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1
Duan, Yawen, Zhuguo Ma, and Qing Yang. "Characteristics of consecutive dry days variations in China." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 130, no. 1-2 (2016): 701–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-016-1984-6.
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Devadarshini, E., V. Geethalakshmi, S. Pazhanivelan, et al. "Insights into Rainfall Extremities Across the Agroclimatic Zones of Tamil Nadu, India." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 9 (2023): 3096–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i92552.
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Rainfall is a crucial agrometeorological parameter that impacts hydrology and agricultural planning in a region. The spatiotemporal changes in the occurrences of precipitation extremes must be monitored to reduce the hazards caused by the fluctuating rainfall pattern. The extreme rainfall indices for each year categorized under excess, normal and deficit rainfall categories were calculated over the agroclimatic zones of Tamil Nadu using the high-resolution CHIRPS datasets from 1991 to 2022. The results highlighted that High Rainfall Zone has more consecutive wet days (22 days), minimum consecutive dry days (25 days) and Daily Intensity Index with threshold of 2.5 mm (28.6 mm) compared to other zones. The maximum consecutive dry days of 99 days, a high rainy day of 142 days, and minimum daily intensity of 8.9 mm are experienced by the Cauvery Delta Zone, High Altitude and Hilly Zone, and Western Zone, respectively. Overall, the High Rainfall Zone faces a higher number of extreme rainfall events in terms of wet days and intensity, whereas the average maximum consecutive dry days and minimum rainfall intensity is observed over the north eastern zone and north western zone, respectively indicating high dry periods.
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Chen, Feng, Zhaofei Fan, Shukui Niu, and Jingming Zheng. "The Influence of Precipitation and Consecutive Dry Days on Burned Areas in Yunnan Province, Southwestern China." Advances in Meteorology 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/748923.
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Precipitation is among the more limiting meteorological factors affecting the occurrence and extent of forest fire. We examined the correlation between burned area of individual wildfires and the rainfall amounts occurring on the day of the burn and the number of consecutive dry days for a range of limiting daily rainfall amounts (0–6mm) used to define a “dry” day. Daily threshold rainfall levels that most significantly affected area burned were determined for each ecoregion in Yunnan province, a major fire-prone area, in southwestern China. Results showed that the burned area of a wildfire decreased exponentially with increasing rainfall amounts on the day of burning. Burned area was also positively correlated to the number of consecutive dry days prior to burning. The threshold rainfall value providing the highest correlation between burned area and the number of consecutive dry days prior to a burn varied between ecoregions. Consecutive dry days with rainfall less than the specified threshold predominantly affected large fires (>100 ha) rather than more frequently occurring small fires. These results will help forest managers evaluate regionalfire danger indices for forest fire prevention, particularly for catastrophic forest wildfires causing significant economic losses and threats to human life and environment.
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Lee, J. H. "The consecutive dry days to trigger rainfall over West Africa." Journal of Hydrology 556 (January 2018): 934–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.06.003.
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Duan, Yawen, Zhuguo Ma, and Qing Yang. "Erratum to: Characteristics of consecutive dry days variations in China." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 130, no. 1-2 (2017): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-017-2036-6.
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RAHA, G. N., and S. C. KAKATY. "Stochastic modeling of the occurrence of rainfall over some districts of Assam during 1987-1992." MAUSAM 61, no. 2 (2021): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v61i2.817.
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The Primary aim in this paper is to find an alternative approach that consists of modeling the pattern of dry and wet spell over some districts of Assam. The Markov Chain Model is used to predict the length of dry and wet spells during the Indian summer monsoon season (June to September). This information may help the agronomists and agricultural scientists in crop planning. Five districts viz., Dibrugarh, Kamrup, Sonitpur, Dhemaji and North Lakhimpur are considered here for this study. Markov Chain Model is fitted for each of the district and the results of the five districts are pooled. This pooled result reveals that during the period 1987-1992, the probability for the day being wet when the immediately preceding day is dry for different years varies from 0.44 to 0.54 while the probability of the day being wet when the immediately preceding day is wet for different years varies from 0.74 to 0.86. It is also found that in the Indian summer monsoon season after about every consecutive 4 - 7 wet days a dry day is expected to occur whereas alter about consecutive 2 dry days, a wet day is expected to occur. The number of days required for the process to reach the state of equilibrium varies from 4 - 7 days.
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Nastos, P. T., and C. S. Zerefos. "Spatial and temporal variability of consecutive dry and wet days in Greece." Atmospheric Research 94, no. 4 (2009): 616–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.03.009.
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Dwi Purwanti, Siti, Desak Putu Okta Veanti, Dedi Sucahyono Sosaidi, et al. "Probability of hotspots emergence using Consecutive Dry Days (CDD) in West Kalimantan." E3S Web of Conferences 464 (2023): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346401001.
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West Kalimantan has experienced significant loss of wet primary forests in recent years. During 2017-2021, the region also faced considerable forest and land fires compared to other areas in Kalimantan. Factors such as low rainfall and prolonged drought have contributed to the occurrence of forest fire. This research was conducted using daily rainfall data at 127 observation points and hotspot data during 2012 to 2021. The research results show monthly CDD characteristics in West Kalimantan, with the highest number of CDD occurring in Kubu Raya Regency for 126 days and the lowest in Kayong Utara, Melawi, Kubu Raya, Sambas, Kapuas Hulu, Bengkayang, Mempawah, Sintang, and Pontianak City for 3 days. The hotspot distribution pattern indicates the highest number of hotspots occurring in August throughout the 10-year period. Hotspots probability varies for each CDD category: very short CDD has a probability ranging from 0.01 to 0.11, short CDD has a probability ranging from 0.03 to 0.33, moderate CDD has a probability ranging from 0.03 to 0.38, long CDD has a probability ranging from 0.00 to 0.53, very long CDD has a probability ranging from 0.00 to 0.43, and extremely long CDD has a probability ranging from 0.10 to 0.48.
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Hao, Xiuming, Beverley A. Hale, and Douglas P. Ormrod. "The effects of ultraviolet-B radiation and carbon dioxide on growth and photosynthesis of tomato." Canadian Journal of Botany 75, no. 2 (1997): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-022.
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Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants were exposed, in controlled environments with 2.7 kJ/(m2 ∙ day) background ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation from fluorescent and incandescent lamps, to ambient (380 μL ∙ L−1) or elevated (600 μL−1) CO2 combined with a total of 7.2 or 13.1 kJ/(m2 ∙ day) UV-B radiation to determine effects on growth and photosynthesis. Ten consecutive days of exposure to the higher level of UV-B significantly reduced total and stem dry weight, leaf area, and plant height compared with the lower level. Only leaf area and plant height were significantly reduced after 19 consecutive days of exposure. To investigate whether plants recover from UV-B damage, the UV-B exposures were halted for 3 days after 19 days of UV-B exposure and then restarted for a further 2 days. The largest reduction in plant growth was found after 3 days with no UV-B followed by 2 days of the higher level of UV-B. Plants did not recover from UV-B damage during the 3 days with background UV-B. Significant CO2xUV-B interactions were detected on stem dry weight after 10 consecutive days of the higher level of UV-B and on total dry weight, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, and plant height after 3 days with no UV-B followed by 2 days of the higher level of UV-B. The higher dose of enhanced UV-B resulted in more severe damage at 600 μL ∙ L−1 CO2, than at ambient CO2. The higher level of UV-B did not affect the leaf net photosynthesis rate on a leaf area basis, although this UV-B level may have inhibited tomato growth through reducing the photosynthetic area. UV-absorbing compounds in leaves in the highest UV-B radiation level for 19 days were greater than for leaves with the lower dose. These UV-absorbing compounds in the higher UV-B dose diminished more than in the lower dose plants during the 3 days without UV-B. The UV-absorbing compounds maintained by plants exposed to the highest level of UV-B radiation may have protected plants from UV-B damage, particularly between 10 and 19 consecutive days of exposure. Key words: CO2, growth, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., photosynthesis, tomato, ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B), UV-absorbing compounds.
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Kuswanto, Heri, Fatkhurokhman Fauzi, Brina Miftahurrohmah, Mou Leong Tan, and Hong Xuan Do. "Southeast Asia’s Extreme Precipitation Response to Solar Radiation Management with GLENS Simulations." Atmosphere 16, no. 6 (2025): 725. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16060725.
