Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Conservation des ressources marines'
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Guilloux, Bleuenn. "Les ressources génétiques marines, la Recherche & Développement et le droit." Nantes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NANT4033.
Full textAdvances in Research & Development reveal the immense diversity and potential of Marine Genetic Resources. Under International Law, no specific regime exists pertaining to these complex and paradoxical objects of Use. The Convention on the Law of the Sea sets up a framework partially unsuitable to this new category of resources. The Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol cover only those within national spaces. Patents allow the holder to exercise a monopoly on a plethora of biotechnological creations with extensive claims, questioning the common nature of Biodiversity and Knowledge. They interfere with research and Biodiversity Law goals. Legal and practical rules of physical and functional access are geometrically variable. These rules focus on the economic valorization of Research, crystallizing conflicts of interests between providers and users. Sustainable Research & Development is essential for marine Biodiversity Knowledge and Protection. The legal characterization of Marine Genetic Resources as Commons, standardized contractual tools, distributed Research & Development infrastructures, the negotiation of an international agreement on the Sustainable Utilization and Conservation of Marine Biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, could lift these inconsistencies
Le, Hardy Magali. "Que reste-t-il de la liberté de la pêche en haute mer ? : essai sur le régime juridique de l'exploitation des ressources biologiques de la haute mer /." Paris : Pédone, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38854673q.
Full textNotice réd. d'après la couv. Bibliogr. p. 389-414. Webliogr. p. 414-415.
Chambon, Danielle. "Les aires marines protégées en droit international et en droit comparé." Nice, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NICE0014.
Full textRaffin, Coralie. "Bases biologiques et écologiques de la conservation du milieu marin en mer d'Iroise." Brest, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BRES2020.
Full textThis study allows an approach to management and protection of the marine environment of the Iroise Sea which is based on biological and ecological knowledge gained for the whole area. This work forms part of the national and international concern for biodiversity conservation by the acquisition and synthesis of scientific knowledge and their restitution with the other interested parties of conservation management. The biological richness of this marine area is attested by the presence of flagship-species, but the benthic environment has remained largely ignored. This study provides data which complete knowledge on the sedimentology of the Iroise's bottoms and allows the specification of the sedimentary cover and its space and seasonal variability. A broad range of sediment types is represented, with a basic importance of cobbles and gravels and the organization of the sediments in superimposed layers, inducing a high habitat complexity ; moreover, space variability masks seasonal variability. Following this, the study of the benthic fauna of the soft sediment bottoms allows the definition of the habitats and communities of the marine environment of Iroise, with six main units of communities of species, each comprising several facets, of which some have great ecological and patrimonial values. The importance of the frontal zone and its influence on the benthic communities are highlighted. An analyse of the use of space and resources in the Iroise Sea is outlined, as well as an assessment concerning the biodiversity and the current state of international reflections on marine protected areas. The final synthesis identifies the interests of the habitats and communities of Iroise and the potential anthropogenic threats in the short and medium term. The priorities and solutions for the conservation of this marine environment are discussed and a multiple-use zoning plan is proposed within the context of the future National Marine Park of the Iroise Sea
Laurent, Luc. "Une Approche de biologie de la conservation appliquée à la population de tortue marine caretta caretta de Méditerranée." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066143.
Full textDagher-Pineri, Nesrine. "La Cour internationale de justice et le droit international de la mer : l'accès aux ressources marines biologiques, la gestion et la conservation des ressources." Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX32043.
Full textNoiville, Christine. "Les régimes juridiques des ressources génétiques marines : contribution à la notion d'intégration des objectifs écologiques aux objectifs économiques." Dijon, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996DIJOA001.
Full textLilette, Valérie. "Conservation et patrimonialisation de la tortue marine dans le Sud-Ouest de l'océan Indien." La Réunion, 2007. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/07_08_Lilette_pap.pdf.
Full textThe comparative study of conservation and heritage of marine turtle between Comoros and south-western Madagascar aims at understanding the process of convergence and divergence leading to the success or failure of projects, and the socio-economie changes they imply on a local scale. These conservation projects are based on the environmental ideology thaf focal communities mariage the new regulations. They recommend the development of eco-tourism as a solution to increase the value of natural sites or flagship species that need protection. The motivations of the different parties involved in these projects cain only be understood after reading the internal strategies an the institutions in which they lake part. The comparison of two monographs, Itsamia (Mohéli, Comoros) and Anakao (South-western Madagascar), aims at presenting the economie stakes induced by marine turties (through fishing, eco tourism valuation), and the shift that these events imply (valuation or devaluation of the animal). Maritime, economie and touristy antropology are tools that allow apprehending strategies of territorial assertion, identity reinforcement and emergence of new cultural spaces in coastal communities. The touristic value implies a distance between human and marine turties, thus making us wonder about the relationship we have with nature, locally and globally
Mensah, Tchotcho Séenam. "Le régime juridique des pêches maritimes dans les Etats riverains membres du comité des pêches de l'atlantique centre-est (COPACE)." Nice, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NICE0014.
Full textShortly after the december 1982 signature of the montego-bay convention about the law of the sea, the hope of developing national marine fisheries appears along with the consecration of the notion of exclusive economic zone. Therefore, it seems advisable to analyse the dispositions taken by the states (chiefly concerning development) to ensure inshore fisheries national exploitation. Starting from the national legislations about fisheries, this study tries to analyse whath has been done and what will have to be done in the cecaf region in order to give a real impulsion to the developing of fisheries. The appreciation of the national policies concerning development and the attempts to reorganize the fishing sector is elaborated according to an institutional approach : either the state on one side has the power to manage fisheries with efficiency; or on both sides, the management of marine fisheries expresses a new solidarity at the international and regional level. The national strategies will be evaluated the later on; but they already show that african governments want to make rational halieutic exploitation, the new lever of their national economic development
Le, Rhun Philippe. "Le chalutage pélagique dans les eaux territoriales bretonnes et vendéennes." Brest, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BRES1005.
Full textClaudet, Joachim. "Aires marines protégées et récifs artificiels : méthodes d'évaluation, protocoles expérimentaux et indicateurs." Perpignan, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PERP0736.
Full textMarine Protected Areas’ (MPAs) and Artificial Reef’s (ARs) management requires complex assessment and monitoring programmes, dealing with different sources of variability. We studied and developed experimental designs and analysis methods suited for the establishment of a monitoring of MPAs and ARs. This methodology is developed from existing data sets in the Northwestern Mediterranean. We build multi-criteria indicators allowing a statistically testable diagnosis of the impact of MPAs and ARs on reef fish assemblages. Using ecological performance indicators permits to monitor and to give an image of the assessed system to managers. It was possible to show the global response of the fish assemblages to the protection by a MPA. This response was evidenced by increases in abundance, species richness or diversity, gradually through space, time and among various taxonomic groups or fish individual sizes. Large fishes reacted faster to protection and shallow habitats were more sensitive to the existence of a MPA. Our results can be useful for the implementation of new MPAs or for the immersions of ARs and for the development of their management plans. Key-words : Marines Protected Areas, Artificial Reefs, Impact Assessment, Temperate Fish, Indicators, Multivariate, Habitat, Monitoring, Statistical Power, Northwestern Mediterranean, Management
Ndoye, Ngoné. "Les accords de pêche : manifestation de la volonté des "Etats" d'une gestion équilibrée des ressources halieutiques ? : l'exemple des accords de pêche conclus entre la Communauté européenne et le Sénégal." Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT3006.
