Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Connectivité paysagère'
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Tournant, Pierline. "Impact du paysage sur la distribution spatiale et génétique des colonies de petit rhinolophe." Thesis, Besançon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BESA2047.
Full textThe lesser horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus hipposideros was formerly widespread and quite common in north-westernEurope, but has undergone a dramatic decline from the 1960s. Habitat reduction and fragmentation have beensuggested as main factors explaining the decline of this species. Following this assumption, we expected habitatconnectivity to influence the spatial distribution of the maternity roosts. We firstly estimated the functionalconnectivity of the bat’s habitat and modeled the distribution of its colonies in Franche-Comté region (France). Weapplied a landscape graph-based approach to extract several patch-level metrics representing the functionalconnectivity of the landscape at different spatial scales. Those metrics were integrated in a predictive model of thematernity roosts presence according to the landscape context which confirms the role of landscape connectivity in thespecies distribution. Results showed that, at the colony local scale, roost’s presence depends on the availability ofwooded elements near small built areas. At the regional scale, roost’s presence depends on their spatial integration intoa connected network allowing exchanges of individuals among them. The second assumption is that restricted geneflows among colonies due to variations of functional connectivity among maternity roosts may lead to geneticdifferentiation between distant colonies. Based on bat droppings sampling and using eight microsatellite loci, wetested this hypothesis by examining the genetic differentiation of maternity colony at regional scale according tolandscape structure. Despite strong female philopatry our results emphasized a weak but structured geneticdifferentiation within maternity colonies. This genetic structure was neither related to isolation by distance nor tolandscape measures. We could conclude that the Franche-Comté region presents a good overall connectivity for thelesser horseshoe bat. Our results also suggest that genetic exchanges occurred between geographically closed colonies,probably due to male dispersal events. Inter-colony gene flows might occur during mating in the fall, just before malesand females gathering in winter roosts
Auvray, Alexandre. "Intégrer les enjeux de biodiversité dans l'aménagement des quartiers à fortes contraintes techniques ? : quartiers de gare, acteurs et paysages." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024PA01H086.
Full textStation districts are characterised by a distinctive set of technical functions and stakeholder structures, which set them apart from other urban forms. These districts are essential for cities and the transition to low-carbon mobility. Historically, they have been designed and managed by specialists who have devised solutions to the planning constraints associated with the presence of passenger flows. However, this know-how is now being reconsidered in light of the challenges of urban ecology. Indeed, the urban characteristics of station districts affect landscape connectivity, thus influencing the life cycle of wildlife and, consequently, the maintenance of biodiversity. In order to gain insight into these issues, the thesis situates its geographical framework within the context of the Transilien line N, situated in the western region of the Île-de-France area. The landscape connectivity of over 70 animal species is analysed using ecological network modelling tools derived from landscape ecology. The contribution of station districts to ecological networks is evaluated by comparing these districts with other urban fabrics of a similar nature situated at a distance from railway networks. The results demonstrate that the impact of urban density on the ecological network varies between station areas and non-station areas. In rural settings, station districts exert a diminished influence on landscape connectivity relative to the broader urban fabric. Conversely, in densely populated regions, certain station districts exhibit a distinctive positive influence compared to the surrounding urban fabric. These findings offer potential avenues for development, aimed at mitigating adverse effects or restoring connectivity. In order to facilitate the translation of these fndings into the practices of operational players, namely station district planners and biodiversity stakeholders, a participatory approach was employed, consisting of the organisation of four workshops distributed throughout the course of the thesis. The sociology of translation was employed to design these workshops and to analyse the processes of co-elaboration and co-evaluation of the models. Stakeholders, acting as intermediaries representing different communities (e.g. wildlife, scientific or planning professions), were able to provide their opinions on the models’ ability to represent matters of importance to them. At the same time, more than 50 interviews were carried out with the various actors involved in issues relating to the railway and biodiversity : environmental associations, employees of various SNCF companies and subsidiaries, local authorities. Following the "modes of existence" approach, these interviews highlighted the hybrid collectives of humans and non-humans who participate in, support and frame the social interactions between station areas and biodiversity. Thus, specific organisational structures or standardisation documents may act as obstacles to the consideration of biodiversity. On the other hand, certain key actors in the projects or certain extra-company collaborative initiatives support good practice. Driving change towards a ’biodiverse station area’ therefore requires new collaborative practices and new non-humans to support them, while enabling sufficiently faithful and sufficiently permissive translations
Perez, Grégoire. "Influence du paysage sur les communautés de micromammifères hôtes d'agents infectieux transmis par les tiques." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1B008/document.
