monde en terme de biomasse planctonique. La zone sénégalo-mauritanienne, située dans la partie Sud du système, soutient une importante pêcherie de Sardinella aurita, l’espèce de petit poisson pélagique la plus abondante. Dans ces systèmes la dynamique des populations de petit poisson pélagique comme la sardinelle est très liée à la variabilité de l’upwelling. Ainsi le succès du recrutement des juvéniles de poisson dépend fortement de la circulation locale où les larves peuvent être, soit retenues dans les zones de nourriceries côtières favorables à leur survie, soit dispersées vers la large où elles sont soumises à la prédation et au manque de nourriture. Dans un contexte de gestion de cette ressource partagée par plusieurs pays, comprendre les facteurs qui contrôlent les stocks des petits pélagiques le long des côtes, est un enjeu crucial pour les pêcheries de ces régions.Le premier objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’utiliser pour la première fois dans le système sénégalo-mauritanien une approche de modélisation individu centré (IBM) visant à étudier les premiers stades de vies (oeufs et larves) de la sardinelle, et à comprendre l’influence des paramètres environnementaux sur la dynamique des populations. L’évolution des individus dans leur environnement est étudiée à partir de simulations océaniques régionales dont les sorties sont utilisées comme forçages du modèle IBM.Les résultats obtenus renseignent sur la rétention larvaire en fonction des lieux et dates de ponte. L’impact de la migration verticale et de l’effet de seuil de températures létales sur la survie des larves a également été évalué. Nous montrons que la stratégie de ponte de Sardinella aurita résulte de la combinaison de deux facteurs : (1) une rétention élevée associée à la circulation locale et (2) à la disponibilité en nourriture. Le modèle révèle également une importante connectivité larvaire entre les différentes sous-zones de ponte et le Sud du système. Ceci souligne l’importance d’une gestion concertée du stock de la sardinelle à l’échelle régionale.Le second objectif de la thèse est d’étudier la variabilité interannuelle de l’habitat de ponte de la sardinelle à l’intérieur de ces zones de rétention larvaire. Un modèle couplé physique biogéochimie (ROMS-PISCES) est utilisé pour évaluer l’habitat de ponte de la sardinelle. Le volume potentiel de l’habitat de ponte (PHV) est défini comme une fonction de la température, de la salinité et de la profondeur. Nous avons également utilisé le PHV, la biomasse de plancton, le succès de la rétention et de la survie des larves pour étudier la variabilité interannuelle de l’abondance de sardinelle et les années de fort recrutement estimées à partir des campagnes acoustiques d’évaluation de stock menées durant la période 1996-2006. Nos résultats nous suggèrent que les périodes de fort volume d’habitat et de faible mortalité larvaire pourraient expliquer les périodes de biomasses importantes pendant la période 1996-1999. Cette étude nous a aussi permis de proposer des hypothèses permettant d’expliquer la période de fort recrutement observée en 1998-1999<br>The North West african upwelling system off Morocco, Mauritania and and Senegal is the most productive system in the world in term of plankton biomass. South of this system, the senegalese-mauritanian zone sustains important Sardinella aurita fisheries, the main small pelagic fish. In these systems the population dynamics of small pelagic fish such as sardinella is closely linked to the variability of the upwelling. Thus the success of the recruitment of juvenile fish depends heavily on local circulation where larvae can either be retained in areas of coastal nurseries suitable for survival or dispersed into the sea where they are subject to predation and lack of food. In a management context of this shared resource by several countries, understand the factors that control the stocks of small pelagic fish along the coast, is a critical issue for fisheries in these regions.Our results provide information on larval retention based on places and dates of spawning. The impact of vertical migration and lethal temperature threshold effect on larval survival was also evaluated. We show that Sardinella aurita spawning strategy is the combination of two factors : (1) a high retention associated with local circulation and (2) the availabilityof food. The model also reveals an important larval connectivity between different spawning sub-areas and south of the system. This highlights the importance of concerted management of the stock of sardinella on a regional scale.The second aim of the thesis is to study the variability of the spawning habitat of sardinella within the larval retention areas. A coupled physical biogeochemistry (ROMS-PISCES) is used to assess the spawning habitat of sardinella. The potential spawning habitat volume (PHV) is defined as a function of temperature, salinity and depth. We also used thePHV, plankton biomass, the success of retention and larvae survival to study the variability of the abundance of sardinella and years of strong recruitment estimated from acoustic surveys assessment stock carried out during the period 1996-2006.Our results suggest to us that periods of high volume of habitat and low larval mortality could explain the periods of major biomass during the period 1996-1999. This study also allowed us to propose hypotheses to explain the period of strong recruitment observed in 1998-1999
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Ayata, Sakina-Dorothée. "Importance relative des facteurs hydroclimatiques et des traits d'histoire de vie sur la dispersion larvaire et la connectivité à différentes échelles spatiales (Manche, Golfe Gascogne)." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00517082.
