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Journal articles on the topic 'Conscious and unconscious'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 16 July 2025

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1

Dijksterhuis, Ap, Maarten W. Bos, Andries van der Leij, and Rick B. van Baaren. "Predicting Soccer Matches After Unconscious and Conscious Thought as a Function of Expertise." Psychological Science 20, no. 11 (2009): 1381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02451.x.

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In two experiments, we investigated the effects of expertise and mode of thought on the accuracy of people's predictions. Both experts and nonexperts predicted the results of soccer matches after conscious thought, after unconscious thought, or immediately. In Experiment 1, experts who thought unconsciously outperformed participants in all other conditions. Whereas unconscious thinkers showed a correlation between expertise and accuracy of prediction, no such relation was observed for conscious thinkers or for immediate decision makers. In Experiment 2, this general pattern was replicated. In

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2

Railo, Henry, Niina Salminen-Vaparanta, Linda Henriksson, Antti Revonsuo, and Mika Koivisto. "Unconscious and Conscious Processing of Color Rely on Activity in Early Visual Cortex: A TMS Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24, no. 4 (2012): 819–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00172.

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Chromatic information is processed by the visual system both at an unconscious level and at a level that results in conscious perception of color. It remains unclear whether both conscious and unconscious processing of chromatic information depend on activity in the early visual cortex or whether unconscious chromatic processing can also rely on other neural mechanisms. In this study, the contribution of early visual cortex activity to conscious and unconscious chromatic processing was studied using single-pulse TMS in three time windows 40–100 msec after stimulus onset in three conditions: co

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Siegler, Robert S. "Unconscious Insights." Current Directions in Psychological Science 9, no. 3 (2000): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00065.

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From early in the history of psychology, theorists have argued about whether insights are initially unconscious or whether they are conscious from the start. Empirically identifying unconscious insights has proven difficult, however: How can we tell if people have had an insight if they do not tell us they have had one? Fortunately, although obtaining evidence of unconscious insights is difficult, it is not impossible. The present article describes an experiment in which evidence of unconscious insights was obtained. Almost 90% of second graders generated an arithmetic insight at an unconsciou

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LIBET, BENJAMIN. "Conscious or unconscious?" Nature 351, no. 6323 (1991): 194–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/351194c0.

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5

Erdelyi, Matthew H. "Conscious and Unconscious." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 181, no. 1 (1993): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199301000-00017.

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6

de Vries, Marieke, Cilia L. M. Witteman, Rob W. Holland, and Ap Dijksterhuis. "The Unconscious Thought Effect in Clinical Decision Making: An Example in Diagnosis." Medical Decision Making 30, no. 5 (2010): 578–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x09360820.

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The unconscious thought effect refers to improved judgments and decisions after a period of distraction. The authors studied the unconscious thought effect in a complex and error-prone part of clinical decision making: diagnosis. Their aim was to test whether conscious versus unconscious processing influenced diagnosis of psychiatric cases. They used case descriptions from the DSM-IV casebook. Half of the participants were randomly assigned to the conscious-processing-condition (i.e., consciously thinking about the information they read in the case description), the other half to the unconscio

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7

Alves, Pedro M. S. "A Phenomenological Approach to Conscious and Unconscious Mental Life." Phainomenon 37, no. 1 (2024): 83–104. https://doi.org/10.2478/phainomenon-2024-0005.

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Abstract This article deals with the conscious and unconscious dimensions of mental life. I distinguish the transitive sense of consciousness, being conscious of something, intentionality, from the adjectival or adverbial sense, being conscious or consciously directed towards something. I show that an intentional act can be conscious or unconscious in the second sense and argue that, from this position, we can ask good questions about what consciousness is and its function in mental life. To achieve this result, I begin by framing the topic in the tradition of psychology before Husserl, namely

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8

Velmans, Max. "What makes a conscious process conscious?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 1 (2014): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x13000885.

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AbstractNewell & Shanks' (N&S's) critical review considers only a very limited sense in which mental processes can be thought of as either conscious or unconscious and consequently gives a misleading analysis of the role of consciousness in human information processing. This commentary provides an expanded analysis of conscious processing that also reveals the various ways in which mental processes are unconscious.

