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1
Addaney, Michael, Michael Gyan Nyarko, and Elsabe Boshoff. "Protection of the Environment and Natural Resources during Armed Conflicts in Africa." Chinese Journal of Environmental Law 3, no. 1 (August 13, 2019): 85–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24686042-12340036.
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Abstract Scarce environmental and natural resources, such as minerals and water, are traditional origins of armed conflicts in Africa. There are persuasive and wide-ranging claims to the effect that environmental degradation will intensify resource scarcity and consequently contribute to an increase in armed conflict. Existing studies show that most governments in Africa overexploit valuable natural resources such as diamonds, oil and timber to finance war, without regard to environmental protection. Environmental protection during armed conflict has therefore gradually gained significant attention at international, national and regional levels. This article explores how regional laws could fill gaps in the international legal frameworks for the protection of the environment and natural resources in the context of armed conflicts in Africa. It considers the extent to which the enforceable content of regional and international norms apply to environmental damage in times of armed conflict and assesses the main shortcomings of existing normative frameworks to make a case for reform. The article argues that regional law (the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) offers strong and direct protection to the natural environment during armed conflict and requires a lower threshold for its application as compared with the Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions. It concludes by providing recommendations on finding durable solutions to protection of the environment during resource-fuelled armed conflict in Africa.
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Ola, Oreoluwa, and Emmanuel Benjamin. "Preserving Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in West African Forest, Watersheds, and Wetlands: A Review of Incentives." Forests 10, no. 6 (May 31, 2019): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10060479.
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While biodiversity and ecosystem services derived from the natural environment are the backbones of West African rural livelihood, unsustainable exploitation of natural resources, conflicts, and climate change threaten the continued provision of ecosystem services. This threat creates an urgent need to safeguard the integrity of the environment. Evaluating the effectiveness of environmental conservation projects is central towards designing and scaling-up successful conservation projects. Using secondary literature and project reports, we reviewed ongoing and completed conservation projects in the West African sub-region. Scientific work on incentives for ecosystem services in sub-Saharan Africa typically focuses on Southern and Eastern Africa, leaving Western Africa underserved. This study fills this literature gap by compiling lessons from conservation projects in West Africa to offer region-specific incentives that should inform the design of conservation projects in the region. The study shows that the way forward is a holistic, sustainable development approach that mirrors and meets strategies outlined in Sustainable Development Goals 1, 2, 5, 8, 13, and 17: No Poverty, End Hunger and Promote Sustainable Agriculture, Gender Equality, Decent Work and Economic Growth, Climate Action, and Partnerships for the Goals, respectively.
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Hyden, Goran. "Politicians and Poachers: The Political Economy of Wildlife Policy in Africa. By Clark C. Gibson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 262p. $70.00 cloth, $26.95 paper." American Political Science Review 96, no. 3 (September 2002): 659–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055402720364.
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This interesting and insightful book on the political economy of wildlife policy in Africa is an important contribution to the literature not only on African politics but also on the role that institutions play in shaping behavior and decisions. Although wildlife may not occupy the same centrality in African economies as oil and precious metals do, it is a crucial natural resource that earns countries, especially in eastern and southern Africa, significant revenue. Few political scientists have paid attention to this sector. No one has really approached it from a political economy perspective. Yet the struggle over access to natural resources in Africa is very much a political matter. Gibson's well-crafted and thorough study fills this gap. Its main contribution to the discipline at large is its focus on the distributive nature of institutions. The latter do not just produce collective or public goods. They also serve individual interests differentially. By concentrating on the strategic interaction of individuals within institutions, Gibson, following in the tradition of Douglass North and Robert Bates, identifies the intended and unintended consequences of policy decisions made with regard to the use and conservation of wildlife in Africa.
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Olatumile, Adekunle. "Adaptation of Traditional Festivals to Natural Resources Conservation Education: Lessons from Osun-Osogbo and Argungun Fishing Festivals in Nigeria." American Economic & Social Review 5, no. 2 (July 24, 2019): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/aesr.v5i2.361.
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Africa has been tagged a festival continent as year in year out, towns and villages witness cultural festivals throughout the year. These festivals are mostly concerned with resources conservation and utilization. The adoption of Western Model of conserving biodiversity in the trickle-down fashion has failed to yield reasonable result; whereas traditional festivals epitomize indigenous people’s respect and reverence for, and pragmatic understanding of, their natural environment. The quest of conserving biodiversity for sustainable development therefore calls for the integration of traditional festivals in sustainable resource management framework. In spite of the invaluable potentials of traditional festivals in biodiversity conservation as an indigenous resource management system, it has not been given a prominent place in the modern day scientific resource management framework. Using ethnographic research design, the paper exploits the natural resources conservation potentials of Osun-Osogbo and Argungun fishing festivals in Nigeria. Data are collected from archival, ethnographic and internet materials, as well as text books, pictures and information through interviews and observations. The paper presents an analysis of ways through which policy frameworks can benefit from festivals and how a wide audience can be reached with biodiversity conservation messages for the purpose of creating awareness. The paper develops a framework for ecosystem based adaptation, using indigenous festivals for the purpose of replicating it in every other community where such festivals do not exist and integrating it in festivals that are not based on natural resource conservation.
