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Journal articles on the topic 'Conners' Continuous Performance Test'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Homack, Susan, and Cynthia A. Riccio. "Conners’ Continuous Performance Test (2nd ed.; CCPT-II)." Journal of Attention Disorders 9, no. 3 (February 2006): 556–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054705283578.

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Shaked, Danielle, Lauren M. D. Faulkner, Kathryn Tolle, Carrington R. Wendell, Shari R. Waldstein, and Robert J. Spencer. "Reliability and validity of the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test." Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 27, no. 5 (February 22, 2019): 478–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2019.1570199.

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MacQueen, David A., Arpi Minassian, Brook L. Henry, Mark A. Geyer, Jared W. Young, and William Perry. "Amphetamine Modestly Improves Conners’ Continuous Performance Test Performance in Healthy Adults." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 24, no. 3 (October 16, 2017): 283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135561771700090x.

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AbstractObjectives: Amphetamine improves vigilance as assessed by continuous performance tests (CPT) in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Less is known, however, regarding amphetamine effects on vigilance in healthy adults. Thus, it remains unclear whether amphetamine produces general enhancement of vigilance or if these effects are constrained to the remediation of deficits in patients with ADHD. Methods: We tested 69 healthy adults (35 female) on a standardized CPT (Conner’s CPT-2) after receiving 10- or 20-mg d-amphetamine or placebo. To evaluate potential effects on learning, impulsivity, and perseveration, participants were additionally tested on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST). Results: Participants receiving placebo exhibited the classic vigilance decrement, demonstrated by a significant reduction in attention (D’) across the task. This vigilance decrement was not observed, however, after either dose of amphetamine. Consistent with enhanced vigilance, the 20-mg dose also reduced reaction time variability across the task and the ADHD confidence index. The effects of amphetamine appeared to be selective to vigilance since no effects were observed on the IGT, WCST, or response inhibition/perseveration measures from the CPT. Conclusions: The present data support the premise that amphetamine improves vigilance irrespective of disease state. Given that amphetamine is a norepinephrine/dopamine transporter inhibitor and releaser, these effects are informative regarding the neurobiological substrates of attentional control. (JINS, 2018, 24, 283–293)
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Burton, Leslie, Donald Pfaff, Nicholas Bolt, Despina Hadjikyriacou, Nava Silton, Christine Kilgallen, John Cofer, and Janaina Allimant. "Effects of gender and personality on the Conners Continuous Performance Test." Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 32, no. 1 (January 15, 2010): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13803390902806568.

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Tana, M. G., E. Montin, S. Cerutti, and A. M. Bianchi. "Exploring Cortical Attentional System by Using fMRI during a Continuous Perfomance Test." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2010 (2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/329213.

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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed in eight healthy subjects to identify the localization, magnitude, and volume extent of activation in brain regions that are involved in blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response during the performance of Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CPT). An extensive brain network was activated during the task including frontal, temporal, and occipital cortical areas and left cerebellum. The more activated cluster in terms of volume extent and magnitude was located in the right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Analyzing the dynamic trend of the activation in the identified areas during the entire duration of the sustained attention test, we found a progressive decreasing of BOLD response probably due to a habituation effect without any deterioration of the performances. The observed brain network is consistent with existing models of visual object processing and attentional control and may serve as a basis for fMRI studies in clinical populations with neuropsychological deficits in Conners' CPT performance.
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Lee, Jaime B., Masha Kocherginsky, and Leora R. Cherney. "Attention in individuals with aphasia: Performance on the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test – 2nd edition." Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 30, no. 2 (April 18, 2018): 249–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2018.1460852.

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7

Raggio, Donald J., Robert L. Rhodes, and Janice D. Whitten. "Factor Analysis of the Continuous Performance Test and Parent-Teacher Reports of Attention Deficit Disorder." Psychological Reports 85, no. 3 (December 1999): 935–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.85.3.935.

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The relationships between a computerized measure of attention deficit disorder and scores from two commonly used parent-teacher reports were investigated. A factor analysis of the raw omission and commission scores provided by the Continuous Performance Test and Conners' Parent Rating Scale and the ADD-H Comprehensive Teacher Rating Scale indicated that for a sample of 54 children the Continuous Performance Test was most closely associated with measures of impulsivity and hyperactivity provided by the Conners' rating. This finding was congruent with the use of the Continuous Performance Test in the evaluation as a measure of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and suggestive of a positive and significant relation between this computerized measure of behavior and parents' perception of behavior. Little association was detected between scores on the teachers' scale and omission and commission scores.
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Díaz-Orueta, Unai, Cristina Garcia-López, Nerea Crespo-Eguílaz, Rocío Sánchez-Carpintero, Gema Climent, and Juan Narbona. "AULA virtual reality test as an attention measure: Convergent validity with Conners’ Continuous Performance Test." Child Neuropsychology 20, no. 3 (May 2, 2013): 328–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2013.792332.

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9

Miranda, Mônica C., Thiago S. Rivero, and Orlando F. Amodeo Bueno. "Effects of age and gender on performance on Conners' Continuous Performance Test in Brazilian adolescents." Psychology & Neuroscience 6, no. 1 (January 2013): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3922/j.psns.2013.1.11.

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Lee, Posen, Hung-Yu Lin, Chin-Hsuan Liu, Wen-Shian Lu, and Ching-Lin Hsieh. "Relative and Absolute Reliabilities of the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test II in Schizophrenia." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 31, no. 7 (August 9, 2016): 769–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acw037.

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Borgatti, Renato, Paolo Piccinelli, Rosario Montirosso, Gemma Donati, Alessandra Rampani, Laura Molteni, Annalisa Tofani, et al. "Study of Attentional Processes in Children With Idiopathic Epilepsy by Conners' Continuous Performance Test." Journal of Child Neurology 19, no. 7 (July 2004): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08830738040190070601.

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12

Weis, Robert, and Sara J. Totten. "Ecological Validity of the Conners' Continuous Performance Test II in a School-Based Sample." Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 22, no. 1 (March 2004): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073428290402200104.

