Journal articles on the topic 'Connotations'

AbstractPrevious studies showed that cortex in the anterior portions of the left frontal and temporal lobes participates in generating words with emotional connotations and processing pictures with emotional content. If these cortices process the semantic attribute of emotional connotation, they should be active whenever processing emotional connotation, without respect to modality of input or mode of output. Thus, we hypothesized that they would activate during monitoring of words with emotional connotations. Sixteen normal subjects performed semantic monitoring of words with emotional connotations, animal names, and implement names during fMRI. Cortex in the anterior left frontal lobe demonstrated significant activity for monitoring words with emotional connotations compared to monitoring tone sequences, animal names, or implement names. Together, the current and previous results implicate cortex in the anterior left frontal lobe in semantic processing of emotional connotation, consistent with connections of this cortex to paralimbic association areas. Current findings also indicate that neural substrates for processing emotional connotation are independent of substrates for processing the categories of living and nonliving things.

We present an analysis of the connotative potential of macrotoponyms Asia, America, Europe, China, Russia, whose emotional-evaluative connotations form a fragment of the value world picture of modern native speakers of the Russian language. The purpose of the undertaken research is to find out onymic and postonymic connotations of the onyms which have taken shape under the influence of political, economical and cultural factors in the Russian society for the last three decades. To evaluate these connotations we analyze the contextual usage of the studied onyms in connotative usage in texts of mass media and journalism. We determine the dynamic of the research macrotoponyms connotations in the designated period. We identify persistent connotations of research toponyms, connotations which are losing their relevance and connotation which are forming last several years. This indicates the mobility of the language consciousness of native speakers of the Russian language, also this shows that this or that connotative meaning of onym is relevant in a certain period of time. An interesting fact is that by macrotoponyms Europe and America positive connotations are replaced by negative connotations. Toponyms Asia, China and toponyms China, Russia has synonymous connotations. Connotations of toponym Europe are often contrasted with connotations of toponym Russia. The obtained results can be used by the lexicographic description of the research connotative toponyms.

The primary objective of this study is to examine the connotation of pet expressions when used to describe people in Jordanian Spoken Arabic (JSA), that is, the wide array of negative and positive associations that pet expressions bring with them. When defining animals,al-mu‘jamal-wasi:tt and al-mu‘jamal-jami‘ define most of the animal expressions along with their connotations. The present study investigates the connotations of pets in Jordanian Spoken Arabic. To this end, the researchers distributed an open ended questionnaire to the subjects that could provide rich qualitative data. This, in turn, will give the researchers an opportunity to gain insight in the subjects’ opinions on the connotation of pets in JSA. The questionnaire consisted of (11) Jordanian spoken Arabic sentences. Each sentence included a pet expression which is used in JSA. After collecting the questionnaire the researchers tested the connotations of pet expressions in JSA against the connotation of pet expression in al-mu‘jamal-wasi:tt and al-mu‘jam al-jami‘ .The findings of the study suggest that in some cases the connotation changed from positive in the two lexicons to negative in JSA or vice versa. In others, the connotation remained the same but changed from a connotation to another.

In order to define and determine the meaning of a notion, its use in the natural language is a valuable source of information. Analyses aimed at understanding the meaning of a particular expression include the observation of its connotations. It is assumed that each meaningful word in a language is characterised by a set of semantic connotations and these connotations are a product of the experiences that are communicated by the use of the word. The term “beauty” is one of the most complex and multidimensional words. The study concentrates on the identification of its connotations in the natural language of 1,558 users aged 19 to 89 years (mean age = 45.23; SD = 16.33 years); there were slightly more women in the sample (52.7%). The most frequent connotation of the notion of beauty was nature, followed by woman, love, family, and child (the connotations occurred in more than 15 % of the language users in the observed sample). Most of the connotations (93.7 %) were nouns, which testifies to the substantive character of the notion of beauty. The content analysis of the connotations revealed seven areas to which they related – nature, values, feelings, people, objects, abstract ideas, and activities. Deeper analyses pointed to the necessity to study the possible influence of other variables (gender, age, value orientation ...) on the understanding of the notion of beauty and its connotations.

