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1
GILLINGHAM, SARAH, and PHYLLIS C. LEE. "The impact of wildlife-related benefits on the conservation attitudes of local people around the Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania." Environmental Conservation 26, no. 3 (1999): 218–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892999000302.
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In recent years there has been a proliferation of projects aiming to integrate human development needs with conservation objectives, and to establish mutually beneficial relationships for the management of natural resources between rural communities and the state. This paper presents data from a case study of human-wildlife interactions in villages along the northern boundary of the Selous Game Reserve in south-east Tanzania. Since 1989, this area has been the site of a project working to promote community wildlife management (CWM). Questionnaire survey data were used to examine villagers' conservation attitudes towards wildlife, the Game Reserve, and the activities of the CWM project and state wildlife management authority. Despite local support for the conservation of wildlife, many respondents were either unaware or held negative views of the activities of the wildlife management institutions. Logistic regression analyses show that while access to game meat from the CWM project has had a positive influence on perceptions of wildlife benefits and awareness of the project's activities, it has had no significant effect on local perceptions of the Game Reserve and the activities of the state wildlife management authority. The factors underlying the observed pattern of conservation attitudes were identified as the inequitable distribution of benefits from the CWM project, and the limited nature of community participation in wildlife management. The importance of institutional issues for the future progress of participatory approaches to conservation with development is emphasized.
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Hodges, J. "Conservation of farm animal biodiversity: history and prospects." Animal Genetic Resources Information 32 (April 2002): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900005307.
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SummaryThe conservation and sustainable use of animal genetic resources (AGR) is now recognized as a legitimate activity of public concern in which inter-governmental, governmental, non-governmental and private sectors are involved. Livestock breeds became threatened on a large scale only in the second half of the 20th century. They are now recognized as a significant human heritage resulting from domestication whose loss would deplete the quality of human life. Conservation as a conscious and organized activity is therefore a new item on the public agenda. This paper traces the origin of livestock conservation from the Vision in the 1950s and 1960s through the awakening of the environmental movement with the creation of UNEP in 1972, followed by the development of a Joint Conservation Infrastructure and Programme for animal genetic resources in the 1980s by FAO and UNEP.The paper describes the context, participants, constraints, opposition and activities of building the AGR Conservation Infrastructure and Programme. Although the concept of conservation was opposed by some and there were both financial and political difficulties, an effective institutional infrastructure for conservation was built by FAO by 1990 using UNEP funds. In 1992, the advent of the Convention on BioDiversity offered substantial funding for project activities for the first time through the Global Environmental Facility (GEF). At that point it was desirable to move activities from central planning to the design, funding and operation of local or national conservation projects. “Top-down” institutional control should have been replaced by “Bottom-up” conservation activities. Regrettably this did not happen during the 1990s and, as shown by successive editions of the World Watch List, the number of endangered livestock breeds has continued to increase. Now that the conservation vision is accepted and the institutional infrastructures are in place it is time for a new dynamic by creating and funding specific conservation projects which harness the local human resources of knowledge and enthusiasm.
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Marques, J. R. F., M. R. Costa, A. A. Egito, A. Mariante da S., and M. S. M. Albuquerque. "Conservation of genetic resources of the small populations of domestic animal of the Amazon Region in Brazil." Animal Genetic Resources Information 33 (April 2003): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900001619.
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SummaryThe Brazilian Amazon is a wide territory totalling 60 percent of the country's area. Of this area, 600 000 km2 is occupied by humans and related activities. This, among other factors, leads to the destruction of the Amazon's natural resources. The area of cut down and degraded forest may range from 5 to 12 percent of the total area. Therefore, many of the Amazon species are at risk of extinction. However, it is deemed urgent to investigate and preserve the threatened animal species.The total number of mammal species in the world is recorded at 4 629 and there is a great diversity of them in the Amazon, including animals that live on land, water or those that fly. Despite this huge biodiversity, the most relevant species for the human population, are the domestic species, brought to the continent by the first settlers: Portuguese and Spanish.The most important livestock in the Amazon region are cattle, horses, buffaloes, sheep and goats. They occupy all Amazon ecosystems and are of very important consideration for the opening of agricultural frontiers and for influencing the natural ecosystems, since the main reason for the cutting down of large forest areas has been to use them for pastures. This has resulted in an artificial ecosystem of degraded natural environment.The Animal Germplasm Bank of East Amazon (BAGAM) is the animal germplasm bank for the conservation of animal genetic resources of Embrapa East Amazon, and is part of the research project entitled “Animal Genetic Resources of East Amazon”. The project is formed by two sub-projects: “Germplasm bank of animals of interest to the East Region of the Brazilian Amazon” and “Genetic characterisation of buffaloes in the Brazilian Amazon, through the use of molecular markers”. These two sub-projects are linked to the research programme led by CENARGEN, called Conservation and Utilisation of Animal Genetic Resources.
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Salerno, Jonathan, Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, Mark N. Grote, Margherita Ghiselli, and Craig Packer. "Household livelihoods and conflict with wildlife in community-based conservation areas across northern Tanzania." Oryx 50, no. 4 (2015): 702–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605315000393.
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AbstractConservation strategies to protect biodiversity and support household livelihoods face numerous challenges. Across the tropics, efforts focus on balancing trade-offs in local communities near the borders of protected areas. Devolving rights and control over certain resources to communities is increasingly considered necessary, but decades of attempts have yielded limited success and few lessons on how such interventions could be successful in improving livelihoods. We investigated a key feature of household well-being, the experience of food insecurity, in villages across Tanzania's northern wildlife tourist circuit. Using a sample of 2,499 primarily livestock-keeping households we compared food insecurity in villages participating in the country's principal community-based conservation strategy with nearby control areas. We tested whether community-based projects could offset the central costs experienced by households near strictly protected areas (i.e. frequent human–wildlife conflict and restricted access to resources). We found substantial heterogeneity in outcomes associated with the presence of community-based conservation projects across multiple project sites. Although households in project villages experienced more frequent conflict with wildlife and received few provisioned benefits, there is evidence that these households may have been buffered to some degree against negative effects of wildlife conflict. We interpret our results in light of qualitative institutional factors that may explain various project outcomes. Tanzania, like many areas of conservation importance, contains threatened biodiversity alongside areas of extreme poverty. Our analyses highlight the need to examine more precisely the complex and locally specific mechanisms by which interventions do or do not benefit wildlife and local communities.
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Zhang, Yiyuan, Dong Li, Yan Sun, Ronghua Tang, and Yongxin Nong. "Study on Soil and Water Conservation and Governance of Urban Inland Rivers: A Case Study of Nakau River Basin Governance." E3S Web of Conferences 145 (2020): 02032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014502032.
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Taking the Nakau River Basin Governance Project as the research area, the problems existing in the Nakau River Basin, the key and difficult points of water and soil conservation management, and the measures and implementation effects of water and soil conservation in urban rivers are discussed. According to the characteristics of soil and water loss in the inland rivers of the city, an effective prevention and control measure system was proposed, which ultimately effectively prevented human-induced soil and water loss during the construction of the project, protected water and soil resources, guaranteed the safe operation of the main project, and maintained and improved the regional ecology surroundings.
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Freiwald, Carolyn, and Katherine A. Miller Wolf. "Considering Conservation of Human Skeletal Remains in Archaeological Contexts." Advances in Archaeological Practice 7, no. 1 (2019): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2018.48.
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ABSTRACTThe articles in this issue present bioarchaeological case studies from across the globe, including North and Central America, East Asia, Europe, and the Near East. Some bioarchaeology projects are new and others are decades old, but common challenges emerge as researchers apply conservation standards to real situations in the field: a lack of training or resources for long-term curation of human remains, the lag between excavation and analysis of remains, and environmental challenges that include melting permafrost, tropical storms, and a variety of pests such as molds, fungi, bats, snakes, and insects. The studies also address ethical considerations about the use of digital images of human remains, molecular and isotopic methods that require the destruction of human tissue samples, the ability of fast-paced cultural resource management (CRM) projects to address the needs of descendant communities, and the responsibility that we have to the people we study. Techniques for addressing these challenges include new computer programs, more advanced photographic software, and research on the effects of conservation techniques that provide new “standards” for bioarchaeologists. We highlight the importance of each contribution and discuss the future of conservation in bioarchaeology.
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Pemberton, Carlisle A., and Kathleen Mader-Charles. "Ecotourism as a Means of Conserving Wetlands." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 37, no. 2 (2005): 463–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800006933.
