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Academic literature on the topic 'Consecutive reactions'

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Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 24 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Consecutive reactions"

Vaaland, Ingrid Caroline, and Magne Olav Sydnes. "Consecutive Palladium Catalyzed Reactions in One-Pot Reactions." Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry 17, no. 5 (2020): 559–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570193x16666190716150048.

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Combining palladium catalyzed reactions in one-pot reactions represents an efficient and economical use of catalyst. The Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling has been proven to be a reaction which can be combined with other palladium catalyzed reactions in the same pot. This mini-review will highlight some of the latest examples where Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions have been combined with other palladium catalyzed reactions in one-pot reaction. Predominantly, examples with homogeneous reaction conditions will be discussed in addition to a few examples from the authors where Pd/C have been used as a catalyst.

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Park, Tae Jun. "Kinetics of Reversible Consecutive Reactions." Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society 34, no. 1 (2013): 243–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.1.243.

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Letková, Zuzana, Alena Brunovská, and Josef Markoš. "Study of Activity Distribution for Consecutive Reactions." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 59, no. 8 (1994): 1788–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19941788.

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The optimal pellet activity distribution for a system of consecutive reactions is analyzed numerically. Two cases are studied: the case of unconstrained activity (without predescribed maximal concentration of active component) leading to a Dirac delta activity distribution and the case with upper bound for the activity distribution (concentration of active component can not exceed given maximal value) which leads to a step function profile. As the objective function global selectivity is chosen. Examples of both cases are given. The reaction kinetics is described by Langmuir-Hinshelwood type of equations.

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Schifino, josé. "AN INTERESTING CASE OF CONSECUTIVE REACTIONS." SOUTHERN BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 1, no. 1 (1993): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.48141/sbjchem.v1.n1.1993.34_1993.pdf.

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This paper deals with a special case of two consecutive first-order reactions where the two rate constants are equal. This peculiar situation, that may not exist in real systems, has an interesting mathematical solution.

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Herrmann, Jean-Marie. "Isokinetic consecutive reactions in heterogeneous catalysis." Applied Catalysis A: General 156, no. 2 (1997): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(97)00005-7.

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Moon, Sei Ki, and Won You Sung. "Isothermal interphase diffusion with consecutive reactions." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 2, no. 1 (1985): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02697549.

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Croce, A. E. "First-order parallel and consecutive reaction mechanisms — Isosbestic points criterium." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 86, no. 9 (2008): 918–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v08-098.

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A criterium for the selection of reaction mechanism derived from a condition for isosbestic points occurrence is presented. Analytical relationships involving the molar absorption coefficients of the species, which participate in a mechanism of parallel first-order reactions and the corresponding rate coefficients, are also reported. A model system of four species that present overlapping absorption spectra may correspond to the reactant and products of a system of parallel or consecutive first-order reactions. In the first case, under experimental conditions in which the absorbances are additive, the presence of an isosbestic point in the spectrum of the reaction mixture at a given wavelength leads to a time-independent ratio of the degree of advancement of reaction variables. From this, relevant kinetic information may be extracted, namely, the ratio of the reaction rate coefficients. Moreover, the occurrence of isosbestic points allows discarding the second mechanism. This conclusion is independent of the number of absorbing species. Model calculated examples show the application of the equations here derived. The resolution for the general case of mechanisms of N first-order reactions is provided.Key words: chemical kinetics, time-resolved absorption spectra, reaction mechanism.

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Deloria, Maria A., William C. Blackwelder, Michael D. Decker, et al. "Association of Reactions After Consecutive Acellular or Whole-Cell Pertussis Vaccine Immunizations." Pediatrics 96, no. 3 (1995): 592–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.96.3.592.

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Objective. To evaluate the relative frequency of adverse reactions after initial and subsequent immunizations among infants receiving primary immunization with acellular (DTaP) or whole-cell (DTP) pertussis vaccine with diphtheria and tetanus combined. Methods. We examined the occurrence of common reactions in 2127 infants within 48 hours after immunization at 2, 4, and 6 months with one of 13 DTaP or with Lederle DTP (WCL). Data on at least two consecutive immunizations were available for 357 WCL recipients and 1770 DTaP recipients. For these analyses, reactions evaluated included fever of 100.4°F (38°C) or greater, redness of 21 mm or larger, swelling of 21 mm or larger, moderate or severe pain, moderate or severe fussiness, loss of appetite, drowsiness, and vomiting. Results. With one exception, reactions were approximately 1.5 to 8 times more likely to occur in WCL recipients if the same reaction had been observed at the previous immunization (the single exception was redness after the second immunization). Both initial and repeated reactions were less likely in DTaP than in WCL recipients. As with WCL recipients, risks of repeated reactions in DTaP recipients were higher than the risks of initial reactions (from 2.5 to 24 times as high). Conclusion. Reactions after a second or third immunization with either WCL or DTaP vaccine are more likely to occur in infants who had the same reaction after the preceding immunization. Absolute risks of repeated reactions tended to be lower after DTaP vaccine than after the WCL vaccine.