La problématique du rapport entre dénotation et connotation, termes introduits en linguistique par Hjelmslev au milieu du siècle passé, resurgit fréquemment dans les débats sémiotiques. Greimas (1968), Rastier (1987), Klinkenberg (1996) et Badir (2014) se sont notamment penchés sur la question, proposant des lectures, si ce n’est opposées, en tout cas à chaque fois éclairantes. Également, les commentateurs de Barthes, tels Eco et Pezzini (1982) ou Zenkine (1997), ont indirectement contribué au débat en considérant les « mythologies » du sémiologue français comme des types de connotations. Or, ainsi que se propose de le montrer cet article, les mythologies s’avèrent non pas ressortir du phénomène de la connotation, mais de la dénotation. Ainsi, l’objectif de ce travail sera d’enrichir la discussion sur ces langages sémiotiques, en contredisant cette croyance selon laquelle les mythologies seraient des formes de connotations, autrement dit, en faisant dialoguer Hjelmslev et Barthes sur la question des significations culturelles.

In the following dissertation I would like to answer the question if the Catholic Church is still perceived as a value. Lexical connotations as well as not firmly fixed textual connotation proved significant for analysing the modern perception of the Church. I examine what connotations are present in the texts about the Church and which of them, due to their frequency of appearance and coherence may prove useful in establishing the Church’s place in the sphere of value. Among the other methods, I am applying the categorisation by prototype for the research. I’ve gathered materials for my analysis from journalistic texts published by Gazeta Wyborcza in 2016.

Given that connotative components cause the appearance of new lexical-semantic variants in the token's semantic field and create opportunities for metaphorical, metonymic, ironic nomination, it is essential to analyze the phenomenon of conotema, which is present in phraseological and paremiological units of language, slang, and occasionalisms. The work aims to study the phenomenon of connotation in a comparative aspect, through the prism of English and Ukrainian languages, as well as to identify key issues of modern research of this phenomenon. The object of research is the connotation in the comparative aspect. The following methods were used during the research: analysis and synthesis, observation, method of definitive analysis, method of linguistic description of linguistic facts, comparative method. As a result of the research, the phenomenon of connotation in the comparative aspect is analyzed, based on the materials of the Ukrainian and English languages, and also the problematic aspects of the interlanguage comparison are singled out. It was also noted that it is crucial to promote a more in-depth study of connotations in psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, ethnopsychology, linguoculturology, as this approach provides an opportunity to improve the methodology of research of connotations in the lexicological field.

The topic (Seidelmann, 1986) is one of the unresolved questions in the field of celestial mechanics because the definitions of an inertial system are all controversial (Mach, 1893; Eichhorn, 1984). Eichhorn's definition enlarges its connotation and is not acceptable either. Connotation of a concept is endowed through defining it. One of the reasons why the existing definitions of an inertial system are all controversial is that the connotations that are endowed by them are not unique, in other words, they do not draw up the same area of ideas. Taking the interplay of all of them for its connotation is an acceptable solution.

Abstract This study examines two distinctive neologistic processes within Rasta Talk. (1) Overstanding is morphological refashioning of a word that replaces morphemes (actual or perceived) which are misaligned with respect to the connotations of the word itself. Thus the word understanding, bearing positive connotations, is repaired by transforming the negatively mis-connotating sub-component under- into over-. (2) Iformation is the targeting of (depending on a word’s structure) either the first syllable or the first segment for replacement by /ai/ or /j/; e.g. ancient and food become I-cient and yood, respectively. These two processes contribute greatly to the salient properties of Rasta Talk, and involve a large degree of complexity which merits detailed scrutiny.

AbstractAnalogy-making is an ability with which we can abstract from surface similarities and perceive deep, meaningful similarities between different mental objects and situations. I propose that mental objects are dynamically changing sets of potentially interchangeable connotations. Unfortunately, most models of analogy seem devoid of both semantics and relevance-extraction, postulating analogy as a one-to-one mapping devoid of connotation transfer.