Full textThébaud, Olivier. "Les choix collectifs de conservation des ressources marines vivantes : analyse economique appliquee aux cas des pecheries coralliennes et de l'exploitation internationale des grands cetaces." Paris, EHESS, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998EHES0080.
Full textThe thesis explores collective choice issues related to the conservation of marine living resources. Adaptations of the usual economic approach to recent developments in the definition of conservation problems are investigated. The thesis is based on a comparative analysis of an international case - whaling, and a local case - reef fisheries, used throughout the discussion to illustrate the evolutions considered. It is organised in three parts. The first part presents the usual economic approach to problems of collective choice regarding the conservation of living resources. The analysis shows the central role played by the notion of authority in this approach, leading to the question of the nature and origin of the control exercised by economic agents over marine ecosystems. Following a review of the standard approach to the control of marine fisheries, the second part studies the consequences for this approach of the recent evolution of conservation issues towards a greater emphasis on the natural and social environment in which fisheries operate, at national and international levels. The analysis shows that although conventional bioeconomic tools can partly deal with these changes, they are of limited use in understanding the process by which new systems controlling access to marine ecosystems emerge. The third part investigates this procedural dimension of collective choice problems. Using tools developed for the study of sequential choice in other fields, the analysis shows the benefits of a dynamic approach to decision-making, in which conservation decisions are understood as sequences of choices determining the evolution of resource systems. Based on a comparative analysis of the emergence of control systems in the local and international situations studied, an analysis of the collective dimension of conservation decisions is also carried out
Diagne, Mbenda. "L' apport du tribunal international du droit de la mer (TIDM) aux principes juridiques dégagés en droit de la mer." Nice, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NICE0001.
Full textThe Law of the sea constitutes one of the oldest branches of the international law. It was for long time dominated by the liberty on the sea principle before it became progressively dominated by commercial and strategic concerns. Therefore, the numerous challenges concerning these areas are subject to international jurisdiction namely the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. First specialised jurisdiction at the end of the last century, the international tribunal for the law of the sea, during its thirteen years of existence, has contributed to the maritime law development and furthermore to the international law extending to areas such as environmental law. These contribution concerns not only the procedural rules but also the content rules. The Tribunal has focused its procedural organisation on the emergency theme setting short range goals in all the phases of the juridical procedure. Moreover, it has contributed to make clear some rules of the international law by adapting them on the law of the sea. But if some rules have been specified by the Tribunal namely the Duties and Rights of all the States in the Economic Exclusive Zone, the condition for the pursue law and the use of force on sea in combating the non-compliance, but some principles namely the principle of precaution have been shyly established
Sadio, Oumar. "Evaluation de l'efficacité des Aires Marines Protégées comme outil de restauration des ressources marines et de gestion des stocks halieutiques : l'expérience ouest africaine." Thesis, Brest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BRES0090/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the study of the effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) as restoration tools of marine resources and fish stocks management in tropical West Africa. The study involves three MPAs. The first one is the Bamboung MPA, a marine reserve located in estuarine areas (with marine influence), closed to fishing since 2004. The second is the Urok Islands MPA established in 2005 and located in the biosphere Reserve of Bijagos archipelago in the coastal part of Guinea-Bissau. It is divided into three areas and fishing is allowed there with a fishing pressure becoming stronger from the central area to peripheral area. The third MPA is the Banc d‟Arguin National Marine Park located along the coast of Mauritania. It was created in 1976 and fishing activities are restricted. Many AMP were evaluated worldwide and the results are in the main part positive. In tropical zones, the variability of environmental parameters affects the spatial and temporal organization of fish assemblage. Therefore, the MPA establishment in a tropical zone has raised questions about their effectiveness inrelation to the influence of environmental parameters. According to the AMP, spatial or temporal approach will be used to answer questions. Comparison analysis will be used. The analysis of biological data comes after those of the physicochemical parameters that show strong seasonal variability in each MPA. This result justifies the choice of seasonal analysis of biological data in order to minimize the influence of environmental variations.Regarding the Bamboung MPA, the results of global approach clearly confirm that it is an effective tool for restoring marine resources. The seasonal approach shows this role in cold season, but not in hot and wet seasons. In 9 years of protection, the Bamboung MPA contributed to attract big fish in the Bamboung bolon. The spillover effect in Bamboung MPA is not clearly demonstrated according to our results. A downward trend of biological indicators according to the distance to the MPA has been observed especially in hot season and wet season. Similarly, the analysis of indicators related to reproduction does not show that the Bamboung MPA improve fish reproduction. Regarding Urok Islands MPA and Banc d’Arguin National marine Park, the results do not confirm that these AMP are fish stock management tools (improved yields of fishing activities and fish reproduction). However, for Urok islands MPA the observed trends suggest a biomass concentration in the central area, an equilibrium role played by the intermediate area and a role of fish biomass provider of the peripheral area. For Banc d’Arguin National Marine Parc, the inside area seems to contribute to the enrichment of the external area by transferring fish biomass. Non-specific results could be explained by the small data collected in the MPAs. So the idea to conduct a short-term biological monitoring and to analyze reproduction indicators in population level has been considered for the three MPA to find clear results on their role in the management of fish stocks
Monserrat, Barcelo Margalida. "Régression des forêts marines : causes et effets dans le cadre de leur conservation et restauration." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023COAZ4011.
Full textLarge brown forest-forming macroalgae are dominant foundation species, ecosystem engineers of marine macroalgal forests. In the Mediterranean Sea, they are mainly represented by Cystoseira sensu lato spp. most of wich are endemic. They are also characterized for being long-lived species with short dispersal of the zygotes. Marine forests are one of the most productive and diverse ecosystems on earth. However, anthropogenic impacts are pushing them to the edge, causing regime shifts towards less complex communities such as shrubs, turfs, or even barren grounds. Marine forest loss affects the whole ecosystem, eventually making it more vulnerable to emergent phenomena such as benthic harmful algal blooms (BHAB). BHAB of the genus Ostreopsis spp. have been expanding in recent decades through temperate regions such as the Mediterranean Sea, where they have important public health, ecological and economic consequences. Major blooms are generally observed on macroalgal turfs and shrubs, suggesting that less structurally complex macroalgal communities could have an active role in promoting the proliferation of blooms.The main objectives of this thesis are (i) to assess some abiotic (climate change) and biotic (herbivory) causes of marine forests loss in the Mediterranean Sea and (ii) the potential consequences this loss can have in the context of BHABs proliferation. In the first two chapters, the causes of Cystoseira s.l. spp. loss were assessed. In Chapter 1, the effects of climate change and species facilitation on the recruitment of Cystoseira compressa were studied in controlled laboratory experiments. The major results from this chapter show that the interactive effects of ocean warming and acidification negatively affect C. compressa recruits, which are also negatively affected by the presence of crustose coralline algae. In Chapter 2 the grazing pressure and the effects of different invertebrates on recruits of C. compressa were assessed through field surveys and both field and laboratory-based experiments. The results obtained show a high grazing rate of several common invertebrate species (molluscs, decapods et isopods) on recruits of C. compressa, representing a threat to natural populations in the long term, but also affecting the success of restoration actions. In chapters 3 and 4 the consequences of forest loss and in particular, the facilitation of Ostreopsis spp. blooms was approached by a literature review and field experiments. The review, reported in Chapter 3, focussed on the role of habitat in the facilitation of Ostreopsis spp. blooms. Despite an evident lack of information at the global scale on the meso- and macro-habitat fostering Ostreopsis spp. blooms, the present knowledge suggests a relationship between the abundance of Ostreopsis spp. and the complexity of the macroalgal communities. In Chapter 4 Ostreopsis spp. blooms have been studied in relation to macroalgal communities in field experiments in Italy and in France. A high variability on Ostreopsis spp. abundances was observed in the different macroalgal species and communities sampled, in some cases likely hiding other potential patterns of Ostreopsis spp. preferences. Larger scale studies would be needed to confirm these results.These findings provide important insights into the causes and effects of Cystoseira s.l. spp. loss and are of major interest for the conservation of Mediterranean marine forests, contributing to the development of effective management measures. The results presented support the importance of marine forests restoration in the Mediterranean Sea, as recommended by the 2030 European Biodiversity Strategy, the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development objectives. Such restoration actions will not only increase the productivity and biodiversity of coastal ecosystems but could potentially mitigate the public health, ecological and economic consequences of Ostreopsis spp. blooms
André, Laure Vaitiare. "Planification spatiale systématique pour la gestion des lagons perlicoles dans le Pacifique selon une approche multicritère (biodiversité, ressources, usages, ciguatéra)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS382.pdf.