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Popoli, Paolo. "Consciousness and Unconsciousness in Outsourcing: A Conceptual Integrated Model." Journal of Business and Economics 10, no. 7 (2019): 621–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15341/jbe(2155-7950)/07.10.2019/004.

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This paper aims to highlight the role of unconsciuos factors in outsourcing choices, with particular reference to the strategic outsourcing, in which some cultural dimensions play a significant role, conditioning the decision-making process even unconsciously. In fact, even though managers always claim to be able to manage outsourcing relationships based on rational and conscious factors, they are inevitably affect by their personal and organizational culture, and in particular by some irrational or unconscious factors which affect their evaluations and decisions. That is, the aim of this pape

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10

Kernberg, Otto F. "The Couple's Constructive and Destructive Superego Functions." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 41, no. 3 (1993): 653–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000306519304100302.

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Just as the couple becomes the repository of both partners' conscious and unconscious sexual fantasies and desires, and of their consciously and unconsciously activated internalized object relations, so does the couple activate both partners' conscious and unconscious superego functions. The interaction of the partners' superego over time results in the forging of a new system, which I am calling the couple's superego. The functions of the couple's joint superego structure is described, as are the symptoms of superego pathology in the couple's love life. The vicissitudes of gratitude and guilt

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11

van Gaal, Simon, Lionel Naccache, Julia D. I. Meuwese, et al. "Can the meaning of multiple words be integrated unconsciously?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1641 (2014): 20130212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0212.

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What are the limits of unconscious language processing? Can language circuits process simple grammatical constructions unconsciously and integrate the meaning of several unseen words? Using behavioural priming and electroencephalography (EEG), we studied a specific rule-based linguistic operation traditionally thought to require conscious cognitive control: the negation of valence. In a masked priming paradigm, two masked words were successively (Experiment 1) or simultaneously presented (Experiment 2), a modifier (‘not’/‘very’) and an adjective (e.g. ‘good’/‘bad’), followed by a visible targe

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Huang, Julie Y., and John A. Bargh. "The Selfish Goal: Autonomously operating motivational structures as the proximate cause of human judgment and behavior." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 2 (2014): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x13000290.

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AbstractWe propose the Selfish Goal model, which holds that a person's behavior is driven by psychological processes called goals that guide his or her behavior, at times in contradictory directions. Goals can operate both consciously and unconsciously, and when activated they can trigger downstream effects on a person's information processing and behavioral possibilities that promote only the attainment of goal end-states (and not necessarily the overall interests of the individual). Hence, goals influence a person as if the goals themselves were selfish and interested only in their own compl

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13

Meng, Fanying, Anmin Li, Yihong You, and Chun Xie. "Motor expertise modulates unconscious rather than conscious executive control." PeerJ 7 (February 5, 2019): e6387. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6387.

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Background Executive control, the ability to regulate the execution of a goal-directed task, is an important element in an athlete’s skill set. Although previous studies have shown that executive control in athletes is better than that in non-athletes, those studies were mainly confined to conscious executive control. Many recent studies have suggested that executive control can be triggered by the presentation of visual stimuli without participant’s conscious awareness. However, few studies have examined unconscious executive control in sports. Thus, the present study investigated whether, si

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14

Welshon, Robert C. "Conscious and Unconscious Perspectives." International Studies in Philosophy 34, no. 3 (2002): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/intstudphil200234311.

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15

Ben-Ze’ev, Aaron. "Conscious and Unconscious States." Philosophical Studies 32 (1988): 44–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philstudies19883237.

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16

McLaughlin, Barry. ""Conscious" versus "Unconscious" Learning." TESOL Quarterly 24, no. 4 (1990): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3587111.

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17

Hample, Dale. "Logic, conscious and unconscious." Western Journal of Speech Communication 50, no. 1 (1986): 24–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10570318609374211.

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18

Bridgeman, Bruce. "Conscious vs Unconscious Processes." Theory & Psychology 2, no. 1 (1992): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354392021004.

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19

Tsai, Jessica W. "Making Conscious the Unconscious." JAMA Pediatrics 171, no. 8 (2017): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.1011.

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20

Jensen, Anthony K. "The Unconscious in History: Eduard von Hartmann among Schopenhauer, Schelling, and Hegel." Journal of the Philosophy of History 16, no. 3 (2022): 271–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18722636-12341481.

