Academic literature on the topic 'Consensus estimates'
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Journal articles on the topic "Consensus estimates"
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Cook, John, Naomi Oreskes, Peter T. Doran, William R. L. Anderegg, Bart Verheggen, Ed W. Maibach, J. Stuart Carlton, et al. "Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming." Environmental Research Letters 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 048002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002.
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Caldwell, John C., and Thomas Schindlmayr. "Historical Population Estimates: Unraveling the Consensus." Population and Development Review 28, no. 2 (June 2002): 183–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2002.00183.x.
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Piepho, Hans-Peter. "Weighted estimates of interlaboratory consensus values." Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 22, no. 5 (September 1996): 471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-9473(96)00005-9.
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Kim, Hong Ki, Minji Kim, and Sang Hyun Lee. "Vehicular Localization Enhancement via Consensus." Sensors 20, no. 22 (November 14, 2020): 6506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226506.
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This paper presents a strategy to cooperatively enhance the vehicular localization in vehicle-to-everything (V2X) networks by exchanges and updates of local data in a consensus-based manner. Where each vehicle in the network can obtain its location estimate despite its possible inaccuracy, the proposed strategy takes advantage of the abundance of the local estimates to improve the overall accuracy. During the execution of the strategy, vehicles exchange each other’s inter-vehicular relationship pertaining to measured distances and angles in order to update their own estimates. The iteration of the update rules leads to averaging out the measurement errors within the network, resulting in all vehicles’ localization error to retain similar magnitudes and orientations with respect to the ground truth locations. Furthermore, the estimate error of the anchor—the vehicle with the most reliable localization performance—is temporarily aggravated through the iteration. Such circumstances are exploited to simultaneously counteract the estimate errors and effectively improve the localization performance. Simulated experiments are conducted in order to observe the nature and its effects of the operations. The outcomes of the experiments and analysis of the protocol suggest that the presented technique successfully enhances the localization performances, while making additional insights regarding performance according to environmental changes and different implementation techniques.
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Clement, Russell W., Rashmi R. Sinha, and Joachim Krueger. "A Computerized Demonstration of the False Consensus Effect." Teaching of Psychology 24, no. 2 (April 1997): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top2402_12.
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Students in an advanced undergraduate laboratory course on social cognition replicated an experiment on the false consensus effect (Krueger & Clement, 1994). Interacting with a computer program, students viewed 40 statements. For each statement, they indicated whether they personally endorsed it, estimated the proportion of the population that would endorse it, and rated its social desirability. Half the students received feedback on the actual consensus in the population after making each consensus estimate, and the remaining students did not. Students analyzed data using a spreadsheet program. They found the traditional false consensus effect as item endorsers gave higher consensus estimates than did nonendorsers. They also found reliable within-subjects correlations between item endorsements and estimation errors, demonstrating the truly false consensus effect. Students also learned that feedback about the actual consensus does not reduce bias.
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Marks, Gary, and Shelley Duval. "Availability of alternative positions and estimates of consensus." British Journal of Social Psychology 30, no. 2 (June 1991): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1991.tb00935.x.
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Ugrinovskii, V. "Distributed robust filtering with H∞ consensus of estimates." Automatica 47, no. 1 (January 2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.automatica.2010.10.002.
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Velden, Christopher S., and Derrick Herndon. "A Consensus Approach for Estimating Tropical Cyclone Intensity from Meteorological Satellites: SATCON." Weather and Forecasting 35, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 1645–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-20-0015.1.
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ABSTRACTA consensus-based algorithm for estimating the current intensity of global tropical cyclones (TCs) from meteorological satellites is described. The method objectively combines intensity estimates from infrared and microwave-based techniques to produce a consensus TC intensity estimate, which is more skillful than the individual members. The method, called Satellite Consensus (SATCON), can be run in near–real time and employs information sharing between member algorithms and a weighting strategy that relies on the situational precision of each member. An evaluation of the consensus algorithm’s performance in comparison with its individual members and other available operational estimates of TC intensity is presented. It is shown that SATCON can provide valuable objective intensity estimates for poststorm assessments, especially in the absence of other data such as provided by reconnaissance aircraft. It can also serve as a near-real-time estimator of TC intensity for forecasters, with the ability to quickly reconcile differences in objective intensity methods and thus decrease the uncertainty and amount of time spent on the intensity analysis. Near-real-time SATCON estimates are being provided to global operational TC forecast centers.
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Swets, J. A., C. E. Feehrer, R. A. Greenes, and T. E. Bynum. "Use of Probability Estimates in Medical Communications and Decisions." Methods of Information in Medicine 25, no. 01 (January 1986): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1635450.
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SummaryQuantitatively sophisticated physicians in general internal medicine gave a series of probability estimates about each of several cases, which consisted of a written case background and radiological test report. First, they estimated the three quantities of Bayes’ formula: the pretest probability based on the background, the likelihood ratio based on the test report, and the posttest probability based on both. They made two further estimates of the posttest probability, one after being informed of the consensus of expert radiologists on the likelihood ratio of the test and another after being told a consensus pretest probability formed by experts in the medical speciality relevant to the case backgrounds. They also stated how high (low) the posttest probability would have to be in order to confirm (rule out) the suspected disease and estimated the chances that the test report would serve to move the posttest probability across one of those thresholds.On average, the clinician subjects agreed quite well with the experts’ estimates and with Bayes’ formula. Information about experts’ consensuses influenced the subjects’ estimates in the appropriate direction and decreased the variation among subjects. These results are taken to indicate the feasibility and potential effectiveness of certain quantitative aids to clinical decision making. On the other hand, the variation among the subjects’ estimates, and among experts’ estimates, was substantial - enough to warrant attempts to understand it and to reduce it. Diagnostic criteria that the subjects reported using for case backgrounds and for test reports were analyzed as a way of accounting for some of the variation.