Full textAn increase in the emergence or in the reemergence of infectious diseases of human and his domestic animals has been observed in the last decades. Most of these diseases are zoonotic, i.e. originated from wildlife, and imply often a vector for their transmission. At the same time, land use changes linked to agricultural intensification have modified the landscapes. The aim of the thesis was to enhance the state of knowledge on the influence of the landscape on the relationships between hosts, vectors and pathogens. In Europe, small mammals can be abundant in most of terrestrial ecosystems; they are thus preferred hosts for the generalist tick species Ixodes ricinus. They are also reservoirs of tick-borne infectious agents. The results of this thesis are based on two years of sampling, in spring and autumn, of small mammals and ticks in different landscapes. We analyzed them for three of the infectious agents they host and transmit: Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Lyme disease), Anaplasma phagocytophylum (anaplasmosis) and Theileria (Babesia) microti (piroplasmosis), this last one could not be exploited because of too low prevalence. The 24 sampling sites were half in the core or the edge of a forest and half in agricultural landscapes with a gradient of land cover and of landscape openness. The best explanatory variable for nymph abundance was the presence of I. ricinus larvae the previous year. The results also indicate a relationship between the number of larvae attached on wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus ; 76,5% of the catches) and the abundance of nymphs the following year. Bank voles (Myodes glareolus ; 22,3% of the catches) harbored less larvae in spring, certainly because of an acquired resistance to ticks in the overwintering individuals. Despite that these two species react differently to the composition and configuration features of the landscape, the abundances of nymphs were not related to these features. Other hosts, like roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), meteorological and microclimatic factors probably influence the abundances and the distribution of ticks in the landscape. The host specific richness and the abundance of bank voles, which were threefold more infected than wood mice, likely amplified the prevalence of A. phagocytophylum of these two rodent species. Conversely, landscape fragmentation, via the reduction of host population sizes, seems to act negatively on this prevalence. No clear spatial pattern was observed for B. burgdorferi s.l.. Likewise, no link could be established between the prevalence of the rodents and the prevalence of the nymphs. These results suggest a possible role of more specialist tick species, I. trianguliceps and I. acuminatus, in the circulation of the studied infectious agents, emphasizing the possible interest of considering the whole vector community in further studies. The results also emphasize the importance of considering a maximum of small mammal reservoir hosts, even at low abundances, at the landscape scale to better understand the transmission of these vector-borne infectious diseases
Percel, Gwendoline. "Réponse des espèces lignicoles à la disponibilité des habitats en forêt tempérée : approche multi-échelles du micro-habitat au paysage." Thesis, Orléans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ORLE2055/document.
Full textIntensive forestry induces a simplification of forest stand structure, composition, and dynamics, resulting in a decrease of density and diversity of old-growth forest attributes (deadwood and tree-related microhabitats). These elements represent critical habitats for lignicolous species. At the landscape scale, forest management planning create a spatial discontinuity of these microhabitats, which can be perceived as a fragmentation process for many species. Although habitat fragmentation is currently recognized as one of the major threats to biodiversity, its impact on species in managed temperate forest are still poorly understood. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of microhabitat availability (quantity and configuration) on species communities and populations, at multiple spatial scales, in order to provide evidence-based recommendations regarding the spatial arrangement of conservation strategies. We proposed a statistical methodology to predict the microhabitats distribution within the complex of the Compiègne forest (France). Based on this predictive mapping, we showed that different guilds of saproxylic beetles, defined according to their life history traits related to dispersal abilities, respond to the landscape structure at different spatial scales. Modelling metapopulation dynamics of an epixylic bryophyte (Dicranum viride) has highlighted the importance of dispersal on colonization/extinction processes that underlie the species’ occurrence patterns observed at the forest scale. Our results emphasize the key role of deadwood and tree-related microhabitats, which can be considered as relevant management leverage. Increase their quantity and optimize their spatial arrangement within and between forest stands, appears to be essential for persistence of the lignicolous species within managed forests
Remon, Jonathan. "Connectivité fonctionnelle en paysage fragmenté : apport des données génétiques et démographiques pour étudier l'impact multi-spécifique des infrastructures linéaires de transport." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30327.
Full textImplementing networks of ecological continuities requires estimation of functional connectivity in landscapes. Particularly when those landscapes are fragmented by Large-scale Transportation Infrastructures (LTIs). In this context, four terrestrial species were monitored using genetic and demographic surveys across six LTIs in south-western France. The results showed that a significant amount of genetic variability was explained by LTIs (38%), that are mostly acting as dispersal barriers. However, LTI effects are variable depending on the species under study and, in some cases, they can even act as infrastructures enhancing dispersal. Furthermore, the combined use of genetic tools and demographic surveys showed that depending on the selected approach, results might differ. Therefore, these two approaches should be more used simultaneously in landscape surveys
Boncourt, Etienne. "Quantifier la perméabilité des domaines skiables pour la Grenouille rousse (Rana temporaria) : une approche combinant suivi GPS et génétique du paysage." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAV011/document.
Full textAnimal disperal is a key process for maintaining populations and metapopulations. In particular, amphibians move a lot during their life cycle made of seasonal migrations. This makes them sensitive to the structure of the landscape. Indeed, anthropogenic changes such as linear infrastructure can act as ecological barriers for animals and limit gene flow within the landscape. While the effects of roads and railways on animal movements have been widely studied, the effects of infrastructure related to winter sports activities such as ski slopes and lifts are less well known. Thus, the permeability of anthropized mountain environments is little known. This thesis aims to quantify the ecological permeability (or functional connectivity) of ski areas for a widely distributed mountain amphibian: the European common frog (Rana temporaria Linnaeus 1758). To do this, we combine individual movement tracking and landscape genetics studies to better understand the factors influencing frog movements and gene flow within the landscape. Individual tracking is carried out by means of GPS tags and step selection analysis. The landscape genetics study is carried out by gathering DNA samples from three ski areas in Savoie and a control area located in the Vanoise National Park. We tested the influence of several landscape variables related to topography (slope, altitude...), habitats (wetland network, land cover...) or human activities (presence of roads, ski slopes) on gene flow. By using a new method of resistance surface optimization, we show the importance of the wetland network for mountain amphibians. On the one hand, they serve as preferential habitat and, on the other hand, a dense network of wetlands ensures good landscape connectivity for the Common frog. We also highlight that the heterogeneity in effective population sizes in a landscape can distort the genetic distances measured between populations and we recommend the use of techniques to overcome such problems. Our work is important for the sustainable management of ski areas, the development of ski slopes or other recreational infrastructure that can be accompanied by the destruction of wetlands
Bourgeois, Marc. "Impacts écologiques des formes d'urbanisation : modélisations urbaines et paysagères." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA1029/document.