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The Nariva Swamp on the island of Trinidad in the Caribbean is being degraded due to increasing human activity. However, its conservation is desirable, as it is an internationally recognized wetland. The study examined an ecotourism project, with an emphasis on community participation, as a conservation approach to the Swamp, via benefit–cost analysis, where the benefits of conservation were measured by contingent valuation. Contingent valuation showed that the residents of Trinidad were willing to pay an average of $56 for conserving the Swamp. The analysis also showed that ecotourism represents an economically feasible use of ecologically fragile resources of this wetland.
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D'AGNES, LEONA, HEATHER D'AGNES, J. BRAD SCHWARTZ, MARIA LOURDES AMARILLO, and JOAN CASTRO. "Integrated management of coastal resources and human health yields added value: a comparative study in Palawan (Philippines)." Environmental Conservation 37, no. 4 (2010): 398–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892910000779.
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SUMMARYA quasi-experimental design was used to test the hypothesis that there will be a significant improvement in both coastal resource management (CRM) and human reproductive health (RH) outcomes by delivering these services in an integrated manner as opposed to delivering either in isolation. The CRM, RH and integrated CRM+RH interventions were tested in three island municipalities of Palawan. Pre-project (2001) and post-project (2007) measurements of dependent variables were gathered via biophysical and community household surveys. Regression analyses indicate the CRM+RH intervention generated higher impacts on human and ecosystem health outcomes compared to the independent CRM and RH interventions. Improvements in coral and mangrove conditions are attributed to the effects of protective management by collaborating peoples’ organizations. The same institutions managed RH activities that enabled contraceptive access and a significant decrease in the average number of children born to women in the study area. Other trends showing a significant reduction in income-poverty among young adults infer added value. To ensure long term sustainability of CRM gains and prevent over-use of coastal resources, integrated forms of management that engage communities in the simultaneous delivery of conservation and family planning services are needed.
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Weeks, Rebecca, Robert L. Pressey, Joanne R. Wilson, et al. "Ten things to get right for marine conservation planning in the Coral Triangle." F1000Research 3 (December 21, 2015): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.3886.3.
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Systematic conservation planning increasingly underpins the conservation and management of marine and coastal ecosystems worldwide. Amongst other benefits, conservation planning provides transparency in decision-making, efficiency in the use of limited resources, the ability to minimise conflict between diverse objectives, and to guide strategic expansion of local actions to maximise their cumulative impact. The Coral Triangle has long been recognised as a global marine conservation priority, and has been the subject of huge investment in conservation during the last five years through the Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security. Yet conservation planning has had relatively little influence in this region. To explore why this is the case, we identify and discuss 10 challenges that must be resolved if conservation planning is to effectively inform management actions in the Coral Triangle. These are: making conservation planning accessible; integrating with other planning processes; building local capacity for conservation planning; institutionalising conservation planning within governments; integrating plans across governance levels; planning across governance boundaries; planning for multiple tools and objectives; understanding limitations of data; developing better measures of progress and effectiveness; and making a long term commitment. Most important is a conceptual shift from conservation planning undertaken as a project, to planning undertaken as a process, with dedicated financial and human resources committed to long-term engagement.
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Martha, Carolina, and Jerry Marcellinus Logahan. "Human Rights Due Diligence (HRDD) and Human Rights Impact Assessment (HRIA) Best Practices to Corporate Shared Value (CSV): A Case of British Petroleum Tangguh Project In Papua." Binus Business Review 7, no. 3 (2016): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v7i3.1785.
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The Tangguh Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Project is a planned natural gas development project located in the remote area of Berau-Bintuni Bay in Papua Province, Indonesia. British Petroleum (BP) Tangguh project aims tobe the pioneer in producing natural gas. It can be concluded that BP contributes an innovative approach, bearing in mind to sustainable development, cultural preservation and biodiversity conservation. Therefore, in each of its corporate actions, BP always integrates the value of community, partnership, consultation and corporate responsibility. It is mentioned that through experience and observation, BP as an extractive company, haveestimated the costs of not finding a better mechanism to adjust to social challenges can be higher than the costs of the uncertainties inherent in the trial of new ideas. However, according to international Non-GovernmentalOrganization (NGO), Down to Earth, BP has conducted a series of human rights violations by exploiting natural resources in Papua and restricting Papuans in enjoying their fundamental human rights. If only the BP keeps this Tangguh project in line with its aim to accommodate concerns from the affected surroundings, thus, will surely bring positive changes in BP’s corporate shared value.
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Lausche, Barbara. "Wider Caribbean Region—A Pivotal Time to Strengthen Regional Instruments For Biodiversity Conservation." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 23, no. 3 (2008): 499–530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092735208x331890.
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AbstractThe countries of the Wider Caribbean Region (WCR) are linked economically by their transboundary living marine resources. The region is facing a continued decline of these resources. Science is improving our understanding of the human contributions to this decline, but national policies and programmes have not kept pace with this understanding. The Caribbean Regional Seas Programme and its Cartagena Convention and Protocols provide the regional legal framework for protection and sustainable management of the WCR's living marine and coastal resources. This article focuses on the Cartagena Convention's Protocol for biodiversity conservation, the Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife (SPAW), arguing that governments and organizations need to significantly increase participation in this regional treaty regime to effectively address transboundary environmental challenges. A new initiative, the Global Environment Facility-supported Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem project, will help in this effort. International policy supports strengthened regional seas programmes. It is now imperative for all levels and sectors to assist governments in strengthening this important treaty regime for biodiversity conservation in the Wider Caribbean Region.
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Joshi, Dipesh. "Community Based Conservation: Redefining Boundaries." Journal of Forest and Livelihood 14, no. 1 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v14i1.23157.
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Conservation and management of biodiversity is complex and a localized phenomenon in the Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) which is inhabited by 7.4 million people out of which 25 per cent are still below the poverty line. There is significant interaction between the human and natural resources with diverse values of biodiversity and ecosystem services to the local populations. The implications of variations in terms of dependence on natural resources are that conservation and management strategies broadly vary across the landscape. Success and failures of conservation strategy/approach cannot commonly be extrapolated across this diverse landscape. While many projects in TAL have failed, some have succeeded too and is shaped by multiple factors including the type and level of human interactions with biodiversity. This review article provides reflections on experiences of decades of Community Based Conservation (CBC) in Nepal with a specific focus on Chitwan National Park and its buffer zone located in TAL. CBC confronts newer challenges and issues pertaining to inadequate mechanisms to address communities beyond buffer zones in a scenario where conservation needs to move beyond the conventional boundaries of parks and buffer zones, equitable benefit sharing, inequalities within communities, increasing human-wildlife conflicts, ecotourism, nexus of poverty-livelihood and conservation. However, CBC offers greater potentials and opportunities for greater local community engagement in a changing context to reconcile local development with conservation.
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Lacuata, Ana Nova. "Digitization of Library Resources in Higher Education Institutions in La Union, Philippines." Preservation, Digital Technology & Culture 49, no. 4 (2020): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pdtc-2020-0031.
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Abstract This descriptive research determined the extent of implementation of the guidelines on digitization of resources in the libraries of HEIs in La Union along selection, technical requirement and implementation, legal aspects, budget, human resource planning, development and maintenance, preservation of digital content and project management; and the strengths and weaknesses on digitization of resources. Data gathered using the validated and pretested questionnaire was treated using percentage, ranking, and weighted mean. A total of 40 library personnel participated in the study. The implementation of the guidelines on digitization of resources in the libraries of HEIs in La Union, Philippines was found to be moderately implemented and is relatively weak. A Digitization Manual Model was formulated to address the identified weaknesses. Through these guidelines and procedures, library personnel will have clear guidelines as to how digitization activities must be done. It will serve as a framework that will provide effective and efficient digitization.
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McGowan, Angela. "Historical archaeology at Cape Denison, Commonwealth Bay, Antarctica." Polar Record 24, no. 149 (1988): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224740000872x.
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AbstractArchaeological investigations formed part of the conservation work of Project Blizzard in 1985–86 at the site of Mawson's Australasian Antarctic Expedition (1911–14) huts, Cape Denison, Commonwealth Bay. The extent and nature of the archaeological resources are described, and the results of excavations inside the main hut in 1985 are summarized. Excavation stratigraphy is interpreted in the light of the documented post-abandonment history of the site, and used to measure the extent to which human activity inside the hut may be contributing to its deterioration.
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Mafuwe, Kudzai. "Freshwater Biodiversity of the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe: Assessing Conservation Priorities Using Primary Species-Occurrence Data." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (May 22, 2018): e25960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.25960.