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Vazquez-Olguin, Miguel, Yuriy S. Shmaliy, and Oscar G. Ibarra-Manzano. "Distributed UFIR Filtering Over WSNs With Consensus on Estimates." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 16, no. 3 (March 2020): 1645–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tii.2019.2930649.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Consensus estimates"
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Möller, Linnéa, and Niklas Gambe. "Konsensus - en fundamental osanning? : En studie om aktiemarknadspsykologins påverkan på aktieanalytiker som bidrar till konsensus samt problematiken som medföljer." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-138976.
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Bakgrund: För att förklara olika händelser på den finansiella marknaden använder sig många forskare av aktiemarknadspsykologi med bakgrund i att aktörerna är människor. Konsensus är aktieanalytikers sammanställda estimat som ska motsvara marknadens aggregerade, fundamentala förväntningar. Det faktum att aktieanalytiker är människor gör att även dessa influeras av psykologi, vilket i sin tur både påverkar konsensus, investerare och till slut även marknaden. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera och belysa vad som ligger bakom konsensusestimaten för att sedan kunna redogöra för hur aktörer på aktiemarknaden kan förhålla sig till detta. Fokus kommer att ligga på faktorer som, till skillnad från fundamentala och tekniska analyser, har sin utgångspunkt i aktiemarknadspsykologi. Metod: Med en kvalitativ ansats genomfördes intervjuer med tio olika aktieanalytiker. Intervjuerna ligger sedan till grund för analysen där den teoretiska referensramen bestående av aktiemarknadspsykologiska faktorer användes för att dra slutsatser. Slutsats: Resultatet visar på att konsensus inte fullt motsvarar aktieanalytikernas egentliga åsikter och att investerare och analytiker därför snarare bör förhålla sig till konsensus som en referenspunkt än som en riktlinje för investeringar.Background: To explain certain events that transpires on the stock market a lot of scientists use behavioral finance. They use this due to the fact that the market participants are human after all. Consensus estimates is the compiled estimates of sell side analyst which is supposed to be equivalent to the markets fundamental expectations. The fact that sell side analysts are human infers that they also get influenced by psychology, which in turn affect consensus, investors and lastly the market. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze and shed light on the elements that affect consensus estimates to clarify how stock market participants can relate to them. The focus will be on elements that, unlike fundamental and technical analysis, originates from behavioral finance. Method: Ten different stock analysts have been interviewed with a qualitative research approach. The interviews then acted as a basis for the analysis where the theory, originating from behavioral finance, is used to come to a conclusion. Conclusion: In conclusion, the result exhibits proof that consensus estimates doesn’t, to a full extent, truly reflect the sell side analysts’ true beliefs. Investors and other stock analysts should therefore relate to consensus as a reference point rather than a guideline for investment decisions.
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Darland, Diane Michele. "The effects of ego involvement and private versus public feedback on estimates of consensus for failure : a search for false uniqueness /." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487758178239134.
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Björelind, Nils, and Henrik Liljestrand. "Tillförlitlighet i aktieanalytikers prognoser." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-355527.
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Prognoser publicerade av aktieanalytiker har en betydande påverkan på kapitalmarknaden och investeringsbeslut. Genom att förmedla information inom kapitalmarknaden spelar aktieanalytiker en vital roll. Därför syftar denna studie till att undersöka aktieanalytikers förmåga att prognostisera finansiella nyckeltal från företags resultaträkning. Studien syftar även till att undersöka under vilka förhållanden aktieanalytikers träffsäkerhet påverkas. Vi undersöker aktieanalytikers träffsäkerhet genom att mäta prognosfel i konsensusestimat över perioden 2000 – 2017 för 93 företag listade på Nasdaq OMX Stockholm Large Cap. Vi finner ett positivt samband mellan marknadsvärde och ökad träffsäkerhet i aktieanalytikers prognoser för mindre företag. Vi finner även att ett högt antal analytiker som ingår i konsensus positivt påverkar prognosens träffsäkerhet. Resultaten visar även att träffsäkerheten i aktieanalytikers prognoser varierar beroende på antal analytiker i konsensus inom olika sektorer.In this study, we investigate the accuracy of stock analyst estimates. We measure forecasting accuracy by forecasting error for key financial figures from the firm’s income statements. This study also measures firm specific factors effect on analyst forecasting accuracy. Our study includes 93 companies listed on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm Large Cap between the years 2000 – 2017. Our findings conclude that a positive correlation exists between market value and forecasting accuracy for smaller firms. We also find that analyst coverage is positively related to forecasting accuracy. Our findings also show that forecasting accuracy varies with analyst coverage within different sectors.
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Drovetto, Junior Sidnei Augusto. "Reconhecimento facial 3D utilizando o Simulated Annealing com as medidas Surface Interpenetration Measure e M-estimator Sample Consensus." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/12018.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciencias Exatas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em InformáticaInclui bibliografia
Orientadora : Olga R. P. Bellon
Co-orientador : Luciano Silva
Defesa: Curitiba, 2007
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Viel, Christophe. "Control law and state estimators design for multi-agent system with reduction of communications by event-triggered approach." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS274/document.