Full textAbstract:
En assurant la dispersion, la phase larvaire joue un role fondamental dans la dynamique des populations d'invertébrés marins à cycle de vie bentho-pélagique et détermine la connectivité au sein des métapopulations marines. La connectivité en milieu marin influence ainsi directement la dynamique des métapopulations et la persistance des populations locales, les potentialités d'expansion des espèces en réponse à des changements des conditions environnementales ou les limites biogéographiques d'aire de distribution des espèces. Dans ce contexte, le but du présent travail a été de mieux comprendre les roles relatifs joués par les processus hydrodynamiques et hydroclimatiques, et les traits d'histoire de vie des invertébrés sur la dispersion larvaire et la connectivité en milieu cotier dans le Golfe de Gascogne et la Manche occidentale. Pour répondre à cette question, une approche couplée a été mise en oeuvre, alliant l'observation in situ et la modélisation biologie-physique à deux échelles spatiales : régionale et locale. Dans le Nord du Golfe de Gascogne, la description de la distribution larvaire de trois espèces cotières de polychètes (Pectinaria koreni, Owenia fusiformis, et Sabellaria alveolata) a mis en évidence le role prépondérant de l'organisation spatiale des structures hydrologiques à méso-échelle (i.e. plumes estuariennes) dans la variabilité de la distribution des abondances larvaires. à l'échelle régionale du Golfe de Gascogne et de la Manche occidentale, la simulation lagrangienne de la dispersion larvaire en conditions hydroclimatiques réalistes a souligné l'importance de la variabilité saisonnière des conditions hydroclimatiques et des traits d'histoire de vie (mois de ponte, durée de vie larvaire, comportement natatoire) dans le transport larvaire et la connectivité entre populations. Ces résultats ont suggéré de possibles échanges larvaires depuis les populations cotières du Golfe de Gascogne vers celles de la Manche occidentale, i.e. à travers une zone de transition biogéographique. Ils ont aussi permis de tester plusieurs hypothèses sur les conséquences possibles du changement climatique sur la dispersion et la connectivité entre populations marines, i.e. via une période de ponte précoce et une durée de vie larvaire raccourcie. à l'échelle locale du Golfe Normand-Breton, un modèle eulérien de dispersion a permis d'estimer la connectivité entre les récifs biogéniques construits par une espèce à forte valeur patrimoniale, Sabellaria alveolata. Ce modèle a permis de déterminer les influences relatives de la variabilité intra- et inter-annuelle des conditions hydroclimatiques sur la connectivité, dans un contexte de gestion et de conservation d'un patrimoine naturel.