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The Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe is a biodiversity hotspot that forms part of the Eastern Afromontane region, which has seen an increase in human activities such as agriculture, illegal mining, and introduction of invasive species. These anthropogenic activities have had negative environmental consequences including land degradation and water pollution, which have negatively impacted on the quality of aquatic habitats and biodiversity in the region. The region harbours several freshwater species of conservation interest whose numbers and distribution are little known. We also do not know the impacts of the ongoing human activities and threats on the local wetland biodiversity and the integrity of the ecosystem in the region. The relevant data on the wetland biodiversity from previous studies and surveys is also not readiliy available to guide poliies and conservation efforts in this region. With the aid of the Biodiversity Information for Development (BID) program sponsored by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and the European Union (EU), a project titled 'Freshwater Biodiversity of the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe: Assessing Conservation Priorities Using Primary Species-Occurrence Data' has mobilized and digitized over 2,000 occurrence records on freshwater biodiversity, with a focus on fish, invertebrates, amphibians and bird species in the region, since October 2017. The project also makes use of biodiversity informatics tools such as ecological niche modelling, to identify the important sites for conservation of the freshwater biodiversity in this region. The outputs will help to show policy makers, wildlife managers, researchers and conservationists where to target resources and conservation efforts. This will also help protect the biodiversity that still existsin the unprotected wetlands of the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe and that could be lost to human activities such as clearing for agriculture.
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Ali, Mudassar, Zhang Li, Dilawar Khan Durrani, Adnan Muhammad Shah, and Waqas Khuram. "Goal clarity as a link between humble leadership and project success: the interactive effects of organizational culture." Baltic Journal of Management 16, no. 3 (2021): 407–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bjm-09-2020-0341.
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PurposeUsing the lens of conservation of resources (COR) theory, the purpose of this paper is to explore the effect of humble leadership on project success by integrating the mediating role of goal clarity. The authors also argue that organizational culture moderates these direct and indirect relationships through goal clarity.Design/methodology/approachTime-lagged data were collected from 329 employees in the civil construction sector of Pakistan.FindingsThe results indicate that humble leadership enhances project success through mediating and moderating mechanisms.Research limitations/implicationsThe present research ends with an argument, managerial consequences, limits and guidance for future research.Practical implicationsThe results influence a project-based organization on the selection and promotion of humility among project managers.Originality/valueThis research answers the following research question, which has been ignored in the literature: What are the suggested mechanisms for humble leadership in promoting project success?
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Li, Cong, Hua Zheng, Shuzhuo Li, et al. "Impacts of conservation and human development policy across stakeholders and scales." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 24 (2015): 7396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1406486112.
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Ideally, both ecosystem service and human development policies should improve human well-being through the conservation of ecosystems that provide valuable services. However, program costs and benefits to multiple stakeholders, and how they change through time, are rarely carefully analyzed. We examine one of China’s new ecosystem service protection and human development policies: the Relocation and Settlement Program of Southern Shaanxi Province (RSP), which pays households who opt voluntarily to resettle from mountainous areas. The RSP aims to reduce disaster risk, restore important ecosystem services, and improve human well-being. We use household surveys and biophysical data in an integrated economic cost–benefit analysis for multiple stakeholders. We project that the RSP will result in positive net benefits to the municipal government, and to cross-region and global beneficiaries over the long run along with environment improvement, including improved water quality, soil erosion control, and carbon sequestration. However, there are significant short-run relocation costs for local residents so that poor households may have difficulty participating because they lack the resources to pay the initial costs of relocation. Greater subsidies and subsequent supports after relocation are necessary to reduce the payback period of resettled households in the long run. Compensation from downstream beneficiaries for improved water and from carbon trades could be channeled into reducing relocation costs for the poor and sharing the burden of RSP implementation. The effectiveness of the RSP could also be greatly strengthened by early investment in developing human capital and environment-friendly jobs and establishing long-term mechanisms for securing program goals. These challenges and potential solutions pervade ecosystem service efforts globally.
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Ali, Asmat, and Muhammad Imran. "National Spatial Data Infrastructure vs Cadastre System for Economic Development: Evidence from Pakistan." Land 10, no. 2 (2021): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10020188.
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The growth of Pakistan’s agriculture-based economy depends on elevating agriculture production and raising the per-capita income of rural communities. This paper evaluates the value of two simultaneous initiatives for the economic development of Pakistan, i.e., (i) reforming and modernization of the cadastre system, and (ii) the implementation of national spatial data infrastructure (NSDI). Both can provide crucial frameworks to assemble geographic information necessary for effective agriculture policies in the country. Their execution at the national level requires substantial technical, human, and finical resources. These mega initiatives may become highly challenging, due to the already shrinking economy of the country from COVID-19. The study makes use of an evaluation framework, official documents, such as project proposals, minutes of meetings, in addition to data collected through questionnaire and from ministries, such as the ministry of planning, development, and reforms (commonly known as planning commission), as well as Pakistan bureau of statistics. Our findings indicate that both the projects share some commonalities in terms of benefits, problems, and resources. However, the economic benefits of the NSDI project are high compared to the cadastre for the country, especially for effective agricultural policy-making. The results output will help practitioners from both systems to reduce the overlapping value, cost, and scope of the work involved.
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Bowcutt, Frederica. "Creation of a Field Guide to Camas Prairie Plants with Undergraduates: Project-Based Learning Combined with Epistemological Decolonization." Ethnobiology Letters 12, no. 1 (2021): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14237/ebl.12.1.2021.1723.
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Remnant camas prairies and associated oak woodlands are the focus of contemporary Indigenous food sovereignty efforts in the Salish Sea (aka Puget Sound) region of western Washington. They are also the focus of research and restoration to conserve at-risk species of animals and plants protected under the United States Endangered Species Act. Currently there is little collaboration between tribes and restoration scientists. These conditions create an opportunity and ethical imperative for developing undergraduate curriculum that highlights the connections between biodiversity conservation and traditional Indigenous ecological knowledge. Patchy mosaic prairie-oak woodland vegetation visibly reflects the imprint of human activity, which includes past burning to foster native food plants including common camas (Camassia quamash) and Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana). Using a floristic research project focused on these cultural landscapes as a case study, this essay illustrates how interdisciplinary inquiry and service learning can enrich college-level plant taxonomy curriculum, while creating rich opportunities for students to link their botanical studies to a historically-grounded understanding of why the conservation challenges exist in the first place. Through this collaborative, multi-year research effort, students contribute to the production of needed resources useful to regional conservation efforts. Affiliated learning communities also consider what it might mean to decolonize botanical knowledge in the context of ecological restoration.
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Chen, Liding, Wei Wei, Bojie Fu, and Yihe Lü. "Soil and water conservation on the Loess Plateau in China: review and perspective." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 31, no. 4 (2007): 389–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133307081290.
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The Loess Plateau, China, has long been suffering from serious soil erosion. About 2000 years ago, larger areas were used for grain production and soil erosion was thus becoming severe with increase in human activity. Severe soil and water loss led to widespread land degradation. During the past decades, great efforts were made in vegetation restoration to reduce soil erosion. However, the efficiency of vegetation restoration was not as satisfactory as expected due to water shortage. China initiated another state-funded scheme, the `Grain-for-Green' project in 1999, on the Loess Plateau to reduce soil erosion and improve land quality. However, the control of soil erosion effectively by land-use modification raised problems. In this paper, the lessons and experiences regarding soil and water conservation in the Loess Plateau in the past decades are analysed first. Urgent problems are then elaborated, such as the contradiction between land resource and human population, shortage of water both in amount and tempospatial distribution for vegetation growth, weak awareness of the problems of soil conservation by local officials, and poor public participation in soil and water conservation. Finally, suggestions regarding soil and water conservation in the Loess Plateau are given. In order to control soil erosion and improve vegetation, a scientific and detailed land-use plan for the Loess Plateau has to be made, in the first instance, and then planning for wise use of water resources should be undertaken to control mass movement effectively and to improve land productivity. Methods of improving public awareness of environmental conservation and public involvement in vegetation rehabilitation are also important.
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Ali, Mudassar, Li Zhang, Syed Jamal Shah, Salim Khan, and Adnan Muhammad Shah. "Impact of humble leadership on project success: the mediating role of psychological empowerment and innovative work behavior." Leadership & Organization Development Journal 41, no. 3 (2020): 349–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lodj-05-2019-0230.
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PurposeThis paper aims to examine the impact of humble leadership on project success. The mediating effects of psychological empowerment and innovative work behavior on the relationship between humble leadership and project success are tested.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 337 individuals employed in the civil construction sector of Pakistan.FindingsThe results showed that humble leadership is positively related to project success. Furthermore, psychological empowerment and innovative work behavior partially mediate the relationship between humble leadership and project success.Originality/valueDrawing on conservation of resource theory, this study found that how humble leadership is important for project success and thus extends the utility of the concept of humble leadership to the project literature.