Full textThe global increase of urbanization during the past decades have induced a progressive artificialization of natural environments. The building of transport infrastructures and new housings causes a landscape fragmentation in an irreversible way and a strong decrease of the connectivity of ecological habitats. Maintaining the functionality of ecological networks is becoming a major goal of sustainable urban planning policies. With a special focus on urban evolutions in the horizon 2030 in the urban area of Besançon in eastern France (residential development and road traffic evolutions), this thesis aims to assess the potential impact of urban forms on landscape connectivity of animal species’ ecological networks. This research work promotes a modelling approach both on the field of theoretical and quantitative geography and landscape ecology.This approach follows three main steps: (1) simulating residential development and its associated road traffic changes using five prospective scenarios of differentiated urban forms; (2) modelling landscape graphs of various animal species using land-cover maps and ecological data; (3) assessing the potential impacts of each scenario on ecological networks from these graphs using connectivity metrics, with measures of the connectivity decrease attributable to each residential development scenario. Contrary to sprawled cities, the results show that compact and dense urban forms best promote the maintenance of ecological connectivity for the majority of species groups. Further analysis highlights the great contribution of road traffic evolutions regarding the ecological impacts of each scenario.According to some sensitivity analysis, the model used is quite robust. It demonstrates the interest of modelling in the decision-making process for environmental conservation and urban planning to think out the city of tomorrow in a sustainable way
Flavenot, Théo. "Évaluation de l'effet des carrières de granulats sur la connectivité du paysage." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MNHN0001.
Full textGirardet, Xavier. "Paysage & [et] infrastructures de transport : modélisation des impacts des infrastructures sur les réseaux écologiques." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01069242.
Full textCochard, Arnaud. "Influence des facteurs paysagers sur la flore des habitats herbacés sous influence urbaine : approche taxonomiques et fonctionnelles." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NSARH102/document.
Full textThe process of urbanisation leads to a series of transformations and disturbances that may have consequences for wild plant communities. This thesis presents a study of the plant communities of ordinary grasslands distributed among three cities of western France: Angers, Nantes and La Roche-sur-Yon. Using both taxonomical and functional approaches, the aim is to analyse the variation in plant diversity and composition along landscape gradients, in particular those of urbanisation and habitat connectivity. Such grassland habitats appear to be diverse, despite a low number of exotic species. The urban-rural gradient structures such communities, in particular by strongly modifying species composition; and this despite an absence of variation in species richness or of homogenisation. These modifications in community structure are linked to traits for ecological requirements (for habitat, pH, humidity or light)or for adaptation to higher levels of disturbance in towns. These relationships vary according to species’ local or regional abundance, suggesting that other mecanisms accompany the filtering process. Taking into account three functional traits (height, SLA and phenology) measured in situ shows that the filtering process also has consequences at intraspecific level. Taken together, the results show how common species are assembled in response to ecological processes operating in urban environments and open up new perspectives and applications for the integration of grassland plant communities into biodiversity conservation objectives in urban areas
Dalongeville, Alicia. "Variation génétique et persistance des populations en milieu marin : implications pour la conservation." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT093/document.
Full textWorld marine ecosystems are experiencing unprecedented anthropic pressures inducing rapid environmental changes that threaten the persistence of wild species and their local populations. Hence, understanding the effects of genetic variability and dispersal capacities on marine population persistence is a key issue for the conservation of biodiversity. My PhD work had two main objectives: (i) evaluate the spatial distribution and drivers of genetic variation across coastal marine fish populations, and (ii) estimate the response of populations to climate changes in order to better understand their ability to persist.First, by performing a synthesis of published literature on 31 Mediterranean fish species, I showed that ecological traits related to mobility and population size strongly influence the level of within-population genetic diversity across species. Then, I studied the drivers of spatial genetic variation using genetic data from 727 individuals of the stripped red-mullet (Mullus surmuletus) collected in 72 sites around the Mediterranean Sea, and grouped into 47 pools genotyped for 1153 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Seascape genetic analyses showed that larval dispersal predominantly structures M. surmuletus genetic variation at intermediate and local spatial scales (<1000 km), whereas geographic isolation, due to population demographic history or adaptation, is the main driver at larger spatial scale. Lastly, studying the adaptive genetic variation of M. surmuletus using genome scan revealed a potential adaptive response of this species to the East-West gradient in salinity across the Mediterranean Sea.Subsequently, using a demo-genetic model to simulate coral population dynamics and resilience across the Indo-pacific corals, I showed that the process of ‘evolutionary rescue’ can help genotypes adapted to warm ocean waters to move and migrate between populations thanks to larval connectivity. Evolutionary rescue can thus promote the persistence of populations by allowing them to adapt to environmental changes that would otherwise lead to population declines or even local extinctions.Finally, all of these results highlighted the need to better consider connectivity and the evolutionary potential of species in conservation strategies, in order to maximize their resilience capacity and long-term persistence in the face of more severe environmental crises
François, Donatien. "Connectivité fonctionnelle chez Vipera berus (Linnaeus, 1758), une espèce peu dispersante et aux mœurs discrètes : caractérisation des flux de gènes à fine échelle spatiale au sein d’un paysage contrasté." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1B002.