Although words have both denotative and connotative meanings, there has been little research on the child's acquisition of connotations. In large segments of written texts, connotations can be studied by examining word co-occurrences (collocations). Using this technique, corpus linguists have found, for example, that ‘happen’ has a negative connotation; it most often collocates with negative words (e.g. ‘accidents’, ‘something dreadful’). The current research is a case study of the use of the lemma ‘happen’. Adult production of ‘happen/happens/happening/happened’ was examined in 151 American English-speaking, adult–child dyads from the CHILDES database. Within these dyads, 35 children used ‘happen’ and its variants. Both adults and children were increasingly likely to use ‘happen’ to describe negative contexts as children's language progressed from MLUs around 1·00 to MLUs greater than 4·00. Results are consistent with usage-based theories of language that claim that the relative frequency of information in the input is critical to language learning.

AbstractThis paper contributes to the growing stream of organization research that explores the relationship between professional identities and gender. Our central question pertains to how account managers ‘do gender’ in constructing their professional identities. While account management has been considered a sales occupation with a strong masculine connotation, some indications towards ‘feminization’ have also been observed. Our analysis of 39 interviews with white women and men working as account managers in the Netherlands suggests that these account managers construct a ‘tough salesman’ identity and a ‘co-operative communicator’ identity. These identities have different gender connotations. The ‘co-operative communicator’ identity facilitates a critical dialogue with the – often implicit – masculinity in the ‘tough salesman’ identity norm. We reflect on the effects of these gender connotations both for account managers and for our practice as organization researchers who intend to deconstruct rather than reproduce gender stereotypes in our study of professional identities.

AbstractThis paper contributes to the growing stream of organization research that explores the relationship between professional identities and gender. Our central question pertains to how account managers ‘do gender’ in constructing their professional identities. While account management has been considered a sales occupation with a strong masculine connotation, some indications towards ‘feminization’ have also been observed. Our analysis of 39 interviews with white women and men working as account managers in the Netherlands suggests that these account managers construct a ‘tough salesman’ identity and a ‘co-operative communicator’ identity. These identities have different gender connotations. The ‘co-operative communicator’ identity facilitates a critical dialogue with the – often implicit – masculinity in the ‘tough salesman’ identity norm. We reflect on the effects of these gender connotations both for account managers and for our practice as organization researchers who intend to deconstruct rather than reproduce gender stereotypes in our study of professional identities.

AbstractConnotations, or the semantic prosodies of words, are associations acquired through exposure to diverse contexts and may be different for the same language item used by different speakers or groups of speakers. In order to compare connotations of the same language item between groups, tools of comparison are of interest. One such tool is analysis of word frequencies in contexts. This article considers a few hypotheses on gender-linked differences in the use of color words in Russian literary texts. Frequencies of total use of color words, and then of color words modifying nouns referring to body parts, color words modifying nouns referring to clothes, color words which have emotional connotations and of color words used to describe elements of landscape are compared for texts authored by women or by men. For the first three subcategories, it was hypothesized that women on average use more color adjectives in this category than men do. For the last category, it was hypothesized that men use more color adjectives in this category than women do. Two studies have been done to verify these hypotheses. Only the last hypothesis, on greater frequency of color words used to describe landscape in men-authored texts, has been confirmed at a statistically significant level. The hypotheses that women use a greater number of total color adjectives on average, and that women use more color adjectives to modify nouns referring to body parts and clothes, were each confirmed at a marginal level of statistical significance.Another avenue for investigating the limits of the concept “connotation” uses syntactic tests. One can say that a number of phrases in Russian are (un)acceptable or highly unusual because there exists a recurring connotation connecting a certain color with a certain state of affairs. However, it is questionable whether connotations limited to a sociolinguistic group can be tested using syntactic tests.