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Kozorog, Miha. "Asymmetric Wildlife in the Goričko Nature Park: Protecting (from) Species." Acta Ethnographica Hungarica 65, no. 2 (2020): 513–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/022.2020.00022.
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This paper presents an asymmetry of meanings and values that different human agents who occupy the same geographical space ascribe to distinct wildlife species. This asymmetry is the result of these agents’ roles in the area and their contrasting epistemologies. The agents in question comprise the Goričko Nature Park as a conservation institution and inhabitants of the park, especially farmers. In most parks, the relationship between professionals and inhabitants is crucial to the park’s sustainability. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to point at a selected neuralgic point which divides the two. At stake is that both agents ascribe importance to wildlife species, but to different ones and for different reasons. While the park focuses on protected species, inhabitants are occupied with non-protected ones. Whereas the park projects positive values on species of its concern, inhabitants ascribe negative characteristics to species of their concern. The paper illustrates these disparate attitudes to wildlife and calls for a less biased park agenda which could benefit the park’s conservation project, yet it also acknowledges the lack of resources which hinders the park in properly fulfilling its role in the local web of relationships.
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Jafari, Sara, and Seyedeh Mahsa Shayesteh Sadeghian. "Identification of Architectural Components Affecting the Development of Knowledge and Gaining Experience from Nature (Case Study of Design and Construction of Educational-Cultural Complex)." Revista Gestão Inovação e Tecnologias 11, no. 1 (2021): 6064–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/revistageintec.v11i1.1879.
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The present age is the time for increasing environmental awareness and paying attention to the role of human connection with nature which can improve the quality of human life as well as preserving nature. Many factors contribute to the success of environmental projects, programs and the conservation of natural resources. Manpower is one of the most important ones and given the effect of human beings on their environment, in general, one of the most important measures to solve environmental problems is the development of natural resources and the promotion of public culture in this field, which, in turn, requires education about man's connection to nature and the environment. Therefore, the objective of this research is to identify the components affecting design in order to develop awareness and gain experience from nature. The present project is an educational-cultural complex with the approach of developing awareness and gaining experience from nature, which is formed with the aim of fulfilling two main missions: 1. Sensitizing people to nature and finding a view seeking the meaning of nature and natural phenomena 2. Raising the level of environmental literacy of people through education and preventing the indiscriminate destruction of the environment. This descriptive-analytical study addresses issues such as identifying design components in order to develop knowledge and gain experience from nature, investigating the relationship between humans and nature using the observation technique, field and library studies, methods of promoting and teaching environmental issues, sustainable architecture and green architecture, design bed studies, how the project is formed and the presentation of the physical plan. As a result, after identifying design components in order to develop knowledge and gain experience from nature, we achieve the necessity to build a cultural-educational complex in line with the research objective, and also the results show that environmental awareness and education have a direct and indirect effect on urban livability components of sustainability.
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Terada, Saeko, Christian Mikolo Yobo, Guy-Max Moussavou, and Naoki Matsuura. "Human-Elephant Conflict Around Moukalaba-Doudou National Park in Gabon: Socioeconomic Changes and Effects of Conservation Projects on Local Tolerance." Tropical Conservation Science 25 (January 2021): 194008292110267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19400829211026775.
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Human-elephant conflict (HEC) poses a serious problem in Africa for both local livelihoods and elephant conservation. Elephant damage is the price local people pay for coexisting with this species, and is assumed to reduce tolerance for elephants. However, conservation-related projects, through the benefits they offer may enhance local tolerance toward elephants. This study aimed to examine how crop damage by elephants and the benefits gained from conservation activities affect local people’s tolerance toward elephants around Moukalaba-Doudou National Park in southwest Gabon based on long-term ethnographic research and interview surveys in two periods (2010 and 2019). Based on the results, crop damage by elephants had a significant negative impact on the local social economy, leading to a decrease in human population in the area and making local people highly resentful of elephants. However, in one of the villages where employment from research and conservation activities was concentrated, many acknowledged the benefits associated with wildlife and expressed high tolerance for elephants. These findings suggest that benefits from conservation activities can increase tolerance toward elephants, which is negatively affected by the crop damage they cause. However, it should also be noted that externally generated projects have limitations and drawbacks. It is important to establish a system in which the benefits of conservation are shared widely and distributed appropriately, and wherein income resources are diversified. Multisectoral interventions focusing on local socio-ecological vulnerability are needed to mitigate human-elephant conflict and advance the conservation of African elephants.
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Romão, Roberto, Gustavo Martinelli, Iara Crepaldi, and Juan Bautista Martinez-Laborde. "Brazilian biodiversity for ornamental use and conservation." Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 15, no. 2 (2015): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-70332015v15n2n18.
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The exuberance of Brazilian flora has caused admiration since the arrival of the first navigators. Fifteen to twenty percent of plant species estimated for the planet are found in this country. Plant genetic resources are part of biodiversity with potential for use by human populations, and are linked to the culture of the people, establishing the traditional use or enabling an innovative use. In Brazil, the landscape architect Roberto Burle Marx was a pioneer in collecting, using, valuing and preserving native species that have been admired since the 16th century, although they were neglected in the following centuries due to the valuation of ornamental plants from Europe. Between 1930 and 1960, he carried out landscaping projects that became emblematic for the development of landscaping in the 20th century. The analysis of the trajectory of the landscape architect, the 22 projects he carried out during that period, as well as the genebank structured by him, reveal significant numbers in terms of conservation.
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Madsen, Sari F., Flemming Ekelund, Niels Strange, and Jesper Sølver Schou. "Motivations of Volunteers in Danish Grazing Organizations." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (2021): 8163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158163.
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Global biodiversity is under pressure from human activities, and the effort for nature conservation and restoration and the allocation of economic resources for biodiversity policies remain insufficient. In such a context, volunteers can play an important role as a resource in nature conservation projects if their recreational activities interact with the objectives of nature management. In recent years, the number of volunteers in conservation work has increased in Denmark, with more people volunteering to contribute to nature conservation projects. Ensuring that volunteers remain motivated and engaged is crucial for the success of such conservation projects. In this study, we evaluated the motivation among members of grazing organizations, an activity that represents the most prominent voluntary nature conservation initiative in Denmark. We applied an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and an ordinal regression to analyze survey data from 25 Danish grazing organizations. We found that five motivational factors determine the engagement of the volunteers, namely social, nature value, instrumental, identification, and personal benefit. Whereas the social, nature value and personal benefit are factors also identified in the existing literature, the instrumental and identification factors add new perspectives to the motivation of environmental volunteers. We found that place attachment is an important driver, and that the chairpersons/coordinators of the grazing organizations especially emphasized the sharing of values and knowledge with their members as a driver. Lastly, volunteers were reluctant to support the idea of forming a more formal setup in terms of a “grazing organization union”.
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Bernhardson, Wayne. "Campesinos and Conservation in the Central Andes: Indigenous Herding and Conservation of the Vicuña." Environmental Conservation 13, no. 4 (1986): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900035359.
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Efforts to protect the wild Vicuña, an endangered relative of the domesticated Llama and Alpaca of the central Andes, and to increase the species' numbers, have been more successful in achieving technical wildlife management goals than in complementing agro-pastoral activities of the indigenous peoples of the region. In both Pampa Galeras National Reserve in Peru and in Lauca National Park in Chile, lack of consultation with native pastoralists, whose lands the reserves occupy, reflects weak commitment to broader social and economic goals on the part of national authorities, as well as the inadequacy of international technical assistance in involving local communities in such projects.Specifically, those projects have neglected to consider the importance of local patterns of land tenure, which are only in small part communal, and of economic differentiation with those communities. At the same time, authorities have controlled or monitored access to such subsistence resources as pasture and fuel for local residents, while failing to offer short-term alternatives for economic opportunity. This is in contrast to the free hand enjoyed by energy and agricultural irrigation projects such as those which benefit Chile's Atacama port of Arica. Continuation of such policies jeopardizes long-term success of wildlife protection as well as the economic future of the region's human inhabitants.
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Johnson, E., and J. Bhagwan. "A methodology to determine the effectiveness of water demand management measures in South Africa." Water Supply 3, no. 3 (2003): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0030.