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Les systèmes multi-agents (MAS) et la commande coopérative ont fait l'objet de nombreuses recherches ces dernières années. Les domaines d'application sont très diverses et dans le cas des systèmes multi-véhicules, des approches ont été développées pour des unmanned air vehicles (UAVs), satellites, avions... Les types de missions envisagées sont des missions complexes telles l’exploration ou la surveillance de zones, la recherche et le suivi de cibles d'intérêt. Cependant, la coopération requière des échanges de communication entre les agents. Lorsque ceux-ci sont nombreux, cet échange peut conduire à des saturations du réseau, à l'augmentation des délais de transmission ou l’occurrence de pertes de paquets, d'où l'intérêt de réduire le nombre de communication. Dans les méthodes event-triggered, une communication est envoyée quand une condition, basée sur des paramètres choisis et un seuil prédéfini, est remplie. La principale difficulté est de définir une condition qui permettra de limiter les échanges sans dégrader l'exécution de la mission choisie. Dans le cas d'un système distribué, chaque agent doit maintenir une estimation de la valeur de l'état des autres agents afin de remplacer l'absence d'informations due à la communication réduite. L'objectif de cette thèse est de développer des lois de commandes et des estimateurs distribuées pour un système multi-agent afin de réduire le nombre de communication par méthode event-triggered, tout en prenant en compte la présence de perturbations. L'étude est divisée en deux grandes parties. La première décrit une méthode de communication event-triggered permettant de converger vers un consensus pour un système multi-agents de modèle d'évolution dynamique linéaire généralisée et en présence de perturbations d'état. Pour réduire les communications, un estimateur précis de l'état des agents est proposé, couplé à un estimateur de l'estimation de l'erreur, ainsi qu'un protocole de communication adapté. En prenant en compte la commande appliquée à chaque agent, l'estimateur proposé permet d'obtenir un consensus avec un nombre bien inférieur de communication que de la méthode de référence dans l'état de l'art. La seconde partie propose une stratégie de réduction de communication pour une commande de vol en formation permettant de suivre une trajectoire de référence. La dynamique des agents est décrite par un système Euler-Lagrange incluant des perturbations et des méconnaissances sur les paramètres du modèle. Différentes structures d'estimateurs sont proposées pour reconstruire les informations manquantes. La condition d'event-triggered distribuée proposée est basée sur l'écart relatif entre les positions et vitesses réelles et désirées des agents, ainsi que l'erreur relative entre la valeur estimée de l'état de l'agent et la valeur réelle. Une trajectoire de référence unique est déterminée pour guider la flotte. L'effet des perturbations sur la formation et la communication a été analysé. Enfin, les méthodes proposées ont été adaptées pour tenir compte des dégradations de performances dues aux pertes de données et aux délais de communication. Pour les deux types d'approches présentées les conditions de la stabilité du MAS ont été obtenues par l'intermédiaire de fonctions de Lyapunov et l'absence de paradoxe de Zeno a été étudiéeA large amount of research work has been recently dedicated to the study of Multi-Agent System and cooperative control. Applications to mobile robots, like unmanned air vehicles (UAVs), satellites, or aircraft have been tackled to insure complex mission such as exploration or surveillance. However, cooperative tasking requires communication between agents, and for a large number of agents, the number of communication exchanges may lead to network saturation, increased delays or loss of transferred packets, from the interest in reducing them. In event-triggered strategy, a communication is broadcast when a condition, based on chosen parameters and some threshold, is fulfilled. The main difficulty consists in determining the communication triggering condition (CTC) that will ensure the completion of the task assigned to the MAS. In a distributed strategy, each agent maintains an estimate value of others agents state to replace missing information due to limited communication. This thesis focuses on the development of distributed control laws and estimators for multi-agent system to limit the number of communication by using event-triggered strategy in the presence of perturbation with two main topics, i.e. consensus and formation control. The first part addresses the problem of distributed event-triggered communications for consensus of a multi-agent system with both general linear dynamics and state perturbations. To decrease the amount of required communications, an accurate estimator of the agent states is introduced, coupled with an estimator of the estimation error, and adaptation of communication protocol. By taking into account the control input of the agents, the proposed estimator allows to obtain a consensus with fewer communications than those obtained by a reference method. The second part proposes a strategy to reduce the number of communications for displacement-based formation control while following a desired reference trajectory. Agent dynamics are described by Euler-Lagrange models with perturbations and uncertainties on the model parameters. Several estimator structures are proposed to rebuild missing information. The proposed distributed communication triggering condition accounts for inter-agent displacements and the relative discrepancy between actual and estimated agent states. A single a priori trajectory has to be evaluated to follow the desired path. Effect of state perturbations on the formation and on the communications is analyzed. Finally, the proposed methods have been adapted to consider packet dropouts and communication delays. For both types of problems, Lyapunov stability of the MAS has been developed and absence of Zeno behavior is studied
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Pedersen, Peggy Jo. "The false consensus effect in estimates of safe and unsafe sexual practices." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/35011.