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Stern, M., and R. Shura. "A-10 Conners Continuous Performance Test-3 in the Evaluation of ADHD Among Veterans." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 6 (July 25, 2019): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz034.10.

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Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to compare performance on the Conners Continuous Performance Test, third edition (CPT-3), between veterans with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and between presentation types. Method This is a retrospective chart review of 226 consecutively referred veterans who completed a standardized, ADHD assessment at a Mid-Atlantic VA Medical Center. ADHD status was determined from a structured interview; all included subjects completed the CPT-3 and validity measures. ANOVA was used to evaluate group differences in T scores across 9 CPT-3 variables. Chi square was used to further evaluate group differences using impairment ranges in the CPT-3 manual. Results Final valid sample included 85 veterans with and 54 without ADHD. Veterans with ADHD only showed significantly higher T scores on Hit Reaction Time Standard Deviation, F(1, 137) = 7.7, p = .006, η2 = 0.05, and Hit Reaction Times Inter-Stimulus Interval Change (HRT-ISIC), F(1, 137) = 12.8, p < .001, η2 = 0.09. Veterans diagnosed with ADHD showed higher percentages of scores classified in the impaired ranges for Commissions χ2(1) = 4.3 (p < .039, V = 0.18) and HRT-ISIC χ2(1) = 4.5 (p < .035, V = 0.18). Neither ANOVA or χ2 analyses revealed group differences between ADHD presentations for any CPT-3 measures. Conclusions Performance on the CPT-3 was poorer in the ADHD group only for 2 of 9 scores. The CPT-3 was consistently unable to differentiate inattentive from hyperactive/combined ADHD. Diagnostic utility of the CPT-3 in ADHD evaluations may be limited in veteran populations.
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Miranda, Mônica Carolina, Elaine Girão Sinnes, Sabine Pompéia, and Orlando Francisco Amodeo Bueno. "A Comparative Study of Performance in the Conners' Continuous Performance Test Between Brazilian and North American Children." Journal of Attention Disorders 11, no. 5 (November 19, 2007): 588–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054707299412.

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15

Lichtenstein, Jonathan D., Lloyd Flaro, Fern S. Baldwin, Jaspreet Rai, and Laszlo A. Erdodi. "Further Evidence for Embedded Performance Validity Tests in Children within the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test – Second Edition." Developmental Neuropsychology 44, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2019.1565535.

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Ord, Jonathan S., Anneliese C. Boettcher, Kevin W. Greve, and Kevin J. Bianchini. "Detection of malingering in mild traumatic brain injury with the Conners' Continuous Performance Test–II." Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 32, no. 4 (September 8, 2009): 380–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13803390903066881.

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Cohen, Andrew L., and Steven K. Shapiro. "Exploring the Performance Differences on the Flicker Task and the Conners' Continuous Performance Test in Adults With ADHD." Journal of Attention Disorders 11, no. 1 (July 2007): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054706292162.

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18

Lucke, Ilse M., Charlotte Lin, Fatmata Conteh, Amanda Federline, Huyngmo Sung, Matthew Specht, and Marco A. Grados. "Continuous performance test in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder and tic disorders: the role of sustained attention." CNS Spectrums 20, no. 5 (October 9, 2014): 479–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852914000467.

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ObjectivePediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and tic disorders (TD) are often associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In order to clarify the role of attention and inhibitory control in pediatric OCD and TD, a continuous performance test (CPT) was administered to a cohort of children and adolescents with OCD alone, TD alone, and OCD+TD.MethodsA clinical cohort of 48 children and adolescents with OCD alone (n=20), TD alone (n=15), or OCD+TD (n=13) was interviewed clinically and administered the Conners Continuous Performance Test II (CPT-II). The Conners CPT-II is a 14-minute normed computerized test consisting of 6 blocks. It taps into attention, inhibitory control, and sustained attention cognitive domains. Key parameters include errors of omission (distractability), commission (inhibitory control), and variable responding over time (sustained attention). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) criteria were applied in a best-estimate process to diagnose OCD, TD, ADHD, and anxiety disorders.ResultsChildren with OCD+TD had more errors of omission (p=0.03), and more hit RT block change (p=0.003) and hit SE block change (p=0.02) than subjects with OCD alone and TD alone. These deficits in sustained attention were associated with younger age and hoarding tendencies. A clinical diagnosis of ADHD in the OCD+TD group also determined worse sustained attention.ConclusionsA deficit in sustained attention, a core marker of ADHD, is also a marker of OCD+TD, compared to OCD alone and TD alone. Biological correlates of sustained attention may serve to uncover the pathophysiology of OCD and TD through genetic and imaging studies.
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Munkvold, Linda H., Terje Manger, and Astri J. Lundervold. "Conners’ continuous performance test (CCPT-II) in children with ADHD, ODD, or a combined ADHD/ODD diagnosis." Child Neuropsychology 20, no. 1 (December 17, 2012): 106–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2012.753997.

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Barnard, Holly, Roshni Rao, Yingying Xu, Tanya Froehlich, Jeffery Epstein, Bruce P. Lanphear, and Kimberly Yolton. "Association of the Conners’ Kiddie Continuous Performance Test (K-CPT) Performance and Parent-Report Measures of Behavior and Executive Functioning." Journal of Attention Disorders 22, no. 11 (April 6, 2015): 1056–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054715578271.

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Objective: To explore the relationship between the Conners’ Kiddie Continuous Performance Test (K-CPT) performance and parent-report measures of child behavior and executive functioning, and clarify the role of sex in K-CPT performance in preschoolers. Method: Mothers and children recruited to the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment Study with complete 5-year assessment data relevant to the analyses were included ( N = 127). We examined the association between K-CPT scores and Behavior Assessment System for Children–Second Edition (BASC-2) and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) scores, with covariate adjustment. Results: We found no significant associations between K-CPT, BASC-2, and BRIEF scores in the full sample. In sex-stratified analyses, we found unusually fast reaction time on K-CPT was related to executive control difficulties in girls, whereas unusually slow reaction time was related to the same difficulties in boys. Omission errors were associated with executive difficulties only in boys. Conclusion: The K-CPT may prove to be a useful indicator for early onset of executive control difficulties in preschool-aged children.
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Peskin, Miriam, Eliane Sommerfeld, Yael Basford, Shlomit Rozen, Gil Zalsman, Abraham Weizman, and Iris Manor. "Continuous Performance Test Is Sensitive to a Single Methylphenidate Challenge in Preschool Children With ADHD." Journal of Attention Disorders 24, no. 2 (November 25, 2016): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054716680075.

