Academic literature on the topic 'Conquest of Mexico (1519-1540) fast'

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Esta dissertação tem por proposta analisar visões de alteridade no Altiplano Mexicano do século XVI, contrastando códigos culturais tanto de ascendência indígena como de espanhola, em relação à alteridade mexica. O período abordado é aquele relativo à tomada da capital asteca México-Tenochtitlan pelos espanhóis (1519-1521), estendendo-se ao alvorecer do século XVII, momento em que uma nova realidade colonial se configura na região em questão. Dentro das possíveis maneiras de se entender o Outro, tanto do espanhol frente ao habitante nativo, como da perspectiva do povoado tezcocano, que fez aliança com os mexicas antes da chegada dos espanhóis, pretendemos explorar ambas as visões recaídas sobre os mexicas. Para tanto, utilizaremos a seguinte documentação de época: As Cartas de Relación do conquistador Hernán Cortés, a Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España do frei Bernardino de Sahagun, a Relación de Tezcoco de Juan Bautista de Pomar e a Historia de la Nacion Chichimeca de Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl. Portanto, procuraremos mapear os mecanismos retóricos utilizados pelos autores selecionados para enunciar os mexicas e refletir sobre os níveis de apronfundamento nas descrições em relação às idiossincrasias do Outro. Como alicerce metodológico, utilizaremos a obra O Espelho de Heródoto do historiador François Hartog
This dissertation proposes to analyze visions of alterity in the Mexican Highlands during the XVI century, contrasting cultural codes - both from indigenous and Spanish ancestry - in relation to the Mexica alterity. The period studied relates to the taken over of the Aztec capital, Mexico-Tenochtitlan (1519-1521), by the Spaniards until the dawn of the XVII century, a moment when a new colonial order was established in the region in question. Among the possible ways of understanding the Other, both the Spanish when confronted with the native inhabitant and the Tezcocano village's perspective (who made alliances with the Mexicas before the arrival of the European), intending to exploit both visions about the Mexicas. In order to do this, we will use the following sources: The Cartas de Relación by conqueror Hernán Cortés; Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España by Friar Bernardino de Sahagun; a Relación de Tezcoco by Juan Bautista de Pomar and Historia de la Nacion Chichimeca by Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl. Thus, we intend to map out the rhetorical mechanisms used by the selected authors in order to enunciate the Mexica and to reflect on the levels of depth in the descriptions regarding the idiosyncrasy of the Other. As a methodological tool, we will use the work O Espelho de Heródoto by the historian François Hartog

Orientador: Ana Raquel Marques da Cunha Martins Portugal
Banca: Eduardo Natalino dos Santos
Banca: Lélio Luiz de Oliveira
Resumo: Esta dissertação tem por proposta analisar visões de alteridade no Altiplano Mexicano do século XVI, contrastando códigos culturais tanto de ascendência indígena como de espanhola, em relação à alteridade mexica. O período abordado é aquele relativo à tomada da capital asteca México-Tenochtitlan pelos espanhóis (1519-1521), estendendo-se ao alvorecer do século XVII, momento em que uma nova realidade colonial se configura na região em questão. Dentro das possíveis maneiras de se entender o Outro, tanto do espanhol frente ao habitante nativo, como da perspectiva do povoado tezcocano, que fez aliança com os mexicas antes da chegada dos espanhóis, pretendemos explorar ambas as visões recaídas sobre os mexicas. Para tanto, utilizaremos a seguinte documentação de época: As Cartas de Relación do conquistador Hernán Cortés, a Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España do frei Bernardino de Sahagun, a Relación de Tezcoco de Juan Bautista de Pomar e a Historia de la Nacion Chichimeca de Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl. Portanto, procuraremos mapear os mecanismos retóricos utilizados pelos autores selecionados para enunciar os mexicas e refletir sobre os níveis de apronfundamento nas descrições em relação às idiossincrasias do Outro. Como alicerce metodológico, utilizaremos a obra O Espelho de Heródoto do historiador François Hartog