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This study evaluates the impacts of Solar Radiation Management (SRM) on precipitation-related climate extremes in Southeast Asia. Using simulations from the Geoengineering Large Ensemble (GLENS), we assess spatial anomalies and differences in extreme precipitation indices—number of wet days (RR1), very heavy precipitation days (R20mm), maximum 5-day precipitation (Rx5day), consecutive dry days (CDD), and consecutive wet days (CWD)—relative to historical (1980–2009) and Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) baselines. The results reveal that SRM induces highly heterogeneous precipitation responses across the region. While SRM increases rainfall frequency in parts of Indonesia, it reduces the number of wet days and lengthens dry spells over Vietnam, Thailand, and the Philippines. Spatial variations are also observed in changes to heavy precipitation days and multi-day rainfall events, with potential implications for flood and drought risks. These findings highlight the complex trade-offs in hydrological responses under SRM deployment, with important considerations for agriculture, water resource management, and climate adaptation strategies in Southeast Asia.
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Pliemon, Thomas, Ulrich Foelsche, Christian Rohr, and Christian Pfister. "Precipitation reconstructions for Paris based on the observations by Louis Morin, 1665–1713 CE." Climate of the Past 19, no. 11 (2023): 2237–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2237-2023.
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Abstract. This paper presents a precipitation reconstruction that is based on the continuous observations by Louis Morin in Paris from 1665–1713. Morin usually recorded precipitation intensity and duration three times each day (sometimes up to six times) when it snowed or rained. The continuity of his observations can be calculated considering all measurements and observations (e.g., temperature, cloud cover), where on 98.7 % of all days between February 1665 and July 1713 at least one entry per day is noted. To convert these observations to common units, we calibrated them with a multiplicative interacting model using Philippe and Gabriele-Philippe de la Hire's instrumental measurements from Paris. The two series of measurements by de la Hire (father and son) and observations by Morin overlap from 1688–1713. To test the quality of the reconstruction, we analyzed it with the de la Hire's measurements, proxy data, an internal analysis of Morin's measurements of different climate variables, and modern data. Thus, we assess the reliability of the precipitation reconstructions based on Morin's data as follows. We have moderate confidence regarding the exact quantities of daily, seasonal, and annual precipitation totals. We have low confidence regarding exceptionally high precipitation amounts, but we have high confidence in the indices of an impact analysis (i.e., dry days, wet days, consecutive dry days, consecutive wet days); in monthly frequencies of rainfall; and in interannual, interseasonal, and interdecadal variability. Rainy seasons with precipitation totals greater than 250 mm occurred in MAM 1682, JJA 1682, SON 1687, JJA 1697, and JJA 1703. Furthermore, compared to other DJF seasons, the winter of 1666/1667 slightly stands out with a precipitation total of 214.6 mm. Dry seasons with precipitation totals less than 60 mm occurred in SON 1669, DJF 1671/1672, and DJF 1690/1691. An impact analysis shows no abnormalities regarding consecutive dry days or wet days in MAM. In JJA a longer dry period of 31 days appeared in 1686 and a dry period of 69 d appeared in DJF 1671/1672.
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Vijayakumar, S., AK Nayak, N. Manikandan, Suchismita Pattanaik, Rahul Tripathi, and CK Swain. "Extreme weather events and its impacts on rice production in coastal Odisha region of India." Oryza-An International Journal on Rice 60, no. 3 (2023): 406–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35709/ory.2023.60.3.4.
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The study examines extreme daily precipitation and temperature trends in coastal Odisha, India by calculating 18 weather indices (8 temperature indices and 10 rainfall indices) using the RClimDex software package for the period 1980-2010. Statistical significance of the indices was determined through trend analysis using linear regression and non-parametric Mann-Kendall test. Results indicated, a strong and significant trend in temperature indices while the weak and non-significant trend in precipitation indices. The positive trend in Tmax mean, Tmin mean, TN90p (warm nights), TX90p (warm days), diurnal temperature range, warm spell duration indicator, consecutive dry days indicates increasing the frequency of warming events in coastal Odisha. Similarly, positive trend in highest maximum 1-day precipitation, highest maximum 2-consecutive day precipitation, highest maximum 3 consecutive day precipitation, highest maximum 5-consecutive day precipitation, number of heavy precipitation days (64.5mm), number of very heavy precipitation days (124.5mm) and negative trend in the number of rainy days (R2.5mm), consecutive wet days indicate changes toward the more intense and poor distribution of precipitation in coastal Odisha. Extreme precipitation and temperature events negatively impacted rice yield, with a sharp decline observed in all coastal districts. The study highlights the need for new technology/management practices to minimize these impacts.
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SARKAR, JAYANTA, K. SEETHARAM, and S. K. SHAHA. "Climatology of dry and wet spell over Vidarbha region during monsoon months." MAUSAM 52, no. 2 (2021): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v52i2.1703.
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In this investigation 10-day period-wise simple probability, 10-day period-wise probability of consecutive dry and wet spells of different lengths, and month-wise different parameters, and properties of Markov Chain Model over Vidarbha region during south-west monsoon months have been studied.
 
 For this purpose, daily rainfall data (1 June – 30 September) of 11 stations covering all the districts of Vidarbha for the period 1960-90 have been utilized.
 
 The study reveals that over Vidarbha during monsoon season (June - September) probability of a day being wet and probability of consecutive wet spell of different lengths are by and large high during the last and first 10-day periods of July and August respectively when the monsoon is at its peak. During the first two 10-day periods in June and last two 10-day periods in September, the probabilities of a dry day and that of consecutive dry spell of different lengths and quite high. During July and August a maximum of 12-14 wet days are expected and wet spell, on an average, lasts for 2 days. Stationary probability of the occurrence of wet day (pi2) is found to be maximum during July making it the most humid month in the monsoon season.
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Hottenstein, John D., Guillermo E. Ponce-Campos, Julio Moguel-Yanes, and M. Susan Moran. "Impact of Varying Storm Intensity and Consecutive Dry Days on Grassland Soil Moisture." Journal of Hydrometeorology 16, no. 1 (2015): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-14-0057.1.
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Abstract Intra-annual precipitation patterns are expected to shift toward more intense storms and longer dry periods because of changes in climate within future decades. Using satellite-derived estimates of plant growth combined with in situ measurements of precipitation and soil moisture between 1999 and 2013, this study quantified the relationship between intra-annual precipitation patterns, annual average soil moisture (at 5-cm depth), and plant growth at nine grassland sites across the southern United States. Results showed a fundamental difference in the response to varying precipitation patterns between mesic and semiarid grasslands. Surface soil moisture in mesic grasslands decreased with an increase of high-intensity storms, whereas in semiarid grasslands, soil moisture decreased with longer dry periods. For these sites, annual average soil moisture was a better indicator of grassland production than total annual precipitation. This improved ability to predict variability in soil moisture and plant growth with changing hydroclimatic conditions will result in more efficient resource management and better-informed policy decisions.
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Setiawan, A. M., A. A. Syafrianno, R. Rahmat, and Supari. "High-Resolution North Sulawesi Drought Hazzard Mapping Based on Consecutive Dry Days (CDD)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 893, no. 1 (2021): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/893/1/012018.
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Abstract North Sulawesi is one of the Province in northern Indonesia with high spatial annual rainfall variations and influenced by global climate anomaly that can lead to extreme events and disaster occurrence, such as flood, landslide, drought, etc. The purpose of this study is to generate high-resolution meteorological hazard map based on long-term historical consecutive dry days (CDD) over the North Sulawesi region. CDD was calculated based on observed daily precipitation data from Indonesia Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics (BMKG) surface observation station network (CDDobs) and the daily-improved Climate Hazards group Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) version 2.0 (CDDCHIRPS) during 1981 – 2010 period. The Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA-55) data obtained from iTacs (Interactive Tool for Analysis of the Climate System) with the same time scale period also used to explain physical – dynamical atmospheric properties related to drought hazard over this region. The Geostatistical approach using regression kriging method was applied as spatial interpolation technique to generate high resolution gridded (0.05° × 0.05°) drought hazard map. This method combines a regression of CDDobs as dependent variable (target variable) on CDDCHIRPS as predictors with kriging of the prediction residuals. The results show that most of the areas were categorized as medium drought hazard level with CDD values ranging from 80-100 days. Meanwhile, small islands around main Sulawesi island such as Sangihe and Karakelong island are dominated by low drought hazard levels with CDD values ranging from 50-60 days. The highest levels of drought hazard area are located in South Bolaang Mongondow Regency.