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The purpose of this study was three fold: 1) to determine if false consensus
effects would be found for estimates of sexual behaviors, 2) to determine the directional
accuracy of consensus estimates for subscribers and nonsubscribers and 3) to determine if
the degree of accuracy of those estimates was influenced by self-esteem, sexual esteem,
collective self-esteem, and religiosity. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of
821 university students to gather consensus estimates for twelve sexual behavior items.
False consensus effects were found for all twelve behavioral items and further analysis
was done to determine the directional accuracy of the estimates as well as to determine
what motivational factors might influence the degree of accuracy of the consensus
estimates. The specific motivational factors examined were self-esteem, sexual esteem,
collective self-esteem, and religiosity. These four factors were measured using the
following scales: 1) the Self-Esteem Scale (SES) (Rosenberg, 1965), 2) the Sexuality
Scale (SS) (Snell & Papini, 1989; Wiederman & Allgeier, 1993), 3) the Collective Self-Esteem Scale Revised (CSES-R) (Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992) and 4) the Scale of
Attitude Towards Christianity (Francis & Stubbs, 1987; Francis, 1989).
Results of the study indicated that although significant false consensus effects
were found for all twelve behavioral items, the directional accuracy of subscriber's
estimates of consensus was not consistently or predictably different from the directional
accuracy of nonsubscriber's estimates of consensus. A motivation theory for false
consensus effects as measured by the self-esteem scale, sexuality scale, collective self-esteem
scale, and religiosity scale used in this study was not supported.Graduation date: 1995
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DiBartolomeo, Matthew. "The impact of judges' consensus on the accuracy of anchor-based judgmental estimates of multiple-choice test item difficulty: The case of the NATABOC Examination." 2010. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3427517.
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Multiple factors have influenced testing agencies to more carefully consider the manner and frequency in which pretest item data are collected and analyzed. One potentially promising development is judges’ estimates of item difficulty. Accurate estimates of item difficulty may be used to reduce pretest samples sizes, supplement insufficient pretest sample sizes, aid in test form construction, assist in test form equating, calibrate test item writers who may be asked to produce items to meet statistical specifications, inform the process of standard setting, aid in preparing randomly equivalent blocks of pretest items, and/or aid in helping to set item response theory prior distributions. Two groups of 11 and eight judges, respectively, provided estimates of difficulty for the same set of 33 multiple-choice items from the National Athletic Trainers’ Association Board of Certification (NATABOC) Examination. Judges were faculty in Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education-approved athletic training education programs and were NATABOC-approved examiners of the former hands-on practical portion of the Examination. For each item, judges provided two rounds of independent estimates of item difficulty and a third round group-level consensus estimate. Prior to providing estimates of item difficulty in rounds two and three, group discussion of the estimates provided in the preceding round was conducted. In general, the judges’ estimates of test item difficulty did not improve across rounds as predicted. Two-way repeated measures analyses of variance comparing item set mean difficulty estimates by round and the item set mean empirical item difficulty revealed no statistically significant differences across rounds, groups, or the interaction of these two factors. Moreover, item set mean difficulty estimates by round gradually drifted away from the item set mean empirical item difficulty and, therefore, mean estimation bias and effect size analyses gradually increased in correspondence with the item set mean item difficulty estimates provided across rounds. Therefore, the results revealed that no item difficulty estimation round yielded statistically significantly better recovery of the empirical item difficulty values compared to the other rounds.
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Huang, Bo-Hao, and 黃柏皓. "Confirmatory Factor Structure Analysis for Psychological Entropy Measured Job Burnout: An Alternative to Estimate Psychological Entropy from the Consensus Probability to Subjective Probability." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9f2rj4.
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碩士國立交通大學
管理科學系所
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The self-reported job burnout syndrome has been long challenged by Ergonomists due to the huge potential research bias laying in the attribution and causality on workload perception and perceived anxiety levels. The present research attempts to embody the job burnout through the theory of psychological entropy and further proposes a method to quantitatively measure it. There exists a method of adopting a group-based consensus probability from the sample set in the previous literatures. The present research follows the theoretical principle of information entropy and psychology entropy and suggests a subjective probability to refine the measurement issue. Result of empirical data analysis shows that the suggested subjective probability fits the original dataset best and pass the sensitivity test.
Books on the topic "Consensus estimates"
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Pedersen, Peggy Jo. The false consensus effect in estimates of safe and unsafe sexual practices. 1995.
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Consensus preferred recurrence-interval and vertical slip-rate estimates : review of Utah paleoseismic-trenching data by the Utah Quaternary Fault Parameters Working Group. Utah Geological Survey, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/b-134.
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Taberlet, Pierre, Aurélie Bonin, Lucie Zinger, and Eric Coissac. The future of eDNA metabarcoding. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767220.003.0019.
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Environmental DNA-based research is undergoing rapid developments, but its democratization in basic and applied research remains hampered by the biases introduced by molecular approaches, the difficulties in estimating absolute organisms’ abundances, and a lack of general consensus in molecular protocols. Chapter 19 “The future of eDNA metabarcoding” provides an overview of these current challenges and discusses how shotgun sequencing, capture-based methods, inclusion of internal standards, and development of new data repositories could alleviate these limits and facilitate cross-experiments comparisons. This chapter finally turns to open questions on the potentiality of new sequencing methods and proposes directions to improve biodiversity estimates and ecological inferences and predictions from eDNA data, and ultimately stimulate further developments and integration of eDNA metabarcoding into academic and operational ecological research and monitoring.