Full textEffective conservation and sustainable resource management are critical. Systematic Conservation Planning (SCP) identifies the areas that best meet the trade-offs between conservation objectives and costs, providing managers with a transparent decision support. However, our state of the art indicates a tendency for marine SCP in Oceania to be too generic regarding local needs, revealing several orphaned themes, yet crucial locally. This thesis aims to fill this gap by examining four research questions, applied to three lagoons in French Polynesia. 1. How can ciguatera be integrated into SCP? 2. Can SCP guide pearl farming management? 3. Can SCP make a useful contribution to traditional management? 4. How can strategies for diversifying activities be designed with SCP? Connected to the problems of managers, to local criteria and based on spatial data from surveys of fishers, this thesis formalizes a new method for integrating ciguatera into the SCP and produces original results with optimized costs. Two strong aspects emerge: optimizing traditional fisheries management and identifying areas for reintroducing pearl oysters. This confirms the practical interest and the initial choice of a “think globally, act locally” approach. In a context where commitments for conservation and sustainable management are multiplying, the SCP proves to be a precious tool to reduce the gap between research and action by translating, in conjunction with the managers, international ambitions into adapted local responses
Delavenne, Juliette. "Conservation des habitats marins soumis à des usages multiples : méthodes, objectifs et contraintes pour l'optimisation d'un réseau d'Aires Marines Protégées en Manche Orientale." Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00871864.
Full textBour, William. "Biologie, écologie, exploitation et gestion rationnelle des trocas (Trochus niloticus L. ) de Nouvelle Calédonie." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20022.
Full textAlban, Frédérique. "Contribution à l'analyse économique des aires marines protégées : Applications à la rade de Brest et à la mer d'Iroise." Brest, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BRES6003.
Full textThe expression "marine protected area" (MPA) can encompass many names, some of which are sometimes more familiar : marine reserve, fishing box, park. . . Despite the diversity of the cases, MPA usually pursue three main targets : ecosystem, preservation, fisheries management, and development of recreational activities (so-called "ecotourism"). While these three types of motivations may often conflict, they can also combine with each other. However, simultaneously implementing the various objectives implies to take into account the complexity of the effects induced by the MPA creation, and the possibility of conflicts of interests between the different stakeholders. Beside the ecosystem dynamics, it is necessary to study the dynamics of the activities as well as the institutionnal context. The aim of this thesis is to produce an economic analysis of the MPA as a mamanagement tool in the coastal zone, from the point of view of sustainable exploitation of the tempered ecosystems. After having carried out a "state of the art" on MPAs, we enlarge the usual analytical framework of bioeconomic modeling by integrating other activities that fishing. We add to this theoretical analysis an empirical approach based on two case studies : the scallop fishery in the bay of Brest and the project to create a national park in the Iroise sea, which would be the first national marine park in France. These two case studies illustrate two types of MPA resting on different logics : one strictly focused on fishing, the other with multi-use purpose
Ballouard, Jean-Marie. "Espèces charismatiques, espèces locales et serpents en éducation à l'environnement : évaluation sur dix pays de la perception des enfants à protéger la faune et importance de l'expérience de terrain." Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2010/Ballouard-Jean-Marie/2010-Ballouard-Jean-Marie-These.pdf.
Full textEnvironmental education is one of the main tools to overcome the current loss of biodiversity. Media and school occupy a central place to educate public, but they broadcast almost exclusively messages based on few spectacular and exotic animals (polar bear, whales…). Scholar education has a crucial role to promote knowledge, awareness, of schoolchildren and thus their willingness to protect a wide range of organisms, including less popular species. Using written questionnaires, we surveyed in ten different countries on Europe 7, Africa 1, and Asia 2, the perceptions of schoolchildren aged from 6 to 14 years for animals. The outcome is alarming: schoolchildren are disconnected from their local environment. Mirroring media, schoolchildren can list very few animal species requiring protection which they watched on TV screens. However, a survey of the perception of schoolchildren for snakes showed a moderate aversion level and a clear willingness to protect them, a surprising and encouraging result. We brought almost 600 children to discover native snakes through field experiences. Via the activation of the affective channel, almost all the children expressed their willingness to protect snakes, at the same level than panda and other loveable species. This study reveals the failure of the scholar educational system that focuses on dogmatic message, virtual information and intellectual approach to the detriment of field trips and physical contact with wildlife. A concrete approach of biodiversity is however essential and urgent to reconnect children with their local environment. Our results reinforce the (so far) fruitless message that schoolchildren should be bring into the field to generate positive attitude and behaviour toward the protection of the biodiversity. Environmental education should not neglect unpopular organisms declared. To progress, significant efforts must be produced to not limit conservation messages and actions to few iconic species
Stahl, Lucile. "Le droit de la protection de la nature et de la diversité biologique dans les collectivités françaises d'Outre-mer." Lyon 3, 2009. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2009_out_stahl_l.pdf.
Full textThanks to its overseas collectivities, France enhances its heritage with a great diversity of species and ecosystems, often rare and sometimes unique. However, there are rather serious threats which weigh on this exceptional heritage. In this context, it is essential to evaluate the accuracy of the law of nature protection and biodiversity. The characteristics and legal status of the protection of nature, as well as its influence on the environmental, overseas and public laws, have been analyzed here. It will be shown that in contact with collectivities’ legal diversity – and a fortiori since the 28 March 2003 revision of the Constitution related to the decentralized organization of the Republic – a specific law on nature’s conservation is emerging. However, the efficiency of the overseas law, whether it is an exact copy of the law in Continental France or elaborated in a more autonomous way, still remains limited for the protection of biodiversity. It therefore appears necessary to strengthen the law on nature protection, both in its conception and enforcement. In this respect, an increase in awareness of certain ecological overseas’ specificities (such as being an island, extreme sensitivity to exotic invasive species, coral reef and endemic species, etc. ) could effectively contribute to this reinforcement
Zakovska, Karolina. "La protection de la biodiversité marine en droit international : à la recherche d'un cadre d'harmonisation d'une réglementation disparate." Nantes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NANT4020.