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Abstract This article exams the philosophy of history of the now mostly-forgotten 19th Century philosopher, Eduard von Hartmann. Hartmann inverts Hegel’s rational teleology by his reliance on a notion of ‘unconscious ideas’. Purposes are a species of idea. All natural things, including unintelligent natural things, will purposes of which they are often not conscious. These unconscious ideas cannot be held by natural beings that lack intellect, so there must be some supra-naturalistic being, which Hartmann names the Metaphysical Unconscious, that imposes purposes on unconsciously-acting agents.

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21

Reznikova, T. N., and N. A. Seliverstova. "ABOUT VALUE OF CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUSEMOTIONAL PROCESSES AT MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS." HERALD of North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov 9, no. 3 (2017): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/mechnikov20179353-58.

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Research of conscious and unconscious emotional processes at 167 patients with multiple sclerosis in a condition of remission was conducted. The conscious and unconscious alarm (according to tests Taylor and Lusher), conscious and unconscious aggression (according to Bass-darky test and Hand test) in comparison to indicators of personal scales on the Standardized multidimensional personal questionnaire and the clinical and anamnestic of data was studied. At most of patients the high level of conscious and unconscious anxiety, the increased unconscious aggression at standard values of the gener

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Travers, Eoin, Chris D. Frith, and Nicholas Shea. "Learning rapidly about the relevance of visual cues requires conscious awareness." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 8 (2018): 1698–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1373834.

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Humans have been shown to be capable of performing many cognitive tasks using information of which they are not consciously aware. This raises questions about what role consciousness actually plays in cognition. Here, we explored whether participants can learn cue-target contingencies in an attentional learning task when the cues were presented below the level of conscious awareness and how this differs from learning about conscious cues. Participants’ manual (Experiment 1) and saccadic (Experiment 2) response speeds were influenced by both conscious and unconscious cues. However, participants

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23

You, Yihong, Yiming Ma, Zhiguang Ji, Fanying Meng, Anmin Li, and Chunhua Zhang. "Unconscious response inhibition differences between table tennis athletes and non-athletes." PeerJ 6 (September 7, 2018): e5548. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5548.

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Background Response inhibition is associated with successful sporting performance. However, research on response inhibition in athletes from open-skill sports has mainly focused on a consciously triggered variety; little is known about open-skill athletes’ response inhibition elicited by unconscious stimuli. Methods Here, we explored unconscious response inhibition differences between table tennis athletes (n = 20) and non-athletes (n = 19) using the masked go/no-go task and event-related potentials technique (ERPs). Results At the behavioral level, table tennis athletes displayed shorter go-r

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Wolters, Gezinus, and R. Hans Phaf. "Contrasts and dissociations suggest qualitative differences between conscious and unconscious processes." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 3 (2002): 359–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02530065.

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The authors reject a computationally powerful unconscious. Instead, they suggest that simple unconscious processes give rise to complex conscious representations. We discuss evidence showing contrastive effects of conscious and unconscious processes, suggesting a distinction between these types of processes. In our view, conscious processes often serve to correct or control negative consequences of relatively simple unconscious processes.

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Nanay, Bence. "Unconscious mental imagery." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1817 (2020): 20190689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0689.

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Historically, mental imagery has been defined as an experiential state—as something necessarily conscious. But most behavioural or neuroimaging experiments on mental imagery—including the most famous ones—do not actually take the conscious experience of the subject into consideration. Further, recent research highlights that there are very few behavioural or neural differences between conscious and unconscious mental imagery. I argue that treating mental imagery as not necessarily conscious (as potentially unconscious) would bring much needed explanatory unification to mental imagery research.

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van Gaal, Simon, Victor A. F. Lamme, Johannes J. Fahrenfort, and K. Richard Ridderinkhof. "Dissociable Brain Mechanisms Underlying the Conscious and Unconscious Control of Behavior." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 1 (2011): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21431.