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JEBAKUMAR, JEEVANANDAM, GOPALAN R., and SIVARAMAKRISHNAN R. "Kinetics of Two-step Irreversible Consecutive First Order Reactions." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 74, Mar 1997 (1997): 190–91. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5877476.

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Department of Chemistry, Madras Christian College, Tambaram, Madras-600 059 Department of Chemistry, Tagore Arts College, Pondicherry-605 008 Manuscript received 12 July /995, accepted 27 October 1995 Analytical expressions for the concentrations and the rates of formation of Intermediate and product are known for consecutive reactions. These expressions break down when the rate constants for the first and the second steps are equal. Using the approximate method and the 1'Hospital rule, equations have been derived for the concentrations and the rates of formation of the Intermediate and the product and also the time when the rate of product formation is a maximum, when the rate constants of the two steps are equal.

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Hanyka, Jiří, and Alena Fialová. "The course of consecutive reactions inside a nonisotropic catalyst particle, affected by internal difusion." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 51, no. 1 (1986): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19860054.

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A system of differential equations for consecutive reactions inside a nonisotropic catalyst particle under conditions of internal diffusion is solved. The system of diffusion equations for the spherical geometry of the catalyst grain is numerically solved by using the collocation method. The solution is sought for various radial activity profiles across the catalyst particle and for various values of Thiele's modulus for the two consecutive reactions. The effect of the reaction orders with respect to the reactants on the degree of utilization of the internal catalyst surface and on the reaction selectivity is examined.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Consecutive reactions"

MELIS, NICOLA. "Synthesis and consecutive reactions of α-aminocyclobutanone derivatives". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/249599.

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The thesis deals with the development and the application of new synthetic methodologies in organic chemistry. The first part describes an organocatalytic enantioselective synthesis of α-(benzylamino) cyclobutanones by employing a tandem condensation/intramolecular rearrangement/proton transfer reaction and starting from α-hydroxycyclobutanone and a selection of benzylamines. In the second part, a practical method for the synthesis of optically active cyclobutanones α-aminoacid esters is presented, via an organocatalytic asymmetric condensation reaction between racemic α-hydroxycyclobutanone and chiral N-alkyl-α-amino ester derivatives. Therefore, an original synthetic protocol for the preparation of highly functionalized tryptamines from α-hydroxycyclobutanone and secondary arylamines via a solvent-free Brønsted acid catalysed two-step reaction sequence is reported in the third part. Finally, the last part covers the synthesis of novel bicyclic oxetanes though Paternò-Büchi reaction and their preliminary evaluation as intermediates for post-functionalization reactions. The thesis deals with the development and the application of new synthetic methodologies in organic chemistry. The first part describes an organocatalytic enantioselective synthesis of α-(benzylamino) cyclobutanones by employing a tandem condensation/intramolecular rearrangement/proton transfer reaction and starting from α-hydroxycyclobutanone and a selection of benzylamines. In the second part, a practical method for the synthesis of optically active cyclobutanones α-aminoacid esters is presented, via an organocatalytic asymmetric condensation reaction between racemic α-hydroxycyclobutanone and chiral N-alkyl-α-amino ester derivatives. Therefore, an original synthetic protocol for the preparation of highly functionalized tryptamines from α-hydroxycyclobutanone and secondary arylamines via a solvent-free Brønsted acid catalysed two-step reaction sequence is reported in the third part. Finally, the last part covers the synthesis of novel bicyclic oxetanes though Paternò-Büchi reaction and their preliminary evaluation as intermediates for post-functionalization reactions.

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Notodarmojo, Suprihanto. "Modelling phosphorus transport in soil and groundwater with two consecutive reactions." Thesis, Notodarmojo, Suprihanto (1992) Modelling phosphorus transport in soil and groundwater with two consecutive reactions. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1992. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51421/.