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The aim of this project was to develop a methodology to determine the effectiveness of Water Demand Management (WDM) and Water Conservation (WC) measures in developing regions and countries. The project, which was sponsored by South Africa's Water Research Commission, involved a critical examination of those applicable local (South African) conditions that guide the development of the methodology. Some of the specific challenges identified included the practical definition of linkage between the principle of increasing the supply of water through the implementation of WDM/WC measures and the unlimited needs of users, a strong culture of non-payment for water which limits the impact of economic measures, the overall lack of programmes for the repair and maintenance of water infrastructure as well as the increasing shortage of skilled human resources. Several existing related methodologies were examined in order to provide a historic and conceptual framework for the research. Selected WDM/WC case studies, both locally in South Africa and internationally, have provided useful insight during the development of the methodology. A pragmatic and easy to understand consolidated methodology has been developed that takes cognisance of the objectives of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). The methodology is a consultative and consensus based approach assisted by numerous graphic based techniques, tools and examples.
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Conlin, Erin L. "Reports from the Field." Public Historian 38, no. 3 (2016): 50–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2016.38.3.50.
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Student community-based projects are a natural tool for achieving diverse public history outcomes, yet these types of projects are challenging to organize and manage. Focusing on two undergraduate community-centered oral history projects, this article serves as a guide for those interested in developing manageable service-learning projects that facilitate meaningful community partnerships. It explores lessons learned during the projects’ organization and execution including how to keep them manageable in terms of scope, scale, and structure and how to maximize available resources (both human and material). It also advances methods for developing student skills in new media technologies and platforms.
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Attanayake, K. J. "(P1-5) How Does Land use Pattern could Effect to Mitigate the Risk Flash Floods” a Success Story on a Model Project Implementing at the Upper Catchments Area of Badullu River in Sri Lanka." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (2011): s100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11003372.
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The watersheds are the home for our key natural resources and have been one of the basic elements in land use management systems throughout the hydraulic civilization of our country. “Badulla River” is one of the main watersheds in Sri Lanka extend about 1400sq.km consisting five sub catchments high steep lands. It mainly represents tea estates and agricultural lands with a weak land use pattern due to poor maintenance and unsuitable human involvements. This has contributed to reduce the rain water infiltration in to the soil increasing a huge amount of runoff water drainage. Situation has resulted frequent floods even in a small precipitation causing widespread damages to community. Hence, an initial project was started on surface water management, soil conservation and livelihoods development to control the frequent floods highlighting the urgent actions for an optimal land use management with support of field experts. Improved surface water drainage and soil conservation are the main options that might lead to mitigate the flash floods. Efforts were sharpened by integrating GIS Mapping for such initiation to enhance the effectiveness of the design. Results achieved could address many issues in relation to flood protection, habitat management, water protection and water quality management. Food risk generally related to the specific characters in a particular catchments and this model project proved that such issues can effectively be addressed through a joint program properly designed.
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Claesson, Stefan. "The Value and Valuation of Maritime Cultural Heritage." International Journal of Cultural Property 18, no. 1 (2011): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739111000051.
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AbstractMaritime cultural heritage is made up of finite and nonrenewable cultural resources including coastal or submerged prehistoric and indigenous archaeological sites and landscapes, historic waterfront structures, the remnants of seagoing vessels, and the maritime traditions and lifeways of the past and present. To date, evaluative tools used to assess the social and economic “value” of this heritage are extremely limited, the lack of which often results in the loss of maritime cultural resources and unrealized socioeconomic opportunities. Market and nonmarket valuations, derived from ecological economics and ecosystem assessments, are viable techniques that may be integrated into existing U.S. environmental and historic preservation regulatory procedures to support resource significance determinations. In doing so, decision-making regarding maritime cultural heritage can include assessments of the short- and long-term trade-offs of human actions, and can examine the socioeconomic costs and benefits of heritage conservation projects.
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Sang, Peidong, and Haona Yao. "Exploring Critical Success Factors for Green Housing Projects: An Empirical Survey of Urban Areas in China." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (December 9, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8746836.
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The trend of China’s construction industry has gradually shifted from traditional high-consumption to efficient green development mode to achieve the new goals of energy conservation, emission reduction, and sustainable development. The successful development of green housing (GH) has become a major strategic choice. Given the smooth implementation and delivery of GH projects, this study aimed to assess the impact of critical success factors (CSFs) on GH development by identifying controllable CSFs. Firstly, 20 controllable CSFs were identified through literature review. Secondly, the data collected by the questionnaire were used for principal component analysis (PCA). The factor analysis showed that the CSFs can be summarised into five important principal components, namely, (1) project management factors, (2) personnel ability factors, (3) teamwork-oriented factors, (4) human resource factors, and (5) financial and constraint factors. Finally, multiple regression analysis was used to assess the importance of CSFs. Results showed that project management factors, personnel capacity factors, and financial and constraint factors exerted positive impact on the successful development of the projects, with project management factors having the greatest impact. This work provides not only useful information and practical guidance for enterprises in GH development practice but also certain reference value for building a sustainable development society in China.
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Chapman, Colin A., Anneke DeLuycker, Rafael A. Reyna-Hurtado, et al. "Safeguarding biodiversity: what is perceived as working, according to the conservation community?" Oryx 50, no. 2 (2014): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605314000738.
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AbstractDramatic increases in human populations and per capita consumption, climate change, overexploitation of marine and freshwater resources, and deforestation have caused a litany of negative consequences for biodiversity. Such doom-and-gloom scenarios are widely known, frequently cited and frankly depressing. Although accurate assessments of threats have clear value for intervention planning, we believe there is also a need to reflect on successes. Such reflection provides balance to negative scenarios and may shift attention towards constructive, positive action. Here we use a systematic evaluation of 90 success stories provided by conservation scientists and practitioners to explore the characteristics of the projects perceived as being associated with success. Success was deemed to have occurred for 19.4% of the projects simply because an event had occurred (e.g. a law was passed) and for 36.1% of projects quantitative data indicated success (e.g. censuses demonstrated population increase). However, for most projects (63.9%) there was no evaluation and success was defined by the subjective opinion of the respondent. Conservation community members viewed successful projects most often as those being long-term (88%), small in spatial scale (52%), with a relatively low budget (68%), and involving a protectionist approach alone or in combination with another approach. These results highlight the subjectivity of definitions of success in conservation but also the characteristics of conservation efforts that the conservation community perceives as indicative of success.
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Whitehouse, John F. "East Australian Rain-forests: A Case-study in Resource Harvesting and Conservation." Environmental Conservation 18, no. 1 (1991): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900021263.
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Human interactions with rain-forest on the Australian continent have played, and will continue to play, a vital role in their distribution and survival. The presence and significance of rain-forest in Australia lies in the evolutionary history of the Australian plate since the break-up of the Gondwanan supercontinent. Its continued survival and distribution illustrates and encapsulates the history of plant evolution and biogeography in Australia.Since human arrival in Australia at least 40,000 years ago, human interactions with rain-forest have been marked by a number of phases — ranging from Aboriginal use of rain-forest resources to the impetus given by the hunt for the prized Red Cedar, and from the early European settlement on the east coast of Australia in the midto late-19th century to the wholesale clearing of rain forests for agricultural settlement and dairying in the late 19th century. In more modern times, human interactions with rain-forest have focused on adapting forest management techniques to rain-forest logging, restructuring the native forest timber industry in the face of mechanization, changing markets and resource constraints, convulsions as a result of conservationist challenges in Terania Creek and Daintree, and finally the implications of conserving rain-forests in the context of natural processes including fire, climate change, and the impact of human visitors and their recreation.The course of the controversies over rain-forest conservation in Australia has meant that rain-forest logging either has been dramatically curtailed or is in the process of generally ceasing. The protection of rainforests from logging and forestry operations in the future seems secure, given the widespread community support for rain-forest conservation. Threats to rain-forest conservation in the future are likely to be found in more subtle processes: the impact of fire regimes on the spread and contractions of rain-forests, the impacts of exotic species such as Lantana (Lantana camara) and Camphor Laurel (Cinnamomum camphora), the impacts of human uses through tourism and recreation, the diminution of the viability of isolated pockets by ‘edge effects’, and the damage to the remaining stands on freehold property by conflicting land-uses.Overlying all of these potential threats is the impact of global climate change. Climate change since the Tertiary has reduced the once widespread rain-forest communities of Australia practically to the status of relicts in refugia. Will the remaining rain-forests be able to withstand the projected human-induced climate changes of the future?
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KEANE, AIDAN, JULIA P. G. JONES, and E. J. MILNER-GULLAND. "Modelling the effect of individual strategic behaviour on community-level outcomes of conservation interventions." Environmental Conservation 39, no. 4 (2012): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892912000124.