Full textOceans represent over 90% of the biosphere; life abounds there in countless forms that interact with each other. This diversity is essential for the integrity of marine ecosystems, which in turn provide basic services to humanity. However, the diversity of marine life is threatened by the irresponsible behaviour of man causing marine pollution, habitat destruction and overexploitation of marine living resources. Given the discordance between the natural characteristics of the oceans (especially the relative homogeneity of the marine environment) and their fragmented legal regime, action at the international level taking into account the complexity of marine ecosystems is necessary to address the dangers that marine biodiversity faces. However, such action is complicated by the disparate nature of international law in this field. Evolving on an ad hoc basis in response to specific problems identified by scientists, international law perceives different marine organisms either as natural resources or as endangered components of nature, and thus subjects them to different rules and institutions. This disparity does not prevent effective action for the benefit of marine biodiversity on condition, however, that the relevant actors respect the general principles of environmental law. These principles make it possible to overcome the disparate nature of international law by creating a general harmonisation framework within which the rôle of all existing institutions would be respected and their efforts for the benefit of marine biodiversity would be mutually supportive
Diallo, Mariama. "Au cœur de la nature et de l’Etat : une ethnographie de la cogestion de l’Aire Marine Protégée du Bamboung au Sénégal." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0173.
Full textHow are protected areas in Senegal managed in the light of conservation field reforms related to the introduction of multi-stakeholder governance modes ? This work answers this question through an ethnography of the interactions generated by the implementation and operationalization of co-management agreements in the Bamboung Marine Protected Area (MPA), in the geographical region of the Saloum Delta in Senegal. Negotiated between citizens, State administrations and the Oceanium Association, co-management agreements are promoted as instruments for the joint management of the GPA. Their operationalization implies the intervention of institutions of a different nature giving rise to the observation of institutional and legal pluralism and the mobilization of several normative repertoires likely to be complementary, contradictory or in competition. Similarly, the production of GPA prohibition rules and access rights is no longer the responsibility of a single institution, whether legal or legitimate. Conflicts, competitions, tacit or explicit alliances are emerging whose stakes go beyond environmental issues. Although the new conservation methods hoped for in Bamboung contribute to the disengagement of State administrations or the fragmentation of its sovereignty, they do not systematically reflect a loss of sovereignty or its dispossession of public action. On the other hand, they are at the origin of other dynamics that deserve to be explored, halfway between international inputs, local socio-political dynamics and the preservation or even expansion of State power. Co-management agreements not only fill a gap, but also provide information on the relationship between the state and alternative modes of service delivery, its presence and redeployment. In this sense, do co-management agreements tend to blur or strengthen the boundaries between state prerogatives and those attributed to other stakeholders ? What do they tell us about the transformation of the role of state administrations, their evolution on the ground and their current dynamics ? How do they inform us, moreover, about the socio-political reconfigurations within "local communities", the factory of access to resources and citizenship ?
Zognou, Théophile. "La protection de l'environnement marin et côtier dans la région du golfe de Guinée." Limoges, 2012. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/4dd3a020-61e5-4216-8f3a-47f38169d846/blobholder:0/2012LIMO1008.pdf.
Full textThe marine and coastal environment of the Gulf of Guinea contains important natural resources. It offers significant opportunities to the coastal populations in term of means of subsistence. However this environment is confronted with many problems: coastal erosion, the overexploitation of the living and abiotic resources, marine and coastal pollution. Thus, the key challenge that lies upon the States of the region is to ensure the optimal preservation of this environment and to guarantee a ustainable exploitation of the resources. The analysis of the environmental normative and institutional corpus put in place by those States, both at regional and national levels, shows that the governance framework of marine and coastal environment though is plural, remains insufficient. It still has to be improved to ensure an effective protection of this ecosystem and resources. In other words, the principal challenge which arises for the States of the area with regard to the marine and coastal environmental protection remains that to reform the global governance framework of these espaces and decline it out of relevant and effective mechanisms of action
Arceo, Hazel O. "Assessing the effectiveness of marine protected areas in sustaining small-scale fisheries : ecological and management perspectives from the French Mediterranean." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4091.
Full textMarine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly being implemented as a fisheries management tool. The continued decline of worldwide capture fisheries gives an impetus for studying how MPAs could sustain fisheries. Despite the growing MPA literature, many ecological effects have remained understudied. This doctoral thesis aimed to examine how MPAs can benefit small-scale fisheries, particularly in the French Mediterranean. Field experiments were conducted in the Cap Roux Fishery Reserve, Saint-Raphaël to determine the effects of protection on adult fish communities, recruitment and adjacent fisheries. Indirect effects of protection were detected, particularly on trophic interactions. Mortality of juvenile fish was higher inside the reserve compared to fished areas as seen from surveys of newly-settled Diplodus sargus in their nursery habitats and a caging experiment using recently-settled Symphodus ocellatus in artificial habitats. The mortality patterns were attributed to higher predation inside the reserve. Stable isotope analyses revealed that fish species with higher trophic levels were caught inside the reserve. Meanwhile, catch yields from experimental fishing were higher inside the reserve than in fished areas but decreased with distance from the center of the reserve. Spillover effect was not observed, which could be explained by several factors: poaching or fishing along the boundary which could offset any gains from protection, reserve size which could be incompatible with natural fish home ranges, and the age of the reserve which could still be young for full biomass recovery. These factors should be considered in the management of the Cap Roux Fishery Reserve
Veriza, Roberto Francis. "Les yeux de la mer et les médecins de la mer : des espaces sacrés des ancêtres aux aires marines protégées des vazaha sur le littoral vezo à Madagascar." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BOR30017.
Full textThe coastal strip of the southwest of Madagascar is occupied by the group of Vezo whose fishing is the main livelihood. This occupation is part of a long history since the days of the slave trade (seventeenth century). Vezo based their identity through fishing (with the introduction of banned sites to manage marine resources) and control of navigation. In the early 1980s, oceanographers have reported that marine and coastal ecosystems are "in danger." It is generally attributed to increased poverty, a strong demand for fish products by the national and international market, and a higher number of users of the sea. The negative result in the evolution of these ecosystems is the origin of the intervention, since the early 1990s, of the international institutions and development agencies to modernize traditional vezo practices and fishing gear. Similarly, conservationists have established marine protected areas and promoted “volontourism” and aquaculture. Through the example of Andavadoake, we analyze the evolution of the use of space as well as fishing practices, whose originality was managing tanifaly "sacred sites" which changes the vezo identity. An analysis of regional strategies in their historical depth allows us to challenge the classification in Vezo ethnic group, which is also one of the goals of our thesis. Finally, we will evaluate to what extent the policy of setting reserves participated in the organizational and spatial transformations Vezo. Finally, we evaluate how expansion of marine protected areas participate in the Vezo's organizational and spatial transformations
Surmont, Emmanuelle. "Le front écologique maritime en action : merritorialités et aires marines protégées en France d’outre-mer et en Afrique du Sud." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BOR30001.