Full textFace to the impact of land-use changes on species dispersal, decisions were recently conducted at French regional scale to favour and to maintain connectivity. The aim of this work was to quantified connectivity for a model species threatened in Western Europe : the common European adder (V. berus). Its secretive behaviour required to use an indirect and individual-based approach to measure its dispersal thanks to molecular techniques. Thus, V berus gene flow were analysed at fine spatial scale (10 × 7 km²) on a study site (A0) made up of two sub-areas with contrasting landscapes (A1/A2), both by land use and their temporal stability (instable/stable). Genetic differentiation on A0 is weak and mainly associated with a strong isolation-by-distance (IBD) pattern. Dispersal is therefore spatially limited in V. berus (natal dispersal ≤ 500m) and related to males concerning adults. Moreover, gene flow is also influenced by landscape heterogeneity : (i) by meadow (A0), urbanisation (A1) and dry grassland and forests (A2), (ii) particularly at 300m around individuals among spatial extent tested (10-500m) and (iii) more by the spatial configuration than the type and quantity of habitat patches. These innovative results contribute to (i) reflection about conservation strategies for V. Berus et (ii) underly the diversity of factors to consider in studying and maintaining connectivity at a more large spatial scale (dispersal pattern and process, spatio-temporal scales)
Balbi, Manon. "Validation de la fonctionnalité des continuités écologiques en milieu urbain : approches plurispécifiques et multi-sites." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B034/document.
Full textMaintaining connectivity across urban landscape, intrinsically fragmented, is a major issue of urban biodiversity conservation. Connectivity is increasingly taken into account by policy and stakeholders, especially through the establishment of the blue-green infrastructure. Multiple mapping tools allow to detect ecological networks (highly connected areas), however their functionnal validation is often lacking. The objective of this study is to validate least cost path analysis predictions in several cities with different biological models. Studied species vary in terms of dispersal means and capacities (flight, walk, crawling) and habitat requirement (e.g. herbaceous or forested habitats). Several protocols based on movement ecology and landscape genetic are applied, focusing on replication (within and among cities) and control of inter-individual variability. Our results indicate that movement is increased in predicted ecological networks when compared with areas predicted as poorly connected: the translocated hedgehogs travelled longer distances, several passerine responded to song playback over longer distances, and moths showed increased recapture rates. Indirect analysis on the garden snail showed a weak relation between population genetic differentiation and connectivity models. This work provides scientific support for the establishment of ecological networks in urban landscapes
Villemey, Anne. "Trame verte et papillons de jour en contexte agricole : influence du paysage sur la dispersion, la diversité génétique et la composition des communautés." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2052/document.
Full textThe implementation of the “Green and Blue Infrastructure” in France intends to ensure the functional connectivity of habitats (green veining). It is one of the nature conservation policies which aim to reduce the loss of biodiversity caused by the destruction and degradation of natural habitats. The objective of this work was to quantify the impact of connectivity, in comparison to other environmental factors, on the diversity of butterfly communities and their genetic diversity in three French agricultural regions. Two different approaches were applied to understand the underlying processes driving these diversity patterns: i) the study of the whole community and of the different ecological groups, ii) the study of landscape features resistances to butterfly dispersal using a landscape genetics approach on one species: the Meadow brown (Maniola jurtina L.). Our findings show that although local characteristics play a dominant role, landscape context does have an influence on community composition. Arable land cover decreases species diversity, and the Meadow brown genetic diversity and gene flow. Grasslands support more species rich communities, including non-frequent species. Grassy linear landscape elements host impoverished communities, but improve Meadow brown dispersal and enhance its genetic diversity. Species diversity is higher within grasslands in proximity to woody habitats: butterflies may benefit from resources on forest edges; moreover, woodlands seem to limit Meadow brown dispersal while increasing its genetic diversity. The habitat complementarity we evidenced here led us to question the classic model of ecological continuities as a collection of independent sub-networks, one for each type of habitat. According to conservation issues, species under interest and landscape contexts, we also need to identify situations where, among a broad panel of possible conservation actions, increasing connectivity is the most effective solution
Janin, Agnès. "Évaluer la connectivité en paysage fragmenté : de l'écologie comportementale à la biologie de la conservation." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00937294.
Full textBardonnet, Clara. "Une analyse de la connectivité fonctionnelle du paysage : Etude des déplacements et des flux de gènes chez un mustélidé forestier, la Martre des pins (Martes martes)." Thesis, Reims, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REIMS013/document.
Full textLandscape changes, generated by anthropogenic activities, are widely recognised as one of the main causes of global biodiversity decline. Leading to a loss of functional landscape connectivity, they disrupt movements and gene flow which play a primordial role for the persistence of populations. However, the relationship between these processes and landscape structure remains unclear. In this context, we studied landscape connectivity in European pine marten, a forest species present in fragmented landscapes. We evaluated landscape resistance, i.e. how landscape features impede or facilitate movements and gene flow, analysing genetic variability of groups sampled in 13 forest sites of the Champagne-Ardenne regional area, and studying individual fine-scale movements in both continuous and fragmented areas. We showed that intensive agricultural plain and certain linear infrastructures could impede movements. In addition, we showed that hedgerows facilitate movements between forest patches and we suggested that vegetation height of open habitats could play a role for these movements. This study provides important insights on movement ecology of the European pine marten and underlines the need to take into account responses of organisms in the establishment of ecological networks
Betbeder, Julie. "Evaluation des données de télédétection pour l’identification et la caractérisation des continuités écologiques." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN20006/document.