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Balliet, René, Mahaman Bachir Saley, Evrade Larissa Anowa Eba, et al. "Évolution Des Extrêmes Pluviométriques Dans La Région Du Gôh (Centre-Ouest De La Côte d’Ivoire)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 23 (2016): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n23p74.
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The Gôh region located in western-central Ivory Coast is a region whose economy depends mainly on agriculture, which itself is dependent on the climate. Thus, variation and climate change has a significant impact on crop yields. The objective of this work is to study the evolution of extreme rainfall on rainfall station in the region (Gagnoa station). The calculation of rainfall indices was performed with the software RclimDex. It appears from this study has the Gagnoa station, five (5) of the seven indices calculated namely, the maximum rainfall of one day height (Rx1day), the maximum total rainfall of 5 days (Rx5daiy), the days very rainy (R95) extremely rainy days (R99p) and consecutive dry days (CDD) experienced an increase. While the total annual rainfall (PRCPTOT) and consecutive wet days (CWD) declined. In general, the GOH region is experiencing a decline in rainfall and therefore an increase in dry spells during the rainy seasons.
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Lamboni, Batablinlè, Agnidé Emmanuel Lawin, Celestin Manirakiza, and Dagbégnon Luc Olabodé. "Extreme Rainfall and Temperature Changes Assessment on late-twenty-first-century over the Mono River Basin, Togo (West-Africa)." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 383 (September 16, 2020): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-383-69-2020.
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Abstract. This study assessed the extreme rainfall and temperature changes over Mono river basin by the end of 21st century under the highest greenhouse gas emission scenario RCP8.5. Simulations of eight regional climate models (RCMs) provided by Africa-CORDEX program were considered. The maximum and minimum temperatures and rainfall were analyzed. Two groups of indices were analyzed. The first group consists of frequency indices: maximum number of consecutive dry days and wet days. The second group is intensity indices: five-day maximum rainfall and simple daily intensity index. These variables were calculated at annual and seasonal scales. Changes from the baseline period 1971–2000 were computed for far future 2071–2100. As result, almost all the RCMs considered predicted a decrease of the rainfall and increase of maximum and minimum temperatures over most parts of the Mono basin, particularly in the south. Declining mean monthly precipitation and irregular rainy seasons at all scales were exhibited by most of the models. Simple daily intensity and five-day maximum rainfall are projected to decrease by the majority of the used models. As for dry and wet sequences, the RCMs showed an increase of the consecutive dry days and a decrease of wet days.
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Kynal, О., and D. Kholiavchuk. "Dry periods in the Bukovinian Precarpathians (on the example of Chernivtsi)." Physical Geography and Geomorphology 90, no. 2 (2018): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/phgg.2018.2.11.
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The study deals with the nature of dry events and periods with consecutive dry days of different duration in the region of Bukovinian Precarpathians on the example of the Chernivtsi city. The archives of meteorological daily data in Chernivtsi in the periods on the turns of centuries (1880-1911 and 2000-2011) are involved. Climatological statistical analysis of humidification and precipitation regimes and peculiarities of dry periods (with days without effective precipitation) in Chernivtsi are provided. Here, we considered the precipitation in the amount of 5 mm per day (if precipitation lasts for 1-5 days) the minimum amount of precipitation that “breaks” the consecutive dry days. The results prove the typical nature of the periods in the region of Bukovinian Precarpathians, both at the turn of the 19th and 21th centuries. Dry periods with duration of 21-30 days make up 70-80% of the probability of occurrence in both periods. Moreover, in the period of 1880-1911, dry periods twice longer were found in comparison to the beginning of the 21st century. The longest period without effective precipitation continued for as long as 165 days (1881-1882) though the probability of occurrence of periods with the duration of 10-20 days made up 96.6% in 1880-1911.The study has not revealed clear trends in the distribution of dry periods in any of the duration type. Instead, seasonal peculiarities and changes in the duration periods are found. In both cases, a gradual decrease in dryness from April to June is detected, although the presence of dry periods in all seasons of the year is characteristic only for the 1880-1911 period. At the beginning of the 21st century an increase in the dryness of April and the entire winter period is noticed. Consequently, the autumn dry period that is characteristic of Western Ukraine gradually shifts to winter and spring. Discovered features may serve the basis for making geographical forecasts regarding the occurrence, duration, and impacts of dry periods in the region.
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Ranwala, N. K. Damayanthi, and Dennis R. Decoteau. "End-of-Day Light Quality Effects on Growth and Development of Watermelon Plants." HortScience 32, no. 4 (1997): 601E—601. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.4.601e.
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End-of-day (EOD) red (R) or far-red (FR) light treatments were used to study phytochrome-regulated growth and dry matter distribution in 2-week-old watermelon plants. Plants were exposed to low-intensity R or FR light for 15 min at the end of photoperiod for 9 consecutive days. End-of-day FR increased the petiole elongation in the first two leaves, which was accompanied by higher dry matter partitioning to the petioles after 3 days of treatments. However, total plant dry mass (above ground) in FR-treated plants increased significantly after 6 days of treatments. This indicates EOD FR regulated dry matter compensation among plant parts at the early stages of EOD light treatments, allowing plants to better adapt to the environment. Net CO2 assimilation rate in the second leaf of FR-treated plants also increased. Phytochrome involvement in these processes is suggested, since growth and dry matter distribution patterns were reversible when plants were treated with FR immediately followed by R.
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Du, Jizeng, Kaicun Wang, Baoshan Cui, Shaojing Jiang, and Guocan Wu. "Attribution of the Record-Breaking Consecutive Dry Days in Winter 2017/18 in Beijing." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 101, no. 1 (2020): S95—S102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-19-0139.1.
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Saiki, Shin-Taro, Yuho Ando, Kenichi Yazaki, and Hiroyuki Tobita. "Drought Hardening Contributes to the Maintenance of Proportions of Non-Embolized Xylem and Cambium Status during Consecutive Dry Treatment in Container-Grown Seedling of Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica)." Forests 11, no. 4 (2020): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11040441.
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Climate models in Japan predict that the annual mean air temperature and number of consecutive dry days will increase in the future, leading to high seedling mortality rates. Maintaining high survival rates of Cryptomeria japonica seedlings, a commercially important tree species, is therefore, important in terms of appropriate forest management under climate change. Although drought hardening, in which seedlings are acclimated to dry conditions in the nursery prior to planting, contributes to increased survival under drought conditions, little is known about the effective irrigation frequency of drought hardening in C. japonica seedlings. In this study, we therefore, examine the effectiveness of different drought-hardening treatments in C. japonica. We first clarify the effects on physiological and morphological traits by comparing three drought-hardening treatments [control (C): Irrigation once daily; mild (M): irrigation once every three days; and severe (S): irrigation once every five days] for one month. Next, to confirm the effects during consecutive dry treatment, we stopped irrigation for 13 days and once again compared the physiological traits between the three drought-hardening treatments. Drought hardening reduced whole-plant transpiration (Ewhole), resulting in conserved water use, and this tendency was particularly evident under the S treatment. Moreover, during consecutive dry treatment, the Ewhole, proportions of non-embolized xylem, and cambium status of basal stem regions were maintained for the longest duration under the S treatment, followed by the M treatment. Our findings suggest that the efficiency of drought hardening increased with drought severity. Furthermore, one month of drought hardening contributed to both water conservation and the maintenance of cell differentiation under consecutive dry treatment, likely increasing the tolerance and survival of C. japonica seedlings under prolonged drought.
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Carpena-Torres, Carlos, Jesús Pintor, María Jesús Pérez de Lara, et al. "Optimization of a Rabbit Dry Eye Model Induced by Topical Instillation of Benzalkonium Chloride." Journal of Ophthalmology 2020 (May 30, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7204951.