Full textSince the end of the 2000s, measures to protect marine biodiversity have been progressively implemented in the oceans leading to the creation of marine protected areas (MPAs). States have started to take on this final frontier and began to set up MPAs in their territorial waters and exclusive economic zones. A global maritime ecofrontier has opened up under the impetus of a group of stakeholders - the eco-conquerors - who are advocating the replacement of unsustainable ocean exploitation methods with more environmentally friendly ones. This thesis focuses on France, compared with South Africa. The originality of the analysis lies, on the one hand, in the comparison between these two States, and on the other hand, in an approach of the French policy as seen from the perspective of its overseas territories, considered as socio-economically and politically marginal. The work is based on several case studies: first, carried out in the Indian Ocean, in Mayotte (Mayotte Marine Natural Park [PNMM] and National Nature Reserve [RNN] of the M'bouzi islet) and in Reunion Island (Reunion Island Marine Nature Reserve [RNMR]), and second, in South Africa, in the Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area (TMNP MPA) around the Cape Peninsula and in the iSimangaliso Wetland Park (iSWP) in KwaZulu Natal. These areas were complemented by an analysis of the Glorieuses Marine Natural Park (PNMG) and the French Southern Lands National Nature Reserve (RNN TAF). The thesis documents the way in which the maritime ecological front has opened up and has become sustainable at different scales and the role played by administrations, NGOs and scientist’s mobilisation. It highlights the originality of the merritorialities, the political orientations chosen by the two States and the forms of national maritime ecofrontier development. A resistance movement born from the field has led to a "dotted line" maritime ecological front made up of reduced, shifting, unstable conservation merritories based on an incomplete and dissonant governmentality. The analysis highlights the importance of the postcolonial history of the studied territories in the way national policies have been negotiated by local actors - the eco-creators – in order to produce hybrid policies and to give birth to original competing conservation merritories
Scianna, Claudia. "Les aires marines protégées méditerranéennes et la science de l'organisation : une nouvelle approche pour évaluer l'efficacité et les performances de la gestion." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4028.
Full textMarine Protected Areas (MPAs) are recognized as tools for conservation and resource management purposes. MPA management effectiveness, i.e. the degree of achievement of MPA goals, is highly variable. Some MPA features (e.g. age) partially explain such variability, but part of it still remains unexplained. Other factors affecting MPA management effectiveness could be detected by applying the Organization Science (OS, discipline that studies the organizations) to MPAs. The objectives of this manuscript are to 1) assess the management effectiveness of Mediterranean MPAs, 2) explore the application of OS in MPA context, 3) use the OS framework for the assessment of MPA organizational features, management performance (i.e. the level of effort exerted to achieve MPA goals) and effectiveness. Ecological and organizational data on Mediterranean MPAs were collected through questionnaires, and from peer-reviewed and grey literature. Results show that Mediterranean MPAs are effective, but the overall variability of our outcomes was only partially explained. No previous studies applied the OS framework to MPAs. Our attempt to incorporate the OS framework in the MPA context is, therefore, novel. Results show a significant heterogeneity of Mediterranean MPAs from an organizational point of view. The studied MPAs displayed a generally low management performance, with relationships between some organizational variables and the MPA management effectiveness. The present research is an important step forward to improve MPA management effectiveness, which has multiple ecological, social and political implications
Mbarek, Marouene. "Evaluation économique des aires marines protégées : apports méthodologiques et applications aux îles Kuriat (Tunisie)." Thesis, Angers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANGE0033/document.
Full textThe protection of marine natural resources is a major challenge for policy makers. The recent development of marine protected areas (MPAs) contributes to the preservation issues. MPAs are aimed to preserve the marine and coastal ecosystems while promoting human activities. The complexity of these objectives makes them difficult to reach. The purpose of this work is to conduct an ex-ante analysis of a proposed MPA to Kuriat Islands (Tunisia). This analysis is an aid to decision makers for better governance by integrating the actors involved (fisherman, visitor, boater) in the management process. To do this, we use the contingent valuation method (CVM) to samples of fishermen and visitors to the islands Kuriat. We are interested in the treatment of selection and sampling bias and uncertainty about specifying econometric models during the implementation of the CVM. We use the model HeckitBMA, which is a combination of the Heckman model (1979) and Bayesian inference, to calculate the willingness to accept of fishermen. We also use the model Zero inflated ordered probit (ZIOP), which is a combination of a binary probit with an ordered probit, to calculate the willingness to pay of visitors after correcting the sample by multiple imputation. Our results show that groups of actors are distinguished by their activity and economic conditions that cause them to have different perceptions. This allows policy makers to develop a policy of compensation to compensate the players who have been harmed
Dalleau, Mayeul. "Écologie spatiale des tortues marines dans le Sud-ouest de l’océan Indien : apport de la géomatique et de la modélisation pour la conservation." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0037/document.
Full textAnimal movement is crucial to the ecology of spatially structured population, particularly for highly mobile species. Marine turtles’ life cycle is indeed closely related to spatial and environmental factors. This work analyses the spatial ecology of marine turtles, from early juvenile to adult stages, in the Southwest Indian Ocean, primarily through the use of two methods: satellite tracking and individual-based modeling. Firstly, this analysis argues that green turtle’s reproductive phenology across the region is mainly related to the sea surface temperature in the vicinity of the nesting site. Then, it shows how drifting trajectories of hatchlings in oceanic currents unevenly influence their life history traits depending on the position of the natal site. By tracking late juvenile stage, this work also suggests a trans-equatorial developmental cycle for loggerhead turtle in the Indian Ocean. At adult stage, it describes migratory corridors and connectivity for green turtle across the region. Finally, an integrative approach considering all these results allows for an understanding of the regional migratory patterns and their influence on population dynamics. The results of this work provide a practical policy decision tool for management and conservation of marine turtles in the Southwest Indian Ocean and highlight the need for a large-scale approach in the protection of biological resources and heritage shared by multiple nations
García, Cáceres Danilo Vicente. "La conservation des milieux marins en droit international et droit de l'union européenne." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010263.
Full textIn an era when every element in our society can be monetized, this research examining the conservation of marine environment in European union and International Law will lead a holistic incursion in environmental law which will include a legal and a socio-eco-systemic approach to the conservation and the sustainable management of marine areas.This study provides a legal analysis of key issues: maritime boundary delimitations, marine resources and management of protected marine areas. It will underline the need for a new type of ocean governance involving an increased implication of socio-political stakeholders. Participation, access to information and environmental justice appear, now more than ever, as the main tools to ensure marine areas conservation and, ultimately, to safeguard human rights.The analysis of international efforts to fight the pollution of marine areas, through recourse to international and European union law is led against its various causes (operational, accidental or telluric pollutions) as well as their consequences. An analysis of available tools to better guarantee maritime security and safety - including through a study of maritime piracy - will allow for a comprehensive and prospective view of some of the international and European union legislations regarding illicit maritime acts and harmful acts against marine environment
Podeur, Gaëtan. "Quantification des bactéries histaminogénes et maîtrise de la formation d'histamine dans les produits marins par biopréservation." Nantes, 2014. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=1f7697ee-4a5d-4374-98ee-47fb21ec5d43.