Full textHabitat fragmentation is now considered as one of the most serious threats to biodiversity, and a major cause of the current crisis of species extinction. In fragmented landscapes, movement is a key process for the survival of flora and fauna species. Movement is facilitated by a significant connectivity between landscape elements. Among elements that contribute to increase landscape connectivity, ecological corridors are particularly useful and effective. The main objective of this pHD is to evaluate the interest of the VHSR images to identify and characterize potential agricultural landscape elements of the ecological networks. We evaluated the potential of SAR images and the combined use of VHSR optical and radar data to characterize ecological continuities at a fine scale, both structural and functional points of view. Results show that radar images and especially a polarimetric indicator, the Shannon entropy, allow quantifying the canopy cover of hedges. This indicator was assessed from an ecologically point of view. In addition, we highlight the indicators, classification methods and key dates to map wetland vegetation types. An evaluation of the synergy of radar and optical images shows the usefulness of radar data for crops mapping. We also showed the contribution of radar time series for improving biological models that explain the biodiversity distribution in agricultural landscapes. Finally, we developed new connectivity metrics, which relevant from an ecological point of view, by integrating information derived from remote sensing data
Vergnes, Alan. "Connectivité des paysages urbains et faune épigée : approche multi-échelles et multi-taxons." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MNHN0001.
Full textScientific insights are needed to limit the negative effects of urbanization and improve urban biodiversity. Thus, we analysed the effects of landscape on several ground –dwelling communities (multi taxa approach). We organized our research following three main axis: (1) response along an urbanization gradient, (2) the effect of corridors on the dispersal among urban landscapes and (3) simulation of the corridor effect using an individual based model (IBM). We observed strong and negative effects of the urbanized landscapes, stronger for forest specialist species which are replaced by more generalist species along the gradient. We highlighted a positive effect of corridors with some differences between taxa that could be explained by variation in their dispersal capabilities, confirmed by the model. The IBM has confirmed these results. This study opens new doors on the spatial configuration of local communities within the landscapes
Broquet, Thomas. "Structure génétique, connectivité du paysage et dispersion de la martre américaine (martes americana) en forêt boréale exploitée." Rennes 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN10155.
Full textFavre-Bac, Lisa. "Rôle de corridor écologique des fossés pour la dispersion des espèces végétales dans les paysages agricoles." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1S053/document.
Full textThe establishment of ecological networks is considered as one of the solutions to mitigate the negative effects of fragmentation on biodiversity. In agricultural landscapes, non-crop linear elements may form large networks, and constitute refuge habitats and/or dispersal corridors for plant species. The objective of this study is to understand which role may a dense drainage ditch network play for the maintenance and dispersal of plant species in an intensive agricultural landscape located in northern France. In addition, we also investigated the impact of landscape characteristics, network connectivity and plant species life-history traits on propagule dispersal within the ditch network. Our results indicate that ditches are indeed ecological corridors for plant species. By focusing more specifically on hydrochorous species, we demonstrated that they essentially depend on ditch network composition and connectivity and on elements immediately adjacent to the banks. The network also drives patterns of gene flow for two ditch bank plant species. Finally, our results also indicate that species’ response to ditch network connectivity depends on a combination of dispersal traits, and that connectivity reduction leads to functional convergence of those traits at the metacommunity scale. Together, these results provide a better understanding of the corridor role of ditches for plant species, in order to include these features into ecological network planning in agricultural landscapes
Pauwels, Julie. "Light pollution & biodiversity : What are the levers of action to limit the impact of artificial lighting on nocturnal fauna ?" Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MNHN0023/document.
Full textThe spatial extent of artificial light is increasing rapidly and significantly on Earth surface hence changing the nocturnal lightscape and threatening an important part of ecosystems. The rise in nighttime light levels induces a perturbation of the circadian rhythm and thus a modification of nocturnal, but also some diurnal, species behavior and interactions between species. Despite the spread of light pollution being of major concern, the knowledge gaps in this field limit the creation of regulations to reduce the impact of nighttime lighting on biodiversity. Therefore it is urgent to produce clear and practical information to build tools and define recommendations for land managers. In this context, the aim of the PhD thesis is to study the impact of light pollution on nocturnal fauna through two spatial scales in order to propose methods to evaluate and manage artificial light. We used bats as a model species as they are long-lived and nocturnal and thus highly impacted by light pollution. In addition, it has been shown that their population trends tend to reflect those of species lower in the trophic chain which makes them even more sensitive to anthropic pressures. First, we studied the effect of light pollution within cities. This spatial scale is both coherent with bats distance of movement and with the reality of public lighting management. Although some urban-adapted species living within large cities are considered to benefit from artificial light, this work showed that, at a scale including all aspects of bats daily travels, light has a negative effect on bats activity level. Also, even if a large part of light pollution is due to public lighting, the results show that private lighting should not be neglected. Beyond the impact on bat activity, artificial light can have a barrier effect when individuals are transiting and thus reduce the landscape connectivity. Whereas environmental policies are promoting the development of ecological corridors, not considering light pollution could significantly reduce their efficiency for nocturnal species. Modelling the link between biological data and landscape variables including light level allowed us to build adapted corridors for nocturnal species. This lead to the development of a tool to evaluate lighting scenarios that could be used prior to the implementation of a lighting plan in order to predict the impact it would have and hence adapt it to the local biodiversity issues. At a finer scale, it is necessary to understand which light characteristics are the most relevant levers of actions to formulate recommendations to limit light pollution impact on biodiversity. We carried a field work experiment in a protected area where conservation issues on bat species are even higher as the species most sensitive to light are protected there, together with their habitat, at the EU level. We worked at the interface between urban and semi-natural areas and showed that the illuminance was the most important light characteristic. Hence it is on this parameters that regulations should be applied in priority to limit the impact of light on areas that could potentially be used as corridors or dark refuges for sensitive species
Le, Gall Mickaël. "Rôle des mares et de leur contexte paysager dans le maintien des continuités écologiques : étude de la diversité et de la dispersion des communautés d'odonates dans la Trame Verte et Bleue." Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUES033.