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Objective: There is a lack of evidence-based diagnostic paradigms and personalized interventions for preschoolers with ADHD. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of preschoolers diagnosed with ADHD on a continuous performance test (CPT) before and after a single methylphenidate (MPH) challenge. Method: The Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA)—a CPT—was administered to 61 preschoolers (5.64 ± 0.69 years; 74% boys) with ADHD before and after a single MPH challenge (0.3 or 0.5 mg/kg). Baseline TOVA performance was correlated with Conners’ Rating Scales (CRS) and compared with post-MPH TOVA performance. Results: A high rate of omission errors and several significant correlations between TOVA values and CRS scores were found at baseline. A single MPH administration improved TOVA performance significantly and was well tolerated. Conclusion: TOVA assessment may assist in the evaluation of the effect of MPH in preschoolers with ADHD and may help in planning interventions for them.
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Sharland, Michael J., Stephen C. Waring, Brian P. Johnson, Allise M. Taran, Travis A. Rusin, Andrew M. Pattock, and Jeanette A. Palcher. "Further examination of embedded performance validity indicators for the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test and Brief Test of Attention in a large outpatient clinical sample." Clinical Neuropsychologist 32, no. 1 (May 26, 2017): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2017.1332240.

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Miranda, Monica Carolina, Thais Barbosa, Mauro Muszkat, Camila Cruz Rodrigues, Elaine Girão Sinnes, Luzia Flavia S. Coelho, Sueli Rizzuti, Sonia Maria Mota Palma, and Orlando Francisco Amodeo Bueno. "Performance patterns in Conners' CPT among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and dyslexia." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 70, no. 2 (February 2012): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2012000200004.

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This study investigated the performance of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and dyslexia using Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CCPT). The clinical groups were composed of 52 children with ADHD and 32 children with dyslexia. Performance in the CCPT was evaluated using ANCOVA to compare the clinical groups with the normative Brazilian sample. The ADHD group performed worse than the normative sample in almost all of the measurements, except for reaction time and response style. The dyslexia group scored higher on commissions, variability, perseverations and inconsistency in the reaction time over the six time blocks (Hit SE Block Change) than the children in the normative Brazilian sample. The ADHD and dyslexia groups differed in omission measurements, Hit RT SE, variability, perseverations, Hit RT Interstimulus Intervals (ISI) Change and Hit SE ISI Change. We thus found that the dyslexia group had specific deficit patterns, with greater response to non-target stimuli, greater perseveration and response variability, and difficulties in hit reaction time as the test progressed.
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Mohtashemi, Masoomeh, and Zahra Eftekharsaadi. "Determination of the Effectiveness of Neurofeedback on Reducing the Symptoms of Hyperactivity and Increasing the Accuracy and Caution in ADHD Children." Asian Social Science 12, no. 10 (September 19, 2016): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n10p222.

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<p>This study is done to determine the effectiveness of Neurofeedback on reducing the symptoms of Hyperactivity and increasing the accuracy and caution in ADHD children. Subjects were 30 ADHD children who were selected by cluster sampling method. Research layout is pre-test, post-test experimental type. Conners parent measure questionnaire and a computer based continuous performance test are the research materials. The results of investigation on post-test average score of Hyperactivity symptoms and accuracy and caution of ADHD children in experimental and witness groups, with controlling of pre-test, has shown a significant difference.</p>
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Bare, M., I. Cernokova, and J. Robbins. "A-35 Assessing the Impact of Expressive Language on Performance on Conners’ Continuous Performance Test 3rd Edition (CPT3) in Inpatients with Aphasia." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 6 (July 25, 2019): 894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz034.35.

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Abstract Objective The current study examined the impact of expressive language difficulties, assessed by the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB) naming subtest, on the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test-Third edition (CPT3) in an inpatient acquired brain injury (ABI) population. Method A sample of 19 individuals (female n = 3, male n = 16) was evaluated through an inpatient ABI rehabilitation program. Two groups based on diagnosed aphasia (n = 7) versus no aphasia (n = 12) were used. Ages ranged from 15 to 67 (M = 38.37, SD = 16.55) and had an average level of education of 14.9 years. Results One-way ANOVAs were used to determine how expressive language impacts performance on the CPT3. As expected, statistically significant results revealed that having aphasia yields a lower score on NAB naming F(1,17) = 11.435, p = .004. Individuals who did not have aphasia had a higher number of Perseverations, F(1,17) = 5.295, p = .034. No differences were noted between Omissions F(1,17) = 2.060, p = .169, Commissions F(1,17) = 3.090, p = .097, and Hit Reaction Time F(1,17) = .434, p = .519. Conclusions In our sample, patients with and without aphasia had similar reaction times and similar performances for omissions and commissions. The aphasia group, with significantly worse expressive language abilities, did not score significantly worse on any of the CPT3-related indices. Our study supports previous literature that CPT3 is an appropriate attention measure for individuals with aphasia but adds to the literature in providing evidence for use of the measure with an acute inpatient population with aphasia. While the results are promising, our sample is small and future research would be stronger with a larger sample with more specific information provided regarding the types of aphasia.
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Zalsman, Gil, Orat Pumeranz, Gabriel Peretz, David H. Ben-Dor, Sharon Dekel, Neta Horesh, Tsvi Fischel, et al. "Attention Patterns in Children with Attention Deficit Disorder with or without Hyperactivity." Scientific World JOURNAL 3 (2003): 1093–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2003.94.