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A one-dimensional model of phosphorus transport in soils and groundwater applicable for steady state or transient unsaturated waterflow conditions has been developed. Convective transport, hydrodynamic dispersion and time-dependent phosphorus sorption are accounted for in the model formulation. Time-dependent sorption of phosphorus is considered to follow the empirical model of Barrow and Shaw (1979), which can be described by S = k.Cnt.m The assumed sorption model allows model parameters to be obtained by independent batch and column experiments. Numerical techniques were used to solve the solute transport equations. For the steady state model, a correction to the numerical dispersion to improve the numerical solution is presented. Analytical solutions for a simplified case are also presented and used to test the numerical solution. For the transient mode 1, numerical solutions of water and solute transport are tested against published data. Parameter sensitivity analysis conducted for the steady state model shows that influent concentration and the parameter k strongly affect the initial breakthrough time for the solute. The above solute transport equations which assume that the contact time between the entire soil in the column and solute starts when the solute is introduced into the column are also corrected for, by initiating the contact time for every segment in the column when the soil solution is greater than zero. Numerical solutions of the solute transport equations with corrected and non-corrected contact time are also compared. For the range of laboratory soil column experiments, it was found that the difference is small. Batch experiments and miscible displacement experiments using soil column techniques and sectioned columns were conducted to verify the applicability of the model. For steady state condition, P transport under saturated and unsaturated waterflow conditions were examined. Miscible displacement experiments using soils which had been previously waterlogged for 30 days to see the effect of waterlogging were also conducted. For transient waterflow condition, solute and water transport during infiltration was investigated. Gavin and Joel sandy soils from the Bassendean soil system (Western Australia) and 3 different volcanic soils from Bandung (Indonesia) were used. Experimental results show that Barrow and Shaw's sorption model can be used to describe phosphorus sorption in batch experiments. The transport model formulated in this study adequately describes the movement of phosphorus in Australian sandy soils, and one of the Indonesian soils. The steady state model, however, fails to simulate the phosphorus movement in other Indonesian soils. In most cases, experimental breakthrough lags behind theoretical curve. The failure of the model is due to the different conditions between continuous miscible displacement experiment in the soil columns and batch shaking experiments. It is recommended that a procedure to carry out batch experiments which minimizes the effect of the presence of antecedent anions and soil-to-solution ratio be developed.

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Rawlinson, James G. T. "Phosphorus-centred radicals in synthesis : development of consecutive radical then ionic reactions and a novel approach towards cannabinoids." Thesis, University of York, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.432245.

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Hassan, Sidra [Verfasser], Thomas J. J. [Akademischer Betreuer] Müller, and Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] Pietruszka. "Lipase Catalyzed Aminolysis as An Entry to Consecutive Multicomponent Reactions. / Sidra Hassan. Gutachter: Jörg Pietruszka. Betreuer: Thomas J. J. Müller." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1058945238/34.

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Nagaki, Aiichiro. "Control of competitive consecutive reaction in organic synthesis." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/144941.

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Kyoto University (京都大学) 0048 新制・課程博士 博士(工学) 甲第11597号 工博第2543号 新制||工||1346(附属図書館) 23240 UT51-2005-D346 京都大学大学院工学研究科合成･生物化学専攻 (主査)教授吉田潤一, 教授杉野目道紀, 教授前一廣 学位規則第4条第1項該当

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SOARES, Arianne de Freitas Barros. "Análise e avaliação entrópica de reações múltiplas consecutivas em reator CSTR." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2017. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/2022.

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Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-19T12:15:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ARIANNE DE FREITAS BARROS SOARES - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEQ) 2017.pdf: 1645096 bytes, checksum: d2c070ce1e85b955e552b026e872343c (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-19T12:15:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ARIANNE DE FREITAS BARROS SOARES - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEQ) 2017.pdf: 1645096 bytes, checksum: d2c070ce1e85b955e552b026e872343c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-27 O presente trabalho estende a metodologia de análise e otimização de processos químicos via minimização da taxa de produção de entropia a um sistema considerado complexo e pouco explorado pela metodologia adotada. Com o intuito de determinar as condições ótimas operacionais do processo, um sistema de reações múltiplas, genéricas e consecutivas conduzidas em um reator de mistura perfeita foi analisado. Tendo em vista que o produto intermediário é o de interesse comercial, o desenvolvimento da metodologia foi baseado nos balanços de massa e energia associados ao balanço entrópico objetivando a minimização da taxa de produção de entropia da reação de interesse. Em conformidade com estudos antecedentes, o procedimento de otimização revelou que a obtenção de uma relação entre a temperatura de alimentação e a temperatura de operação é fundamental para que a condição de mínima produção de entropia seja alcançada. Se tratando da temperatura de reação, uma única condição operacional foi considerada ótima do ponto de vista da mínima produção de entropia, maximizando o rendimento do produto desejado; enquanto que a metodologia clássica de análise e otimização sugeriu diversos pontos operacionais, incluindo um que direciona o sistema para a maximização do produto indesejado em detrimento do produto de interesse. Por se tratar de reações consecutivas, um parâmetro construtivo do reator também foi analisado para alcançar a condição de mínima entropia. A otimização entrópica do tempo de residência revelou que quanto maior for seu valor menor será a taxa de produção de entropia. Uma análise econômica de modo simplificado foi aplicada ao sistema com o intuito de se configurar um critério de seleção de tal parâmetro. Os resultados obtidos revelaram uma nova condição operacional capaz de reduzir os custos energéticos do processo e melhorar o desempenho reacional do sistema. The present study extends the methodology of analysis and optimization of chemical process by minimizing the entropy rate production to a system considered complex and still not explored by the adopted methodology. In order to determinate the optimal operational conditions of the process, a system of multiple generic and consecutive reactions conducted in a perfect mixing reactor was analyzed. Since the intermediate product is of commercial interest, the development of the methodology was based on the mass and energy balances associated with the entropic balance aiming to minimize the entropy rate production of the reaction of interest. In accordance with previous studies, the optimization procedure revealed that obtaining a relation between inlet and operating temperatures is essential to reach the minimum entropy production condition. If treating of reaction temperature, a single operational condition was considered optimal from the point of view of minimum entropy production, while the classical analysis methodology suggested several operating points. Because it is a consecutive reaction, a constructive parameter of the reactor was also analyzed to reach the minimum entropy condition. The entropic optimization of the residence time revealed that the higher its value the lower is the entropy rate production. A simplified economic analysis was applied in order to configure a selection criterion for such parameter. The results reveals a new operating condition capable of reducing the energy costs of the process and improving the reactive performance of the system.