9
Cuif, Marion. "Combinaison de la modélisation biophysique et de marquages isotopiques pour estimer la connectivité démographique des populations marines : application à Dascyllus aruanus dans le lagon sud-ouest de Nouvelle-Calédonie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2014PA066526.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Comprendre la dynamique des populations marines est essentiel à une gestion efficaceet requiert des connaissances sur la dispersion et la connectivité entre populationsqui sont encore très lacunaires. Beaucoup d’organismes marins ont un cycle de viebipartite avec une phase larvaire pélagique qui représente souvent la seule possibilitéde dispersion. De nouvelles techniques de mesure de la dispersion larvaire, parmarquage ou modélisation, ont été développées durant ces quinze dernières années.Cependant, les résultats de ces deux types d’approches ont rarement été comparésau sein d’un même système marin, limitant l’utilisation des modèles de dispersiondans les modèles de métapopulation. Dans cette thèse, nous utilisons ces deux typesd’approches pour étudier la connectivité larvaire d’un poisson de récif corallien,Dascyllus aruanus, dans le lagon sud-ouest de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Notre modèle dedispersion montre que la rétention larvaire présente une variabilité temporelle élevéeà l’échelle lagonaire et à l’échelle d’un patch de récif, et atteint périodiquement desvaleurs élevées malgré des temps moyens de résidence courts. Le marquage artificieltransgénérationnel des otolithes montre des taux d’auto-recrutement relativementbas à l’échelle de la saison reproductive, suggérant une ouverture importante despopulations, et une variabilité temporelle considérable de l’auto-recrutement. Enfin,les grandes différences entre les résultats du modèle et ceux des marquages appuientle besoin de mieux comprendre les processus qui facilitent la rétention larvaire commeles comportements de homing et la circulation des courants à très petite échelle<br>Understanding marine populations dynamics is critical to their effective management,and requires information on patterns of dispersal and connectivity that are still poorlyknown. Many marine organisms have a bipartite life history with a pelagic larvalstage that often represents the only opportunity for dispersal. In the last decade,new empirical and simulation approaches to measuring larval dispersal have beendeveloped, but results from these two different approaches have rarely been comparedin the context of a single marine system, impeding the use of larval dispersal modelsin metapopulation models supporting decision making. In this doctoral research, weused both approaches to investigate larval connectivity for a coral reef fish, Dascyllusaruanus, in the South-West Lagoon of New Caledonia. Our biophysical dispersalmodel shows that larval retention exhibits considerable temporal variability at bothlagoon and patch reef scales and periodically reaches large values despite low averagewater residence time. Artificial transgenerational marking of embryonic otoliths inthe wild also showed relatively low self-recruitment rates indicating high populationopenness at the reproductive season scale, with considerable monthly variability ofself-recruitment. Large quantitative discrepancies between simulations and empiricalresults emphasize the need to better understand processes that facilitate local retention,such as homing behavior and very small scale circulation patterns
10
Mbaye, Baye Cheikh. "Etude de l'impact de l'environnement biophysique sur les premiers stades de vie de Sardinella aurita dans le système d'upwelling sénégalo-mauritanien : modélisation saisonnière et interannuelle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2015PA066154.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Le système d’upwelling Nord-Ouest africain au large du Maroc, de la Mauritanie et du Sénégal est le système le plus productif au monde en terme de biomasse planctonique. La zone sénégalo-mauritanienne, située dans la partie Sud du système, soutient une importante pêcherie de Sardinella aurita, l’espèce de petit poisson pélagique la plus abondante. Dans ces systèmes la dynamique des populations de petit poisson pélagique comme la sardinelle est très liée à la variabilité de l’upwelling. Ainsi le succès du recrutement des juvéniles de poisson dépend fortement de la circulation locale où les larves peuvent être, soit retenues dans les zones de nourriceries côtières favorables à leur survie, soit dispersées vers la large où elles sont soumises à la prédation et au manque de nourriture. Dans un contexte de gestion de cette ressource partagée par plusieurs pays, comprendre les facteurs qui contrôlent les stocks des petits pélagiques le long des côtes, est un enjeu crucial pour les pêcheries de ces régions.Le premier objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’utiliser pour la première fois dans le système sénégalo-mauritanien une approche de modélisation individu centré (IBM) visant à étudier les premiers stades de vies (oeufs et larves) de la sardinelle, et à comprendre l’influence des paramètres environnementaux sur la dynamique des populations. L’évolution des individus dans leur environnement est étudiée à partir de simulations océaniques régionales dont les sorties sont utilisées comme forçages du modèle IBM.Les