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The objective of this study was to differentiate the attention patterns associated with attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity using continuous performance test (CPT). The diagnoses were based on the DSM-III, III-R, and IV criteria and of the 39 children who participated in the study, 14 had attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH) and 11 had attention deficit disorder without hyperactivity (ADDWO), while 14 normal children served as a control group. Attention patterns were examined according to the performance of subjects on the CPT and parental scores on the ADHD Rating Scale, the Child Attention Profile, and the Conners Rating Scale. CPT performances were assessed before and after administration of 10 mg methylphenidate. We found as hypothesized that the CPT differentiated between the ADDH and ADDWO groups. However, contrary to our expectations, the ADDH children made more omission errors than the ADDWO children; they also showed more hyperactivity and impulsivity. The performance of both groups improved to an equal degree after the administration of methylphenidate. It is conluded that different subtypes of the attention deficit disorders are characterized by different attention profiles and that methylphenidate improves scores on test of continuous performance.
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Lange, Rael T., Grant L. Iverson, Tracey A. Brickell, Tara Staver, Sonal Pancholi, Aditya Bhagwat, and Louis M. French. "Clinical utility of the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test-II to detect poor effort in U.S. Military personnel following traumatic brain injury." Psychological Assessment 25, no. 2 (2013): 339–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0030915.

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Heimgärtner, Magdalena, Sofia Granström, Karin Haas-Lude, Robert A. Leark, Victor-Felix Mautner, and Karen Lidzba. "Attention Deficit Predicts Intellectual Functioning in Children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1." International Journal of Pediatrics 2019 (December 10, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9493837.

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Aims. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most frequent neurocognitive impairments in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and a well-known risk factor for intellectual dysfunction in general. Since NF1 is per se associated with intellectual difficulties, this comorbidity may be crucial for the cognitive development of affected patients. In our study, we investigated if attention deficits are associated with intellectual functioning in NF1 and if children with NF1 plus ADHD differ in their intellectual and attention profiles from children affected by NF1-only or ADHD only. Methods. 111 children aged between 6 and 12 years (53 NF1 plus ADHD, 28 NF1-only, 30 ADHD-only) performed the German version of the intelligence test WISC-IV and a continuous performance test (T.O.V.A.) to assess attention functions. Parents completed questionnaires about everyday attention and executive functions (Conners 3®, BRIEF). Results. Children with NF1 plus ADHD showed significantly lower intelligence test scores (full-scale IQ: 89.39 [1.40]) than patients with NF1-only (full-scale IQ: 101.14 [1.98]; p<.001), and intellectual functioning correlated significantly with attention performance in NF1 (p<.001). As compared to NF1-only, attention, and executive functioning were impaired on several dimensions (T.O.V.A., Conners 3® and BRIEF) in NF1 plus ADHD. ADHD-only was associated with significantly higher problem scores regarding hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention (Conners 3®). NF1-only was associated with inattentiveness when compared to the normative sample of the T.O.V.A. Conclusion. NF1 is associated with variable attention problems. Severe attention deficits appear to be a risk factor for intellectual dysfunction in NF1, more than NF1 without attention deficit. NF1 plus ADHD presents a specific cognitive profile, which differs from that of NF1 and from neurotypical ADHD.
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Conklin, Heather M., Wilburn E. Reddick, Jason Ashford, Susan Ogg, Scott C. Howard, E. Brannon Morris, Ronald Brown, et al. "Long-Term Efficacy of Methylphenidate in Enhancing Attention Regulation, Social Skills, and Academic Abilities of Childhood Cancer Survivors." Journal of Clinical Oncology 28, no. 29 (October 10, 2010): 4465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2010.28.4026.

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Purpose Methylphenidate (MPH) ameliorates attention problems experienced by some cancer survivors in the short term, but its long-term efficacy is unproven. Patients and Methods This study investigates the long-term effectiveness of maintenance doses of MPH in survivors of childhood brain tumors (n = 35) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (n = 33) participating in a 12-month MPH trial. Measures of attention (Conners' Continuous Performance Test [CPT], Conners' Rating Scales [CRS]), academic abilities (Wechsler Individual Achievement Test [WIAT]), social skills (Social Skills Rating System [SSRS]), and behavioral problems (Child Behavior Checklist [CBCL]) were administered at premedication baseline and at the end of the MPH trial while on medication. A cancer control group composed of patients who were not administered MPH (brain tumor = 31 and acute lymphoblastic leukemia = 23) was assessed on the same measures 2 months apart. Results For the MPH group, repeated measures analysis of variance revealed significant improvement in performance on a measure of sustained attention (CPT indices, P < .05); parent, teacher, and self-report ratings of attention (CRS indices, P < .05), and parent ratings of social skills or behavioral problems (SSRS and CBCL indices; P < .05). In contrast, the cancer control group only showed improvement on parent ratings of attention (Conners' Parent Rating Scale indices; P < .05) and social skills (SSRS and CBCL indices; P < .05). There was no significant improvement on the academic measure (WIAT) in either group. Conclusion Attention and behavioral benefits of MPH for childhood cancer survivors are maintained across settings over the course of a year. Although academic gains were not identified, MPH may offer benefits in academic areas not assessed.
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Bueno, Viviane Freire, Elisa H. Kozasa, Maria Aparecida da Silva, Tânia Maria Alves, Mario Rodrigues Louzã, and Sabine Pompéia. "Mindfulness Meditation Improves Mood, Quality of Life, and Attention in Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/962857.

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Objective. Adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) display affective problems and impaired attention. Mood in ADHD can be improved by mindful awareness practices (MAP), but results are mixed regarding the enhancement of attentional performance. Here we evaluated MAP-induced changes in quality of life (QoL), mood, and attention in adult ADHD patients and controls using more measures of attention than prior studies.Methods. Twenty-one ADHD patients and 8 healthy controls underwent 8 weekly MAP sessions; 22 similar patients and 9 controls did not undergo the intervention. Mood and QoL were assessed using validated questionnaires, and attention was evaluated using the Attentional Network Test (ANT) and the Conners Continuous Performance Test (CPT II), before and after intervention.Results. MAP enhanced sustained attention (ANT) and detectability (CPT II) and improved mood and QoL of patients and controls.Conclusion. MAP is a complementary intervention that improves affect and attention of adults with ADHD and controls.
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Pérez Naranjo, Narcisa, David Del Río Grande, and Carlos González Alted. "Individual variability in attention and language performance in aphasia: a study using Conner’s Continuous Performance Test." Aphasiology 32, no. 4 (August 8, 2017): 436–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2017.1362686.