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SUMMARYMany conservation interventions seek to change resource users' behaviour through the creation and enforcement of rules. Their success depends on changing the incentives of potential rule-breakers and those who monitor and enforce compliance. Project implementers may use payments to encourage monitoring and sanctions to deter rule breaking but there has been little research to examine the effectiveness of such approaches in promoting compliance with conservation rules. The effects of payments and sanctions on poaching in a hypothetical community-based conservation project were investigated using an individual-based model incorporating individual heterogeneity and a realistic range of behaviours. Individuals could choose to poach, monitor others' behaviour, or ‘cheat’ (claim a fee without actually monitoring behaviour). They could also invest in avoidance to reduce their probability of being detected breaking rules. Community-level outcomes emerged from individuals’ choices and strategic interactions. The model demonstrates that payments and sanctions can interact strongly with one another and that their effects depend on the economic context in which they are applied. Sanctions were more reliable than payments in reducing poaching and, in some circumstances, payments produced perverse effects. It is thus important to consider individual-level heterogeneity and strategic decision-making when designing interventions aimed at changing human behaviour.
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Milewski, Adam, Wondwosen M. Seyoum, Racha Elkadiri, and Michael Durham. "Multi-Scale Hydrologic Sensitivity to Climatic and Anthropogenic Changes in Northern Morocco." Geosciences 10, no. 1 (2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10010013.
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Natural and human-induced impacts on water resources across the globe continue to negatively impact water resources. Characterizing the hydrologic sensitivity to climatic and anthropogenic changes is problematic given the lack of monitoring networks and global-scale model uncertainties. This study presents an integrated methodology combining satellite remote sensing (e.g., GRACE, TRMM), hydrologic modeling (e.g., SWAT), and climate projections (IPCC AR5), to evaluate the impact of climatic and man-made changes on groundwater and surface water resources. The approach was carried out on two scales: regional (Morocco) and watershed (Souss Basin, Morocco) to capture the recent climatic changes in precipitation and total water storage, examine current and projected impacts on total water resources (surface and groundwater), and investigate the link between climate change and groundwater resources. Simulated (1979–2014) potential renewable groundwater resources obtained from SWAT are ~4.3 × 108 m3/yr. GRACE data (2002–2016) indicates a decline in total water storage anomaly of ~0.019m/yr., while precipitation remains relatively constant through the same time period (2002–2016), suggesting human interactions as the major underlying cause of depleting groundwater reserves. Results highlight the need for further conservation of diminishing groundwater resources and a more complete understanding of the links and impacts of climate change on groundwater resources.
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Lebedev, Nikita. "The experience of design engineering of industrial equipment: to the question on standardization in industrial design (based on the project of modernization of testing equipment of the Indian company BiSS)." Человек и культура, no. 1 (January 2020): 161–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8744.2020.1.31943.
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Relevance of the covered in this article questions of referring to standardization in the course of design engineering is defined nu the observed over the recent decade changes in the character of organization of the surrounding a human object world, its complication and growing disarray. The subject of research is the specificity of implementation of standardization principles in project engineering of industrial design with emphasis on interpretation of the latter as the activity on development of user experience. Special attention is given to the description and analysis of experience of referring to project capabilities of standardization in the course of developing design for industrial testing equipment. The author examines the modern research in the area of industrial design, as well classical works in the field of design theory. The scientific novelty consists in determination and specification of the role of standardization in modern industrial design, which currently underlies the development of experience of user interaction. An important outcome became the creation of a project, which novelty is substantiated by international patent. The result of implementation of standardization principles in the course of design engineering of control and protection mechanisms of testing equipment lies in the complex solution of such tasks, as ensuring stylistic unity of the entire product line, ergonomics of operators’ positions, conservation of material, human and time resources. The author outlines the prospects of implementation of standardization in industrial design in the nearest futures due to the need for bringing a growing array of technical devices to a common standard.
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Patode, R. S., C. B. Pande, M. B. Nagdeve, K. N. Moharir, and R. M. Wankhade. "Planning of Conservation Measures for Watershed Management and Development by using Geospatial Technology – A Case study of Patur Watershed in Akola District of Maharashtra." Current World Environment 12, no. 3 (2017): 706–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.12.3.22.
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Planning of conservation measures for watershed management and development is the method of preparing and implementing plans in different projects to maintain and raise watershed management functions which otherwise affect the plants, animal and human communities inside watershed boundary. The geospatial technologies like remote sensing and GIS, GPS are useful for fast and cost effective study of different applications with accuracy in planning. It also gives a good quality perspective for understanding the problems and therefore useful for planners for better result for sustainable water resource development and management. The main focus of the study is to develop the land and water resource development plan and environmental management for groundwater recharge development using Geospatial technology in Patur watershed which is situated in Akola district of Maharashtra. In this study various types of thematic maps have been generated from satellite images using remote sensing and GIS technology. These thematic maps were prepared from different types of data sets like IRS- LISS-III multispectral images, SRTM data with 30 m resolution and Survey of India Toposheet. The thematic maps for GIS analysis were created by image processing of the raw data using geospatial technology. A particular importance is laid on the planning of conservation measures for land and water resources management plan mainly based on the land use/ land cover, geology, geomorphology and slope of the Patur watershed area. The planning conservation activity should be important for ecological development and management at the forest area in the Patur watershed. From the final output of these study different conservation measures/structures like recharge wells, farm ponds, CNB, gully plug, CCT and other soil and water conservation structures have been suggested for groundwater recharge development, environmental management and to control soil erosion from the watershed area with reference to remote sensing and GIS data compared with ground truth.
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CHAKOUR, Said Chaouki, and Asma CHAKER. "Contribution of Marine Protected Areas in Fisheries Governance in South Mediterranean." Issues In Social And Environmental Accounting 8, no. 3 (2014): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.22164/isea.v8i3.91.
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When studying fishing activities in south Mediterranean, particularly in Algeria, we face the particular case of coastal territory. The high dependence of human activities on marine territories and their resources is always related to the high level of conflicts, between fishing actors and other stakeholders, generated by some conservation projects. The aim of this paper is to highlight and illustrate the approach of MPAs (Marine Protected Areas) governance and their role in conserving biodiversity, in order to clarify their economic, social and environmental impacts on human activities such as fishing. This paper defends the flowing thesis: in the long term, protection could reduce conflicts, contribute to sustainable management of fisheries and improve the welfare of fishers’ community.
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Gabiri, Geofrey, Bernd Diekkrüger, Kristian Näschen, et al. "Impact of Climate and Land Use/Land Cover Change on the Water Resources of a Tropical Inland Valley Catchment in Uganda, East Africa." Climate 8, no. 7 (2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli8070083.
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The impact of climate and land use/land cover (LULC) change continues to threaten water resources availability for the agriculturally used inland valley wetlands and their catchments in East Africa. This study assessed climate and LULC change impacts on the hydrological processes of a tropical headwater inland valley catchment in Uganda. The hydrological model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was applied to analyze climate and LULC change impacts on the hydrological processes. An ensemble of six regional climate models (RCMs) from the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment for two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, were used for climate change assessment for historical (1976–2005) and future climate (2021–2050). Four LULC scenarios defined as exploitation, total conservation, slope conservation, and protection of headwater catchment were considered. The results indicate an increase in precipitation by 7.4% and 21.8% of the annual averages in the future under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. Future wet conditions are more pronounced in the short rainy season than in the long rainy season. Flooding intensity is likely to increase during the rainy season with low flows more pronounced in the dry season. Increases in future annual averages of water yield (29.0% and 42.7% under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively) and surface runoff (37.6% and 51.8% under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively) relative to the historical simulations are projected. LULC and climate change individually will cause changes in the inland valley hydrological processes, but more pronounced changes are expected if the drivers are combined, although LULC changes will have a dominant influence. Adoption of total conservation, slope conservation and protection of headwater catchment LULC scenarios will significantly reduce climate change impacts on water resources in the inland valley. Thus, if sustainable climate-smart management practices are adopted, the availability of water resources for human consumption and agricultural production will increase.
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Esteves, Rafael Alves, and Ronilson José da Paz. "Terrestrial invertebrates in environmental assessments: A decade of environmental impact studies in the influence area of the Atlantic Rainforest in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Gestão Ambiental e Sustentabilidade 6, no. 14 (2019): 1039–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21438/rbgas.061428.
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Invertebrates constitute a megadiverse animal group and abundant in virtually every terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem, performing functions and providing services indispensable to the environment. In this paper, we evaluated how terrestrial invertebrates were treated in the Environmental Impact Assessments submitted to the environmental agency in Rio de Janeiro, state fully inserted at Atlantic Rainforest biome. We analyzed environmental studies developed by companies with new industrial projects presenting potential environmental impact in the period of 2008 to 2018. Only ten (14%) studies considered terrestrial invertebrates in the biotic diagnostic assessments of fauna. Arthropoda was the only one Phylum considered as terrestrial invertebrates in the studies analyzed, with Class Insecta present in all of them, and Arachnida present in two studies. The insects of the Orders Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidopetra, Hemipetra, Orthopetra and Odonata were the most frequent in the studies. The lack of interest in the conservation of terrestrial invertebrates demonstrates the fragility of the public authorities in issues related to biodiversity conservation strategies of these animals and exposes the urgent need for investment in the formation of human resources specialized in biodiversity conservation.