Full textHistamine-producing bacteria were isolated from naturally contaminated seafood, some of responsible for histamine-poisoning. At the same time, lactic acid bacteria were isolated on the same products and clustered according to their inhibitory activity against 4 histamine-producing species. Most of the strains were identified as Lactobacillus fuchuensis or Lactobacillus sakei. Twelve lactic acid bacteria were selected for challenge-test on canned, cooked or smoked tuna. Challenge-test combined with sensory analysis performed on cooked vacuum-packed tuna against Morganella psychrotolerans and Morganella morganii, demonstrated an important inhibitory effect on growth and production of histamine with L. Sakei CNCM I-4707. Bacterial count was reduced by 3 to 5 log CFU/g and histamine production was reduced under 50 mg/kg by L. Sakei after 4 days of storage at 15°C and 11 days at 4°C (for M. Psychrotolerans). Based on sensory evaluation, biopreservation performed with L. Sakei also extended the shelf-life of cooked tuna up to 8 days at 15°C. A real-time PCR method specific of M. Psychrotolerans and M. Morganii with a selective enrichment step was developed. After enrichment, this method allowed to quantify M. Psychrotolerans and M. Morganii between 50 CFU/g to 104 CFU/g, while direct amplification quantified these bacteria between 104 CFU/g to 109 CFU/g. Finally, the development of a new RT-qPCR method was initiated to demonstrate an over-expression of the genes involved in the reduction of histidine into histamine under acidic stress
Robvieux, Pauline. "Conservation des populations de Cystoseira en régions Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur et Corse." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00876899.
Full textFall, Assane. "Le Parc National du Banc d’Arguin : Pêche, Conservation et Développement durable dans une Aire Marine et Côtière Protégée." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0074.
Full textSince the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002 and the World Congress on Protected Areas ( South Africa, 2003) , Marine Protected Areas (MPAs ) are seen as tools for conservation and sustainable development. Their contribution to the conservation of marine biodiversity and the recovery of fish stocks is considered crucial for protection based on participatory governance which involves local people in the project of conservation and sustainable development. That is why the AMP as the National Park of Banc d'Arguin (PNBA), took a major importance for achieving these objectives. The PNBA is a breeding ground for fish and birds and spawning of great importance. Despite its strengths, space PNBA is exposed to multiple challenges. The last few years have seen a gradual depletion of fishery resources and the development of fishing effort. The specificity of the PNBA is the also its resident population: Imraguen, which are only allowed to go fishing with lanches Canarian lateen sail types. The objective of this research was thus questioning participatory manner different actors (Directorate of PNBA, Imraguen local populations and FIBA ). He tries to examine how improving participatory governance in the National Park of Banc d'Arguin (PNBA). The results of this thesis highlight the main constraints to improving governance in this space. Thus, we propose a reconfiguration of this governance by improving the functioning of these public spaces for dialogue , but also a better collaboration between different stakeholders and in particular through better involvement of Imraguen in achieving conservation action and sustainable development in the PNBA
Godet, Laurent. "L’évaluation des besoins de conservation d’un patrimoine naturel littoral marin : l’exemple des estrans meubles de l’archipel de Chausey." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MNHN0004.
Full textThe intention of conserving the marine littoral biodiversity appeared following the awareness of its high vulnerability. In the current context of the sixth extinction, conservation biologists mainly focus on rich, rare, and vulnerable elements. But is it not a fight against the “tip of iceberg” of the biodiversity crisis? Do the common marine littoral habitats not represent a conservation stake as well? To answer this question, we explore the conservation needs of the soft-bottom benthic intertidal habitats of the Chausey archipelago (Normand-Breton Gulf). The highlighting of 180 years of naturalist testimonies, marvellous reference state of the natural heritage of the site and its perception along two centuries, as well as the development and the application of a new method allowing to map, monitor and describe accurately each benthic habitat, reveal the extreme complexity of this archipelago which includes almost all the soft-bottom benthic intertidal habitats of the north-western Europe. Of these habitats, few benefit from conservation measures. However, through the example of the Lanice conchilega beds, we underline the high conservation need of an ordinary habitat, which is a priori non-vulnerable and almost impossible to conserve because of its huge distribution. In Chausey, this habitat represents an important conservation need both from a biological and a socioeconomic point of view. In addition, it is threatened by shellfish farming which negatively impacts its associated benthic macrofaunal assemblage and its attractive nature for shorebirds. The conservation needs of each habitat are then evaluated through stakes (what is affected if a habitat disappears), hazards (extinction risk) and conservation possibilities, through an interdisciplinary approach combining ecology, geography, and history. The combination of these criteria highlights a diversity of conservation needs which can be generalized to a wide range of other marine littoral habitats of the temperate coasts
Garineaud, Clément. "Récolter la mer : des savoirs et des pratiques des collecteurs d'algues à la gestion durable des ressources côtières dans le Finistère (Bretagne)." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MNHN0004/document.
Full textAfter several cycles over the course of past centuries, seaweed harvesting in Finistere is once again experiencing a revival and emerging as a promising sector. Beyond socio-economic transformations, it is also faced with current issues of biodiversity conservation and the sharing of maritime space. How can human activity and preservation of the environment be reconciled? The mobilized ethnoecological approach looks at resource management by local communities through their engagement - practices, traditional ecological knowledge, and representations. The aim of this thesis is thus twofold: understanding the dynamics of seaweed harvesters' engagement, and understanding how they mobilize and cope with current issues. Through ethnographic survey and ethnoecological methods, the scientific, social, and administrative frameworks were investigated diachronically to understand the context and the issue. The identity of the collectors were studied through both 'administrative statuses' as well as five profiles that emerged from the data. This diversity in forms of engagement is reflected in the sensory perceptions mobilized during harvesting, in the vernacular classifications of seaweed, and in how space is apprehended. The analysis of these three dimensions reveals a rich body of 'intimate', 'embodied', and 'situated' knowledge that is inextricable from practices relating to seaweed, aquatic environments, and ecosystem dynamics. Finally, various elements across knowledge and representations shed light on conflicts and illustrate the influence of science and industry on collectors. The climate event that took place during the winter of 2013–2014, for example, left an impact on seaweed resources and forced collectors to adapt. It revealed the interplay between actors of the various sectors and the composite (or even hybrid) nature of their engagement, a first step towards co-management
Moulins, Aurélie. "To the integrated approach and to the management of pelagic biodiversity inside a marine protected area : case of the cetacean populations in the Pelagos sanctuary (north-western Mediterranean sea)." Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10027.
Full textTaquet, Coralie. "Diversité et différenciation génétiques des populations de tortues vertes, Chelonia mydas, dans les sites de ponte et d'alimentation du Sud-Ouest de l'océan Indien : application aux stratégies de conservation de l'espèce." La Réunion, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00473051/fr/.
Full textIn this study, we inferred the genetic structure of green turtle populations in the South-Western Indian Ocean using control region of mitochondrial DNA and 6 micro satellite loci. We collected 1551 samples. The study zone is rich and very diversified, with 29 haplotypes (including 15 described for the first time) distributed in 3 highly divergent clades. We notice the existence of a genetic cline. Genetic exchanges between the two metapopulations of green turtles (Atlantic-Mediterranean and Indo-Pacifîc) occur in this region, and participate to the genetic mixing of the species. The study of intrinsic and extrinsic factors which could influence the population structuring provides useful information for the elaboration of management plans. The 8 potential management units (MUs) identified might be used as base for the elaboration of management plans
Postaire, Bautisse. "Connectivité et endémisme d'espèces marines dans le sud-ouest de l'océan Indien : le cas des Aglaopheniidae." Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0006/document.