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Jarrett, Matthew A., Hannah F. Rapport, Ana T. Rondon, and Stephen P. Becker. "ADHD Dimensions and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Symptoms in Relation to Self-Report and Laboratory Measures of Neuropsychological Functioning in College Students." Journal of Attention Disorders 21, no. 8 (December 16, 2014): 673–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054714560821.

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Objective: This study examined ADHD and sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms in relation to self-report and laboratory measures of neuropsychological functioning in college students. Method: College students ( N = 298, aged 17-25, 72% female) completed self-reports of ADHD, SCT, depression, sleep, functional impairment, and executive functioning (EF). Participants also completed a visual working memory task, a Stroop test, and the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test–II (CPT-II). Results: ADHD inattentive and SCT symptoms were strong predictors of self-reported EF, with inattention the strongest predictor of Time Management and Motivation and SCT the strongest predictor of Self-Organization/Problem Solving. SCT (but not inattention) was associated with Emotion Regulation. No relationships were found between self-reported symptoms and laboratory task performance. Between-group analyses were largely consistent with regression analyses. Conclusion: Self-reported ADHD and SCT symptoms are strongly associated with college students’ self-reported EF, but relationships with laboratory task measures of neuropsychological functioning are limited.
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Edwards, Mark C., Eunice S. Gardner, John J. Chelonis, Eldon G. Schulz, Rebecca A. Flake, and Pamela F. Diaz. "Estimates of the Validity and Utility of the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test in the Assessment of Inattentive and/or Hyperactive-Impulsive Behaviors in Children." Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 35, no. 3 (February 13, 2007): 393–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-007-9098-3.

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Kallitsoglou, Angeliki. "Executive Function Variation in Children With Conduct Problems: Influences of Coexisting Reading Difficulties." Journal of Learning Disabilities 51, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 168–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022219417691834.

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It is unknown whether children with conduct problems (CP) and poor reading (PR) skills exhibit more profound executive function impairments than children with CP only and whether such impairments are explained by coexisting PR. Executive functions were compared in four groups of 7- to 8-year-old children: 26 CP only, 35 PR only, 27 CP-PR, and 31 comparison (COM) children with neither CP nor PR. The Conners’ Teacher Rating Scale–28 and a sentence completion reading test were used to assess CP and PR skills. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Third Edition Backward Digit Span, the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test, and the Tower of London were used to assess three aspects of executive function: verbal working memory, response inhibition, and planning, respectively. The CP-PR group had lower verbal working memory than the CP-only and COM groups, but the difference was not significant after intellectual ability, inattention, and hyperactivity were controlled. The CP-PR group made more errors in the planning task (rule violations) than the COM and CP-only groups, but the difference was not significant after intellectual ability was controlled. No significant group differences were found in response inhibition. A specific PR group effect was found for verbal working memory. Children with CP-PR have more prominent executive function impairments that cannot be attributed to coexisting PR.
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Solanto, Mary V., Kenneth Etefia, and David J. Marks. "The Utility of Self-Report Measures and the Continuous Performance Test in the Diagnosis of ADHD in Adults." CNS Spectrums 9, no. 9 (September 2004): 649–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900001929.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) occurs in as many as 4% of adults yet it is often not recognized in clinical settings because the presenting symptoms may resemble those seen in other disorders or because symptoms may be masked by commonly comorbid conditions such as anxiety and depression.Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the diagnostic utility of instruments commonly used in the assessment of adults presenting with symptoms of ADHD.Methods: We reviewed several widely used self-report and laboratory measures and empirically examined the utility of the Brown Attention-Deficit Disorder Scale for Adults (Brown ADD Scale) and the Conners Continuous Performance Test (CPT) in differentially identifying adults with ADHD and those with other Axis I disorders.Results:Ninety-three adults who self-referred to the ADHD program for adults at a university medical center participated in the study. Of these, 44 had ADHD combined subtype (ADHD-CB), and 26 had ADHD, predominantly inattentive subtype (ADHD-IA). Thirty-three non-ADHD adults diagnosed with Axis I mood or anxiety disorders comprised an “Other Psychiatric” group. Rates of comorbid disorders, including substance abuse, in the ADHD groups were typical of those reported in the adult ADHD literature. Data on the Brown ADD Scale and on the CPT were available for subsets of 61 and 46 participants, respectively. Analyses showed that the ADHD-CB, ADHD-IA, and Other Psychiatric groups all received mean scores in the clinical range on the Brown ADD Scale, with a trend toward even higher elevations in the two ADHD groups. Among 12 CPT variables assessed for the three groups, the mean scores on only two variables for the ADHD-IA group were clinically elevated. Neither the Brown ADD Scale nor CPT scores evinced sufficient sensitivity and specificity to qualify them to assist in differential diagnosis of ADHD vis-a-vis other, predominantly internalizing, psychiatric disorders.Conclusion: The results indicate a need for closer examination of executive and adaptive functioning in adults with ADHD compared with those with internalizing disorders in order to identify features that could assist in differential diagnosis.
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Hwang, S. L., and S. S. Gau. "Ex-Gaussian distribution of the reaction time of the Conners’ continuous performance test in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their unaffected siblings." Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence 60, no. 5 (July 2012): S271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurenf.2012.04.723.

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Gau, S. S. F., and W. L. Huang. "Rapid visual information processing as a cognitive endophenotype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 2 (April 8, 2013): 435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713000640.