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Smithers, Andrew. Productivity and the Bonus Culture. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198836117.001.0001.
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Living standards in the UK and the US are in danger of falling. In the past change has brought disruption with the offsetting reward of higher living standards from growth. Today we have disruption without reward. The resulting voter dissatisfaction encourages populist policies which threaten even worse outcomes. The decline in growth has weakened the standing of liberal democracy both at home and internationally. The decline is entirely due to poor productivity combined with an unfavourable change in demography. The UK and the US have changed from having a demographic surplus in which the working population grew faster than the total population to a demographic deficit. Before living standards grew faster than productivity they now grow more slowly. Faster immigration could change demography, but voters are likely to press for less. To avoid falling living standards we must increase the rate at which productivity improves. Faster productivity does not only depend on technology. We can improve it by encouraging more investment. Growth depends on Total Factor Productivity (“TFP”), for which current consensus estimates are based on a faulty model which has induced pessimism about our ability to encourage more growth. The book sets out a revised and superior model of TFP which demonstrates that the weakness in productivity is the result of the bonus culture and suggests ways by which this can be changed so that investment is encouraged and growth returns.
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Wise, Matt, and Paul Frost. Terminal care in the intensive care unit. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0153.
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In the UK, around 10%–20% of all patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) do not survive while, in the United States, it has been estimated that 22% of all deaths occur in an ICU. Therefore, terminal or palliative care is as important as any of the life-saving interventions that occur in the ICU. The goal of palliative care is to achieve a good death. In the ICU, the switch from care with curative intent to palliation occurs when it becomes obvious that the patient is not responding to treatment. Typically, this is manifest by deteriorating physiology and escalating organ support in the setting of overwhelming disease or injury. It is predominantly expert opinion (consensus amongst treating medical and nursing teams) that determines the point at which the patient is recognized as not responding to treatment and, in fact, dying. This chapter covers the ethical considerations, communication, family disagreement, organ donation, withdrawal of therapies, care after death, and diagnosing death.
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Bolfing, Andreas. Cryptographic Primitives in Blockchain Technology. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862840.001.0001.
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Many online applications, especially in the financial industries, are running on blockchain technologies in a decentralized manner, without the use of an authoritative entity or a trusted third party. Such systems are only secured by cryptographic protocols and a consensus mechanism. As blockchain-based solutions will continue to revolutionize online applications in a growing digital market in the future, one needs to identify the principal opportunities and potential risks. Hence, it is unavoidable to learn the mathematical and cryptographic procedures behind blockchain technology in order to understand how such systems work and where the weak points are. The book provides an introduction to the mathematical and cryptographic concepts behind blockchain technologies and shows how they are applied in blockchain-based systems. This includes an introduction to the general blockchain technology approaches that are used to build the so-called immutable ledgers, which are based on cryptographic signature schemes. As future quantum computers will break some of the current cryptographic primitive approaches, the book considers their security and presents the current research results that estimate the impact on blockchain-based systems if some of the cryptographic primitive break. Based on the example of Bitcoin, it shows that weak cryptographic primitives pose a possible danger for the ledger, which can be overcome through the use of the so-called post-quantum cryptographic approaches which are introduced as well.
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Duany, Jorge. Puerto Rico. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190648695.001.0001.
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Puerto Rico, acquired by the United States from Spain in 1898, has a peculiar status among Latin American and Caribbean countries. As a Commonwealth, the island enjoys limited autonomy over local matters, but the U.S. has essentially dominated it militarily, politically, and economically for much of its history. Though they are citizens, Puerto Ricans do not have their own voting representatives in Congress and cannot vote for the president or VP. The island's status is a topic of perennial debate, evidenced by the 2012 referendum, in which a majority voted for statehood for the first time. More recently, the island's colossal public debt has sparked an economic crisis that is the focus of an upcoming Supreme Court case. The issue is intimately tied to the question of status, and consensus on the solution has proven elusive. Despite their ongoing colonial dilemma, Puerto Ricans display a strong national identity-after 118 years of occupation, the Island remains a Spanish-speaking, Afro-Hispanic-Caribbean nation. At the same time, the island's population is constantly in flux, with an estimated 60.7% of boricuas living stateside, while many others are also returning to the island. Despite the island's popularity as a tourist destination, few beyond its shores are familiar with its history. Puerto Rico: What Everyone Needs to Know provides a succinct, authoritative, and well-documented introduction to the Island's rich history, culture, politics, and economy. Jorge Duany, takes on the task of educating readers on the most important facets of the unique, troubled, but much beloved isla del encanto.
Book chapters on the topic "Consensus estimates"
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van Duyne, Petrus C., Jackie H. Harvey, and Liliya Y. Gelemerova. "Economists’ consensus: models and estimates." In The Critical Handbook of Money Laundering, 183–227. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52398-3_7.
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Ivanhoe, L. F. "Limitations of Geological Consensus Estimates of Undiscovered Petroleum Resources." In Oil and Gas AssessmentMethods and Applications. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/st21460c8.
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Cobham, Alex, and Petr Janský. "History and overview of ‘IFF’." In Estimating Illicit Financial Flows, 7–24. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854418.003.0002.