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Purpose. To optimize a rabbit dry eye model induced by topical instillation of benzalkonium chloride (BAC), reduce the days of instillation of the original model by increasing the concentration of BAC from 0.1% to 0.2%. Materials and Methods. An experimental, prospective, and randomized study was performed on 10 male New Zealand white rabbits, divided into two groups, considering both eyes: 5 rabbits as control (n = 10) and 5 rabbits with 0.2% BAC treatment (n = 10). Saline solution (control) and 0.2% BAC were instilled for 5 consecutive days, twice daily. Tear secretion with and without anesthesia, tear breakup time, tear osmolarity, corneal staining, conjunctival hyperemia, density of goblet cells, height of mucin cloud, and transcript levels of IL-6 were measured before and after the treatment. Results. After the instillation of 0.2% BAC for 5 consecutive days, there was a significant increase in tear secretion without anesthesia P<0.001, corneal staining P<0.001, conjunctival hyperemia P<0.001, and levels of IL-6 mRNA P=0.005 compared to the control group. Conversely, there was a decrease in tear secretion with anesthesia P<0.001, tear breakup time P=0.007, tear osmolarity P<0.001, density of goblet cells P<0.001, and height of mucin cloud P<0.001. Conclusions. The topical instillation of 0.2% BAC for 5 consecutive days, twice daily, was a proper procedure to induce a rabbit dry eye model, reducing the number of days of instillation compared to the original model (14 days).
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Trepanier, Jill C., Michael J. Roberts, and Barry D. Keim. "Trends and Spatial Variability in Dry Spells across the South-Central United States." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 54, no. 11 (2015): 2261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-14-0319.1.
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AbstractAnnual average and maximum spells with no precipitation in the southern United States are analyzed. In this study, dry spells are defined as consecutive days with no measurable rainfall. The study area includes 70 weather stations in Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Tennessee. Interarrival times between daily precipitation records for each station provide the data for this analysis. All 70 stations were analyzed from 1950 to 2013. Six stations that each have data for more than 100 years were analyzed for the period from 1908 to 2013. Approximately 25% of stations in the region show significant negative trends through time, indicating that dry spells have become shorter through time at these locations. The strongest geographical indicator for the number of consecutive dry days across this region was longitude. Dry spells tend to have had longer durations at the westernmost stations because of natural climatological controls.
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Maki, Jun, and Toshio Yanagisawa. "Anthelmintic effects of bithionol, paromomycin sulphate, flubendazole and mebendazole on mature and immature Hymenolepis nana in mice." Journal of Helminthology 59, no. 3 (1985): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00007963.
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ABSTRACTThe anthelmintic effects of anti-tapeworm drugs, bithionol, paromomycin sulphate, flubendazole and mebendazole on immature and mature Hymenolepis nana in mice were compared. Immature worms were not affected by paromomycin sulphate or flubendazole administered for 12 consecutive days (days one to 12 after infection) at lOOmg/kg/day but 48% and 100% of H. nana were eliminated from mice by bithionol and mebendazole respectively, at the same dosage regimen. Bithionol, paromomycin sulphate, flubendazole and mebendazole given at 100 mg/kg/day for five consecutive days (days 12 to 16 after infection) eliminated 32%, 29%, 36% and 100% of mature worms respectively. 10 and 20 mg of mebendazole/kg/day for five consecutive days (days 12 to 16 after infection) had little effect on mature worms whereas 50 and 100 mg/kg/day for the same period eliminated 99% and 100% of mature worms, respectively. ED50 of mebendazole in the elimination of mature H. nana was 14 or 15 mg/kg/day for five days from the reduction in dry weight or in number of worms recovered respectively. The effects of mebendazole given 2 to 4 days, 8 to 10 days or 13 to 15 days after infection at lOOmg/kg/day were compared. Very low, if any, activity of the drug given 2 to 4 days after infection was seen, whereas the drug given 8 to 10 days or 13 to 15 days after infection eliminated 84% and 86% of H. nana respectively.
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Basse, Jules, Moctar Camara, Ibrahima Diba, and Arona Diedhiou. "Projected Changes in Dry and Wet Spells over West Africa during Monsoon Season Using Markov Chain Approach." Climate 12, no. 12 (2024): 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli12120211.
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This study examines projected changes in dry and wet spell probabilities in West Africa during the July–August–September monsoon season using a Markov chain approach. Four simulations of regional climate models from the CORDEX-Africa program were used to analyze projected changes in intraseasonal variability. The results show an increase in the probability of having a dry day, a dry day preceding a wet day, and a dry day preceding a dry day, and a decrease in the probability of wet days in the Sahel region under anthropogenic forcing scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The decrease in wet days is stronger in the far future and under the RCP8.5 scenario (up to −30%). The study also finds that the probability of consecutive dry days (lasting at least 7 days and 10 days) is expected to increase in western Sahel, central Sahel, and the Sudanian Area under both scenarios, with stronger increases in the RCP8.5 scenario. In contrast, a decrease is expected over the Guinea Coast, with the changes being more important under the RCP4.5. Dry spell probabilities increasing in the Sahel areas and in the northern Sudanian Area is linked to the increase in the very wet days (R95P) in the daily rainfall intensity index (SDII). These changes in dry and wet spell probabilities are important for water management decisions and risk reduction in the energy and agricultural sectors. This study also highlights the need for decision-makers to implement mitigation and adaptation policies to minimize the adverse effects of climate change.
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McLean, Natalie Melissa, Tannecia Sydia Stephenson, Michael Alexander Taylor, and Jayaka Danaco Campbell. "Characterization of Future Caribbean Rainfall and Temperature Extremes across Rainfall Zones." Advances in Meteorology 2015 (2015): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/425987.
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End-of-century changes in Caribbean climate extremes are derived from the Providing Regional Climate for Impact Studies (PRECIS) regional climate model (RCM) under the A2 and B2 emission scenarios across five rainfall zones. Trends in rainfall, maximum temperature, and minimum temperature extremes from the RCM are validated against meteorological stations over 1979–1989. The model displays greater skill at representing trends in consecutive wet days (CWD) and extreme rainfall (R95P) than consecutive dry days (CDD), wet days (R10), and maximum 5-day precipitation (RX5). Trends in warm nights, cool days, and warm days were generally well reproduced. Projections for 2071–2099 relative to 1961–1989 are obtained from the ECHAM5 driven RCM. Northern and eastern zones are projected to experience more intense rainfall under A2 and B2. There is less consensus across scenarios with respect to changes in the dry and wet spell lengths. However, there is indication that a drying trend may be manifest over zone 5 (Trinidad and northern Guyana). Changes in the extreme temperature indices generally suggest a warmer Caribbean towards the end of century across both scenarios with the strongest changes over zone 4 (eastern Caribbean).
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Zhou, Baojia, Chuan Liang, Peng Zhao, and Qiong Dai. "Analysis of Precipitation Extremes in the Source Region of the Yangtze River during 1960–2016." Water 10, no. 11 (2018): 1691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111691.
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The source region of the Yangtze River (SRYR) on the central Tibetan Plateau has seen one of the most significant increases in temperature in the world. Climate warming has altered the temporal and spatial characteristics of precipitation in the SRYR. In this study, we analyzed the temporal trends and spatial distributions of extreme precipitation in the SRYR during 1960–2016 using 11 extreme precipitation indices (EPIs) derived from daily precipitation data collected at five meteorological stations in the region. The trends in the EPIs were estimated using the linear least squares method, and their statistical significance was assessed using the Mann–Kendall test. The results show the following. Temporally, the majority of SRYR EPIs (including the simple daily intensity index, annual maximum 1-day precipitation (RX1day), annual maximum 5-day precipitation (RX5day), very wet day precipitation, extremely wet day precipitation, number of heavy precipitation days, number of very heavy precipitation days, and number of consecutive wet days) exhibited statistically nonsignificant increasing trends during the study period, while annual total wet-day precipitation (PRCPTOT) and the number of wet days exhibited statistically significant increasing trends. In addition, the number of consecutive dry days (CDD) exhibited a statistically significant decreasing trend. For the seasonal EPIs, the PRCPTOT, RX1day, and RX5day all exhibited nonsignificant increasing trends during the wet season, and significant increasing trends during the dry season. Spatially, changes in the annual and wet season EPIs in the study area both exhibited significant differences in their spatial distribution. By contrast, changes in dry season PRCPTOT, RX1day, and RX5day exhibited notable spatial consistency. These three indices exhibited increasing trends at each station. Moreover, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between the annual PRCPTOT and each of the other EPIs (except CDD). However, the contribution of extreme precipitation to annual PRCPTOT exhibited a nonsignificant decreasing trend.