This work gives special attention to examination of precedent name and its connotative meaning in mass media texts. Precedent name is viewed as a result of semantic condensation of the corresponding precedent text and/or precedent situation. The purpose of using precedent name in speech consists in giving a concise and brief characteristic to the subject of assessment through the system of meaningful standards, clichéd images that became an etalon of certain qualities of a person within the framework of the culture, as well as in expressing a subjective attitude that can be negative or positive. In the course of research, the author applies the method of contextual analysis, component analysis and comparative analysis. Precedent name, being the means for preservation of achievements of spiritual culture of the society and conveying ethical and aesthetical norms from generation to generation, simultaneously represents the way of expressing subjective assessment in the atypical context of application, which leads to the extension of its communicative functions and emergence of potential (and eventually realistic) secondary meanings, as well as reflects a dynamic situation of a cultural linguistic community.

In this experiment, participants (nonmusicians) heard pairs of melodies and had to judge which of the two melodies was happier. Each pair consisted of a single melody presented in two different diatonic modes (Lydian, Ionian, Mixolydian, Dorian, Aeolian, or Phrygian) with a constant tonic of C; all pairs of modes were used. The results suggest that modes imply increasing happiness as scale-degrees are raised, with the exception of Lydian, which is less happy than Ionian. Overall, the results are best explained by familiarity: Ionian (major mode), the most common mode in both classical and popular music, is the happiest, and happiness declines with increasing distance from Ionian. However, familiarity does not entirely explain our results. Familiarity predicts that Mixolydian would be happier than Lydian (since they are equally similar to Ionian, and Mixolydian is much more common in popular music); but for almost half of our participants, the reverse was true. This suggests that the “sharpness” of a mode also affects its perceived happiness, either due to pitch height or to the position of the scale relative to the tonic on the “line of fifths”; we favor the latter explanation.

A different name than English literature, ‘Anglo-Indian Literature’, was given to the body of literature in English that emerged on account of the British interaction with India unlike the case with their interaction with America or Australia or New Zealand. Even the Indians’ contributions (translations as well as creative pieces in English) were classed under the caption ‘Anglo-Indian’ initially but later a different name, ‘Indo-Anglian’, was conceived for the growing variety and volume of writings in English by the Indians. However, unlike the former the latter has not found a favour with the compilers of English dictionaries. With the passage of time the fine line of demarcation drawn on the basis of subject matter and author’s point of view has disappeared and currently even Anglo-Indians’ writings are classed as ‘Indo-Anglian’. Besides contemplating on various connotations of the term ‘Indo-Anglian’ the article discusses the related issues such as: the etymology of the term, fixing the name of its coiner and the date of its first use. In contrast to the opinions of the historians and critics like K R S Iyengar, G P Sarma, M K Naik, Daniela Rogobete, Sachidananda Mohanty, Dilip Chatterjee and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak it has been brought to light that the term ‘Indo-Anglian’ was first used in 1880 by James Payn to refer to the Indians’ writings in English rather pejoratively. However, Iyengar used it in a positive sense though he himself gave it up soon. The reasons for the wide acceptance of the term, sometimes also for the authors of the sub-continent, by the members of academia all over the world, despite its rejection by Sahitya Akademi (the national body of letters in India), have also been contemplated on. References Alphonso-Karkala, John B. (1970). 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The article presents the results of an empirical study of the features of creativity in social interaction on a sample of male convicts serving sentences in a penal colony (N = 18, convicted of fraud and selfish violence, and N = 20 convicted of aggressively violent crimes). The relationship between the fluency indicators in situations of positive and negative connotations (revenge for damage and lies in romantic relationships) with personal values (the Sh.Shwartz questionnaire), aggression (the Bassa-Perry questionnaire), temperament characteristics (K.Cluninger's questionnaire), behavior (Questionnaire of M.Ranko et al.). Corporations of convicts found correlations of fluency in situations with negative connotation with hostility and anger, while in aggressively violent criminals the refusal of revenge is mediated by the highest values of social focus. The results show that creativity in social interaction in situations with negative and positive connotations is not a single construct: it should be differentiated according to the antisocial and prosocial orientation. The limitations of the study are indicated and directions for further research are suggested.