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Maafi, Wassila. "Modelling and elucidation of photoreaction kinetics : applications and actinometry using nifedipine, nisoldipine, montelukast, fluvoxamine and riboflavin." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/13110.

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The kinetics of drugs photodegradation have traditionally been treated using thermal kinetic analysis methods consisting most commonly in zero and first order kinetics. These treatment strategies were shown to lack specificity and present a number of limitations when applied to photoreactions kinetics. Nevertheless, these methods have widely been used due to a lack of integrated rate-laws for the majority of photoreactions types, in turn, due to the presence of a variable time-dependent factor in most photoreactions rate-laws that prevents their mathematical integration. To address these limitations, a new methodology for the development and validation of semi-empirical integrated rate-laws that faithfully describe photoreactions kinetics and photoreactions simulated cases generated by numerical integration methods (NIMs), is hereby presented. Using this methodology, a new kinetic order was ascribed to photoreactions namely the Φ-order kinetics. Semi-empirical integrated rate-laws were, thus, developed for three photoreaction types namely, unimolecular, AB(1Φ), photoreversible ,AB(2Φ), and consecutive, AB4(4Φ), photoreactions. The proposed models were further tested experimentally on drugs following these photodegradation mechanisms using; nifedipine and nisoldipine for unimolecular photoreactions; montelukast and fluvoxamine for photoreversible reactions; and riboflavin for consecutive photoreactions. The developed models not only accurately described the photoreaction kinetics of these drugs but also allowed the determination of all the kinetic parameters that characterise them. Furthermore, the above studied drugs were shown to act as precise and simple actinometers when analytically treated with the Φ-order kinetic methods, hereby presented. A universal standard method for the precise and worldwide reproducible study of drugs stability and compounds photoreactions, based on monochromatic irradiation and Φ-kinetics data analysis, is also detailed and adopted throughout the thesis. Finally, two new kinetic parameters namely, the pseudo-rate-constant and pseudo-initial velocity have been identified and shown to be more reliable and accurate in the description and universal comparison of photoreactions kinetics.

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Groslambert, Alain. "Etude des perturbations du temps de reaction, de la posture et des adaptations cardio-ventilatoires consecutives a un exercice prolonge : application en tir en biathlon." Besançon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BESA3904.

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MONTECOT, CELINE. "Role du monoxyde d'azote (no) dans la reaction cerebrovasculaire et dans les dommages neuronaux consecutifs a la crise d'epilepsie." Paris 6, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA066245.

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Au cours de ce travail, nous avons tente de determiner le role du monoxyde d'azote (no) dans la reaction cerebrovasculaire et les dommages neuronaux consecutifs a la crise d'epilepsie induite par l'acide kainique et de preciser son origine cellulaire. Au niveau cerebral, le no est synthetise de facon constitutive par la no synthase (nos) dite endotheliale localisee dans l'endothelium des vaisseaux sanguins cerebraux et par la nos dite neuronale localisee dans des neurones centraux, des fibres nerveuses perivasculaires et des astrocytes. Nous avons montre chez le rat eveille que le 7-nitro indazole (7-ni), inhibiteur relativement selectif de la nos neuronale reduit l'activite de la nos cerebrale, l'apport sanguin et l'oxygenation tissulaire au niveau du cortex parietal et de l'hippocampe et qu'il protege les neurones pyramidaux des regions ca1 et ca3 de l'hippocampe consecutifs a l'epilepsie. Nous avons egalement mis en evidence que le no synthetise par la nos neuronale joue un role deletere lors d'une ischemie globale transitoire. L'analyse de nos resultats, a la lumiere des donnees bibliographiques, nous a amene a proposer l'hypothese suivante. Le no produit par la nos neuronale est deletere non seulement en participant a la toxicite du glutamate, mais egalement en induisant une perfusion sanguine et une oxygenation tissulaire excessives, conduisant a la formation de l'oxydant cytotoxique, le peroxynitrite ( -oono). Le monoxyde de carbone (co) etant une molecule vasodilatatrice aux proprietes semblables a celles du no, nous avons egalement etudie son role dans la reponse cerebrovasculaire a l'hypercapnie et a l'epilepsie. Nous avons montre que l'inhibition de l'heme oxygenase 2, enzyme constitutive qui synthetise le co, ne modifie ni le debit sanguin cerebral basal, ni la reponse cerebrovasculaire a l'hypercapnie mais, reduit significativement l'augmentation du debit sanguin du neocortex lors de la crise d'epilepsie. Nos resultats suggerent que le co participe a la regulation du debit sanguin cerebral dans des conditions specifiques, notamment celles associees a une liberation accrue de glutamate. Cette etude suggere que le no n'est pas le seul gaz diatomique endogene jouant un role dans l'hyperemie concomitante a l'epilepsie mais que le co serait egalement un mediateur de cette reaction cerebrovasculaire.