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Hafyani, Mounia El, and Khalid El Himdi. "A Comparative Study of Geometric and Exponential Laws in Modelling the Distribution of Daily Precipitation Durations." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1006, no. 1 (2022): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1006/1/012005.
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Abstract Wet and dry duration modelling is critical in engineering hydrology. The goal of this study is to model and analyze the wet and dry duration distributions. For this intent, daily rainfall data for Kenitra station were used on the period from 1967 to 2017. To represent the distribution of wet and dry durations, First-order Markov chain, Second-order Markov chain, and truncated negative binomial distribution are applied to represent the distribution of wet and dry durations. To assess the data adherence to the proposed models, the Chi-square and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests have been used. The Akaike information criterion is applied to determine the most effective model distribution. We go further to investigate the distribution of the number of wet and dry days over a k-day period. This law is implemented using an algorithm based on conditional laws. This work is completed by comparing the calculated moments of the three estimated models to the observed moments of the number of wet/dry days over k consecutive days. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of our method for modelling wet and dry daily precipitation durations.
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Allechy, F. B., M. Youan Ta, V. H. N’Guessan Bi, F. A. Yapi, A. B. Koné, and A. Kouadio. "Trend of Extreme Precipitations Indices in West-central Côte d’Ivoire: Case of the Lobo Watershed." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 10 (2020): 1281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.10.2195.
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The Lobo watershed located in the west-central part of Côte d'Ivoire is an area with high agricultural potential, influenced by climate variations and changes that reduce crop yields. The objective of this study is to analyse trends in ETCCDI extreme rainfall indices from rainfall data from 1984 to 2013 using ClimPACT2 software. This study shows that the trend of the indices: number of consecutive wet days (CWD), number of rainy days (R1mm) and the cumulative annual total rainfall (PRCPTOT) is decreasing. On the other hand, the number of consecutive dry days (CDD) is on the rise. In general, the whole basin has experienced a decrease in rainfall as well as wet sequences and an increase in dry sequences. These different trends observed in this study are more pronounced in the northern half of the watershed.
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Allechy, F. B., M. Youan Ta, V. H. N’Guessan Bi, F. A. Yapi, A. B. Koné, and A. Kouadio. "Trend of Extreme Precipitations Indices in West-central Côte d’Ivoire: Case of the Lobo Watershed." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 5, no. 10 (2020): 1281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2020.5.10.2195.
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The Lobo watershed located in the west-central part of Côte d'Ivoire is an area with high agricultural potential, influenced by climate variations and changes that reduce crop yields. The objective of this study is to analyse trends in ETCCDI extreme rainfall indices from rainfall data from 1984 to 2013 using ClimPACT2 software. This study shows that the trend of the indices: number of consecutive wet days (CWD), number of rainy days (R1mm) and the cumulative annual total rainfall (PRCPTOT) is decreasing. On the other hand, the number of consecutive dry days (CDD) is on the rise. In general, the whole basin has experienced a decrease in rainfall as well as wet sequences and an increase in dry sequences. These different trends observed in this study are more pronounced in the northern half of the watershed.
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Nainggolan, Hermanto A., Burhanudin, Dina Whiri Muslihah, and Rista Hernandi Virgianto. "Inovasi Model Prediksi Titik Api Menggunakan Consecutive Dry Days (CDD) pada Wilayah Lahan Gambut Provinsi Riau." Buletin GAW Bariri 1, no. 1 (2020): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31172/bgb.v1i1.6.
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Riau Province, which has a peatland area of 5.09 million hectares or 56.42% of the area of peatlands on the island of Sumatra, is one of the provinces in Indonesia which has the greatest potential for forest fires to devastate hundreds of hectares of forest and gardens and increase home gas emissions glass in the atmosphere. Forest fires that occur are closely related to Consecutive Dry Days (CDD) or consecutive days without rain (HTH) which result in low humidity, thereby affecting the potential for hotspots to emerge, especially around peatlands. CDD, which is the result of the accumulation of the amount of HTH in one period between rainy day events, is calculated using CMORPH precipitation data (CPC MORPHing technique). Hotspot data is obtained from NOAA and Hotspot event data with a confidence level of more than 70% in the eastern region of Riau province where there is a peatland. The probability of a Hotspot occurring is calculated based on the CDD for each grid that will produce a CDD value with a significant probability for the occurrence of a Hotspot on the grid each month. The level of density of Hotspots in each season period with a high category is in the JJA and MAM periods. An early warning system for the emergence of a Hotspot based on the level of Hotspot and CDD density is carried out the day before the opportunity arises with a value less than or equal to 0.5. With an average CDD value for early warning in MAM is 13 days and in JJA is eight days. This research is expected to be able to be applied in early warning of forest and land fires in Riau.
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Hari, Durgasrilakshmi, and Ramamohan Reddy Kasa. "Assessment of Spatiotemporal Trends in Rainfall and Rainfall Extremes in the Hyderabad City, India." Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources 7, no. 2 (2024): 216–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.070211.
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Rainfall is a crucial climate variable, shows irregular spatial and temporal variations. Significant spatial variability and persistent changes in land use intensify the complexity of urban weather systems. Therefore, climatological rainfall variables deserve attention from both a scientific and technological perspective. The rapid urban expansion of Hyderabad city, coupled with extreme weather variations, has led to increased environmental vulnerability. The present study aims to assess the spatiotemporal trends of annual rainfall and rainfall extremes in Hyderabad city from 1990 to 2020. This study employed the RClimDex model and daily gridded rainfall data to analyze annual rainfall and rainfall extreme indices, focusing on Consecutive Dry Days (CDD), Consecutive Wet Days (CWD), Total Precipitation (PRCPTOT), Rainfall Events Exceeding 10 mm (R10MM), 20 mm (R20MM), Total Precipitation from Very Wet Days (R95PTOT), Maximum 1-Day Precipitation (RX1DAY), and Maximum 5-Day Precipitation (RX5DAY). The trends in annual rainfall and rainfall extremes were assessed using the Mann-Kendall (MK) test, and spatial distribution variations for the identified trends were evaluated with the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation technique. The results of the study showed that no significant annual rainfall trends from 1990 to 2020, indicating natural variability rather than consistent long-term changes. However, extreme Consecutive Dry Days and Maximum Wet Spell trends show increasing trends. The PRCPTOT pattern remains almost stable, and R10MM rainfall events exhibit an increasing trend at a few locations, suggesting potential shifts in precipitation patterns. Conversely, a decreasing trend for rainfall extremes R20MM, R95PTOT, RX1DAY, and RX5DAY indicate a general reduction in extreme rainfall events and very wet days in GHMC suggesting localized reductions in extreme events and varied impacts of prolonged rainfall reductions at annual scale. The study reveals Hyderabad's high spatial variability in annual rainfall distribution and rainfall extremes, emphasizing the importance of analyzing high resolution gridded rainfall data for effective decision-making and efficient water resource management.
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Sari, Febriana, Detty Siti Nurdiati, and Dhesy Ari Astuti. "Perbandingan penggunaan topikal asi dengan perawatan kering terhadap lama pelepasan tali pusat bayi." Jurnal Kebidanan dan Keperawatan Aisyiyah 12, no. 1 (2018): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31101/jkk.130.
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This reseach aims to investigate the difference between umbilical cord treatment by using topical ASI and dry treatment towards the length of umbilical cord release in baby. This research used quasi experimental method with non-equivalent posttest design only. 44 samples of neonatal babies were taken by using consecutive sampling according to the inclusion criteria. The average length of umbilical cord release with topical ASI is 6.18 days and the one with dry treatment is 7.41 days. The length of umbilical cord release with topical ASI is 1.23 days faster compared to the one with dry treatment with p=0.010. The umbilical cord release with topical ASI is faster than the one with dry treatment and it can also reduce infection.
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Griffiths, Michael L., and Raymond S. Bradley. "Variations of Twentieth-Century Temperature and Precipitation Extreme Indicators in the Northeast United States." Journal of Climate 20, no. 21 (2007): 5401–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1594.1.