The semantics of prepositions have special connotations according to the verb followed. It is known that prepositions can reverse the meaning of the verb to the other. The verb becomes more than one meaning because of the different connotation of the preposition by the verb. This research aims to study the semantics of verbs related to prepositions and to highlight the eloquence of the Holy Quran in the diversity of its infringement of the single verb in various prepositions through the study of Alusi interpretation. The method used is a stylistic approach, where researcher collected some verbs related to preposition i. e. adzina-a>mana-kharaja-h}amala-fa’ala, then analyzed objectively with the extrapolation of the aesthetics of their connotations and suggestions and compare Alusi’s views in his interpretation with former and modern scholars’ interpretations. The result showed that Alusi had both same and different views with former and modern scholars regarding the effect of preposition to the verbs’ meaning.

The subject of this research is the lexeme “pine tree” with special linguocultural connotations in the mentality of Russians and Chinese. The authors reviews the historical-cultural associative meanings of the lexeme “pine tree” in the Russian and Chinese linguocultures through the analysis of phraseologisms, proverbs, myths, poems and literary works, as well as historical materials, customs and traditions of the two nations. The article employs descriptive, contextual, comparative methods, component analysis, and cognitive modeling. It is demonstrated that “pine tree” makes a positive impression in both linguocultures; its connotations coincide in the meanings of “perseverance” and “longevity”. Although unlike in Chinese linguocultural connotation, in the Russian language, pine tree also symbolizes negative emotions, such as “loneliness”, “sadness”. The novelty of this research lies in comparison of linguocultural connotations of the “pine tree” phytonomen via interdisciplinary study of the results of perception of this object, its concept and image by the Russian and Chinese native speakers. The accumulated materials can be used in teaching comparative lexicology of the Russian  and Chinese languages, teaching Russian language for Chinese students or Chinese language for Russian students, as well as in the development of lectures and textbooks in these disciplines. The conclusion is made that the detailed contrasting study of connotations of the characteristic phytonomen in two different linguocultures contributes to cross-cultural communication, broadens the perspective on value system of the native speakers of different languages, and allows the people learning a foreign language to avoid undesirable language and cultural conflicts in the context of cross-cultural communication.

This article concentrates on the semantics of the lexeme night attested in the religious songs collected in Śpiewnik kościelny by Father Jan Siedlecki. The paper falls within the scope of research on artistic texts; however, it is special in the sense that religious songs include elements of imagery typical of general Polish. Conventionally, in the metaphorical sense,the night denotes something evil and threatening to a man. This meaning is also confirmed in the material studied in our analysis. However, the textual connotations revealed in the songs were confronted not only with the language facts but also with the conceptualizationof the night in the Holy Bible. The meaning of the lexeme night, which is reconstructedin this way, shows both a robust semantic motivation by general Polish and also influences on the cultural level. Thus the negative connotations of the night are made specific as “sin” and “suffering”, and there are also positive meaning components of this lexeme, for instance, “time of God’s action” or “time of prayer”. The textual connotations allow to enrich the semantic structure of the word, then, unveiling its conceptual ambivalence which is hardly discerniblein the conventional language use. The analysis also demonstrated that connotational components, both ones in actual use and ones potentially present in language, play a significant role in the overall semantic structure of a word.

While the interpretation of the Quran emphasizes the importance of understanding the causes, issues, and incidents about revelation and knowing its time and place, translation studies are concerned with the roles of context in ensuring a precise translation. Context is regarded as one of the crucial parts in translating metaphorical connotations as it captures the meaning that transcends its literal translation. This study highlights the importance of context in achieving an exact translation, especially in translating the Quranic metaphorical connotations into the Malay language based on the semantic equivalence between the source and target text to the closest possible to the meaning of the original Arabic text. This is achieved by analyzing the descriptive, analytical, and comparative methods of selected copies of translations by Mahmoud Younis, Abdullah Basmeih, and Zaini Dahalan. The findings show that these translators pay special attention to the importance of context in the translation of the Quranic metaphorical connotations. Evidence also shows some flaws in the delivery of the intended meaning in the target language when these translations rely solely on the texts’ literal translation, consequently causing a diversion from the intended meaning of the Quranic message. Therefore, this study suggests that it is not reliable for an analysis of the Quran nor for the reader of the target language to depend on one absolute translation only but to refer to and compare different copies of the translation to reach the precise connotation.