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MARTINOVIC, MASSELON SUZANA MULLER JEAN FRANCOIS KLASINC LEO. "IONISATION INDUITE PAR PLASMA LASER DE MOLECULES ORGANIQUES VOLATILES. ETUDE DES PROCESSUS ET DES REACTIONS IONS/MOLECULES CONSECUTIVES PAR SPECTROMETRIE DE MASSE DE RESONANCE CYCLOTRONIQUE A TRANSFORMEE DE FOURIER /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1997. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/1997/Martinovic.Suzana.SMZ9743.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Consecutive reactions"

Trencsényi, Balázs, Michal Kopeček, Luka Lisjak Gabrijelčič, Maria Falina, Mónika Baár, and Maciej Janowski. The Second World War. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737155.003.0007.

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The Second World War catalyzed a profound reconfiguration of the political discourse in East Central Europe. A considerable part of the region experienced consecutive occupation regimes, which triggered strategies of playing out the occupiers against each other. A central tenet of any legitimization of collaboration was the idea that the liberal democratic world order had disintegrated and a new totalitarian Zeitgeist had emerged in its stead. In turn, the resistance movements were organized either by communists or by members of the prewar elites. The former had a hard time coping with the Nazi–Soviet friendship in 1939–41, and later had to show their relative independence from the Soviet Union in order to gain legitimacy in their societies. The resistance led by the members of the old elites, in turn, had to prove that they were able to modify their old ideas for a new situation. The chapter also reviews the first reactions to the genocidal policies during the war.

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Mander, W. J. The Unknowable. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809531.001.0001.

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This book presents a history of nineteenth century metaphysics in Britain, providing close textual readings of the key contributions to First Philosophy made by the key philosophers of the period (such as Hamilton, Mansel, Spencer, Mill, and Bradley) as well as some lesser known figures (such as Bain, Clifford, Shadworth Hodgson, Ferrier, and John Grote). The story focuses on the elaboration of, and differing reactions to, the concept of the unknowable or unconditioned, first developed by Sir William Hamilton in the 1829. The idea of an ultimate but unknowable way that things really are in themselves may be seen as supplying a narrative arc that runs right through the metaphysical systems of the period in question as, relative to this concept, these thought schemes may be divided into three broad groups which were roughly consecutive in their emergence but also overlapping as they continued to develop. In the first instance there were the doctrines of the agnostics who further progressed Hamilton’s basic idea that fundamental reality lies for the great part beyond our cognitive reach, but these philosophies were followed, immediately by those of the empiricists and, in the last third of the century by those of the idealists, both of whom—albeit in profoundly different ways—reacted against the epistemic pessimism of the agnostics. By presenting, interpreting, criticizing and connecting together their various contrasting ideas this book explains how these three traditions developed and interacted with one another to comprise the history of metaphysics in Victorian Britain.

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The Global State of Democracy 2023: The New Checks and Balances. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2023.78.

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The global state of democracy in 2023 is complex, fluid and unequal. Across every region of the world, democracy has continued to contract, with declines in at least one indicator of democratic performance in half of the countries covered in the Report. Measured in terms of the areas of improvement and decline within each country, 2022 was the sixth consecutive year in which more countries experienced net declines in democratic processes than net improvements. In short, democracy is still in trouble, stagnant at best, and declining in many places. But there are a few green shoots of hope (notably, corruption falling and surprisingly high levels of political participation). Indeed, while The Global State of Democracy 2023 shows some declines in countries that had been thought to be healthy democracies, at the same time there were encouraging improvements in countries where the level of oppression has been constant for years. Against this background, this year’s Report highlights the role of so-called countervailing institutions in stopping the erosion of democratic institutions and reacting to the entrenchment of authoritarian forces. The term goes beyond the traditional understanding of ‘checks and balances’ to encompass those governmental and non-governmental institutions, organizations and movements that check the aggrandizement of power and balance the distribution of power to ensure that decision makers regularly integrate popular priorities into policy. Countervailing institutions include relatively new entities, such as human rights organizations and electoral management bodies, as well as civil society networks, popular movements and investigative journalists, which all play an irreplaceable role in ensuring democracy continues to be of and by the people. What can be done to address the threats to democracy, both acute and chronic? The Global State of Democracy 2023 policy recommendations include: support for electoral processes, focusing on mechanisms that guarantee fair contests and participation; transparency and access to information in legislatures that would multiply the sources of accountability; full commitment from governments to protect civic space; and legal protections for the independence of institutions that protect elections, investigate corruption and supervise government programmes.