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This chapter provides a history of the rise of the term ‘illicit financial flows’ (IFF), and the emergence since 2000 of a global tax justice movement. As a broad umbrella term, the phrase was useful in ensuring the political consensus behind the establishment of a target to curtail IFF in the UN Sustainable Development Goals. But that consensus has hidden, to some extent, disagreements over the relative priorities—from the old view of corruption as a problem predominantly of lower-income countries, to the more recent recognition of the central role of typically high-income financial secrecy jurisdictions. Disagreements over political priority have played out as disputes over the definition of IFF, and over the quality of estimates of scale. This chapter provides a comprehensive typology of IFF, and summarises the evidence on the importance of the phenomenon for human development.
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Smithers, Andrew. "The Results of My Model." In Productivity and the Bonus Culture, 60–64. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198836117.003.0011.
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TFP has been on a long-term declining trend and over the most recent thirty- and twenty-year periods has run at 0.9 per cent per annum and 0.8 per cent per annum. Since 1980 TFP has fluctuated around these levels without any clear trend. Compared with estimates from the Congressional Budget Office and other forms of the consensus model, the model described in this book shows large differences. The figures for TFP are significantly lower and on occasion show a different change in direction. The contribution of TFP to labour productivity fell from nearly 100 per cent in the early post-war years to 60 per cent in 2016. Favourable changes in NTV have thus contributed 40 per cent of the improvement in labour productivity over the past twenty years. We are therefore not solely at the mercy of changes in technology but can enhance growth by changes in policy.
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Glatt, Stephen J., Stephen V. Faraone, and Ming T. Tsuang. "How Common is Schizophrenia?" In Schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813774.003.0010.
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To this point, we have been providing consensus descriptions of schizophrenia, what it is and what it is not, and describing the means by which it is detected and diagnosed. In this and later chapters, we present the evidence about the causal factors, treatments, and outcomes of schizophrenia from scientific studies. Such studies sometimes find results that differ from each other due to differences in the methods used or the types of patients that are studied. Random differences in measurement between studies also leads to discrepancies, which is perfectly normal.How, then, can we come to firm conclusions in the presence of variable results from different studies? Our approach as scientists, and as authors trying to distil the facts, is to always rely on the preponderance of evidence, or the best estimate that can be made when putting all the evidence together. Thus, as we present the facts moving forward, we will base our claims on the largest studies available, since these usually give more reliable results than small studies. Whenever possible, we will present the results of analyses that put the results of otherstudies together using a formal statistical method called ‘meta- analysis’. Thus, instead of comparing and contrasting the results from two or more studies, we will let the reader know the overall result found when all studies were pooled together. In some instances, however, it is instructive to compare and contrast studies because each study tells us something different and uniquely important, and we will point this out when doing so.In this chapter, we describe the epidemiology of schizophrenia. Epidemiology is a branch of science concerned with the distribution and determinants of illness in the population, and the transmission of illness within families. Two important epidemiologic measures of disease burden in society are prevalence and incidence. The prevalence of schizophrenia (i.e., the number of affected individuals in the population) has been estimated at least 60 times in 30 different countries. The prevalence estimates seen in these studies are very consistent, despite cultural differences between samples and the different methods used and timeframes sampled in the studies.
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La, Hung Manh. "Multi-Robot Swarm for Cooperative Scalar Field Mapping." In Robotic Systems, 208–23. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1754-3.ch010.
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In this chapter, autonomous mobile robots are deployed to measure an unknown scalar field and build its map. The development of a cooperative sensing and control method is presented for multi-robot swarming to build the scalar field map. The proposed method consists of two parts. First, the development of a distributed sensor fusion algorithm is obtained by integrating two different distributed consensus filters to achieve cooperative sensing among robots. This fusion algorithm has two phases. In the first phase, the weighted average consensus filter is developed which allows each robot to find an estimate of the value of the scalar field. In the second phase, the average consensus filter is used to allow each robot to find a confidence of the estimate. The final estimate of the value of the scalar field is iteratively updated during the movement of the robot via a weighted average protocol. Second, the distributed control algorithm is developed to control the mobile robots to form a network and cover the field. Experimental results are provided to demonstrate the proposed algorithms.
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Loker, William M. "Land Degradation in the Peruvian Amazon: Applying GIS in Human Ecology Research." In Anthropology, Space, and Geographic Information Systems. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195085754.003.0005.
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Land degradation, a reduction in the productive capacity of land, is a process of increasing concern in the challenge to maintain and enhance global food production. It is an especially critical problem in developing countries faced with the need to increase food availability for growing populations. Billions of dollars are invested in agricultural research and development aimed at increasing the food supply. At the same time, land degradation threatens to reduce production in large areas of agricultural land. While estimates of the magnitude of the problem vary widely (see WCED 1987; WRI/IIED 1988; and Lal and Stewart 1990 for recent reviews), there is a growing consensus that land degradation is a serious and complex problem that merits increased attention from both natural and social scientists. A recent review of this topic by Blaikie and Brookfield (1987) highlights the role of the social sciences in studying land degradation problems. According to these authors, the term “land degradation” refers to a reduction in the actual or potential uses of land due to human activities (1987: 1). The costs of land degradation (“the product of work on degraded lands is less than that on the same land without degradation”) make it a serious social problem for millions of farmers around the world and thus a priority for social science inquiry. A central actor for understanding the causes and consequences of land degradation is the land manager—most often the farmer—who makes the landuse decisions for particular plots of land. Social science has a key role in understanding this process of decision making, including the social and ecological contexts in which decisions are carried out. Anthropology’s emphasis on working with peasants, small farmers, and indigenous people holds out the promise for important empirical and theoretical contributions in understanding land degradation. A human ecology approach that focuses on the adaptive strategies of individuals and groups and the environmental consequences of these behaviors seems particularly well placed to contribute to this topic.