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Abstract An examination of five temperature and five precipitation extreme indicators reveals an increase in both temperature and precipitation extremes over the 1926–2000 period in the northeast United States, with most of this increase occurring over the past four decades. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of winter frost days (FD) and warm nights (TN90) and also winter consecutive dry days (CDD) and very wet days (R95T) over the 1950–2000 period reveals that some of the variability associated with changes in these extremes may be explained by variations in the Arctic Oscillation (AO), El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern. The most prominent feature of these results was the high correlation between the leading EOF of frost days and warm nights and the AO. Winter composites of temperature and precipitation extreme indicators were examined for different phases of the AO and ENSO during the 1926–2000 period. Overall, the AO is a better predictor of winter warm nights, while the ENSO is a better predictor of consecutive dry days in the northeast United States.
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Wang, Yongdi, and Xinyu Sun. "Simulation and Evaluation of Statistical Downscaling of Regional Daily Precipitation over North China Based on Self-Organizing Maps." Atmosphere 13, no. 1 (2022): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13010086.
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A statistical downscaling method based on Self-Organizing Maps (SOM), of which the SOM Precipitation Statistical Downscaling Method (SOM-SD) is named, has received increasing attention. Herein, its applicability of downscaling daily precipitation over North China is evaluated. Six indices (total season precipitation, daily precipitation intensity, mean number of precipitation days, percentage of rainfall from events beyond the 95th percentile value of overall precipitation, maximum consecutive wet days, and maximum consecutive dry days) are selected, which represent the statistics of daily precipitation with regards to both precipitation amount and frequency, as well as extreme event. The large-scale predictors were extracted from the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) daily reanalysis data, while the prediction was the high resolution gridded daily observed precipitation. The results show that the method can establish certain conditional transformation relationships between large-scale atmospheric circulation and local-scale surface precipitation in a relatively simple way. This method exhibited a high skill in reproducing the climatologic statistical properties of the observed precipitation. The simulated daily precipitation probability distribution characteristics can be well matched with the observations. The values of Brier scores are between 0 and 1.5 × 10−4 and the significance scores are between 0.8 and 1 for all stations. The SOM-SD method, which is evaluated with the six selected indicators, shows a strong simulation capability. The deviations of the simulated daily precipitation are as follows: Total season precipitation (−7.4%), daily precipitation intensity (−11.6%), mean number of rainy days (−3.1 days), percentage of rainfall from events beyond the 95th percentile value of overall precipitation (+3.4%), maximum consecutive wet days (−1.1 days), and maximum consecutive dry days (+3.5 days). In addition, the frequency difference of wet-dry nodes is defined in the evaluation. It is confirmed that there was a significant positive correlation between frequency difference and precipitation. The findings of this paper imply that the SOM-SD method has a good ability to simulate the probability distribution of daily precipitation, especially the tail of the probability distribution curve. It is more capable of simulating extreme precipitation fields. Furthermore, it can provide some guidance for future climate projections over North China.
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Trudel, Marc, and Daniel Boisclair. "An in situ Evaluation of the Day-to-Day Variation in the Quantity of Food Consumed by Fish." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, no. 10 (1993): 2157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-241.
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We tested the hypothesis that the mean quantity food consumed by fish in situ does not vary significantly over successive days. The daily ration of minnows (Phoxinus eos × P. neogaeus) was estimated over 5–12 consecutive days (June 1–5, July 6–17, and August 3–9, 1992). Mean daily ration ranged from 0.60 to 1.32 g dry∙100 g wet−1∙d−1 and varied significantly over consecutive days in June and July, but not in August. Average day-to-day variation in food consumption rates ranged from 7.0 to 16.3%. Mean daily ration was not influenced by either water temperature or percent cloudiness. Simulated long-term consumption rates of minnows did not vary by more than 19.3% among sampling intervals ranging from 1 to 30 d. We conclude that long-term consumption rates can be accurately determined using time series of daily ration estimated at 3- to 4-wk intervals.
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Velusamy, Guhan, Geethalakshmi Vellangiri, Raviraj Ayyavoo, and Sankar Tamilarasan. "Extremities analysis over Parambikulam Aliyar project basin of Tamil Nadu." MAUSAM 76, no. 2 (2025): 591–606. https://doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v76i2.6520.
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Study examined the evaluation of contemporary space-time patterns of extreme temperature and precipitation values in Parambikulam Aliyar Project basin for the years 1981 to 2017. The investigation of extremes conducted in Aliyar sub-basin Catchment area, Aliyar sub-basin command area, Palar sub-basin Catchment area, Palar sub-basin command area, PAP hill region, PAP plain region, PAP whole basin. The results clearly revealed that represent consecutive dry days in Aliyar sub-basin Catchment area showed slightly increasing trend (from 56 days in 1981 to 63 days in 2017) which could served as an indicator of dryness and chance of seasonal drought occurrence. In the Palar sub-basin catchment areas under the PAP basin, consecutive dry days do not show any trend. With regards to consecutive wet days, PAP hill areas are showing a significant positive trend (P-Value of 0.038, and R2 of 0. 432). The trend in the simple precipitation intensity index (SDII) showed slight upward movement (7 to 8mm/ day). In the command area, only rx5day showed a major increase of 1.25 mm/year variation. The mean reduction in the mean daily temperature and mean minimum temperature as per the Sen’s slope estimator stands at -0.011 °C/ Year and -0.003 °C/ year for Aliyar sub-basin catchment and -0.012 °C/ Year and -0.003 °C/ year for Aliyar command area. Spatial extent of PAP hilly region and PAP as a whole showed a slightly rising trend in precipitation extreme events. However, in PAP plain areas, slight reductions were noticed in r20mm, rx3day, and rx5day precipitation indices. These findings highlight the importance of long term climate data analysis for decision making and adaptation strategies in the face of climate extremities.
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Santos, Priscila V. dos, Rosaline Dos Santos, and Maytê D. L. Coutinho. "Detecção de Mudanças Climáticas Através de Índices Pluviométricos Diários no Estado de Pernambuco (Detection of Climate Change Through Daily rainfall in the State of Pernambuco)." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 6, no. 4 (2013): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v6i4.233064.
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O objetivo do presente trabalho é estimar e analisar índices de detecção e monitoramento de mudanças climáticas, decorrentes da precipitação diária, para o Estado de Pernambuco, verificar sua possível dependência das anomalias de temperatura da superfície do mar e examinar suas influências sobre a dinâmica da vegetação, medida pelo Índice de Vegetação por Diferenças Normalizadas (IVDN), e variabilidade do clima, estimada pelo Índice Inverso de Aridez de Budyko (IIAB) anual. Para isso utilizou-se dados de precipitação totais diários de 26 localidades, anomalias de TSM para o período de 1964 a 2006, IVDN mensais de 1982 a 2001 e estimativa de temperaturas do ar média, máxima e mínima. Observou-se um decaimento da precipitação total anual, da intensidade simples diária da precipitação, dos dias consecutivos úmidos, dos dias com chuva superior a 20mm/dia e inferior a 50mm/dia, e aumento dos dias consecutivos secos. Verificou-se que, além do total anual de precipitação, o número de dias consecutivos secos, número de dias no ano com chuvas acima de 10mm/dia e intensidade simples diária de precipitação são dependentes dos padrões de anomalias de TSM nos Oceanos Pacífico Equatorial e Atlântico Tropical. O IVDN é influenciado pela precipitação total e pelo número de dias com chuvas superiores a 10mm/dia, principalmente no Alto Sertão do Estado. O índice inverso de aridez de Budyko é dependente das configurações das anomalias de TSM dos Oceanos Pacífico Equatorial e Atlântico Tropical Norte, e exerce influência sobre o IVDN.
 
 
 
 A B S T R A C T
 The objectives of the present work are: to compute and to analyze climate extreme indexes for monitoring and detecting climate change, for the state of Pernambuco; to verify the possible dependence of the extreme indexes of the anomalies of the sea surface temperature and to examine the influences of the extreme indexes on the dynamics of the vegetation, measured by NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), and climate variability, evaluated for IIAB (Aridity Inverse Index of Budyko) annual. It was used precipitation diaries data from 26 meteorological stations, anomalies of SST for the period from 1964 to 2006, monthly NDVI from 1982 to 2001 and the mean, maxima and minima air temperature. It was observed a decline of the annual total precipitation, precipitation simple daily intensity index, consecutive wet days and days with superior rains to 20mm/day and inferior to 50mm/day. And it was verified an increase of the consecutive dry days. It was verified that the annual total of precipitation, number of consecutive dry days, number of days in the year with rains above 10mm/day and precipitation simple daily intensity index are dependent of the SST anomalies patterns on the Equatorial Pacific and Tropical Atlantic Oceans. NDVI is influenced by the total precipitation and for the number of days with superior rains to 10mm/day, mainly on the Sertão of the State. Aridity inverse index of Budyko is dependent of the SST anomalies configurations on the Equatorial Pacific and Northern Tropical Atlantic Oceans, and it exercises influence on NDVI.