résultats obtenus renseignent sur la rétention larvaire en fonction des lieux et dates de ponte. L’impact de la migration verticale et de l’effet de seuil de températures létales sur la survie des larves a également été évalué. Nous montrons que la stratégie de ponte de Sardinella aurita résulte de la combinaison de deux facteurs : (1) une rétention élevée associée à la circulation locale et (2) à la disponibilité en nourriture. Le modèle révèle également une importante connectivité larvaire entre les différentes sous-zones de ponte et le Sud du système. Ceci souligne l’importance d’une gestion concertée du stock de la sardinelle à l’échelle régionale.Le second objectif de la thèse est d’étudier la variabilité interannuelle de l’habitat de ponte de la sardinelle à l’intérieur de ces zones de rétention larvaire. Un modèle couplé physique biogéochimie (ROMS-PISCES) est utilisé pour évaluer l’habitat de ponte de la sardinelle. Le volume potentiel de l’habitat de ponte (PHV) est défini comme une fonction de la température, de la salinité et de la profondeur. Nous avons également utilisé le PHV, la biomasse de plancton, le succès de la rétention et de la survie des larves pour étudier la variabilité interannuelle de l’abondance de sardinelle et les années de fort recrutement estimées à partir des campagnes acoustiques d’évaluation de stock menées durant la période 1996-2006. Nos résultats nous suggèrent que les périodes de fort volume d’habitat et de faible mortalité larvaire pourraient expliquer les périodes de biomasses importantes pendant la période 1996-1999. Cette étude nous a aussi permis de proposer des hypothèses permettant d’expliquer la période de fort recrutement observée en 1998-1999<br>The North West african upwelling system off Morocco, Mauritania and and Senegal is the most productive system in the world in term of plankton biomass. South of this system, the senegalese-mauritanian zone sustains important Sardinella aurita fisheries, the main small pelagic fish. In these systems the population dynamics of small pelagic fish such as sardinella is closely linked to the variability of the upwelling. Thus the success of the recruitment of juvenile fish depends heavily on local circulation where larvae can either be retained in areas of coastal nurseries suitable for survival or dispersed into the sea where they are subject to predation and lack of food. In a management context of this shared resource by several countries, understand the factors that control the stocks of small pelagic fish along the coast, is a critical issue for fisheries in these regions.Our results provide information on larval retention based on places and dates of spawning. The impact of vertical migration and lethal temperature threshold effect on larval survival was also evaluated. We show that Sardinella aurita spawning strategy is the combination of two factors : (1) a high retention associated with local circulation and (2) the availabilityof food. The model also reveals an important larval connectivity between different spawning sub-areas and south of the system. This highlights the importance of concerted management of the stock of sardinella on a regional scale.The second aim of the thesis is to study the variability of the spawning habitat of sardinella within the larval retention areas. A coupled physical biogeochemistry (ROMS-PISCES) is used to assess the spawning habitat of sardinella. The potential spawning habitat volume (PHV) is defined as a function of temperature, salinity and depth. We also used thePHV, plankton biomass, the success of retention and larvae survival to study the variability of the abundance of sardinella and years of strong recruitment estimated from acoustic surveys assessment stock carried out during the period 1996-2006.Our results suggest to us that periods of high volume of habitat and low larval mortality could explain the periods of major biomass during the period 1996-1999. This study also allowed us to propose hypotheses to explain the period of strong recruitment observed in 1998-1999
Books on the topic "Connectivité larvaire"
1
Marko, Peter B., and Michael W. Hart, eds. Genetic Analysis of Larval Dispersal, Gene Flow, and Connectivity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786962.003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
Does the dispersal of planktonic larvae promote strong connections between marine populations? Here we describe some of the most commonly used population- and individual-based genetic methods that have enhanced our understanding of larval dispersal and marine connectivity. Both approaches have strengths and weaknesses. Choosing between them depends on whether researchers want to know about average effective rates of connectivity over long timescales (over hundreds to thousands of generations) or recent patterns of connectivity on shorter timescales (one to two generations). The use of both approaches has improved our understanding of larval dispersal distances, the relationship between realized dispersal (from genetics) and dispersal potential (from planktonic larval duration), and the crucial distinction between genetic and demographic connectivity. Although rarely used together, combining population- and individual-based inferences from genetic data will likely further enrich our understanding of the scope and scale of larval dispersal in marine systems.