Full textAt a regional scale, the establishment of the « Trame Verte et Bleue » cannot be achieved without knowledge of species presence, of the ecological quality of habitats hosting these species and existing connections between these habitats. Ponds are often described as stepping stones promoting the exchange of individuals between populations. The objective of this study was to determine the role of ponds in maintaining favourable connectivity for Odonata and in maintenance of Odonata communities at a landscape scale. Specifically, this study focuses on the relationships between species of Odonata and environmental characteristics of ponds. Connectivity, for its part, is approached by studying dispersal of a damselfly species (i. E. Ischnura elegans) directly (i. E. Capture-Mark-Recapture, individual tracking, translocation) and indirectly (i. E. Gene flow). The first chapter focuses on the influence of biotic and abiotic variables of ponds, their geographic location and surrounding landscape context on Odonata communities. Results show that two geographically and ecologically closer ponds will have more Odonata species in common. Also, Zygoptera and Anisoptera do not respond in the same way to environmental characteristics of ponds. The second chapter focuses on the importance of ponds variability in the maintenance of regional species pool. The context of the pond is important to consider. Field ponds promote the pool of Odonata species in its entirety. Urban ponds preferentially promote the pool of Zygoptera species and forest ponds promote the pool of Anisoptera species. These differences are to be linked to species traits (i. E. Laying mode, wingspan, number of generations per year). The third chapter focuses on the study of Ischnura elegans local movements in relation to ponds local characteristics and landscape context. The different approaches taken (i. E. Capture-Mark-Recapture, individual tracking, translocation) have shown an effect of landscape context on movements over longer distances in field contexts compared to urban contexts. In case of a pond drying up, individuals go to the nearest pond in field contexts. Finally, survival is not dependent on pond characteristics The last chapter focuses on the study of gene flow of Ischnura elegans across Seine-Maritime. A genetic structure is highlighted and an isolation by distance up to a distance of 9. 5 km. Ischnura elegans is consequently a mobile species at a landscape scale through available ponds. Results obtained in this study confirm ponds importance in maintaining Odonata communities and their roles of stepping stones for the dispersal of individuals. The pond is an essential habitat to consider in the establishment of the « Trame Verte et Bleue »
Bossu, Angèle. "Rôle des jardins privatifs dans l'homogénéisation et la connectivité des paysages urbanisés méditerranéens." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4758/document.
Full textIncreasing urbanization in recent decades requires a thorough understanding of the dynamics of urban biodiversity to aid in the establishing of urban development policies to promote the biodiversity. This doctoral work evaluated the taxonomic homogenization and functional composition of spontaneous flora communities along a gradient of urbanization taking as the unit of study the private garden, and the genetic structure of a plant species, Parietaria judaica.Taxonomic homogenization varies along the urbanization gradient. The private gardens of the centers studied cities are less rich but would enhance taxonomic diversity in terms of species composition of communities through their exposure, planning and practices.The study of traits communities highlights changes in the functional composition along the urbanization gradient. High built-up density areas filter traits, in particular linked to the dispersion and persistence of species. The endozoochorie could allow the crossing of built around the gardens.Finally, the lack of genetic structure of Parietaria judaica at local scale suggests genetic exchange regardless of the built-up density, while a significant genetic structure was observed at the regional level between the three sites.The private gardens, which like the other green patchs in urban areas, have plant communities that can participate in the dynamics of urban vegetation
Delattre, Thomas. "Influence de la structure du paysage et des conditions météorologiques sur le comportement de dispersion de Maniola jurtina (Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae, L. ) dans un agroécosystème bocager." Rennes 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN1S217.
Full textDispersal is the movement of individuals with potential consequences on gene flow. The distribution patterns of metapopulations and communities in the landscapes result from the inter and intra-individual variations of dispersal. The selection pressures due to human-driven landscape changes cause the apparition of specific movement strategies, with a growing contrast between strategies adapted to resource searching inside patches, and patch searching inside landscapes. The quantitative analysis of M. Jurtina dispersal behaviour allowed us to highlight a strategy adapted to long distance dispersal, the “direct moves”, which is different from the “foray loops” strategy that was known for this species, and is adapted to local short-distance exploration. Besides, in ectotherms activity is strongly dependant on meteorological conditions. We showed that this effect applies to dispersal too, that the dispersal strategies of M. Jurtina are differently affected, and that it changes the functional connectivity at the landscape scale. Moreover, we examined the dispersal behaviour of M. Jurtina along a gradient of agricultural intensification, and showed how dispersal is affected by habitat loss and environmental stochasticity. Finally, we estimated the potential corridor role of an agri-environment scheme set up in European landscapes: the grassy field margins. We used a combination of individual-based simulations of movement, and field surveys of movement inside grassy field margins and habitat patches to estimate this corridor function
Lizée, Marie-Hélène. "Diversité, organisation spatiale et fonctionnelle des communautés de papillons (lépidoptères, rhopalocères) en milieu urbain et périurbain : Rôle des espaces artificialisés en terme de conservation et de connectivité." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10153.