This paper assesses different approaches used by various translators to translate the verb [tharaba /ð ʌ r eb e /] in the Quranic context, denotation and connotation usages have been highlighted being areas of difficulty in translating the Quran. Various translations of the verb [tharaba /ð ʌ r eb e /] have been compared with a focus on the real meaning, and the metaphorical meaning. This paper shows that approaches to translating denotations and connotations of the verb in question vary.

This study aims to describe the meaning of denotation, connotations, in the lyrics of Iwan Fals songs. The method used in this research is to use a qualitative descriptive approach to reveal the meaning of denomination and connotation. Data collection techniques are carried out using the analysis of sentence expressions. This study resulted in the conclusion that the use of denotative meaning by 68.75%, the use of positive connotative meaning by 21.09%, the use of negative connotative meaning by 11.32%.

This paper explores similarities and differences between two cultures, English and Serbian, in terms of connotative equivalence of some gender-related words. In both languages there exist myriad pairs of words that historically differentiated male and female gender only, but which, over time, have unexplainably gained different connotations. Usually the semantic change can be seen in words describing women; words which once used to be neutral or positive have acquired negative and/or sexual connotations. The well-known example of bachelor and spinster (neženja and usedelica in Serbian) is just one among many. Based on the male/female pairs of words analysed in these two languages, the paper examines the following: (1) whether it is possible that in both cultures such words (un)intentionally carry the same derogatory and pejorative meanings, (2) whether semantic derogation equally applies to male and female words, and (3) whether and how often the connotation changes to negative when words refer to women. Finally, it addresses the issue of potential semantic derogation when using different job titles for men and women in both languages.

The renewal in the lexical study depends on looking at the expressions and connotations it contains that are influenced by the context of what they are mentioned in as much as it relates to linguistic matters, such as changing the morphological form, or the multiplicity of the form of the source of the verb, or the construction of active voice and passive voice, or the infringement and imperative as well as the type of preposition infringement To come up with multiple connotations that correspond to those changes that are directly related to the context and what we can call (the semantic attribution) that is different from the grammatical attribution. In it, the connotation changes by changing the type of the subject or the predicate from masculine to feminine, and from singular to dual or plural, and from rational to non-rational, and from material to semantic or abstract to concrete and the like. According to all the above, it is not correct to separate the linguistic levels in any integrated linguistic study.

Abstract This approach examines the comparative relationship between persuasion at micro and macro-social level, under the framework of the comparative analysis method. In this sense, after identifying and presenting the concept of persuasion, the similarity of interpretation and persuasion techniques are emphasized. The study first addresses the epistemological and methodological aspect of the social connotations of persuasion. It has as main objectives to ensure the interpretation of the concept, to identify the strategies, to describe the mechanisms by which the persuasion in the public space is reconstructed and to discover the methods of resistance to this type of communication. The usefulness of studying this type of communication results from the effects it has on the individual and its various inter-human relationships in the macro-social space.

With the research on the development of learner autonomy in foreign language education, teacher autonomy has become a hot topic in the research of foreign language teacher education. However, it is the most difficult question to define language teacher autonomy and any answer to it is likely to be subjective. On the basis of expounding upon the different definitions concerning the research on teacher autonomy in language teaching and learning, the focus of the present paper is to clarify the connotations of language teacher autonomy and a working definition is made.

The article presents the results of the analysis of ethnic and evaluative connotations of ergonyms through association experiment. The relevance of such an analysis is determined by the linguoculturological orientation of the interpretation of linguistic material. As a result, conclusions are drawn about the commercial name influence on the connotative substance of the ergonym.

This is a music-theoretical study of the relationship of two-, three-, four-, five-, and six-member subsets of the major (pure minor), harmonic minor, and melodic (ascending) minor reference collections, using pitchclass set analytic techniques. These three collections will be referred to as the diatonic sets. Several new terms are introduced to facilitate the application of pitch-class set theory to descriptions of tonal pitch relations and to retain characteristic intervallic relationships in tonal music typically not found in discussions of atonal pitch-class relations. The description comprises three parts. First, pitch sets are converted to pitchclass sets. Second, the pitch- class sets are categorized by transpositional types. Third, the relations of these transpositional types are described in terms of their key center and modal references to the three diatonic sets. Further, it is suggested that the probability of a specific key interpretation by a listener may depend on the scale-degree functions of the tones.