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Reynders, Cornelius Chris, Harmony Musiyarira, and Prvoslav Marjanovic. "The Value of Decentralisation in Wastewater Management: Gauteng Province Case Study, South Africa." Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People 1, no. 2 (July 21, 2012): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/jedep.v1i2.14.
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In a semi-arid water scarce country like South Africa, the efficient use of limited water resources and measures to extend the service value of these resources is a prerequisite for achieving sustainable development. The conventional supply-sided management approach to water supply causes increased wastewater generation with accompanied increased pollution loads requiring higher levels of mitigation environmental pollution. Where disposal of wastewater treatment effluent takes place in rivers and natural water bodies, the lack of adequate natural compensating capacity of such water bodies typically result in severe ecological damage of the aquatic environment. With a shift of emphasis to a sustainable demand side management approach (as opposed to a supply side one), the avoidance of water wastage and high wastewater generation represents both resource conservation and environmental protection friendly approaches and contribute to overall sustainability. The integrated nature of water supply and wastewater management systems require an approach that considers these systems holistically. A new paradigm for water management is therefore needed to ensure that the issues of waste disposal and pollution are dealt with in a sustainable manner taking into account the emerging objectives of modern society for resource conservation and environmental protection.A balance therefore has to be found between the uses of additional fresh water resources as a means of satisfying en ever increasing water demand on the one hand and alternative unconventional resource exploration and employment, without the risk of depletion of natural available fresh water resource flow, irreversible harm to the environment and social and economic constraints.This paper explores wastewater and grey water reuse as unconventional resources in a qualitative manner within this balancing equation. It further proposes a methodology for deriving monetary indicator values for wastewater reuse by internalising negative environmental impacts. This is achieved through application of Lagrangian optimisation of the treatment plant production function (output distance function) for deriving marginal prices of contaminant removal and resulting avoided pollution.
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Fa, John E. "Conservation in Equatorial Guinea." Oryx 26, no. 2 (April 1992): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300023395.
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Equatorial Guinea, the only Spanish-speaking country in tropical Africa, is an important enclave for wildlife. Because of its dire economic situation, the outcome of the withdrawal of colonial paternalism and 11 years of ruthless military dictatorship, the country sees the exploitation of its natural resources as the panacea to its financial deficit. The consequences for fauna and flora of the unchecked exploitation and uncontrolled opening of forest land for commercial logging will be enormous. Some protected areas have been decreed, but effective action to enforce new laws needs to be taken and the country lacks trained personnel and infrastructure.
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Human Rights Law in Africa, Editors. "AFRICAN CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES." Human Rights Law in Africa Online 1, no. 1 (2004): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160604x00125.
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Mbidzo, Meed, Helen Newing, and Jessica P. R. Thorn. "Can Nationally Prescribed Institutional Arrangements Enable Community-Based Conservation? An Analysis of Conservancies and Community Forests in the Zambezi Region of Namibia." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (September 25, 2021): 10663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910663.
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Community-based conservation is advocated as an idea that long-term conservation success requires engaging with, providing benefits for, and establishing institutions representing local communities. However, community-based conservation’s efficacy and impact in sustainable resource management varies depending on national natural resource policies and implications for local institutional arrangements. This paper analyses the significance of natural resource management policies and institutional design on the management of common pool resources (CPRs), by comparing Namibian conservancies and community forests. To meet this aim, we reviewed key national policies pertinent to natural resource governance and conducted 28 semi-structured interviews between 2012 and 2013. Key informants included conservancy and community forest staff and committee members, village headmen, NGO coordinators, regional foresters, wildlife officials (wardens), and senior government officials in the Ministry of Environment and Tourism and the Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry. We explored the following questions: how do national natural resource management policies affect the operations of local common pool resource institutions? and how do external factors affect local institutions and community participation in CPRs decision-making? Our results show that a diversity of national policies significantly influenced local institutional arrangements. Formation of conservancies and community forests by communities is not only directly linked with state policies designed to increase wildlife numbers and promote forest growth or improve condition, but also formulated primarily for benefits from and control over natural resources. The often-assumed direct relationship between national policies and local institutional arrangements does not always hold in practice, resulting in institutional mismatch. We aim to advance theoretical and applied discourse on common pool resource governance in social-ecological systems, with implications for sustainable land management policies in Namibia and other landscapes across sub-Saharan Africa.