Full textDesigning biodiversity conservation plans requires knowledge on the biogeographic distribution of taxa but also accurate estimates of species richness and diversification processes. However, measuring the phyletic richness can be biased by the use of inappropriate taxonomical characters, leading to erroneous species delimitation and diversity estimates. This work explores the phyletic richness at several taxonomic levels (generic, specific and intraspecific) of the hydrozoan family Aglaopheniidae (Agassisz, 1862), with a particular focus on the South-Western Indian Ocean. Firstly, using several newly constructed phylogenies based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers, this study reveals that the phyletic diversity of this family is at underestimated by at least 50%: all studied genera are polyphyletic or with doubtful monophyletic status. Then, using several species delimitation methods based on molecular markers, it sheds light on the richness of cryptic diversity of this family, enlightening the potential of using an integrative taxonomic approach on these morphologically simple organisms. Finally, the population genetics of an Aglaopheniidae brooding species shows a high populations structuring with pervasive pattern of isolation by distance at several geographic scales (several to thousands of kilometres), implying a potentially high cryptic diversity existing in this family. The results of this work provide new insights on Aglaopheniidae diversity, underlining the potential influence of reproductive mode on the phyletic diversity and diversification processes of brooding hydrozoan brooders. This thesis further highlights the relevance of using several complementary species delimitation procedures to study the diversity of morphologically simple organisms
Grüss, Arnaud. "Evaluation de l'efficacité des aires marines protégées pour les populations de poissons exploitées mobiles et leurs pêcheries : approches de modélisation." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20008/document.
Full textMarine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly considered for their ability to improve species conservation and, potentially, fisheries yields via the export of fish and larvae to fished areas. Critical knowledge gaps remain on the impacts of fish movement for MPA functioning and on how MPAs protecting moderately to highly mobile populations may be effective without being extremely large. Here, different models are used to address these knowledge gaps. First, a conceptual model was developed to explore the impacts of fish movement versus larval dispersal on MPA effectiveness. Results demonstrate that fish movement has a stronger negative impact on population persistence in MPA networks than larval dispersal. Redistribution of the fishing effort formerly in MPAs and concentration of fishers on MPA borders dramatically reduce persistence and yields for mobile populations, while they marginally change results for populations with dispersing larvae. Two applied models examining the effects of MPAs targeting specific fractions of migratory populations were then developed. A spatially-explicit model was used to study the effects of MPAs on two South African hake populations undergoing ontogenetic migrations. Results show that MPAs targeting juveniles considerably increase hake spawning biomass. This increase in biomass improves the yields of some, but not all fishing fleets. A per-recruit model was used to assess MPA effects for reef populations migrating to form transient spawning aggregations. Applying the model to two populations from Seychelles, MPAs protecting spawning aggregations are found to improve fish reproductive potential in general, but not yield-per-recruit
Sassi, Selma. "La mise en oeuvre par l'Algérie de la Convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer (1982)." Lyon 3, 2009. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/in/theses/2009_in_sassi_s.pdf.
Full textDuring the 3rd conference of the United Nations on the Law of the Sea which led to the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNCLOS, on December 10, 1982, in Montego Bay (Jamaica); Algeria, a coastal State but regarding itself as being geographically disadvantaged, bordering a semi-closed sea as the Mediterranean, battled actively to challenge the traditional Law of the Sea and structured its suggestions around making an attempt to develop a new body of maritime law. Although these latter were only very partially kept in the final text, Algeria signed this Convention in 1982, but nonetheless ratified it only in 1996. This thesis aims precisely at identifying how in such a context Algeria chose to implement this Convention and the way in which it will receive and integrate the provisions in its national law. It appears that Algeria, depending on its interests, chose, at least initially, a selective implementation of the provisions of this Convention. However, this selective initial choice did not prevent Algeria from making substantial efforts for the implementation of the Convention, even though these latter still have to be reinforced and consolidated for a more effective implementation. As a matter of fact, this was the fashion in which Algeria tackled the installation of a legal framework adapted to the national implementation of the UNCLOS, based at the same time on the foundations of a suitable normative process as well as on an efficient institutional and operational structure. Furthermore, Algeria made regional cooperation and international one of its priorities for the implementation of this Convention. Nevertheless, despite these considerable efforts for an actual implementation of the UNCLOS, one will note the insufficiency of this application. Actually, Algeria, which took nearly 15 years to ratify the aforementioned Convention, worsened this deficit of celerity by not publishing its law in its Gazette. After this first infringement of the integration policy, one can notice the subsistence in Algerian national legislation of certain standards that violate UNCLOS rules; moreover, and in certain fields, internal provisions even though considered as integrating the international standards, suffer from a “modest” national implementation. Furthermore, as regards the role of the national magistrate, one can note his insignificant involvement for a good implementation of the UNCLOS. Moreover, certain inertias that are inherent to the Convention itself, or specific to Algeria, hinder the actual enforcement of the Convention
Thiers, Laurie. "Utilisation des prédateurs supérieurs pour déterminer les zones d'importance pour la biodiversité : comparaison de différentes méthodes de mise en évidence de "hotspots"." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROS025/document.
Full textThe numerous threats that marine environment face, coupled with the evidence for a global biodiversity loss during last decades have lead to an increasing need for setting up conservation measures. Particularly, delimiting Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) within the French Southern Territories, which are home to an exceptional biodiversity and extensive human activities through industrial fisheries, would be extremely beneficial for species conservation. In order to identify areas of ecological significance for biodiversity, which could be good MPA candidates, the use of distribution data from top marine predators seems to be ideal. Thanks to their high position in trophic network, they are likely to integrate lowers trophic level species distribution. Moreover, they are easy to observe trough at-sea observation campaigns, and easy to equip with telemetric devices thank to their central place foraging that lead them to return regularly to their colony during breeding season. Here, we analyse distribution data and develop habitat models from several top predators species in both subantarctic and tropical regions to highlight biodiversity hotspots within the French Southern Territories. This work could thus be use as a basis to define potential boundaries for a future MPA
Bourjea, Jérôme. "Structure et connectivité de la mégafaune marine à l'échelle d’une région océanique : enjeux pour la gestion durable des tortues vertes dans l'océan Indien occidental." Thesis, La Réunion, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LARE0015/document.
Full textThis thesis is a comprehensive work aiming to improve scientific knowledge on the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) in order to provide key scientific evidences needed for the implementation of coherent and effective management measures to protect at the Western Indian Ocean scale this threatened species. In a first step, this work aimed to established baseline data on the abundance of green turtles nesting females and long term trends of some key nesting populations of the region by applying different modelling methods. In a second step, this work determined the regional genetic structure of this species and the relationships that exists between the different populations. Finally, the conservation of marine turtles being closely dependant to external pressures, this work tried to characterize theanthropogenic pressures they face, more specifically those related to fishing activities. All these results allowed unraveling some key gaps on the biology and ecology of the green turtle in the region and led to a global vision of the conservation status of this species in the Western Indian Ocean. The compilation of the results enabled the identification of regional priority areas for protection, but also some more specific threatened sites such as Europa. Finally, this synthesis shedslight on research priorities and scientific approaches to be promote in the future to unlock other keyscientific issues and refine conservation priorities, not only of marine turtles, but also of marine megafauna as a whole
Jauvion, Clément. "De la vie à la pierre : préservation exceptionnelle d'arthropodes marins fossiles." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MNHN0005.