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Peduzzi, P. "Landslides and vegetation cover in the 2005 North Pakistan earthquake: a GIS and statistical quantitative approach." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 4 (2010): 623–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-623-2010.
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Abstract. The growing concern for loss of services once provided by natural ecosystems is getting increasing attention. However, the accelerating rate of natural resources destruction calls for rapid and global action. With often very limited budgets, environmental agencies and NGOs need cost-efficient ways to quickly convince decision-makers that sound management of natural resources can help to protect human lives and their welfare. The methodology described in this paper, is based on geospatial and statistical analysis, involving simple Geographical Information System (GIS) and remote sensing algorithms. It is based on free or very low-cost data. It aims to scientifically assess the potential role of vegetation in mitigating landslides triggered by earthquakes by normalising for other factors such as slopes and distance from active fault. The methodology was applied to the 2005 North Pakistan/India earthquake which generated a large number of victims and hundreds of landslides. The study shows that if slopes and proximity from active fault are the main susceptibility factors for post landslides triggered by earthquakes in this area, the results clearly revealed that areas covered by denser vegetation suffered less and smaller landslides than areas with thinner (or devoid of) vegetation cover. Short distance from roads/trails and rivers also proved to be pertinent factors in increasing landslides susceptibility. This project is a component of a wider initiative involving the Global Resource Information Database Europe from the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the Institute of Geomatics and Risk Analysis from the University of Lausanne and the "institut universitaire d'études du développement" from the University of Geneva.
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Anokhin, Aleksei Yu, Elena G. Kropinova, and Eduardas Spiriajevas. "Developing geotourism with a focus on geoheritage in a transboundary region: the case of the Curonian Spit, a UNESCO site." Sustainable development of the Baltic Sea Region 13, no. 2 (2021): 112–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2021-2-6.
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Recreation in conservation areas has compelled special attention amid international travel restrictions. The tension between the conservation and economic use of these territories is increasing. This work aims to find ways to optimise and modernise environmental outreach and recreation in national parks — one of the conservation area types. Geotourism is a sustainable form of tourism, which bridges the gap between conservation and recreation. Several objectives have been attained to fulfil this aim. Firstly, best practices of geotourism development in conservation areas have been analysed. Secondly, the resource potential for diversifying ecotourism events in conservation areas has been measured. Thirdly, an algorithm for a geological heritage-focused ecotour — an innovative recreation product aimed at eco-education and community outreach — has been designed. The authors view the methodology for geotour design as an instance of heritage preservation and propose a new tourist route — the Geological and Geomorphological Chronicle of the Baltic Sea. This tour acquaints sightseers with the nature of the Curonian Spit national park, a unique geological and geomorphological feature whose landscapes are a product of centuries-long human-nature interactions. Twenty years ago, in 2000, the conservation area was listed by UNESCO as a place of considerable natural significance. The field studies were carried out as part of the international project Ecotour4Natur: Ecotourism as a Tool for the Preservation of Natural and Cultural Heritage within the Lithuania-Russia cross-border cooperation programme 2014—2020. The obtained algorithm for ecological route design may benefit other national parks as well.
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Campos-Silva, João V., Carlos A. Peres, Joseph E. Hawes, et al. "Sustainable-use protected areas catalyze enhanced livelihoods in rural Amazonia." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 40 (2021): e2105480118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2105480118.
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Finding new pathways for reconciling socioeconomic well-being and nature sustainability is critically important for contemporary societies, especially in tropical developing countries where sustaining local livelihoods often clashes with biodiversity conservation. Many projects aimed at reconciling the goals of biodiversity conservation and social aspirations within protected areas (PAs) have failed on one or both counts. Here, we investigate the social consequences of living either inside or outside sustainable-use PAs in the Brazilian Amazon, using data from more than 100 local communities along a 2,000-km section of a major Amazonian river. The PAs in this region are now widely viewed as conservation triumphs, having implemented community comanagement of fisheries and recovery of overexploited wildlife populations. We document clear differences in social welfare in communities inside and outside PAs. Specifically, communities inside PAs enjoy better access to health care, education, electricity, basic sanitation, and communication infrastructure. Moreover, living within a PA was the strongest predictor of household wealth, followed by cash-transfer programs and the number of people per household. These collective cobenefits clearly influence life satisfaction, with only 5% of all adult residents inside PAs aspiring to move to urban centers, compared with 58% of adults in unprotected areas. Our results clearly demonstrate that large-scale “win–win” conservation solutions are possible in tropical countries with limited financial and human resources and reinforce the need to genuinely empower local people in integrated conservation-development programs.
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Wang, G. Q., X. L. Yan, J. Y. Zhang, et al. "Detecting evolution trends in the recorded runoffs from the major rivers in China during 1950–2010." Journal of Water and Climate Change 4, no. 3 (2013): 252–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2013.021.
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Evolution trends as well as abrupt changes in recorded runoffs from the major rivers in China during 1950–2010 were investigated using the Mann–Kendall test and ordered clustering analysis. Results show that the recorded runoff series at ten key hydrometric stations on the major rivers in China are characterized by a general decreasing trend. A significant decrease has occurred at six stations: Yichang, Huayuankou, Guantai, Shixiali, Tieling and Haerbin stations, which are located on the northern major rivers. Abrupt changes in runoff series are detectable for the Yellow River (1986), the Hai River (1965 at Guantai station, 1970 at Shixiali station) and the Liao River (1965). The relationship between runoff and precipitation at these stations is different before and after the abrupt change. Intensive human activities, such as land use change, water conservation projects, water diversion projects and rapid increases in agricultural irrigation, are likely to be among the main causes of the abrupt changes in runoff. Effective strategies for water conservation and adaptation to climate change will be needed to ensure sustainable use of water resources and safeguard economic growth under China's 12th 5-year plan.
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Li, Yanqing, Zhongcheng Jiang, Zhihua Chen, et al. "Anthropogenic Disturbances and Precipitation Affect Karst Sediment Discharge in the Nandong Underground River System in Yunnan, Southwest China." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (2020): 3006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12073006.
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In fragile karst environments that have seen past and current human exploitation of agricultural and forest resources, the quantification of underground riverine sediment has been widely used to evaluate subterranean stream basin erosion. These measures are highly influenced by both precipitation and anthropogenic factors; therefore, soil erosion control measures must be urgently designed and applied. In this study, 17 years of sediment discharge across the Nandong underground river system in southwest China was monitored. To achieve this goal, the Mann–Kendal mutation test and proxy indicators were used to estimate the general influence of human activities and precipitation on sediment discharge. The results showed that: (1) Both anthropologic disturbance and rainfall have impacted the sediment discharge, although the influence of the anthropologic factor on sediment discharge was greater (61.53%), and (2) rainfall showed a hysteresis effect on sediment discharge. We obtained three different stages based on the mutation points and variation characteristics of the studied sediment discharge resulting from different driving forces, from 1998 to 2014. Prior to 2004, in the whole basin, the decrease of sediment yield was the result of the Natural Forest Protection Project. During the period from 2004 to 2008, due to continuous droughts, flood disasters, and intensive cultivation practices on the steeper hillslopes, the total sediment discharge of the whole basin increased. After 2009, the sediment discharge decreased due to the development of soil conservation projects and mushrooming reservoirs. These findings are expected to provide insights into watershed management and ecological restoration in fragile karst ecosystems, specifically, in southwestern Chinese river systems. More research must be conducted to monitor, with in situ measurements and observations, possible extreme events that can determine the exact erosion control measures that need to be designed and applied.
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SCHULTZ, LISEN, CARL FOLKE, and PER OLSSON. "Enhancing ecosystem management through social-ecological inventories: lessons from Kristianstads Vattenrike, Sweden." Environmental Conservation 34, no. 2 (2007): 140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892907003876.