Two fanfares, one from the Third Symphony and the other from Connotations, the latter not obviously for the Common Man, encapsulate the paradoxes – if not contradictions – of Aaron Copland's symphonism.

The article focuses on the phenomenon of leadership in philosophical discourse. Philosophical retrospection of the concept of "leadership" as a philosophical phenomenon and its systematic analysis is carried out. Philosophical connotations of the phenomenon of leadership in the dynamics of social and political processes of modern times are being defined. In modern society, the well-formed image of leaders of organizations, movements and etcetera an important role. Leadership is a universal phenomenon of social life. It is present in any sphere of human activity that requires stratification: the separation of leaders and subordinates, leaders and followers. In modern science, where there is a commonality of initial positions, leadership is characterized by ambiguity: as a social relationship of domination and subordination in a group or organization (sociology); as a characteristic of the figure of a leader and its impact on others (psychology); as effective and successful innovations in business, dominance in enterprise performance (economy); as developing vision, decision-making, empowerment and direction of people towards specific goals (management); as a process of human interaction in which authoritative people wield real power, exerting legitimate influence on a society that voluntarily gives them part of its political power and rights (political science). The essence of leadership reveals its numerous concepts and theories that have evolved in the history of philosophy and social philosophy. Classical theorists tried to understand and develop the ideal concepts of leadership. Modern researchers are not analyzing the ideal of leadership, but what it is. The philosophical understanding of leadership can be seen, first, as a form of power held by one individual or group of individuals; secondly, as a social position of decision-making; thirdly, as an influence on others.

In theoretical and sociopolitical discourses, the semantic construct “The Third Rome" is often used in denotative meaning of imperial ideology. At the same time, it has multivariate connotation, the disclosure of which in the cultural-historical context on the one hand allows deeper understanding of the semantic aspect of the construct, while on the other – more precisely characterizing the culture of different epochs. The object of this research is the historical process of saturation of the semantic construct “The Third Rome" with meaningful content. The subject of this research is the basic cultural- historical connotations the concept “The Third Rome”. The goal of this work is to establish correlation between the basic connotations of the concept under review and the historical cultures by means of culturological attribution. Alongside the general theoretical philosophical-analytical toolset, the author tests the method of culturological attribution in relation to cultural-historical meanings of the concept “The Third Rome" as intangible cultural artifacts. The novelty of this article consists in elucidation of the historical subjectivity of cultural meanings of the concept “The Third Rome”. Attribution of this concept to several historical cultures allows determining its multiple connotation, which at times are antipodal. The most common interpretation (“The Third Rome” as an empire) is applicable only to certain historical cultures.

Language and culture are inseparable from each other and words are the direct representation of culture. In both English and Chinese, there are a great many animal words which carry unique cultural connotations in each culture. Through the comparison on the cultural connotations of animal words in both languages, it is found that the same word may have divergent connotations and different words also can carry similar implications. The findings imply that it is necessary to better understand these cultural connotations in order to conduct a successful cross-cultural communication.

AbstractThe idea that abstract words are grounded in our sensorimotor experience is gaining support and popularity, as observed in the increasing number of studies dealing with “neurosemantics.” Therefore, it is important to form models that explain how to bridge the gap between basic bodily experiences and abstract language. This paper focuses on the embodiment of connotations, such as “sweet” in “sweet baby,” where the adjective has been abstracted from its concrete and embodied sense. We summarize several findings from recent studies in neuroscience and the cognitive sciences suggesting that emotion, body, and language are three factors required for understanding the emergence of abstract words, and (1) propose a model explaining how these factors contribute to the emergence of connotations, (2) formulate a computational model instantiating our theoretical model, and (3) test our model in a task involving the automatic identification of connotations. The results support our model pointing to the role of embodiment in the formation of connotations.