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Sheppard, Charles R. C., Simon K. Davy, Graham M. Pilling, and Nicholas A. J. Graham. Microbial, microalgal and planktonic reef life. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787341.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
Microbes, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, protozoans and microalgae, are the most abundant and arguably the most important members of coral reef communities. They occur in the water column and sediment, and in association with other reef organisms. This chapter describes the abundance, diversity, function and productivity of microbes, with an emphasis on free-living types. They are key to recycling and retention of organic matter via the ‘microbial loop’, and are an important food source for larger reef organisms. The metazoan zooplankton are also described, including larvae of most reef invertebrates and fish. They are described in terms of their duration in the plankton, their settlement behaviour (e.g. that of coral larvae), their daily migration patterns and their role as a food source for larger organisms. Their importance for inter-reef connectivity is discussed.
Book chapters on the topic "Connectivité larvaire"
1
Arvedlund, Michael, and Kathryn Kavanagh. "The Senses and Environmental Cues Used by Marine Larvae of Fish and Decapod Crustaceans to Find Tropical Coastal Ecosystems." In Ecological Connectivity among Tropical Coastal Ecosystems. Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2406-0_5.
Full text
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Ewers-Saucedo, Christine, and John P. Wares. "Population Connectivity and Phylogeography of Crustaceans." In Evolution and Biogeography. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190637842.003.0017.
Full textAbstract:
Crustacea display diverse life histories and occur in all marine habitats. This makes them particularly useful when thinking about how we can predict geographical distribution from life history and ecology. As would be expected from such diversity, crustaceans exhibit various population connectivity patterns, from panmictic, well-connected populations to small and isolated populations. Here we ask first what can be learned from exploring crustacean phylogeography and connectivity around well-understood vicariance events with known ages. We find that vicariance events are generally useful in calibrating molecular rates of evolution, but that there is substantial variation between taxa. This variation can be linked, on the one hand, to habitat differences (which determine when gene flow between populations actually ceased) and, on the other hand, to population size differences (which determine how fast genetic differences accumulate). In a few instances, populations must have diverged much earlier or later than the hypothesized vicariance event, providing evidence of earlier or later dispersal or more ancient separation. Second, we ask when comparative studies of multiple taxa show consistent results, predictable from their similar life history, and when not. For example, species that disperse little, such as brooding peracarids, have smaller, more isolated populations than species with planktonic larvae, such as decapods. Less consistent are the patterns across biogeographic breaks. While gene flow is clearly limited across such breaks in some species, other species do not seem to perceive them. This to-date-unexplained variation challenges our understanding of marine phylogeography.
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"Fishery Resources, Environment, and Conservation in the Mississippi and Yangtze (Changjiang) River Basins." In Fishery Resources, Environment, and Conservation in the Mississippi and Yangtze (Changjiang) River Basins, edited by Hong-Zhu Wang, Xue-Qin Liu, and Hai-Jun Wang. American Fisheries Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874448.ch13.
Full textAbstract:
<em>Abstract</em>.—The Yangtze (Changjiang) River floodplain is one of the most important ecosystems in China, as well as in the world, but is seriously threatened by multiple factors. Thus, it is crucial and urgent to rehabilitate the river floodplain. This paper reviews ecological studies conducted on the Yangtze River floodplain and presents suggestions for conservation and rehabilitation. First, the Yangtze River system is briefly introduced. Formed 23 million years ago, the Yangtze River is ca. 6,300 km in length with a mean annual runoff of 9.6 × 10<sup>11</sup> m<sup>3</sup>. Thousands of floodplain lakes are distributed along the mid-lower Yangtze River, and the total area remains 15,770 km<sup>2</sup> at present. Such a river-lake complex ecosystem holds a unique and diverse biota, with ca. 400 hydrophytes and hygrophytes, ca. 170 mollusks, ca. 200 fishes, ca. 400 water birds, and endangered dolphins and porpoises. Second, main threats to the Yangtze River floodplain ecosystem are identified: (1) habitat loss, including river channelization, sharp shrinkage of lake area (ca. 10,000 km<sup>2</sup> since the 1950s), degradation of lakeshore zones, and sand overmining; (2) alternations of hydrological regimes, including