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BackgroundDeficits in sustained attention and reaction time are core features of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, little is known about attention performance in unaffected siblings. Hence, we examined sustained attention and reaction time in youths with ADHD, unaffected siblings and controls to test whether impaired performance in attention tasks can be a potential endophenotype of ADHD.MethodWe recruited 438 probands with clinical diagnosis of ADHD according to DSM-IV criteria, 180 unaffected siblings, and 173 healthy controls without lifetime ADHD. They were assessed using psychiatric interviews, Conners’ Continuous Performance Test, and the tasks involving attention performance of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB): Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVP), Reaction Time (RTI) and Match to Sample Visual Search (MTS). Multi-level models were used for data analysis.ResultsCompared with the controls, probands with ADHD and unaffected siblings had significantly higher total misses, lower probability of hits in the RVP task and probands with ADHD performed worse in the RTI and MTS tasks after controlling for sex, age, co-morbidity, parental educational levels and IQ. The duration of methylphenidate use and IQ but not psychiatric co-morbidity or current use of methylphenidate were associated with deficits in sustained attention in probands with ADHD.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that attention performance assessed by the RVP task, but not the RTI or MTS tasks, of the CANTAB may be a useful cognitive endophenotype for ADHD genetic studies.
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Busse, Michelle, and Douglas Whiteside. "Detecting Suboptimal Cognitive Effort: Classification Accuracy of the Conner's Continuous Performance Test-II, Brief Test of Attention, and Trail Making Test." Clinical Neuropsychologist 26, no. 4 (May 2012): 675–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2012.679623.

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GENDLE, MATHEW H., KIMBERLY S. GLAZER, ELIZABETH A. OLSZEWSKI, and CINDY A. NOVAK. "Relationships Between Total Cholesterol Levels and Specific Alterations in Impulsivity and Attention." Journal of North Carolina Academy of Science 127, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7572/2167-5880-127.1.13.

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Abstract The relationship between total cholesterol (TC) levels in whole blood and error rates on the Conners Continuous Performance Test II (CPT; a standardized computer-based assessment of visual attention and reaction time) was investigated in a sample of generally healthy adults, and followed up previous research that tentatively suggested a positive relationship between TC and behavioral impulsivity. TC levels were gathered from capillary blood samples taken from each participant (n = 30). Measures of life stress and various socio-demographic and health variables were also obtained. Each participant also completed the CPT, and a covariate-adjusted analysis was completed to examine the relationship between TC and CPT performance. Adjusting for several relevant covariates, increases in TC were significantly positively associated with a greater rate of CPT commission errors, which are widely assumed to serve as an indicator of behavioral impulsivity. Noteworthy behavioral consequences of elevated TC may exist, particularly in situations that require impulse control and sustained visual attention.
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Pride, Natalie A., Belinda Barton, Paul Hutchins, David R. Coghill, Mayuresh S. Korgaonkar, Stephen J. C. Hearps, Melissa Rouel, Stephanie Malarbi, Kathryn N. North, and Jonathan M. Payne. "Effects of methylphenidate on cognition and behaviour in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: a study protocol for a randomised placebo-controlled crossover trial." BMJ Open 8, no. 8 (August 2018): e021800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021800.

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IntroductionDopamine dysregulation has been identified as a key modulator of behavioural impairment in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and a potential therapeutic target. Preclinical research demonstrates reduced dopamine in the brains of genetically engineered NF1 mouse strains is associated with reduced spatial-learning and attentional dysfunction. Methylphenidate, a stimulant medication that increases dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission, rescued the behavioural and dopamine abnormalities. Although preliminary clinical trials have demonstrated that methylphenidate is effective in treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children with NF1, its therapeutic effect on cognitive performance is unclear. The primary aim of this clinical trial is to assess the efficacy of methylphenidate for reducing attention deficits, spatial working memory impairments and ADHD symptoms in children with NF1.Methods and analysisA randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of methylphenidate with a two period crossover design. Thirty-six participants with NF1 aged 7–16 years will be randomised to one of two treatment sequences: 6 weeks of methylphenidate followed by 6 weeks of placebo or; 6 weeks of placebo followed by 6 weeks of methylphenidate. Neurocognitive and behavioural outcomes as well as neuroimaging measures will be completed at baseline and repeated at the end of each treatment condition (week 6, week 12). Primary outcome measures are omission errors on the Conners Continuous Performance Test-II (attention), between-search errors on the Spatial Working Memory task from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (spatial working memory) and the Inattentive and Hyperactivity/Impulsivity Symptom Scales on the Conners 3-Parent. Secondary outcomes will examine the effect of methylphenidate on executive functions, attention, visuospatial skills, behaviour, fine-motor skills, language, social skills and quality of life.Ethics and disseminationThis trial has hospital ethics approval and the results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and international conferences.Trial registration numberACTRN12611000765921.
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Helphrey, J., L. Smith, D. Rodriguez, D. Rose III, J. Sawyer, S. Edzards, L. Fierro, J. Moore, T. Parsons, and M. Barnett. "A-13 Sustained Attention, Impulsivity, and Tangentiality of Speech Among Young Adults and Older Adults." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 6 (July 25, 2019): 872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz034.13.

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Abstract Objective Previous research has linked off-topic verbosity (OTV) among older adults with lower performance on neuropsychological tests tapping attention and executive functioning. However, most of this research has utilized relatively brief neurocognitive measures. Continuous performance tests (CPTs) measure sustained attention and impulsivity. The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between sustained attention, impulsivity, and tangentiality of speech among young adults and older adults. Method Young adult college students (age 18-29; n= 61) and healthy, community-dwelling older adults (age 60-99; n = 81) were administered the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test – 3 and provided a sample of speech (one episodic memory and one procedural memory). These speech samples were transcribed and rated for tangentiality by three independent reviewers. Results Among all participants, greater tangentiality of speech was associated with omission errors (r = .22, p = .01) but not with commission errors. This same pattern was found among older adults: omission errors (r = .23, p = .04) were associated with greater tangentiality but commission errors were not. Among young adults, these relationships were not statistically significant. Conclusions Results suggest that tangentiality of speech is associated with inattentiveness but not impulsivity, and this relationship may be more marked among older adults than young adults. OTV among older adults may stem from difficulty sustaining attention over time rather than diminished capacity for inhibiting impulses.
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Mozaffarinejad, F., and N. Nazarboland. "Executive Functioning, Response Inhibition and Attentional Process Impairments in Impulsive Children." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1930.