Full textGiven the wide range of issues (economic, social and environmental) that are concerned by natural environments under the impact of human development, it is a matter of urgency to understand the factors that determine their functioning. Even if they do not constitute priority areas for the conservation for rare and endangered species, urban areas are by no means devoid of biodiversity. This biodiversity and the ecological processes involved remain poorly known.The approach here is to use the communities of Rhopaloceres (butterflies) as a framework for reading the urban and outlying suburban landscapes. On the basis of a study of butterfly communities (and secondarily those of birds) in the PACA (Provence Alpes Côte d’Azur) region, the main aim of this study is to provide evidence of the patterns of organisation of these communities in order to understand the factors that control the assemblages of species in the urban and outlying suburban environment.Focused on the Mediterranean area, which constitutes an original site from the biogerographical point of view, this investigation has focused on two study sites in order to offer two different expressions of the process of urban development affecting the territory of Provence: (i) the village of Lauris (84), characteristic of a Mediterranean hinterland ‘in the process of metropolisation’; and (ii) the Marseille conurbation (13), the 2nd most populous city in France.On the basis of an analysis of the assemblages of species of four habitats (fallow land, private gardens, vineyards, forests), the investigations carried out in Lauris are focused on the response of the communities of Rhopaloceres in the face of rapid changes in land use. The results provide evidence of variations in terms of structure and functional composition, underlining the influence both of the landscape context and of the type of habitat on the organisation of these communities. This study also highlights the interest of the garden compartment as a reservoir of biodiversity.Then, the investigation has focused on the question of the biodiversity accommodated in the man-made areas of the city. To this end, 24 public parks in the city of Marseille have been studied. It has been possible to show how the functional traits of species (butterflies and birds) can be used to predict their distribution along a gradient of urban development. The various studies carried out on Marseille have also shown the importance of the landscape scale and of the regional spatial dynamic (dispersal and colonisation) with regard to the organisation of assemblages of species. The communities of Rhopaloceres appear to be strongly conditioned by the degree of isolation of parks with regard to the semi-natural massifs, raising the idea of the strengthening of the intra-urban assemblages by a regional pool of species situated around the outskirts. This hypothesis is further supported by the overlapping pattern of distribution of the species (nested subsets) between the parks, where the poorest sites in terms of species composition constitute sub-samples of the richest sites, without this being linked to the existence of a significant species-area relationship. Finally, the study of the development of parks and their management has enabled us to highlight the impact of more local interactions on the organisation of the communities. Nevertheless, the landscape context would appear to strongly condition the plant component in the surroundings, but also in the parks, in particular via the management practices of the municipal departments
Crombette, Pauline. "Contribution des technologies satellitaires Pléiades à l'étude des trames vertes urbaines : entre maintien des connectivités écologiques potentielles et densification des espaces urbains." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU20032/document.
Full textIn urban areas, competition between land development and ecological conservation is intense. To assist decision making, a better knowledge of those areas of interest is required. Regarding inadequacy data and methods needed for ecological network mapping in urban areas, the aim of our study is to develop a method for semi-automatic vegetation extraction with Very High Spatial Resolution Pleiades imagery (VHSR). Initially applied to training samples, the process is then be deployed to four French study areas (Toulouse, Muret, Pierrefite-Nestalas and Strasbourg). The reproducibility of this method over large urbanized areas is ensured by its simplicity and the results of a pixel-based classification (kappa coefficient higher than 85 %). This extraction workflow uses free or open-source software. This vegetation data is then used in order to model potential ecological connectivity in Toulouse’s urban and peri-urban areas. Impacts on biodiversity due to urban planning are assessed using graph theory. The “Boulevard Urbain Nord de Toulouse” project, a road infrastructure, is studied. Graph metrics have been calculated to assess the level of connectivity at habitat patches and landscape scales. We classified the importance of the patches which is cross-tabulated with planning documents (PLU, a local town planning) in order to locate conflict urban areas: between biodiversity preservation and urbanization. Depending on the issues set out by local actors and through the application filter, this thesis proposes a robust analytical tool and decision-making aid for landscape management and land planning
Lecours, Tessier Daphnée. "Nouvelle approche multispécifique intégrant les milieux aquatiques et terrestres pour l’évaluation de la connectivité du paysage." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24418.
Full textThe present biodiversity loss required to increase the area of protected areas in order to reduce habitat loss, fragmentation, and mitigate the impacts of climate change. However, a major challenge remain: which parts of a landscape should be protected? The landscape connectivity potential has been one of the main factors used in recent years. However, current methods of estimating connectivity have shortcomings, not only in terms of the number of species simulated, but especially in terms of their taxonomic and functional diversity. Here, I improve the study of landscape connectivity in three ways: I assess the connectivity potential of the landscape based on a pool of 93 species, including terrestrial, avian and semi-aquatic species; I integrate aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems; and finally, I use a more realistic model of movements of wildlife species. In order to develop the method, I used spatial data from a territory in the Laurentides region of Quebec, which has a strong anthropogenic gradient from the South (highly urbanized and agricultural) to the North (very little urbanized and largely forested). I analyzed landscape connectivity for wildlife species using the program Omniscape. It allows omnidirectional simulations, which better represent the movements of animals; so far, the majority of connectivity assessments were unidirectional (from point A to point B). I then pooled the results of dispersion simulations by clustering analyzes (Fuzzy C-mean and Ward), which resulted in three groups. The results confirmed that the region delimited by the Canadian Shield contributes greatly to the movement of terrestrial and aquatic species, while the region located in the St. Lawrence Lowlands do not contribute that much. My results also underline that aquatic environments seem to play an important role in the overall connectivity of the Laurentian region, since several species (including species considered “terrestrial”) use them to move around. I therefore argue that it is essential to better integrate aquatic and terrestrial habitats into a holistic understanding of landscape connectivity.