 
 Keywords: climate, climatic changes, semiarid, coast.
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Mubark, Abrar, Qian Chen, Mohamed Abdallah, Awad Hussien, and Monzer Hamadalnel. "Projection of Extreme Summer Precipitation over Hubei Province in the 21st Century." Atmosphere 15, no. 8 (2024): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos15080983.
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The link between the escalation of global warming and the increase in extreme precipitation events necessitates a deeper understanding of future trends. This study focused on the dynamics of extreme rainfall in Hubei Province throughout the 21st century, a region already sensitive to climatic shifts and extreme weather occurrences. Using the high-resolution global climate model RegCM4 driven by another high-resolution model, HadGEM2-ES, and based on the representative concentration pathway (RCP8.5) emissions scenario, this research predicted the changes in rainfall patterns in Hubei Province during the summer of the 21st century. The accuracy of the adjusted model was confirmed through the use of five extreme rainfall indices (EPIs), namely maximum 5-day amount of precipitation (RX5day), number of heavy rain days (R10), the simple daily intensity index (SDII), consecutive dry days (CDD), and consecutive wet days (CWD), that measured the intensity and frequency of such events. In particular, excluding the index for continuous dry days (CDD), there was an anticipated increase in extreme rainfall during the summer in the mid-21st century. The number of heavy rain days (R10mm) increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the southeastern parts, especially for Wuhan, Xiantao, Qianjiang, Jinzhou, and Ezhou. The EPI values were higher in southeastern Hubei. Consequently, areas such as Wuhan, Xiantao, and Qianjiang in Hubei Province are projected to face more frequent and severe extreme rainfall episodes as the century progresses.
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Niu, Siping, Kisoo Park, and Youngchul Kim. "Effect of sampling duration on the performance evaluation of a stormwater wetland." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 3 (2014): 373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.520.
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In this study, the effect of sampling duration on the performance estimate for a stormwater wetland over both rainy and dry days was evaluated for the appropriate design of sampling duration. As the cumulative percentage volume (Vp), the ratio of cumulative stormwater volume concerning time to the total stormwater volume, varied between 60 and 100%, generally, the inflow total suspended solids, turbidity and total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) event mean concentrations (EMCs) did not vary significantly, whereas the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) EMCs were relatively stable. Compared to the inflow, the corresponding outflow EMCs changed much less as Vp changed. And these variations both from inflow and outflow EMCs did not result in significant changes in the removal efficiencies. The investigation during the dry days between two consecutive storm events showed that outflow pollutants did not change to a considerable extent after 1 day of the previous rainfall event. This study identifies the possibility of shortening the rainy sampling duration, because the performance of stormwater wetlands is usually estimated based on removal efficiencies rather than pollutant concentrations. Also, the sampling during dry days should be performed at least 1 day after a rainfall event.
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Obada, Ezéchiel, Eric Adechina Alamou, Eliezer Iboukoun Biao, and Esdras B. Josué Zandagba. "Interannual Variability and Trends of Extreme Rainfall Indices over Benin." Climate 9, no. 11 (2021): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli9110160.
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Observed rainfall data (1961–2016) were used to analyze variability, trends and changes of extreme precipitation indices over Benin. Nine indices out of the ones developed by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) were used. The results indicate a mix of downward and upward trends for maximum 1-day precipitation (RX1day) and maximum 5-days precipitation (RX5day). Decrease trends are observed for annual total precipitation of wet days (P), while significant increases are found for the simple daily intensity index (SDII). The number of wet days (RR1) and maximum consecutive dry days (CDD) show a mix of increase/decrease trends. However, the number of heavy (R10) and very heavy (R20) wet days and maximum consecutive wet days (CWD) show decreased trends. All wet indices increased over 1991–2010 in relation to 1971–1990. The increase in all wet indices over Benin could explain the intensification of hydrology, and the increase in the frequency and the intensity of floods. It caused damages such as soil erosion, crop destruction, livestock destruction, displacement of populations, proliferation of waterborne diseases and loss of human life. Some adaptive strategies are suggested to mitigate the impacts of changes in extreme rainfall.
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Zhang, Wenmin, Martin Brandt, Xiaoye Tong, Qingjiu Tian, and Rasmus Fensholt. "Impacts of the seasonal distribution of rainfall on vegetation productivity across the Sahel." Biogeosciences 15, no. 1 (2018): 319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-319-2018.
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Abstract. Climate change in drylands has caused alterations in the seasonal distribution of rainfall including increased heavy-rainfall events, longer dry spells, and a shifted timing of the wet season. Yet the aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) in drylands is usually explained by annual-rainfall sums, disregarding the influence of the seasonal distribution of rainfall. This study tested the importance of rainfall metrics in the wet season (onset and cessation of the wet season, number of rainy days, rainfall intensity, number of consecutive dry days, and heavy-rainfall events) for growing season ANPP. We focused on the Sahel and northern Sudanian region (100–800 mm yr−1) and applied daily satellite-based rainfall estimates (CHIRPS v2.0) and growing-season-integrated normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI; MODIS) as a proxy for ANPP over the study period: 2001–2015. Growing season ANPP in the arid zone (100–300 mm yr−1) was found to be rather insensitive to variations in the seasonal-rainfall metrics, whereas vegetation in the semi-arid zone (300–700 mm yr−1) was significantly impacted by most metrics, especially by the number of rainy days and timing (onset and cessation) of the wet season. We analysed critical breakpoints for all metrics to test if vegetation response to changes in a given rainfall metric surpasses a threshold beyond which vegetation functioning is significantly altered. It was shown that growing season ANPP was particularly negatively impacted after >14 consecutive dry days and that a rainfall intensity of ∼13 mm day−1 was detected for optimum growing season ANPP. We conclude that the number of rainy days and the timing of the wet season are seasonal-rainfall metrics that are decisive for favourable vegetation growth in the semi-arid Sahel and need to be considered when modelling primary productivity from rainfall in the drylands of the Sahel and elsewhere.
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Muhammad Syahrul Nizam bin Rezali, Muhammad Wafiy Adli Ramli, and Mohd Azmeer Abu Bakar. "Analysis of Precipitation Patterns in the East Coast States of Peninsular Malaysia from 1981 to 2019." Journal of Asian Geography 4, no. 1 (2025): 71–81. https://doi.org/10.36777/jag2025.4.1.9.
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This study examines the precipitation distribution across the east coast states of Peninsular Malaysia, specifically focussing on Kelantan, Terengganu, and Pahang over the period from 1981 to 2019. This analysis seeks to comprehend the alterations in rainfall patterns resulting from climate change and weather phenomena, including El Niño and La Niña. Precipitation data are sourced from the Aphrodite dataset, with statistical analysis incorporating indices such as Consecutive Dry Days (CDD) and Consecutive Wet Days (CWD). The research indicates a notable rise in the total annual rainfall in northern regions, including Kelantan and Terengganu, particularly during the La Niña phenomenon. Conversely, southern regions like Pahang exhibit greater susceptibility to the impacts of the El Niño phenomenon, resulting in drought conditions and diminished rainfall. The visual analysis results, featuring graphs and Geography Information System (GIS) maps, illustrate the temporal and spatial variations in rainfall distribution, highlighting a trend of increasing maximum dry days in Pahang and a decrease in dry days in Kelantan. This study offers significant insights into the risks associated with floods and droughts, as well as their effects on water resources, agriculture, and the livelihoods of local communities. The findings presented here serve as a valuable reference for the development of water resource management and disaster mitigation strategies to address the challenges posed by climate change.
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Hoyos, Natalia, Alex Correa‐Metrio, Carlos Jaramillo, Juan Camilo Villegas, and Jaime Escobar. "Effects of consecutive dry and wet days on the forest–savanna boundary in north‐west South America." Global Ecology and Biogeography 31, no. 2 (2021): 347–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geb.13432.