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Impulsivity is a multidimensional concept that incorporates failure of response inhibition, rapid processing of information, novelty seeking, and inability to delay gratification. Aggressive, suicidal and violent behaviors have been shown to be associated with impulsivity and difficulty in inhibiting responses. As explorers of executive function (EF) and impulsivity research areas believe this two are generally considered conceptually distinct, and suggest that they may be antipodes (i.e., widely separated on a common continuum, upon which they are related), We selected subjects with high (n = 25) and low (n = 25) levels of impulsivity among 537 students of ages 8 to 10 years-old, who were measured by Conners Teacher Rating impulsivity Scale. Using computerized versions, response inhibition was examined by their performance in a Go/No Go task, general performance in executive functions (EF) was measured by tower of London Test and continuous performance test (CPT) was used to assess their attentional processes. Using independent t- test and ANOVA, the results revealed that overall performance of executive functions in impulsive children in all three areas were remarkably damaged: they had impaired performance regarding Go/No Go task results; also have consumed more time and committed more errors and a worse general performance; and had more errors and weaker performance in attentional processes. The results of this study along with similar results would be effective in achieving a brighter image of impulsive children's cognitive problems in order to provide efficient treatments focused on improving their executive functions.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Rizzutti, S., E. G. Sinnes, L. F. Coelho, L. Freitas, D. Pinheiro, S. M. Palma, M. C. Miranda, M. Muszkat, and O. F. A. Bueno. "Clinical and Neuropsychological Profile in a Sample of Brazilian Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders (ADHD)." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70630-3.

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The main objective of this study was to analyse the clinical and neuropsychological profile of a sample of Brazilian children with ADHD, in order to contribute for diagnostic procedures. Participants were 150 children aged 7 to 14 with complaints of attention difficulties and/or hyperactivity. They were assessed by a multidisciplinary team with a battery of neuropsychological tests.Results:75 children (55 male) fulfilled the criteria for ADHD: 35 of inattentive type, 28 of combined type and 12 hyperactive/impulsive. In addition, 33 (44%) of the children had comorbities. Children with higher scores for hyperactivity and impulsivity showed low performance in these working memory measures than those with other types. In the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test (CPT), a higher rate of omissions was found in the inattentive group. Children with comorbidity of oppositional desafiant disorder presented lower ISI and Hit RT scores in addition to higher rates of omission.Conclusion:This study suggests that neuropsychological profile in children with ADHD is associated to specific differences in working memory performance and also in specific measures of the CPT. In addition, better defined tests, involving not only attention and motor planning may determine different neuropsychological profiles and, consequently, different approaches in cognitive rehabilitation.
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Li, Sung-Chou, Ho-Chang Kuo, Lien-Hung Huang, Wen-Jiun Chou, Sheng-Yu Lee, Wen-Ching Chan, and Liang-Jen Wang. "DNA Methylation in LIME1 and SPTBN2 Genes Is Associated with Attention Deficit in Children." Children 8, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8020092.

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DNA methylation levels are associated with neurodevelopment. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), characterized by attention deficits, is a common neurodevelopmental disorder. We used methylation microarray and pyrosequencing to detect peripheral blood DNA methylation markers of ADHD. DNA methylation profiling data from the microarray assays identified potential differentially methylated CpG sites between 12 ADHD patients and 9 controls. Five candidate CpG sites (cg00446123, cg20513976, cg07922513, cg17096979, and cg02506324) in four genes (LIME1, KCNAB2, CAPN9, and SPTBN2) were further examined with pyrosequencing. The attention of patients were tested using the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test (CPT). In total, 126 ADHD patients with a mean age of 9.2 years (78.6% males) and 72 healthy control subjects with a mean age of 9.3 years (62.5% males) were recruited. When all participants were categorized by their CPT performance, the DNA methylation levels in LIME1 (cg00446123 and cg20513976) were found to be significantly higher and those in SPTBN2 (cg02506324) were significantly lower in children with worse CPT performance. Therefore, DNA methylation of two CpG sites in LIME1 and one CpG site in SPTBN2 is associated with attention deficits in children. DNA methylation biomarkers may assist in identifying attention deficits of children in clinical settings.
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Strazzer, Sandra, Maria A. Rocca, Erika Molteni, Ermelinda De Meo, Monica Recla, Paola Valsasina, Filippo Arrigoni, Susanna Galbiati, Alessandra Bardoni, and Massimo Filippi. "Altered Recruitment of the Attention Network Is Associated with Disability and Cognitive Impairment in Pediatric Patients with Acquired Brain Injury." Neural Plasticity 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/104282.

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We assessed abnormalities of brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activity during a sustained attention task (Conners’ Continuous Performance Test (CCPT)) in 20 right-handed pediatric acquired brain injury (ABI) patients versus 7 right-handed age-matched healthy controls, and we estimated the correlation of such abnormalities with clinical and cognitive deficits. Patients underwent the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and Functional Independence Measure (FIM) evaluations. During fMRI, patients and controls activated regions of the attention network. Compared to controls, ABI patients experienced a decreased average fMRI recruitment of the left cerebellum and a decreased deactivation of the left anterior cingulate cortex. With increasing task demand, compared to controls, ABI patients had an impaired ability to increase the recruitment of several posterior regions of the attention network. They also experienced a greater activation of frontal regions, which was correlated with worse performance on FIM, WISC, and fMRI CCPT. Such abnormal brain recruitment was significantly influenced by the type of lesion (focal versus diffuse axonal injury) and time elapsed from the event. Pediatric ABI patients experienced an inability to optimize attention network recruitment, especially when task difficulty was increased, which likely contributes to their clinical and cognitive deficits.
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Hasegawa, Akira, Keita Somatori, Haruki Nishimura, Yosuke Hattori, and Yoshihiko Kunisato. "Associations between self-reported impulsivity and a latent variable of impulsive action constructed from three laboratory tasks." Journal of Experimental Psychopathology 10, no. 3 (July 2019): 204380871986189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2043808719861894.