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Heydom, A. E. F. "Bevolkingsgroei, ekonomiese ontwikkeling en drakapasiteit van die omgewing — is hulle versoenbaar of in konflik?" Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 15, no. 1 (July 10, 1996): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v15i1.631.
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In South Africa, as in many other countries, human population growth is currently reaching levels which render competition for basic human needs such as land and water, inevitable. Concurrent to population growth is the absolute necessity for economic development and job opportunities which, in turn, make tremendous demands upon the environment and natural resource base. As a consequence ever greater emphasis is placed by the news media on apparent conflicts between industrial development and social needs on the one hand, and conservation of the environment and natural resources on the other.
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Falayi, Menelisi, James Gambiza, and Michael Schoon. "A scoping review of environmental governance challenges in southern Africa from 2010 to 2020." Environmental Conservation 48, no. 4 (October 19, 2021): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892921000333.
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SummaryThroughout southern Africa, there have been growing concerns about the rates of ecosystem degradation. This issue and natural resource governance concerns in general remain key challenges. We conducted a scoping review of 135 articles to inductively assess how governance challenges have manifested in natural resource management during 2010–2020 in southern Africa. The paper’s findings show that governance challenges in southern Africa are ‘hydra-headed’. The results suggest that governance challenges related to the maintenance of system integrity and functioning – specifically lack of coordination, accountability, capacity, skills and resources to define effective natural resource management – were the most reported in literature. Challenges related to achieving socially equitable governance were the second most mentioned, followed by those related to institutional robustness. Challenges related to the adaptability and flexibility of institutions, specifically learning, monitoring capacity and innovation, were the least identified, showing that these areas are poorly studied or that these attributes are considered less problematic for achieving sustainable outcomes. Furthermore, the review highlights critical gaps – the limited engagement with governance-related frameworks, specifically polycentricity, adaptive governance and social-ecological stewardship. In concluding, we highlight governance reforms and future research needs on the topic of natural resources in southern Africa.
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Goolam, Nazeem. "Recent Environmental Legislation in South Africa." Journal of African Law 44, no. 1 (2000): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300012109.
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Section 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996, provides:“Everyone has the right(a) to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being; and(b) to have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures that(i) prevent pollution and ecological degradation;(ii) promote conservation; and(iii) secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while promoting justifiable economic and social development.”
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Ciofolo, I. "West Africa's last giraffes: the conflict between development and conservation." Journal of Tropical Ecology 11, no. 4 (November 1995): 577–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400009159.
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ABSTRACTThe distribution of the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis peralta Thomas 1898) has greatly diminished in West Africa, and now the last remaining population, reduced to less than 100 individuals, is found in Niger. These giraffes of West Africa are seriously threatened by extensive deforestation and clearing of their habitat. They live peacefully with humans and cattle and participate in an essential way in the dynamics of vegetation. Their disappearance would represent another step towards the impoverishment of the inheritance of Africa, a process already too far advanced. To save them, a fundamental rethinking of the connection between the environment and development on the one hand, and on the responsibilities of rural communities for the management of their natural resources on the other, has to be undertaken.
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Chigonda, Tanyaradzwa. "More than Just Story Telling: A Review of Biodiversity Conservation and Utilisation from Precolonial to Postcolonial Zimbabwe." Scientifica 2018 (August 19, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6214318.
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Access to natural resources has changed over the years in Zimbabwe. At least three broad periods of biodiversity conservation, utilisation, and access can be identified in the country, namely, the precolonial, colonial, and postindependence periods. This paper reviews the relationships between human livelihoods and biodiversity conservation in the rural areas of Zimbabwe during these periods and is informed by an extensive review of the relevant literature. A combination of historical narrative, thematic, and content analysis was used in analysing the various documents into meaningful information addressing the objective of the study. Traditional societies in precolonial Zimbabwe had access to abundant natural resources. However, access to these resources was not uncontrolled, but was limited by traditional beliefs, taboos, and customs enforced through community leadership structures. The advent of colonialism in the late 19th century dispossessed indigenous African communities of natural resources through command-type conservation legislation. At independence in 1980, the new majority government sought to redress the natural resource ownership imbalances created during colonialism, culminating in some significant measure of devolution in natural resource management to local communities in the late 1980s, though such devolution has been criticised for being incomplete. An accelerated land reform exercise since the year 2000 has adversely affected biodiversity conservation activities in the country, including the conservation-related livelihood benefits derived from protected areas. The review paper highlights the need for a more complete devolution of natural resource ownership and management down to the grassroots levels in the communal areas, if social and ecological sustainability is to be fully realised in these areas. On the other hand, the disruption of conservation activities in the country due to the ill-planned accelerated land reform exercise that has demarcated land for arable farming in some of the protected areas should be held in check as a matter of urgency.