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Cognitive control allows humans to overrule and inhibit habitual responses to optimize performance in challenging situations. Contradicting traditional views, recent studies suggest that cognitive control processes can be initiated unconsciously. To further capture the relation between consciousness and cognitive control, we studied the dynamics of inhibitory control processes when triggered consciously versus unconsciously in a modified version of the stop task. Attempts to inhibit an imminent response were often successful after unmasked (visible) stop signals. Masked (invisible) stop signal

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Blackwell, Dick. "A history of the struggle against racism in the social unconscious of group analysis." Group Analysis 54, no. 3 (2021): 320–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0533316420984734.

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Institutional racism is a social unconscious process. It is the collective operation of shared unconscious assumptions and values that exist in groupings and cultures such as group analytic institutions where individuals may consciously believe they are not racist. In such cultures this conscious belief is protected by unconscious processes of denial, avoidance and negation. Attempts to address the issue within group analysis reveal some of its problematic dynamics.

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Moskowitz, Gordon B., and Emily Balcetis. "The conscious roots of selfless, unconscious goals." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 2 (2014): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x13002100.

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AbstractWe counter Huang & Bargh's (H&B's) metaphoric description of the unconscious, selfish goal on three points. First, we argue, unconscious goals are rooted in conscious choices related to well-being. Second, unconscious goal pursuit occurs through early-stage orienting mechanisms that promote individuals' well-being. Third, unconscious goals work selflessly, resulting in their own demise.

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Young-Bruehl, Elisabeth. "On Conscious and Unconscious Biography." Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy 24, no. 3 (2007): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/psyc.24.3.211-218.

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Zemach, Eddy. "Unconscious Mind or Conscious Minds?" Midwest Studies in Philosophy 10 (1986): 121–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4975.1987.tb00537.x.

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Squire, Larry R., and Adam J. O. Dede. "Conscious and Unconscious Memory Systems." Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 7, no. 3 (2015): a021667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a021667.

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Cleeremans, Axel. "Connecting Conscious and Unconscious Processing." Cognitive Science 38, no. 6 (2014): 1286–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12149.

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Guarton, Gladys B. "Unconscious Learning and Conscious Choice." Contemporary Psychoanalysis 37, no. 2 (2001): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00107530.2001.10747078.

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Cheng, Kaiwen, Keyu Yang, Long Qin, Yixuan Zhuo, and Hongmei Yan. "Perceptual load modulates contour integration in conscious and unconscious states." PeerJ 7 (August 22, 2019): e7550. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7550.

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Previous research has documented that contour detection and integration may either be affected by local features such as the distances between elements or by high-level cognitive factors such as attention in our visual system. Less is known about how low and high level factors interact to influence contour integration. In this paper, we investigated how attention modulates contour integration through saliency (different element spacing) and topological propert ies (circle or S-shaped) when the state of conscious awareness is manipulated. A modified inattentional blindness (IB) combined with th

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Yang, Haiyang, Amitava Chattopadhyay, Kuangjie Zhang, and Darren W. Dahl. "Unconscious creativity: When can unconscious thought outperform conscious thought?" Journal of Consumer Psychology 22, no. 4 (2012): 573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2012.04.002.

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Quilty-Dunn, Jake. "Unconscious perception and phenomenal coherence." Analysis 79, no. 3 (2018): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/analys/any022.

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Abstract It is an orthodoxy in cognitive science that perception can occur unconsciously. Recently, Hakwan Lau, Megan Peters and Ian Phillips have argued that this orthodoxy may be mistaken. They argue that many purported cases of unconscious perception fail to rule out low degrees of conscious awareness while others fail to establish genuine perception. This paper presents a case of unconscious perception that avoids these problems. It also advances a general principle of ‘phenomenal coherence’ that can insulate some forms of evidence for unconscious perception from the methodological critiqu

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Harianto, GP. "UNCONSCIOUS STATE ANALYSIS OF CONSCIOUS COMPETENCE LEARNING MODEL BY ABRAHAM MASLOW AS FOUR STAGE OF LEARNING." Inculco Journal of Christian Education 1, no. 1 (2021): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.59404/ijce.v1i1.5.

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Abstract: Learning difficulties have always been experienced by every student. There are many obstacles so that a person falls into long learning difficulties, whether he realizes it or not. The problem is how to change students from being unconscious in their learning difficulties to becoming conscious, skilled and even professional based on the Conscious Competence Learning Model (CCL) according to Abraham Maslow as Four Stage of Learning? The objective is to answer the following questions: What is the CCL Model? How is the analysis of the unconscious according to the CCL Model? How are the

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Sun, Ron. "The emergence of consciousness: BUC versus SOC." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 3 (2002): 355–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02490061.