Abstract: This dissertation proposes to analyze visions of alterity in the Mexican Highlands during the XVI century, contrasting cultural codes - both from indigenous and Spanish ancestry - in relation to the Mexica alterity. The period studied relates to the taken over of the Aztec capital, Mexico-Tenochtitlan (1519-1521), by the Spaniards until the dawn of the XVII century, a moment when a new colonial order was established in the region in question. Among the possible ways of understanding the Other, both the Spanish when confronted with the native inhabitant and the Tezcocano village's perspective (who made alliances with the Mexicas before the arrival of the European), intending to exploit both visions about the Mexicas. In order to do this, we will use the following sources: The Cartas de Relación by conqueror Hernán Cortés; Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España by Friar Bernardino de Sahagun; a Relación de Tezcoco by Juan Bautista de Pomar and Historia de la Nacion Chichimeca by Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl. Thus, we intend to map out the rhetorical mechanisms used by the selected authors in order to enunciate the Mexica and to reflect on the levels of depth in the descriptions regarding the idiosyncrasy of the Other. As a methodological tool, we will use the work O Espelho de Heródoto by the historian François Hartog
Mestre

Throughout the colonial period, the Spanish attempted to Hispanicize the Indians along the northern frontier of New Spain. The conquistador, the missionary, the civilian settler, and the presidial soldier all took part in this effort. At La Junta de los Rios, a fertile area inhabited by both sedentary and semi-sedentary Indians, each of these institutions played a part in fundamentally changing the region and its occupants. This research, relying primarily on published Spanish source documents, sets the effort to Hispanicize La Junta in the broader sphere of Spain's frontier policy.

Cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudier comment les populations indigènes de l’Occident mexicain éprouvèrent la Conquête espagnole, ainsi que les premiers jalons de la colonisation, tout au long du XVIème siècle. Le vécu et le ressenti des habitants autochtones, qui durent faire face à des bouleversements majeurs et durables, est donc au cœur des questionnements auxquels cette recherche tente de répondre.Pour appréhender au mieux cette problématique, il a été nécessaire de réaliser un travail de croisement de diverses sources de natures et d’origines très différentes : résultats des travaux issus de fouilles archéologiques de plusieurs lieux de l’Occident, premiers témoignages espagnols, émanant pour la plupart de conquistadores, comptes rendus d’officiers vice-royaux et de membres du clergé, relations géographiques, pétitions et procédures juridiques diverses faisant intervenir des communautés indigènes… Le caractère parcellaire de ces sources, ainsi que leur contenu parfois contradictoire, a pu constituer un écueil au travail d’analyse, bien que la plus grande difficulté soit venue du décalage entre la manière dont les Méso-Américains et les Européens percevaient le monde, entraînant incompréhensions et méprises sur le sens de certains concepts.Le premier chapitre de ce travail présente les sociétés indigènes de l’Occident la veille de la Conquête, en mettant en lumière certaines thématiques précises. La grande diversité ethnique et linguistique des populations est interrogée, tandis qu’est soulignée la complexité de leurs modes de vie nomade et sédentaire. Une étude de l’organisation politique et territoriale de l’Occident montre des proximités importantes avec le Plateau central, notamment autour du concept d’altepetl. Le même constat est établi concernant la pensée religieuse, à travers l’analyse des divinités, de certains rites sacrificiels et d’une lecture cosmogonique du territoire, s’appuyant notamment sur la toponymie.Le second chapitre aborde la Conquête de l’Occident mexicain, qui se déroula sur une vingtaine d’années, prenant la forme de plusieurs expéditions militaires successives d’inégale violence. Initiée depuis les frontières du Michoacán au lendemain de la chute de Mexico, la pénétration espagnole atteignit d’abord les territoires soumis à l’Etat purépecha, avant de parvenir jusqu’à la côte Pacifique, après la brutale conquête de Colima en 1523. L’expédition de Francisco Cortés deux ans plus tard permit aux Espagnols de poursuivre leur exploration, sans parvenir à une domination pérenne des populations occidentales rencontrées. La sanglante conquête de Nuño de Guzmán à partir de 1529, aboutissant à la création de la Nouvelle Galice, mit une partie de l’Occident