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Previous research on relationships between self-reported impulsivity and behavioral impulsivity has been limited because behavioral impulsivity was assessed using individual tasks. To alleviate the task-impurity problem and the low reliability of laboratory tasks assessing impulsivity, the present study examined the correlations between a latent variable constructed from the performances of three laboratory tasks assessing impulsive action and each dimension of self-reported impulsivity. University students in Japan ( N = 176) responded to the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale assessing five dimensions of self-reported impulsivity that included the following: negative urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, sensation seeking, and positive urgency. They also conducted laboratory tasks for assessing impulsive action: the go/no-go task, stop signal task, and Conners continuous performance test 3rd edition (CCPT). Results indicated weak correlations between each dimension of self-reported impulsivity and the latent variable named impulsive action constructed from the performances of three laboratory tasks (mean r = .10) and with the performances of individual laboratory tasks (mean r = .03). The latent variable of impulsive action and the commission error rate in the CCPT were significantly correlated with sensation seeking. However, this association disappeared after controlling for the influence of gender. These findings suggested that measures of self-reported and behavioral impulsivity might assess different constructs.
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Ibanez-Casas, I., D. Jannoo, D. Denardis, F. De la Cruz, S. Santiago, A. Lozano-Ruiz, and J. Daugherty. "Effects of Cultural and Educational Variables on a Computerized Continuous Performance Task: the EMBRACED CPT." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 7 (August 30, 2019): 1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz029.25.

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Abstract Objective The continuous performance tests (CPTs) are the gold standard to assess vigilance or sustained attention. Many studies have shown that educational level is significantly associated with performance on the CPTs. However, very few studies have made comparisons that included cultural factors (Miranda et al, 2008). Given the breadth of educational systems in different parts of the world, it could be expected that the effect of educational level will vary depending on the culture of origin. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of education on performance on a CPT task in 3 ethnically diverse groups (Hispanic, Non-Hispanic and Spanish). Participants and Method This study includes 57 participants in the EMBRACED project: 12 Hispanic Americans, 26 non-Hispanics Americans, and 19 Spaniards (8.3%, 30% and 57% with high education respectively). Educational level was defined as high (university degree and above) or low (less than a university degree). The EMBRACED CPT is computerized and demands the participant to touch the iPad screen each time a target is presented. In 3 blocks of 100 stimuli each, the number of hits, omissions, and commissions is recorded. Results A mixed between-within subjects analysis of variance was conducted to compare scores in the three blocks of the CPT in relation to the three cultural groups and by education levels. Results showed no interaction effects between cultural groups and education, and no main effects of education for any of the studied variables. However, there was a significant main effect for cultural group for hits (F = 4.676, P = .014) and omissions (F = 5.614, p = .006). Conclusions The overall results for education in this study were not significant and would need further study. The variability in cultural group revealed a consistent effect across all studied variables. The non-Hispanics scored higher in hits and the Spaniards had more omissions. These results justify the need for cultural adaptation of neuropsychological measures. References Miranda, M. C., Sinnes, E. G., Pompeia, S., & Francisco Amodeo Bueno, O. (2008). A comparative study of performance in the Conners' Continuous Performance Test between Brazilian and North American children. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11(5), 588-598.
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Kiehna, Erin N., Raymond K. Mulhern, Chenghong Li, Xiaoping Xiong, and Thomas E. Merchant. "Changes in Attentional Performance of Children and Young Adults With Localized Primary Brain Tumors After Conformal Radiation Therapy." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 33 (November 20, 2006): 5283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2005.03.8547.

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Purpose To prospectively assess the impact of conformal radiation therapy (CRT) and demographic and clinical variables on four measures of attention in pediatric and young adult patients with localized primary brain tumors. Patients and Methods We prospectively evaluated 120 patients with primary brain tumors, ages 2 to 24.4 years (median, 9.2 years). Evaluations were done using the computerized Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CCPT). We analyzed errors of omission (inattentiveness), errors of commission (impulsivity), reaction time, and an overall index of performance before CRT, weekly during CRT, and serially up to 60 months after the start of CRT. Results Before CRT, patients exhibited mild inattentiveness. During CRT, impulsivity decreased significantly (P = .002). After CRT, inattentiveness increased significantly (P = .03), and global attention disorders were associated with craniopharyngioma (P < .0001), supratentorial tumors (P = .008), optic pathway and diencephalic tumors (P = .012), and subtotal resection of the tumor (P = .010). Conclusion Brain tumors and their treatment impair sustained attention and reaction time. A decline in impulsivity and relative stability of the other CCPT scores over the course of CRT demonstrated the absence of early radiation-related cognitive sequelae. Local tumor effects, initial surgical intervention, and focal irradiation of central structures contribute to long-lasting attentional problems in pediatric and young adult patients.
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Erdodi, L., C. Pelletier, B. Tyson, J. Lichtenstein, M. Holcomb, C. Condiracci, and R. Roth. "C-03 * Embedded Validity Indicators in Conners' Continuous Performance Test, Second Edition (CPT-II) Discriminate Valid from Invalid Profiles More Accurately during the Repeat Administration in a Psychiatric Sample." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 29, no. 6 (August 28, 2014): 572–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acu038.184.

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Tian, Jin Ming, Feng Yu Guo, and Cheng Long Gong. "Monitoring System of Two Levels Non-Continuous Signal of Automotive Camshaft Sensor." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 2092–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.2092.

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A data collection terminal for performance testing of non-continuous signal of the automotive camshaft sensor is designed, Using NI-6259 data acquisition card to connect the data of collection terminal with pc, and composed of a complete monitoring system of performance testing of automotive sensor. The system can display the maximum, minimum, average, duty cycle, frequency and frequency multiplication or not of the high level and low level in real-time. And the frequency range of the measured signal is between 1Hz and 8KHz. Compare measured data with standard data, determine automatically whether it is reasonable and save them according to their classification. The test personnel are avoided to test continuously and monitor in real-time, offsetting the lack of single function of the display of test platform and running short of features of analysis and judgment.
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