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This commentary suggests that there are two distinct types of interacting cognitive processes. Conscious processes emerge from unconscious processes. The key problem of SOC is that it uses an overly narrow notion of the “cognitive unconscious” to show that the “cognitive unconscious” is not necessary. Yet, it has little to say about the roles of conscious and unconscious processes in general.

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Majeed, Raamy. "The Relationship Between Conscious and Unconscious Intentionality." Philosophy 97, no. 2 (2021): 169–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819121000383.

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AbstractThe contemporary view of the relationship between conscious and unconscious intentionality consists in two claims: (i) unconscious propositional attitudes represent the world the same way conscious ones do, and (ii) both sets of attitudes represent by having determinate propositional content. Crane (2017) has challenged both claims, proposing instead that unconscious propositional attitudes differ from conscious ones in being less determinate in nature. This paper aims to evaluate Crane's proposal. In particular, I make explicit and critique certain assumptions Crane makes in support o

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Coleman, Sam. "The Quality of Unconscious Thought." Journal of Consciousness Studies 32, no. 3 (2025): 193–213. https://doi.org/10.53765/20512201.32.3.193.

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David Pitt argues that whereas conscious thinking must be understood in qualitative terms, unconscious processes that feed into thought and cognition can be modelled without this commitment — hence without positing unconscious qualitative characters. Qualityfree neural-computational processes, instead, perform the functions we would have expected genuine unconscious mentality to fulfil, so Pitt suggests. I argue, against Pitt, that we need to extend the qualitative conception of mental content, especially thought content, to the unconscious. The core reason I give is that the phenomenal intent

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Kuldas, Seffetullah, Shahabuddin Hashim, Hairul Nizam Ismail, and Zainudin Abu Bakar. "Reviewing the Role of Cognitive Load, Expertise Level, Motivation, and Unconscious Processing in Working Memory Performance." International Journal of Educational Psychology 4, no. 2 (2015): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/ijep.2015.832.

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<p class="p1">Human cognitive capacity is unavailable for conscious processing of every amount of instructional messages. Aligning an instructional design with learner expertise level would allow better use of available working memory capacity in a cognitive learning task. Motivating students to learn consciously is also an essential determinant of the capacity usage. However, motivational factors are often subject to unconscious rather than conscious emotional processing. This review sets out the need for further studies to elucidate the role of motivation and unconscious processing in

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David, Daniel, and Richard J. Brown. "The Impact of Different Directed Forgetting Instructions on Implicit and Explicit Memory: New Evidence from a Modified process Dissociation Procedure." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 56, no. 2 (2003): 211–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980244000431.

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In contrast to previous research on directed forgetting, the present studies adopted a recent modification of the process dissociation procedure (Jacoby, 1991; Richardson-Klavehn & Gardiner, 1995) to accommodate the cross-contamination of memory test performance by implicit and explicit memorial factors. In Experiment 1, 120 subjects were compared in global directed forgetting, item-by-item directed forgetting, and control conditions on estimates of voluntary conscious memory, involuntary conscious memory, and involuntary unconscious memory performance. In Experiment 2, 80 subjects were co

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Lisman, John, and Eliezer J. Sternberg. "Habit and Nonhabit Systems for Unconscious and Conscious Behavior: Implications for Multitasking." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 2 (2013): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00319.

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The study of human consciousness has demonstrated that there are both conscious and unconscious systems. Other work, particularly in animals, has shown that there are habit and nonhabit systems and that these involve different brain regions and memory processes. Here we argue that habits can be equated with unconscious behavior and nonhabits with conscious behavior. This equation makes the extensive physiological literature on habit/nonhabit relevant to the less tractable issue of consciousness. On the basis of this line of reasoning, it appears that different parts of the BG and different mem

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Xianjun, Xu. "The psychoanalytic unconscious and Buddhist unconscious (alaya-consciousness)." Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy in China 6, no. 1-2 (2023): 194–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.33212/ppc.v6.2023.194.