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Book chapters on the topic "Consecutive reactions"

Yoshida, Jun-ichi. "Controlling Competitive Consecutive Reactions Using Micromixing." In SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science. Springer Japan, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55513-1_7.

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Richter, Th, W. Ehrfeld, D. Erntner, et al. "Microstructured Reactor for Consecutive Heterogeneous/Homogeneous Gas Phase Reactions." In Microreaction Technology: Industrial Prospects. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59738-1_72.

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Carlson, Gary M., and Theodore Provder. "Kinetics Analysis of Consecutive Reactions Using Nelder-Mead Simplex Optimization." In ACS Symposium Series. American Chemical Society, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1986-0313.ch021.

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Brune, K., H. Fenner, M. Kurowski, and R. Lanz. "Adverse reactions to NSAIDs: Consecutive evaluation of 30,000 patients in rheumatology." In Side-Effects of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs 3. Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2982-4_6.

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Schlüter, Michael, Felix Kexel, Alexandra von Kameke, et al. "Visualization and Quantitative Analysis of Consecutive Reactions in Taylor Bubble Flows." In Reactive Bubbly Flows. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72361-3_21.

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Zetzsch, Cornelius, R. Koch, B. Bohn, R. Knispel, M. Siese, and F. Witte. "Adduct Formation of OH with Aromatics and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons and Consecutive Reactions with O2 and NOx to Regenerate OH." In Chemical Processes in Atmospheric Oxidation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59216-4_27.

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Mann, R., and A. M. El-Hamouz. "Effect of Macromixing on a Competitive/Consecutive Reaction in a Semi-Batch Stirred Reactor: Paul’s Iodination Experiments Interpreted by Networks-of-Zones." In Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications. Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7973-5_1.

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B.G., Cox. "Complex reactions." In Modern Liquid Phase Kinetics. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780198557449.003.0003.

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This chapter emphasizes that the majority of chemical reactions have a mechanism which involves several elementary processes or reaction steps. These processes result in a reaction mechanism that is designated as complex. The chapter describes rate law and states that this is inconsistent with the stoichiometric equation and is considered to be the clearest indication of complexity. It also cites the oxidation of the formate ion by permanganate in water. The chapter talks about the establishment of the reaction by stoichiometry, which is more complex than a single bimolecular reaction step. The chapter also looks at second-order kinetics as it consists of a simple bimolecular encounter process. This includes reversible reactions that proceed towards equilibrium, concurrent reactions that control product distribution, and consecutive reactions in which the initial products act as reactants for subsequent reactions.

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Schmickler, Wolfgang. "Complex reactions." In Interfacial Electrochemistry. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195089325.003.0016.

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In the past two chapters we have already encountered examples of reactions involving several steps, and introduced the notion of rate determining step. Here we will elaborate on the subject of complex reactions, introduce another concept; the electrochemical reaction order, and consider a few other examples. The simplest type of complex electrochemical reactions consists of two steps, at least one of which must be a charge-transfer reaction. We now consider two consecutive electron-transfer reactions of the type: . . . Red ⇌ Int + e- ⇌ Ox + 2e- . . .(11.1) such as: Tl+ ⇌Tl2+ + e- ⇌ Tl3+ + 2e- . . . (11.2) For simplicity we assume that the intermediate stays at the electrode surface, and does not diffuse to the bulk of the solution.

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Atkins, Peter, Julio de Paula, and Ronald Friedman. "Reaction mechanisms." In Physical Chemistry: Quanta, Matter, and Change. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780199609819.003.0111.

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Contents Elementary reactions 821 Brief illustration 86.1: The rate laws of elementary steps 822 Consecutive elementary reactions 822 Example 86.1: Analysing consecutive reactions 823 The steady-state approximation 823 Example 86.2: Using the steady-state approximation 824 The rate-determining step 825 Brief illustration...

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Conference papers on the topic "Consecutive reactions"

Shibata, Maki, Daiki Yamanaka, Naohiro Hozumi, Yuki Kawaguchi, Kazuto Kobayashi, and Sachiko Yoshida. "Three-Dimensional Consecutive Observation for the Reaction of Brain Immune cells, microglia, Using Scanning Acoustic Microscopy." In 2024 IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Joint Symposium (UFFC-JS). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/uffc-js60046.2024.10793534.