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Environmental policy increasingly emphasizes involvement of local users and land owners in ecosystem management, but conservation planning is still largely a bureaucratic-scientific endeavour of identifying biological values for protection. Neither biological inventories nor stakeholder analyses, that tend to focus on conflicting interests, capture human resources in the landscape or the social structures and processes underlying biological conservation values. Social-ecological inventories are therefore proposed during the preparation phase of conservation projects as a means to identify people with ecosystem knowledge that practise ecosystem management. The method presented here focuses on local steward groups acting outside official management plans. In a social-ecological inventory of a river basin of southern Sweden, local steward groups, their ecosystem management activities, motives and links to other actors involved in ecosystem management were identified through interviews, participatory observations and a review of documents and other written material. Several hundred active local stewards were organized in 10 local steward groups that managed and monitored a range of ecosystem services at different spatial scales. Contributions of local stewards included on-site ecosystem management, long-term and detailed monitoring of species and ecosystem dynamics, local ecological knowledge, public support for ecosystem management and specialized networks. Two conservation projects are used to illustrate how local steward groups came together in multi-level networks and collaborated around specific conservation issues. The projects have been linked to ecosystem management at the landscape level through a flexible municipality organization, the Ecomuseum Kristianstads Vattenrike (EKV). EKV has acted as a ‘bridging organization’, coordinating and connecting many of the local steward groups to organizations and institutions at other levels. The process has been guided by social capital and shared visions for the whole landscape. The study shows that ecosystem management likely relies on multi-level collaboration and social-ecological inventories may help identify actors that are fundamental in such management systems. Social-ecological inventories should be employed in any attempt to develop and implement ecosystem management.
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Goodland, Robert J. A., Herman E. Daly, and Salah El Serafy. "The Urgent Need for Rapid Transition to Global Environmental Sustainability." Environmental Conservation 20, no. 4 (1993): 297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900023481.
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This paper outlines the concept of environmental sustain-ability (ES), shows why it is important to make it a top-priority goal, and why that will be difficult to attain but essential. The ES equation of impact = population × affluence × technology, is outlined. When the world approaches stability in both population size and the throughput of energy and materials per unit of production, we may indeed be approaching sustainability. As the world's population is apt to double every 40 years, and as only a few countries (e.g. Japan and Sweden) have managed so far to reduce the energy intensity of production, we are hurtling away from sustainability rather than even approaching it. Environmental sustainability can be approached by implementing four priorities: first, by using sound microeconomic means; second, by using sound macroeconomics to differentiate between use and liquidation of natural capital by means of environmental accounting; third, by using environmental assessment to incorporate environmental costs into project appraisal; and fourth—until the first three become fully achieved—by following operational guidelines for sustainability. Thus:1) Sound Microeconomic Means involve: (1) Getting the prices right: to reflect full social marginal opportunity cost; use the ‘full cost’ principle, or the ‘cradle-to-grave’ approach. (2) Repealing perverse fiscal incentives. (3) Strengthening the ‘polluter pays’ principles. (4) Including non-monetary values in project justification. (5) Adopting the transparency principle that markets can function efficiently only if relevant information is available at low cost. This involves the participation of people in decisions affecting them, and advertising who is polluting what and by how much.2) Sound Macroeconomics by Environmental Accounting is essential to discern decapitalization and to shift to using income rather than drawing down capital assets. Environmental accounting clarifies what is liquidation of natural capital from what is income. This is essential because decapitalization is frequently confused as income. Environmental accounting warns us when liquidation of potentially renewable resources exceeds their regeneration rates, such as in many forests.3) Environmental Assessment is part of the project selection process. The purpose of EA is to ensure that the development options under consideration are environmentally sustainable. Any environmental consequences should be addressed in project selection, planning, siting, and design. EAs identify ways of preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for, adverse impacts.4) Sustainability Guidelines: Until the first three rules are heeded and duly acted on, the following guidelines will be necessary: 1, Output Rule:—waste emissions from a project should be within the assimilative capacity of the local environment to absorb without unacceptable de-gradation of its future waste-absorptive capacity; and 2, Input Guide:—harvest rates or renewable resource inputs should be within regenerative capacity of the natural system that generates them. Depletion rates of non-renewable resource inputs should not exceed the rate at which renewable substitutes are developed by human invention and investment.
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Banchero, S., D. de Abelleyra, S. R. Veron, M. J. Mosciaro, F. Arévalos, and J. N. Volante. "RECENT LAND USE AND LAND COVER CHANGE DYNAMICS IN THE GRAN CHACO AMERICANO." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W12-2020 (November 6, 2020): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w12-2020-369-2020.
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Abstract. Land transformation is one of the most significant human changes on the Earth’s surface processes. Therefore, land use land cover time series are a key input for environmental monitoring, natural resources management, territorial planning enforcement at national scale. We here capitalize from the MapBiomas initiative to characterize land use land cover (LULC) change in the Gran Chaco between 2010 and 2017. Specifically we sought to a) quantify annual changes in the main LULC classes; b) identify the main LULC transitions and c) relate these transitions to current land use policies. Within the MapBiomas project, Landsat based annual maps depicting natural woody vegetation, natural herbaceous vegetation, dispersed natural vegetation, cropland, pastures, bare areas and water. We used Random Forest machine learning algorithms trained by samples produced by visual interpretation of high resolution images. Annual overall accuracy ranged from 0,73 to 0,74. Our results showed that, between 2010 and 2017, agriculture and pasture lands increased ca. 3.7 Mha while natural forestry decreased by 2.3 Mha. Transitions from forests to agriculture accounted for 1.14% of the overall deforestation while 86% was associated to pastures and natural herbaceous vegetation. In Argentina, forest loss occurred primarily (39%) on areas non considered by the territorial planning Law, followed by medium (33%), high (19%) and low (9%) conservation priority classes. These results illustrate the potential contribution of remote sensing to characterize complex human environmental interactions occurring over extended areas and timeframes.
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Mwalyosi, Raphael B. B. "Environmental Impacts of the Proposed Stiegler's Gorge Hydropower Project, Tanzania." Environmental Conservation 15, no. 3 (1988): 250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900029398.
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Establishment of a planned reservoir at Stiegler's Gorge on the Rufiji River would enable a large amount of highlyvalued energy to be produced. This would represent an important national asset. But although such a large net amount of energy would be realized on a short- to mediumterm basis, its production would be negatively influenced by a variety of reservoir operation options that would be related mainly to irrigated agriculture, fisheries, and water quality, which form trade-offs with hydropower generation.The most significant effect of the dam would be drastic reduction, by controlled discharge, in the frequency of severe floods in the lower Rufiji valley. Floods in excess of 2,500 cubic metres of discharge per second could be reduced in number from some 14 to 3 in 24 years, or from 167 to 13 during 300 years. The most devastating floods would also be reduced—from once in about 8 years to once in maybe 40 years.The STIGO Project impact area contains a major wildlife resource in terms of size, density, and diversity. Its accessibility to Dar es Salaam gives it a great potential for tourism development. As an access road to the dam-site would be a necessary prerequisite to implementation of the STIGO Project, it would indirectly help to open up the Selous Game Reserve to tourism, which is currently being hampered by poor communications. Also, a substantial amount of the forest resources identified along this road could be exploited.No complete populations of animal wildlife would be in danger from direct ecological consequences of river impoundment and dam construction. However, significant proportions of the populations in the STIGO Project impact area of three species (Giraffe, Wildebeest, and Zebra) would be potentially at risk, owing to their need for habitats of restricted range. On the other hand some species, including Crocodile and Hippopotamus, would increase in numbers following creation of the reservoir and improvement of their habitat downstream of the dam (due to swamp drainage).Not withstanding that the ecological impacts of dam construction are relatively minor, the socio-economic impacts on wildlife and conservation values are potentially great—resulting, for instance, from facilitated access to the heart of the Selous Game Reserve and concomitantly increased conflict between wild animals and Man. These circumstances would reduce wilderness values and disturb animal wildlife, so that, especially, commercially valuable species may be expected to decline unless strict regulations are made and enforced.*River impoundment would have very negative impacts on floodplain fisheries and agriculture, the latter of which would probably be changed to irrigated agriculture with artificial fertilization, while floodplain fisheries would totally collapse. Some mangrove stands in the Delta would probably be displaced by reeds. Delta fisheries would be very negatively affected, because of changes in the water regime as well as in salinity levels.Water quality in the planned reservoir and in the downstream area would be negatively affected by the project. The water would often be unfit for human and animal consumption and use, as well as unfavourable for fisheries. The project would also have negative effects on the health of the riparian population, owing to increased potentials for disease vectors.Overall, a high degree of uncertainty is involved in the project. The effect of the primary project (hydropower) would be negative owing to its drastic consequences for the immediate and more distant impact areas. Its image might improve and probably become positive if development in the Basin were carefully controlled and managed. This would require reliable prediction of the impacts and a thorough analysis of the remedial and/or additional measures to arrive at an integrated development strategy for the Basin. Although several measures are planned to eliminate and/or minimize the negative impacts, their implementation may be difficult in view of the bad economic situation of the country.