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Thomas, Gregory S., and Myrvin H. Ellestad. "Parameters to Be Measured during Exercise." In Ellestad's Stress Testing, edited by Gregory S. Thomas, L. Samuel Wann, and Myrvin H. Ellestad, 82–105. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190225483.003.0005.
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The chapter Parameters to be Measured During Exercise reviews the physiologic changes with exercise which indicate health and disease. Key parameters include blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiographic changes, exercise duration, maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), and anaerobic threshold. An in-depth review and consensus estimate is provided to estimate metabolic equivalents (METs) achieved based on exercise duration on the Bruce and Ellestad protocols. Use of bipolar leads for detection of exercise induced myocardial ischemia is discussed, typified by CM5 which captures up to 90% of patients with an electrocardiographic manifestation of ischemia. Changes in murmurs that occur with exercise are reviewed; walk-through angina and chronotropic incompetence.
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Ross, Andrew. "The Battle for Downtown." In Bird on Fire. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199828265.003.0009.
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Before the financial crash froze the motion of money, the plan to repopulate thinned-out downtowns had become an article of faith among advocates of low-carbon urbanism. Where else could the blueprint for truly sustainable living be realized? The technical difficulty and cost of retrofitting suburbs for higher density was prohibitive, even in the postwar inner-ring subdivisions that were more compact in their land use than today’s sprawl counterparts on the urban fringe. It was in city centers that the biggest improvements in energy efficiencies and emissions could be achieved, and, since the carbon clock was ticking, there was a consensus that their repopulation by middle-class residents ought to be accomplished posthaste. Urbanists, guided unerringly by Jane Jacobs’s prescriptions for vibrant street life, had long argued that the kind of society fostered by mixed-use and mixed-income downtown neighborhoods was more open-minded and mutually gratifying than the atomized lifestyle of the master-planned exurban community. After all, Jacobs’s version of the city had been driven primarily by concerns about quality of life, or what could be called cultural health. In her view, those who had planned the urban renewal projects of the 1950s and 1960s and hastened the population flight outwards had bequeathed a soulless, antiurban city—“a Great Blight of Dullness,” as she memorably put it. Hence, her full-throated praise for the daily festival of street life in mixed-use neighborhoods, even those condemned by the improvers as examples of urban blight. Compared to the presumed conformity of the suburbs, the humming, cosmopolitan milieu of her downtown sidewalks surely boasted a superior civilization. In the decades after Jacobs launched her downtown revolution, the argument for high-density core residence got a turbo boost from environmentalist quarters. Criticism of suburbia was no longer a matter of taste—how ugly and dull are these cookie-cutter houses and strip malls? Now it was backed up by estimates of the ecological costs of the unplanned, low-density tract development known as sprawl. In recent years, climate change had lent an extra sense of urgency to the case for downtown resettlement.
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Hacioğlu, Ümit. "Interethnic Peace, Security, and Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 205–17. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4639-1.ch016.
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In the case of the Bosnian War (1992-1995), international participation has just maintained interethnic peace with limited success. Peace-keeping strategies implemented without consensus subsequently set up an environment in which ethnic cleansings transformed into genocide in UN “Safe Areas.” According to the World Bank’s (2004) reports, following the end of military conflict late 1995, of a pre-war population of 4.4 million, an estimated 250,000 people had lost their lives or were considered missing, 200,000 to 400,000 people had been wounded, and an estimated 2.5 million people, more than half the population, either left the country as refugees or were internally displaced. Despite what has happened during the turmoil, the worst happened in Srebrenica, one of UN’s Security Zones, which was protected by Dutch soldiers. It is unknown how many people lost their lives in Srebrenica. According to Human Right Watch Reports, ethnic cleansing in Bosnia was systematically planned and implemented by Serbian irregulars. This chapter illustrates the negative effects of dissolving interethnic peace in Bosnia. The case of Bosnian interethnic war is examined from the security matter to genocide.
Conference papers on the topic "Consensus estimates"
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Hale, Matthew T., and Magnus Egerstedt. "Convergence rate estimates for consensus over random graphs." In 2017 American Control Conference (ACC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/acc.2017.7963087.
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Omidi, Ehsan, and S. Nima Mahmoodi. "Active Sensing of Distributed Parameter Structures Enhanced by Robust Consensus Observer." In ASME 2015 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2015-9793.
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A robust consensus observer is described in this paper for state estimation in active distributed parameter structures. To this end, a distributed parameter flexible structure is enhanced by piezoelectric layers to acquire position data in a sensor network with certain directed topology. A decentralized observer dynamics is designed to enforce consensus between the estimated states by each sensor agent. The designed consensus estimator is then optimized using an Algebraic Riccati Equation. The robustness problem is addressed using H∞ performance constraints. The consensus state estimator is then numerically investigated to further support the theoretical expectations, where a sensor network of four agents is used over a flexible clamped-clamped beam. The optimal and robust systems are simulated and the results are illustrated and discussed. The robust consensus observer successfully estimates the states of the system in existence of measurement disturbances and in finite time, which makes the robust designed scheme practical for numerous applications.