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Sánchez, Daniel Eduardo, VinÍcius Francisco Wasques, Estevão Esmi, and Laécio Carvalho de Barros. "Consecutive Chemical Reactions Models via P-Fuzzy Systems." In CNMAC 2019 - XXXIX Congresso Nacional de Matemática Aplicada e Computacional. SBMAC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5540/03.2020.007.01.0365.

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Strambeanu, Nicolae, Doru Paunescu, Daniel Arghiriade, and Laurentiu Demetrovici. "PARALLEL AND CONSECUTIVE REACTIONS IN FUEL GAS COMBUSTION." In International Symposium "The Environment and the Industry". National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21698/simi.2017.0012.

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Togashi, Shigenori, Yukako Asano, and Yoshishige Endo. "Prediction of Chemical Reaction Yield in a Microreactor and Development of a Pilot Plant Using the Numbering-Up of Microreactors." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30532.

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The chemical reaction yield was predicted by using Monte Carlo simulation. The targeted chemical reaction of a performance evaluation using the microreactor is the consecutive reaction. The main product P1 is formed in the first stage with the reaction rate constant k1. Moreover, the byproduct P2 is formed in the second stage with the reaction rate constant k2. It was found that the yield of main product P1 was improved by using a microreactor when the ratio of the reaction rate constants became k1/k2 >1. To evaluate the Monte Carlo simulation result, the yields of the main products obtained in three consecutive reactions. It was found that the yield of the main product in cased of k1/k2 >1 increased when the microreactor was uesd. Next, a pilot plant involving the numbering-up of 20 microreactors was developed. The 20 microreactor units were stacked in four sets, each containing five microreactor units arranged. The maximum flow rate when 20 microreactors were used was 1 × 104 mm3/s, which corresponds to 72 t/year. Evaluation of the chemical performance of the pilot plant was conducted using a nitration reaction. The pilot plant was found to capable of increasing the production scale without decreasing the yield of the products.

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Asano, Yukako, Shigenori Togashi, and Yoshishige Endo. "Optimization of Chemical Reaction Processes in Microreactors Using Reaction Rate Analyses." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2011 Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajk2011-36013.

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We applied microreactors to the three following reactions: a consecutive bromination reaction, the two-step Sandmeyer reaction, and an acetylation reaction including solvent effects. We obtained the reaction rate constants from few experimental data or quantum chemical calculations and optimized the reaction conditions such as the reaction times and temperature. We then experimentally validated them by microreactors. A consecutive bromination reaction, where the objective reaction was followed by the side reaction, was one of the processes. The reaction temperature played an important role in the effects of a microreactor. The yield of the objective product was improved by about 40% using a microreactor. The two-step Sandmeyer reaction was also applied, where the 1st-step reaction was followed by the 2nd-step reaction to produce the objective product. The 1st-step reaction had the diffusion-controlled process, while the 2nd-step reaction had the reaction-controlled one. The yield of the objective product was improved when microreactors were used and the reaction time for the 2nd-step reaction was set appropriately. Moreover, an acetylation reaction including solvent effects on reaction rates was considered and the solvent effects could be predicted from quantum chemical calculations. The calculation suggested that acetic acid with the larger electron-accepting property gave more stability to the species formed in the transition state. The reaction time was shortened using a microreactor, when the reaction process was changed from reaction-controlled to diffusion-controlled by changing the solvent used.

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Huppert, D., and E. Pines. "Picosecond Dynamics of Proton-Anion Ion Pair Geminate Recombination." In International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena. Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/up.1986.mc7.

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Charge separation is induced in solutions of many chemical and biochemical systems by light absorption. The primary step in these reactions is either an electron or a proton transfer from a parent molecule to a suitable acceptor. The solvated ion pairs which are produced can either geminately recombine or separate by diffusion. Geminate recombination was recognized to be extremely important in radiation induced electron-cation ion pair generation [1]. As for proton transfer reactions, much less attention has been paid to this phenomenon mainly because of two reasons. The first reason is that proton transfer reactions are usually being carried in aqueous solutions where the coulombic attraction is very efficiently screened. In contrast, electron transfer reactions are usually being carried in hydrocarbon solutions where the coulombic screening is much less effective. The second and less obvious reason is that geminate electron-excited cation recombination usually quenches the excited state where in many cases proton transfer to an excited anion does not quench the anion [2]. As a result, proton transfer reactions are usually bidirectional both in the ground and the excited state [3]. It means that upon recombination the excited parent molecule can undergo redissociation. Thus, the combination of effective coulombic screening by water molecules and consecutive dissociations makes geminate recombination much less apparent in proton transfer reactions than in electron transfer ones.