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The unconscious is a central concept in psychoanalysis, and alaya-consciousness is a central concept in Buddhism. Although the unconscious is not a dominate concept in Western philosophy and psychology, there is a great deal of correspondence between the unconscious in psychoanalysis and alaya-consciousness in Buddhism. Psychoanalysis and Buddhism agree that the conscious is only a small part of the human mind, and that the vast majority of it is not the conscious. The compatibility of the unconscious in psychoanalysis and alaya-consciousness in Buddhism provides an important way to localise p

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Lee, Byeong D. "Finkelstein on the Distinction between Conscious and Unconscious Belief." Dialogue 43, no. 4 (2004): 707–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300004005.

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AbstractIn a recent article, D. H. Finkelstein offers a new proposal about the distinction between conscious and unconscious belief. On his proposal, someone's belief is conscious if he has an ability to express it simply by self-ascribing it; and someone's belief is unconscious if he lacks such an ability. In this article, I argue that his proposal is inadequate, and then offer a somewhat different proposal. On my proposal, someone's belief is conscious if he has self-ascribed this belief without recourse to any evidence about his behaviour, and someone's belief is unconscious; if it is not c

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Tzelgov, Joseph. "Trading automatic/nonautomatic for unconscious/conscious." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 3 (2002): 356–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02500066.

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In this commentary I show that the SOC framework implies automaticity of both the materialization of phenomenological conscious experience and the application of the primitives resulting from the emergence of consciousness. In addition, SOC implies that cognition refers to conscious experience. Consequently, I propose automatic/nonautomatic instead of unconscious/conscious as the basic contrast characterizing human cognition.

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Webb, Douglas E., and Ray A. Craddick. "Unconscious Cathexis of Dream Symbols as Measured by the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement." Perceptual and Motor Skills 77, no. 2 (1993): 547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.77.2.547.

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This study measured unconscious cathexis and conscious association with dream content, using the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement (KTSA), with subjects reporting recurring, past-recurring, and nonrecurring dreams. Unconscious cathexis of dream content was noted for recurring dreamers; conscious association with dream content was not. The results suggest that the KTSA is a valuable instrument for the empirical study of unconscious processes and that the contents of recurring dreams are particularly salient in a dreamer's unconscious.

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Norman, Elisabeth. "“The Unconscious” in Current Psychology." European Psychologist 15, no. 3 (2010): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000017.

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A series of vignette examples taken from psychological research on motivation, emotion, decision making, and attitudes illustrates how the influence of unconscious processes is often measured in a range of different behaviors. However, the selected studies share an apparent lack of explicit operational definition of what is meant by consciousness, and there seems to be substantial disagreement about the properties of conscious versus unconscious processing: Consciousness is sometimes equated with attention, sometimes with verbal report ability, and sometimes operationalized in terms of behavio

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Tidikis, Viktoria, and Anthony Stenson. "Svarstymas be dėmesio skyrimo sprendžiant įžvalgos ir analitines problemas: ar atitraukiančių užduočių tipas turi poveikį?" Psichologija 69 (December 28, 2023): 92–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/psichol.2023.69.6.

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Replication failure is at the heart of criticism of Dijksterhuis’ unconscious thought theory (UTT: Dijksterhuis, 2004). UTT has encountered considerable censure with many studies failing to replicate the original findings. This study proposes that such appraisals are lacking in their consideration of problem type and distractor tasks. Three experimental conditions were used in the study: conscious, unconscious with differing distractor task, and unconscious with like-kind distractor task. Additionally, problem type manipulation was achieved through the presentation of two problem types (insigh

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Sutanto, Limas. "Psychoanalytic listening: Between unconscious and conscious." Jurnal Psikiatri Surabaya 10, no. 1 (2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jps.v10i1.23429.

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Psychoanalytic listening can be deployed for enhancing the quality of clinical psychiatric practice. As a clinical skill, it should be teachable throughout the years of psychiatric residency. Nevertheless, the teaching of such important faculty is difficult due to the scarcity of a systematic, relatively structured model that can be used as an underpinning of learning that capability. This article is aimed at fulfilling a part of that lack of teaching methodology. The model offered in this article describes psychoanalytic listening as a mental process initiated by the therapist, which then goe

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