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Martin, Samuel, Irinel-Constantin Morarescu, and Dragan Nesic. "Consensus value estimates in time-varying and directed networks." In 2017 IEEE 56th Annual Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2017.8263709.
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Ugrinovskii, V. A. "Distributed robust filtering with H∞ consensus of estimates." In 2010 American Control Conference (ACC 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2010.5530495.
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Ha, Bach Q., and Jason D. Hartline. "Mechanism Design via Consensus Estimates, Cross Checking, and Profit Extraction." In Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms. Philadelphia, PA: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/1.9781611973099.71.
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Chen, Lepeng, Rongxin Cui, and Weisheng Yan. "Stochastic Stability of Distributed Extended Kalman Filter with Consensus on Estimates." In 2018 Annual American Control Conference (ACC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/acc.2018.8430766.
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Noursadeghi, Elaheh, and Ioannis Raptis. "Full-Order Distributed Fault Diagnosis for Large-Scale Nonlinear Stochastic Systems." In ASME 2015 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2015-9927.
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This paper deals with the problem of designing a distributed fault detection and isolation algorithm for nonlinear large-scale systems that are subjected to multiple fault modes. To solve this problem, a network of detection nodes is deployed to monitor the monolithic system. Each node consists of an estimator with partial observation of the system’s state. The local estimator executes a distributed variation of the particle filtering algorithm; that process the local sensor measurements and the fault progression model of the system. In addition, each node communicates with its neighbors by sharing pre-processed information. The communication topology is defined using graph theoretic tools. The information fusion between the neighboring nodes is performed by a distributed average consensus algorithm to ensure the agreement on the value of the local estimates. The simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach.
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Stankovic, Srdjan S., Milos S. Stankovic, and Dusan M. Stipanovic. "Consensus Based Overlapping Decentralized Estimator." In 2007 American Control Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2007.4282751.
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Nelatury, C. "Plane Partitions in Batch Track-Track Associations." In International Ship Control Systems Symposium. IMarEST, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/issn.2631-8741.2020.008.
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The most difficult multiple target tracking problem includes multiple sensors with different viewing angles, measurement geometries, fields of view, accuracies, resolutions and scan rates. Such variations in sensor output characteristics as well as channel delays, countermeasures, inherent target features and maneuvers have solidified the consensus that an effective fusion system must handle several levels of “tracklets” from distributed sources in order to produce the desired long tracks as described in Waltz and Llinas (1990). In view of the increased attention given to hypersonics as well as the increased need for low-level signal processing, the computational complexity of track association is a vital factor in determining an autonomous vehicles’ ability to complete its objectives quickly. We are given a set of tracklets where the particular methods used to make the detections are taken for granted. Following joint probability density association filters, we assume short tracklets are completed (i.e, detections are correctly correlated with state estimates) and take a computational geometric approach to associating tracklets. If N is the number of short term tracklets, this method fuses them in O(N2). Using covariance as a distance, this report suggests the applicability of a class of sweep-line algorithms developed in computational geometry in data fusion.
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Van Scoy, Bryan, Randy A. Freeman, and Kevin M. Lynch. "Asymptotic mean ergodicity of average consensus estimators." In 2014 American Control Conference - ACC 2014. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2014.6859059.
Full textReports on the topic "Consensus estimates"
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Douglas, Thomas, and Joel Blum. Mercury isotopes reveal atmospheric gaseous mercury deposition directly to the Arctic coastal snowpack. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41046.
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Springtime atmospheric mercury depletion events (AMDEs) lead to snow with elevated mercury concentrations (>200 ng Hg/L) in the Arctic and Antarctic. During AMDEs gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) is photochemically oxidized by halogens to reactive gaseous mercury which is deposited to the snowpack. This reactive mercury is either photochemically reduced back to GEM and reemitted to the atmosphere or remains in the snowpack until spring snowmelt. GEM is also deposited to the snowpack and tundra vegetation by reactive surface uptake (dry deposition) from the atmosphere. There is little consensus on the proportion of AMDE-sourced Hg versus Hg from dry deposition that is released in spring runoff. We used mercury stable isotope measurements of GEM, snowfall, snowpack, snowmelt, surface water, vegetation, and peat from a northern Alaska coastal watershed to quantify Hg sources. Although high Hg concentrations are deposited to the snowpack during AMDEs, we estimate that ∼76 to 91% is released back to the atmosphere prior to snowmelt. Mercury deposited to the snowpack as GEM comprises the majority of snowmelt Hg and has a Hg stable isotope composition similar to Hg deposited by reactive surface uptake of GEM into the leaves of trees in temperate forests. This GEM-sourced Hg is the dominant Hg we measured in the spring snowpack and in tundra peat permafrost deposits.
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Capturing the Digital Economy—A Proposed Measurement Framework and Its Applications: A Special Supplement to Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2021. Asian Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/fls210307-3.
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This publication sets out a framework for measuring the importance of the digital economy in national and global production processes. Amid the growing interest in the digitalization of socioeconomic activities, there is a lack of consensus on an established framework to estimate the digital economy. This report proposes a definition of the core digital economy and an input-output analytical framework to measure it. Applying this framework to selected economies and years, it finds that the digital economy and digitally dependent industries contribute a significant portion of gross domestic product. It examines key digital economy phenomena and trends in relation to sectoral links, temporal price changes, jobs, global value chains, the COVID-19 pandemic, and Industry 4.0.