Mechai, Samir. "Utilisation des outils phylogéographiques pour explorer la diversité génétique de Borrelia burgdorferi et le paysage génétique de la maladie de Lyme au Canada." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19878.
Full textFoubert, Aline. "Rôles de l’hétérogénéité et de la connectivité du paysage sur les poissons du fleuve Saint-Laurent (Canada) : vers de nouvelles unités de gestion écologiques." Thèse, 2017. http://constellation.uqac.ca/4475/1/Foubert_uqac_0862D_10408.pdf.
Full textCyr, Frédéric. "Les impacts de la dispersion historique sur la variabilité génétique à différentes échelles spatiales : connaître l'histoire pour mieux comprendre le présent." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9763.
Full textCurrent genetic variability depends on a complex combination of historical and contemporary factors. Therefore, an unbiased interpretation of the impact of current processes requires a deep understanding of historical processes that shaped genetic variability. Based on the premise that spatially close populations should share a common recent history, many studies conducted at small spatial scale do not take into account the effect of historical processes. This thesis aims to verify the validity of this assumption by estimating the effect of historical dispersion at large and small spatial scales. The aim of the first part of this thesis was to evaluate the impact of the historical dispersion on the distribution of organisms, at large spatial scale. The freshwater mussels of the genus Floater (Pyganodon spp.) were used as biological model. The dispersal of freshwater mussels occurs when larvae parasitize fish. Also, a series of null models has been developed to evaluate the co-occurrence between parasites and their hosts. The distinct associations of the Newfoundland floater (P. fragilis) with euryhaline fish species can explain its distribution. These associations also promoted differentiation with its sister taxon: the Eastern floater (P. cataracta). This study demonstrated the effects of historical biological associations on the current distribution of species at a large spatial scale. The aim of the second part of this thesis was to evaluate the impact of historical dispersal on the genetic variability, at small spatial scale. This time populations of rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) and sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) in adjacent drainages were used as biological model. The striking differences observed between the two species suggest opposing colonization patterns. Rock bass have colonized the drainage from a downstream source, resulting in low genetic diversity upstream and a strong differentiation between drainages. However, the sunfish have colonized the system from upstream, resulting in a high genetic diversity and low differentiation upstream, inducing at the same time a false signal of gene flow between drainages. The present study shows that the historical dispersion may hinder the ability to estimate the actual connectivity at small spatial scale, thus invalidating the premise tested in this thesis. The impacts of historical processes on genetic variability are not easy to demonstrate. The aim of the third part of this thesis was to develop a method to facilitate their detection. The proposed method is very flexible and facilitates the comparison between genetic variability and multiple dispersal hypotheses. The method could be used to compare dispersal hypotheses based on the historic or the current landscape and allow the assessment of historical and contemporary processes on genetic variability. The performances of the method are presented in several simulation scenarios, of increasing complexity. Despite an overall impact of differentiation, the number of individuals or the number of loci sampled, the method is highly effective. To illustrate the potential of the method, two contrasted data sets from previously published studies, were re-analyzed. This thesis demonstrates the impacts of historical dispersal on genetic variability at different spatial scales. Potential historical effects must be taken into account before assessing the impacts of ecological processes on genetic variability. In short, we must bridge the gap between ecology and evolution.
Bouchard, Cindy. "La génétique au service de la conservation de la tortue des bois (Glyptemys insculpta)." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25265.
Full textConservation biology is a rapidly expanding field of research due to the accelerating loss of global biodiversity. To better understand the processes and threats to the persistence of small populations and the effects of anthropogenic factors on biodiversity, genetic approaches are frequently used in conservation. Genetic analyzes can, for example, inform us about long-term trends, population diversity and reproductive strategies of a species. The wood turtle (Glyptemys insculpta) is a species endemic to North America that is endangered according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. As part of my thesis, my objective was to characterize the genetic diversity of this threatened species in Canada. In order to better understand the impact of reproductive strategy and landscape structure on population diversity, I analyzed the genetics of wood turtle populations at several spatial and temporal scales. First, parentage relationships were reconstructed in a population of wood turtles to estimate the frequency of multiple and repeated paternity. The results of my work suggest that sperm storage in females and multiple reproduction with the same partners for more than one breeding season could explain these phenomena. These reproduction strategies could in this case be induced by the low density of the study population, or by fidelity to the overwintering site where the majority of copulation events take place. Subsequently, I assessed the genetic diversity of wood turtle populations. I wanted to understand the effects of the landscape configuration and geographic dispersion events on the diversity of populations. Using a landscape genetics approach, my analyzes show that the division of populations by watershed explains a large fraction of the genetic diversity between populations. These results also confirm that watersheds represent management units conducive to the protection of wood turtle populations. Finally, network analysis was used to better understand the gene flow dynamics among populations located on the north and south shores of the St. Lawrence River. More specifically, the north shore is characterized by a robust network of isolated populations, whereas the populations on the south shore present more of a metapopulation structure. Using population graphs, hypothetical scenarios were compared to explore the node selection process using the BRIDES algorithm. The results of these analyzes made it possible to point out specific populations of wood turtles, considering their importance for network connectivity. This could have not been predicted by using genetic diversity and distinctiveness estimates, node-based metrics, and node removal analysis for these populations. Thanks to genetics, this thesis brings new knowledge on the wood turtle, the reproductive strategies of both sexes, the gene flow, the connectivity and the influence of the hydrographic network on population diversity. These results allow us to have a better understanding of the processes affecting the genetic diversity of this species in order to better protect it. All analyses performed for this thesis are directly applicable to other long-lived species with overlapping generations.