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Kumari, Sonali, Vikram Singh, and Shakti Suryavanshi. "Future Prediction of Consecutive Dry Days (CDD) in Rapti River Basin Using Model ACCESS-CM2 Climate Projection." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 14, no. 7 (2024): 343–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i74275.
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The Rapti River basin in India is a region increasingly vulnerable to extreme precipitation events, which pose significant challenges to water resource management and flood mitigation. This study investigates the extreme precipitation patterns in the Rapti River Basin, India, by analyzing historical and projected data using advanced climate models and indices. Utilizing the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) framework, we focus on Consecutive Dry Days (CDD). The study evaluates the trends under different global warming scenarios of 1.5˚C, 2˚C, and 3˚C, employing ACCESS-CM2 Model. The findings reveal significant variations in the trends and magnitudes of CDD across the different warming levels. At 1.5˚C, CDD shows a decreasing trend. At 2˚C, models project a continued decrease in CDD. At 3˚C, mixed trends are observed with notable increases in CDD, highlighting the potential for prolonged wet periods and increased flood risks. The study underscores the impact of climate change on the hydrological behavior of the Rapti River Basin, emphasizing the need for adaptive water resource management strategies. It provides valuable insights into the future precipitation trends in the Rapti River Basin, guiding the development of strategies to enhance resilience against climate-induced hydrological changes.
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Zhang, Y., F. Jiang, W. Wei, et al. "Changes in annual maximum number of consecutive dry and wet days during 1961–2008 in Xinjiang, China." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 5 (2012): 1353–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-1353-2012.
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Abstract. Extreme precipitation events are major causes of severe floods and droughts worldwide. Therefore, scientific understanding of changing properties of extreme precipitation events is of great scientific and practical merit in the development of human mitigation of natural hazards, such as floods and droughts. Wetness and dryness variations during 1961–2008 in Xinjiang, a region of northwest China characterised by an arid climate, are thoroughly investigated using two extreme precipitation indices. These are annual maximum consecutive dry days (CDD) and annual maximum consecutive wet days (CWD), based on a daily precipitation dataset extracted from 51 meteorological stations across Xinjiang. As a result, we present spatial distributions of mean annual CDD and mean annual CWD and their trends within the study period. The results indicate that: (1) CDD maximize in the Taklimakan and Turban basins of southeast Xinjiang, while minima are found in the Tianshan Mountains and the Ili river valley of northwest Xinjiang. On the contrary, the longest CWD are observed in northwest Xinjiang and the shortest in the southeast part of the region. (2) On an annual basis, CWD temporal variability shows statistically positive trends and a rate of increase of 0.1d/10a. CDD temporal variability shows statistically negative trends and a rate of decrease of 1.7d/10a. (3) Goodness-of-fit analysis for three candidate probability distribution functions, generalised Pareto distribution (GPD), generalised extreme value (GEV) and Gumbel, in terms of probability behaviours of CDD and CWD, indicates that the GEV can well depict changes of CDD and CWD. (4) The CDD and CWD better describe wet and dry conditions than precipitation in the Xinjiang. The results pave the way for scientific evaluation of dryness/wetness variability under the influence of changing climate over the Xinjiang region.
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Iacovone, M. Florencia, Vanesa C. Pántano, and Olga C. Penalba. "Consecutive dry and wet days over South America and their association with ENSO events, in CMIP5 simulations." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 142, no. 1-2 (2020): 791–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03324-y.
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Ávila, Ana Carolina Mattos, Jackson Adriano Albuquerque, and Claudia Guimarães Camargo Campos. "Climate change and its effect on the soil water balance of Lages, Santa Catarina." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 15, no. 6 (2022): 2796–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v15.6.p2796-2809.
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Undertaken activities in agricultural, industrial and urban productions emit gases that increase the greenhouse effect and change both air temperature and precipitation. These changes damage the environment and agricultural production alike, as well as life on Earth. In light of this, the present study has as its objective to understand the climate regime in Lages/SC, a municipality located in southern Brazil, and analyze the effects of climate change on air temperature, precipitation, consecutive dry days and the soil water balance. To that end, historical series corresponding from 1948 to 2020 were used for maximum, average and minimum air temperatures, while the series from 1961 to 2020 were used for precipitation. In order to have the water balance calculated, precipitation and air temperature were considered as input data for the method of Thornthwaite and Mather (1955). As for potential evapotranspiration, soil water storage and available water capacity, they were calculated considering a Humic Dystrudept, classified according to the Soil Taxonomy. Temporal analyses regarding air temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration, consecutive dry days, intense rains and water balance were conducted by using the Mann-Kendall trend test (0.05). A positive and increasing trend was observed for maximum, average and minimum air temperatures, as well as for the precipitation over the years. Although rainfall volume has increased over time, periods with fifteen consecutive dry days have been increasingly frequent. Despite the changes in temperature, precipitation and rainfall distribution, there were no changes observed in evapotranspiration, occurrence of intense rains or in the soil water balance.
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Deka, S., M. Borah, and S. C. Kakaty. "Statistical modeling of wet and dry spell frequencies over North-East India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 2, no. 1 (2010): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v2i1.93.
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In this paper an attempt has been made to develop a discrete precipitation model for the daily series of precipitation occurrences over North East India. The point of approach is to model the duration of consecutive dry and wet days i.e. spell, instead of individual wet and dry days. Various distributions viz. uniform, geometric, logarithmic, negative binomial, Poisson and Markov chain of order one and two, Eggenberger-Polya distribution have been fitted to describe the wet and dry spell frequencies of occurrences. The models are fitted to the observed data of seven stations namely Imphal, Mohanbari, Guwahati, Cherrapunji, Silcoorie, North Bank and Tocklai (Jorhat) of North-East India with pronounced attention to summer monsoon season. The goodness of fit of the proposed model has been tested using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. It is observed that Eggenberger-Polya distribution fairly fits wet and dry spell frequencies and can be used in the future for an estimation of the wet and dry spells in the area under study.
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Zhao, Z., S. Yu, X. Han, and S. Yang. "Influence of drought and dry-wet alternation on nitrogen transformation and low abundance microorganisms in tea garden soil." Journal of Environmental Biology 43, no. 2 (2022): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/43/2/mrn-2068.
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Aim: The soil water availability seriously limits the growth and development of tea plants, and soil microorganisms are an important medium to regulate soil nutrient cycling. In this study, the effects of water supply mode on soil nitrogen nutrition and soil microbes in tea gardens were investigated. Methodology: This experiment set up consisted two water supply modes (consecutive drought and dry-wet alternation) by using the soil microcosm incubation experiment, and four treatments were set: 20% water holding capacity for 21day (D21); 20% water holding capacity for 1-7 days and 60% water holding capacity for 8-21 days (D7W14); 20% water holding capacity for 1-14 day and 60% water holding capacity for 15-21 days (D14W7); 20% water holding capacity for 1-7 days, 60% water holding capacity for 8-14 days, 20% water holding capacity for 15-21 days (D7W7D7). Destructive sampling was carried out to determine soil NH4+-N, NO3--N, soil enzyme activities. 16S rRNA sequencing technique was used to determine the change in soil microbial diversity. Results: The results showed that the consecutive drought reduced the content of soil NH4+-N to 13.97 mg kg-1, and the net nitrogen mineralization was negative (-2.75 mg kg-1) after 21 days of incubation. Dry-wet alternation promoted the increase in of soil net nitrogen mineralization quantity and net nitrification quantity, which rose to 3.48-26.41 mg kg-1 and 8.07-23.11 mg kg-1, respectively. Different water supply modes had no significant impact on the structure of dominant soil microbial community, and the effect mainly focused on relative abundance, especially dry-wet alternation mode. Compared with the continuous drought treatment, the relative abundance of Nitrospirae, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Patescibacteria, Latescibacteria, Rokubacteria, Acidobacteria were significantly different in different dry-wet alternation treatments, while the relative abundance of Nitrospirae, Acidobacteria, Latescibacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Patescibacteria and Chloroflexi also increased or decreased significantly among different dry-wet alternation treatments. Among the physical and chemical factors of tea garden soil, NO3- had the most significant effect on the structure of microbial community. Interpretation: Different water supply can significantly affect the transformation of soil nitrogen and the change in soil bacterial community in tea garden, which provided a theoretical basis for tea garden to cope with adverse weather changes and maintain the stability of tea garden soil ecosystem.