construction of ca. 47,000 reservoirs in the whole basin and disconnection of most floodplain lakes from the main stem; (3) water pollution, including eutrophication, heavy metals, and organic pollutants; and (4) overexploitation of biological resources, including overfishing and intensive pen culture. Third, effects of river–lake disconnection on lake ecosystems are summarized on the basis of our studies in the past 20 years. It was found that (1) disconnection is one of the main causes of lake eutrophication; (2) species diversity, biomass, and production of macrophytes and macrobenthos reach maxima at some levels of intermediate river connectivity; (3) disconnection greatly reduces fish species richness of each habitat guild, and natural fish larvae is severely depleted; and (4) disconnection simplifies macroinvertebrate food web structure, and the trophic basis of the simplified food web is more heavily dependent on detritus in disconnected lakes. Last, conservation strategies are proposed. Since the Yangtze River floodplain is a huge integrated system, the biodiversity conservation must be conducted on the whole basin scale. By establishing species–area models of fishes, the minimum protected area of Yangtze-connected lakes is estimated to be ca. 14,400 km<sup>2</sup>. It means that at least 8,900 km<sup>2</sup> of disconnected lakes should be reconnected with the Yangtze main stem, and ecohydrological operation of dams and sluices is the feasible approach. Based upon our preliminary studies on environmental flow requirements, the following measures are suggested: (1) lower water levels during spring to improve germination of macrophytes, and control rising rates of water levels during spring–summer to ensure development of macrophytes; and (2) open sluice gates to restore migration routes for juveniles migrating into lakes during April–September and for adults migrating back to the Yangtze main stem during November–December.
Conference papers on the topic "Connectivité larvaire"
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Takahashi, Satoru, Satoru Takahashi, Masami Hamaguchi, and Masami Hamaguchi. "SEASONAL VARIATION OF TRANSPORTATION OF ASARI CLAM, RUDITAPES PHILIPPINARUM, LARVAE IN HIROSHIMA BAY." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b937f57cd63.62615734.
Full textAbstract:
Hiroshima Bay is located in western part of the Seto Inland Sea, and there is high productivity of Asari clam. However, the landings amount of the clam was rapidly decreased and production areas came to be limited in the northern part (bay head). Here, the clam has the planktonic larval stage. Then, it is important to reveal the transportation process of larvae to clarify the habitat connectivity of the clam. Therefore, in this study, we try to clarify the transportation process of the clam larvae in the Hiroshima Bay by numerical model experiments. As a result of model experiments, in June (rainy and heating season), the larvae are transported to southward in western area of Hiroshima Bay. In November (dry and cooling season), distribution of larvae is limited in the northern area of Hiroshima Bay. These results are corresponding to the field observation results. In the Seto Inland Sea, it is said that there is spawning time of the clam twice a year (spring and autumn). However, in a recent Hiroshima Bay, the density of the larva in spring is very low than that in autumn. These facts suggest that the production of the clam is limited in the northern area of Hiroshima Bay because the density of the larva is low in spring when the larvae can extend to the south.
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Takahashi, Satoru, Satoru Takahashi, Masami Hamaguchi, and Masami Hamaguchi. "SEASONAL VARIATION OF TRANSPORTATION OF ASARI CLAM, RUDITAPES PHILIPPINARUM, LARVAE IN HIROSHIMA BAY." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b4315cbb321.
Full textAbstract:
Hiroshima Bay is located in western part of the Seto Inland Sea, and there is high productivity of Asari clam. However, the landings amount of the clam was rapidly decreased and production areas came to be limited in the northern part (bay head). Here, the clam has the planktonic larval stage. Then, it is important to reveal the transportation process of larvae to clarify the habitat connectivity of the clam. Therefore, in this study, we try to clarify the transportation process of the clam larvae in the Hiroshima Bay by numerical model experiments. As a result of model experiments, in June (rainy and heating season), the larvae are transported to southward in western area of Hiroshima Bay. In November (dry and cooling season), distribution of larvae is limited in the northern area of Hiroshima Bay. These results are corresponding to the field observation results. In the Seto Inland Sea, it is said that there is spawning time of the clam twice a year (spring and autumn). However, in a recent Hiroshima Bay, the density of the larva in spring is very low than that in autumn. These facts suggest that the production of the clam is limited in the northern area of Hiroshima Bay because the density of the larva is low in spring when the larvae can extend to the south.