Full textThe fossil record is incomplete and does not really account for ancient biodiversity. Some exceptionally well-preserved deposits are rich in "soft" organisms that are rarely fossilized. X-ray tomography has revealed remarkable biological structures (eggs, internal organs) allowing us, for example, to reconstruct reproductive traits in Polychelida (Decapoda) from the Jurassic site of La Voulte-sur-Rhône. As the causes of such preservation are still poorly known, in situ analyses of the mineralogical composition of fossil arthropods have enabled us to reconstruct the fossilization processes at the same site and at a Cretaceous site in Lebanon. We thus show that biodegradation is essential in fossilization, and that the mode of preservation is explained by the precipitation around the fossil of a concretion (volume fossils) or not (flat fossils). We discuss the effect of microenvironments and associated microorganisms
Leroy, Antonia. "Les transformations du droit des pêches face à l'émergence d'un problème juridique : la pêche illicite, non rapportée, non réglementée : Aspects de droit international, européen et national." Thesis, Perpignan, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PERP0043.
Full textFisheries Law is taking its foundation within the Law of the sea. The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea addresses fisheries issues through the maritime spaces it establishes. The fight against "illegal, unreported and unregulated" IUU fishing has crept into the Fisheries Law in transformation, which we are considering here, and in particular the latter's ability to eradicate these IUU activities. IUU fishing refers to different forms of fishing activities or methods, or fishing conditions, that need to be clarified. The causes of IUU fishing and the treatment to be applied to it are of full interest to public Law, particularly when it is looking for loopholes. The content and scope of the principles of international Law to combat IUU fishing have not been fully effective since this type of fishing persists. The main responsibility for combating IUU fishing lies with States, which are responsible at a minimum for avoiding IUU fishing in their territorial sea and areas under their jurisdiction (coastal State) and on the high seas by vessels flying their flag (flag State). The involvement of regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) or other States or the focus on certain State roles such as the "port State" and the "market State", which facilitate or counter trade in fishery products from IUU activities. This has nevertheless led to the emergence of more restrictive international or national legal measures. In this movement, the European common fisheries policy and its law, both internally and externally, have played a decisive role
Thiebot, Jean-Baptiste. "Déplacements et sélection d'habitat chez les animaux non contraints par la reproduction : une étude de l'écologie en mer des Manchots durant les phases d'immaturité et inter-nuptiale." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00660333.
Full textGianni, Fabrizio. "Conservation et restauration écologique des forêts marines Méditerranéennes." Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE4028/document.
Full textLoss of marine forests of large brown seaweeds has been observed in recent decades, causing a reduction of ecosystem biodiversity. In the framework of the MMMPA project, this PhD aimed to address some important topics related to the conservation and restoration of algal forests, the role of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and fish herbivory. Different approaches were used: macroalgae surveys, literature reviews, manipulative experiments, tank-based experiments and GIS habitat mapping. Results from field experiments showed that native herbivorous fish, likely Sarpa salpa (salemas), can be the most effective herbivore of intertidal Cystoseira belts both on natural and artificial substrates. Indeed, salemas strongly affected the growth, biomass and reproductive output of natural forests and limited restoration success on artificial substrates. Likely, the role of the herbivorous fish in structuring macroalgal communities has been overlooked in the Mediterranean Sea so far. A review of the existing literature showed that knowledge on marine forests forming species has improved in recent decades. However, most of the research is not in relation to MPAs, likely due to the fact that marine forests are not always included in MPAs planning and management plans. Studies on marine forests are not homogeneously distributed in the world, being concentrated in the developed countries. Interestingly, an increase of the scientific interest (published papers) was observed. Nowadays, marine forests are under continuous threats and especially sensitive to multiple impacts
Willemez, Alix. "Exploitation durable des ressources énergétiques et minérales marines : aspects juridiques." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D016/document.
Full textThe exploitation of terrestrial energy and mineral resources is limited by the rapid increase of the world's population. It was only after the Second World War that States realised that they had to control the ocean in order to extract its resources. 1982 marks the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The maritime are: was then divided into zones, over which coastal States most often had rights. This division allowed for a better exploitation of maritime resources. In the territorial sea, for example, States could set up electricity production systems from renewable sources. Further, in the exclusive economic zone, States could allow the exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons. Finally, on the continental shelf, the evolution of technology will soon allow us to exploit marine mineral resources. The central question is whether it is possible to exploit these resources in a sustainable way without destroying the marine environment. The protection of the environment cannot exist without a strong and applied legislation. It must be a bulwark against the actions of companies or States that have little regard for the long-term impact of their actions. The ocean, immense, with invisible and mysterious bottoms, is vulnerable. Its protection can only take place when the general public, States and companies understand its importance for the survival of Humanity. It is the duty of the men and women of law to render this protection effective
Lagarde, Adrien. "Économie écologique pour une soutenabilité et résilience écosystémique des pêches face aux changements globaux." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0214.
Full textAchieving the various objectives of sustainable development, including notably the conservation of the oceans and a sustainable use of fishery resources constitutes a challenge for industrial and artisanal fisheries around the world. Global changes, which affect the ecological and economic dynamics of marine and coastal ecosystems, significantly complicate the achievement of these objectives. By taking into account ecological, economic and social criteria linked respectively to the maintenance of fishery biodiversity, the economic viability of fisheries and food security, this thesis aims at identifying fishing management strategies allowing to ensure the sustainability and resilience of marine fisheries.The research is based on two case studies: the industrial fisheries of the Bay of Biscay and the small coastal coral fisheries of French Polynesia. Several ecological-economic models are developed and calibrated. Dynamic, spatially explicit, multi-fleet, multi-species and stochastic, these models take into account the complexity of the interactions specific to the socio-ecosystems studied, while being part of the family of models of intermediate complexity for ecosystem-based fisheries management. The model parameters are calibrated using both local data relating to the two case studies, and climatic data. The choice of fishing effort as a system control variable takes into account the relative flexibility and diversity of regulatory tools specific to the management systems studied. Particular attention is paid to the multi-species fishing strategies that are the Multi-Species Maximum Economic Yield (MMEY), the Multi-Species Maximum Sustainable Yield (MMSY) or Eco-viability. The strategies, scenarios and projections derived from the models are compared using ecological and economic criteria of sustainability, resilience and viability such as maintaining the profits of the fishing activity over time, maintaining the food production on which island and coastal populations depend and the conservation of ecological functions and biodiversity.Beyond the models, fishing strategies and scenarios constructed for the 2 case studies, this thesis presents a series of important transversal results: first, the analysis highlights the need for temporal, spatial, by species and by type of fishing reallocation of fishing efforts for the sustainability and resilience of marine fisheries. More concretely and precisely, this research shows that a strategy of temporal, spatial, fleet (type of fishing) and targeted species diversification, can promote the sustainability and resilience of the whole fishing system in the face of uncertainties and complexity. The MMEY, MMSY and Eco-viability stochastic strategies appear particularly relevant in this perspective. Thus a better flexibility of fishing fleets, which would depend on global uncertainties and would be function of the ecological and economic context, would support the viability and resilience of fisheries, both artisanal and industrial. In general, these different results highlight the importance of embedding the ecosystem approach within an ecological-economic perspective and the need to plan the development of fisheries through a multi-criteria, adaptive and resilient management in order to minimize future risks