à feu et à sang, déstructurant durablement les sociétés indigènes qui tombèrent sous son joug. Toutefois, ce n’est qu’en 1542, suite à la guerre du Mixtón, que la soumission autochtone fut entérinée. Rupture profonde dans la vie indigène, la conquête espagnole n’eut toutefois pas les mêmes effets, suivant le degré de violence employé et la résistance dont firent preuve les différentes sociétés.Le troisième chapitre se porte sur les premiers jalons de la colonisation, en mettant en lumière certains de ses corollaires, à commencer par l’hémorragie démographique autochtone, ainsi que les nouvelles obligations qui incombaient aux vaincus, en particulier le tribut et le travail forcé. Certains aspects de la réorganisation des cadres de vie indigènes sont particulièrement soulignés, comme le démantèlement des anciennes structures politiques et sociales, l’implantation espagnole dans les terres autochtones et l’évangélisation. Face à ces bouleversements, la diversité des réactions et des réponses indigènes est développée, entre résistance sous de multiples formes, appropriations pragmatiques et redéfinition de soi
The purpose of this thesis is to consider how indigenous population of West Mexico endured the Spanish Conquest, as well as the first steps of colonization, during the sixteenth century. The main focus of the questioning exposed in this study is the experience of the aboriginal population, who had to face great and lasting dislocations. In order to meet this purpose, the cross-referencing of many and different sources was essential : archeological reports about excavations in West Mexico, first Spanish testimonies - mostly from conquistadores, surveys from vice-regal officers and Franciscans, geographic commentaries, petitions and judicial proceedings involving indigenous communities. Sometimes, it was difficult to analyse these sources because of their fragmented nature as well as their contradictory content. However, the greatest issue came from the discrepancy between the way in which Mesoamerican people and European people perceived the world, leading to confusion and misunderstandings of certain concepts’ meaning. The first chapter of this study exposes the indigenous societies of West Mexico on the eve of the Conquest by highlighting specific themes. The great ethnic and linguistic diversity of the populations is questioned while the complexity of their nomadic and sedentary lifestyles is underlined. A study of the political and territorial organization of the West shows significant proximity to the Central Plateau, especially around the concept of altepetl. The same observation is made concerning religious thought, through the analysis of divitinies, some sacrificial rites and a cosmogonic reading of the territory notably based on toponymy. The second chapter deals with the Conquest of West Mexico which took place over twenty years and took the form of several successive military expeditions of unequal violence. Initiated from the borders of Michoacán after the fall of Mexico, the Spanish penetration first reached the territories subject to the Purépecha State before reaching the Pacific coast after the brutal conquest of Colima in 1523. Francisco Cortés's expedition two years later enabled the Spaniards to continue their exploration without achieving lasting domination by the Western populations encountered. The bloody conquest of Nuño de Guzmán from 1529 - resulting in the creation of New Galicia, put part of the West to fire and blood and lastingly destroyed the indigenous societies that fell under its yoke. However, it was not until 1542, following the Mixtón war, that the aboriginal submission was ratified. The Spanish Conquest represents a major collapse in indigenous life but it did not have the same effects - depending on the degree of violence employed and the resistance shown by the different societies. Finaly, the third chapter focuses on the first steps of colonization by highlighting some of its corollaries and starting with the indigenous demographic hemorrhage as well as the new obligations imposed to the vanquished - in particular tribute and forced labor. Some aspects of the reorganization of indigenous living environments are particularly emphasized - such as the dismantling of old political and social structures, the Spanish establishment in indigenous lands and evangelization. Faced with these upheavals, the diversity of indigenous reactions and responses is developed between resistance in multiple forms, pragmatic appropriation and redefinition of oneself