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Krieger, Waldemar, Jan Lamsfuß, and Norbert Kockmann. "Method to Visualize Local Mass Transfer and Chemical Selectivity of Gas-Liquid Reaction in Coiled Capillaries." In ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2017-5538.

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Gas-liquid reactions in microstructured devices have recently gained much attention in scientific research and industry. Enhanced heat and mass transfer can be employed to overcome mass transfer limitations in gas-liquid reactions. Helically coiled capillaries can further increase mass transfer due to Dean vortices, which narrow the residence time distribution, too. In this work, a colorimetric technique is implemented in order to visualize local mass transfer phenomena and concentration gradients of gas-liquid reactions in straight and helically coiled capillaries. The method enables on-line and non-invasive investigation of mass transfer and chemical selectivity in microchannels with high spatial resolution. Straight and helically coiled capillaries are fabricated from FEP tubes with inner diameter of 1.6 mm. Bubbles are generated by a hypodermic needle, which is placed in the center of the FEP tube generating a stable slug flow. Total volumetric flow rate is varied from 1.6 to 6.5 mL/min and volume ratios of gas/liquid flow from 0.17 to 6.0. Selectivity experiments are performed with the consecutive oxidation of leuco-indigo carmine.

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Vigo, M., A. W. A. Lensing, F. Corbetti, P. R. Biondetti, P. Tropeano, and P. Prandoni. "SIDE EFFECTS OF ASCENDING VENOGRAPHY." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644198.

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Two hundred and sixtyeight (268) consecutive out-patients with clinical features compatible with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) were referred to our Department for contrast venography, which was carried out according to standard methods, employing 120-160 ml of a non-ionic contrast medium (Iohexol). All side effects probably related to venography were recorded during the test, immediately after its execution, at one day and during long-term follow-up (1 week, 1 month and 6 months), including impedance plethysmography (IPG) evaluation in patients with normal venograms. Eighteen patients (7%) did not undergo venography because of severe edema of the dorsum of the foot (3), impossibility to find a vein (7), patient refusal (1), known hypersensibility to radiopaque dye (4) and allergic reactions after injection of contrast medium (3). Our analysis therefore included 250 patients. Hypersensitivity reaction to the contrast medium following the venography were encountered in 3 patients (1%) of whom two had severe reactions. Pain and tenderness of the foot and calf after the test was observed in 15 patients (6%). No clinical signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolism were observed during and after the procedure and all serum creatine levels, assessed before venography, at day 1 and day 7, remained unchanged. There were 7 instances of contrast extravasation (3%) which did not result in local skin or tissue damage. In none of the patients was there any evidence to suggest the presence of post-venographic phlebitis and no patients with negative venograms developed a positive IPG during the period of follow-up.

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van Haaster, Kelsey, and Dianne Hagan. "Teaching and Learning with BlueJ: Evaluation of a Pedagogical Tool." In InSITE 2004: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2798.

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BlueJ is a programming environment that has been used to teach object-oriented introductory programming since 1999 in two consecutive first year units at Monash University. An earlier evaluation of its effectiveness in helping students to learn OO programming in the first unit was inconclusive, although most students who participated in the study believed that it did help them to learn Java. It was hoped at that time that students would show positive effects of using BlueJ more in the second unit than in the first. This paper reports on a later evaluation study, when the BlueJ environment had become more stable and easier to install. It examines the reactions and results of students in the second of the two units. It also introduces a set of criteria for evaluating environments designed for novice programmers.

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Visser, A., and D. G. Meuleman. "IRREVERSIBLE INHIBITION OF THE THROMBIN-MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSFER." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644808.

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The inhibition of the thrombin-mediated signal transfer by a common irreversible inhibitor Z of the factor Xa complex (Xc a) and thrombin has been analysed for the two-step process of the Xc a-triggered formation of thrombin andthe consecutive splitting ok a thrombin-specific substrate S. Assuming that both proteolytic processes follow simple Michaelis—Menten kinetics, that the inhibition reactions are second-order and that the prothrombin and irreversible inhibitor are in excess it can be shown that:1. clotting time (tc) is inversely proportional to the time-averaged thrombin concentration2. the endpoint of the conversion of the thrombin specific substrate S reached at exhaustion of thrombin and the Xc a is inversely proportional to the square of the inhibitor concentration3. the continously monitored thrombin generation inhibition is a more sensitive assay than the classical two-stage thrombin generation inhibition assay4. the shift in the effective concentration range of the continuously monitored thrombin generation inhibition assay relative to the continuously monitored anti-Xa assay and to that of the continuously monitored anti-IIa assay, depends on the initial rate of formation of thrombin with the thrombin generation inhibition assay and the original enzyme concentrations of the anti-enzyme assays.It can further be shown that the above conclusions still hold when the Z-mediated (with Z = anti thrombin III e.g.) inhibitions are potentiated by heparin(oid)s.

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