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ROBERTSON, JOHN, and MICHAEL J. LAWES. "User perceptions of conservation and participatory management of iGxalingenwa forest, South Africa." Environmental Conservation 32, no. 1 (March 2005): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892905001979.
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New forest policies in South Africa seek to reconcile conservation and development objectives by devolving some responsibility for forest management from the state to local communities. Community participation in forest management aims to protect forest-based subsistence livelihoods by incorporating the interests of resource users, while simultaneously diffusing threats to biodiversity by managing resource use. To date, participatory forest management (PFM) has had mixed success in South Africa because the transfer of rights to users has not accompanied changes in policy. A questionnaire survey of 60 households (43%) revealed the attitudes of users toward current management and conservation options for iGxalingenwa forest. Users chose participatory forest management (52%) over community (25%) or state-dominated forest management (2%) structures. User choice was motivated by the desire to secure rights of access to, and ensure equitable benefit from, a dwindling resource base, rather than the conservation of these resources to sustain future yields. Users were unwilling to reduce resource use and compromise usufruct rights to achieve conservation goals, even to improve the availability of the resource stock. Current user needs compromise biodiversity conservation goals, and users regard state conservation practices as protectionist and obstructing their rights of access to resources. While the National Forests Act of 1998 seeks to conserve resources by limiting access to them and is based on principles of sustainable use, it is nevertheless perceived to offer few incentives to users to participate in forest management and conservation. Ideally, an institutional and legal framework that allocates user rights and managerial responsibilities to households is required, but clearly suitable alternatives to forest products are also vital for successful management. Greater trust between the provincial parks authority and users is needed, but is complicated by weak traditional leadership and poor community representation. Ultimately, users preferred PFM because, while recognizing that harvest rates are unsustainable, user dependence upon forest resources and weak traditional leadership means they can protect usufruct rights only by participation. Changes to any of these factors may create demands for a new management system. PFM allows the greatest flexibility for responding to changes in demands as well as the environment.
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Thomas, Howard H., Troy L. Best, and Bernard Agwanda. "Heliosciurus rufobrachium (Rodentia: Sciuridae)." Mammalian Species 51, no. 978 (August 30, 2019): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mspecies/sez010.
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Abstract Heliosciurus rufobrachium (Waterhouse, 1842), one of six species of Heliosciurus, is a sciurid commonly called red-legged sun squirrel. It is a medium-sized diurnally adapted tree squirrel occurring at ground-level to upper heights of the canopy of mature forests. It ranges from the west coast of Africa to Garissa County, Kenya. Adapted to an arboreal life, its frugivorous diet makes it a seed disperser for forest plants. In portions of West Africa, it serves as a source of bushmeat and it is a reservoir for human monkey-pox virus and Trypanosoma brucei, which causes African sleeping sickness. H. rufobrachium is listed as “Least Concern” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
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Duncan, P., and M. Lewarne. "USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUES TO DETECT CHANGES TO THE PRINCE ALFRED HAMLET CONSERVATION AREA IN THE WESTERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (June 21, 2016): 475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b7-475-2016.
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Understanding and identifying the spatial-temporal changes in the natural environment is crucial for monitoring and evaluating conservation efforts, as well as understanding the impact of human activities on natural resources, informing responsible land management, and promoting better decision-making. Conservation areas are often under pressure from expanding farming and related industry, invasive alien vegetation, and an ever-increasing human settlement footprint. This study focuses on detecting changes to the Prince Alfred Hamlet commonage, near Ceres in the Cape Floral Kingdom. It was chosen for its high conservation value and significance as a critical water source area. The study area includes a fast-growing human settlement footprint in a highly productive farming landscape. There are conflicting development needs as well as risks to agricultural production, and both of these threaten the integrity of the ecosystems which supply underlying services to both demands on the land. Using a multi-disciplinary approach and high-resolution satellite imagery, land use and land cover changes can be detected and classified, and the results used to support the conservation of biodiversity and wildlife, and protect our natural resources. The aim of this research is to study the efficacy of using remote sensing and GIS techniques to detect changes to critical conservation areas where disturbances can be understood, and therefore better managed and mitigated before these areas are degraded beyond repair.
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Duncan, P., and M. Lewarne. "USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUES TO DETECT CHANGES TO THE PRINCE ALFRED HAMLET CONSERVATION AREA IN THE WESTERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (June 21, 2016): 475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b7-475-2016.
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Understanding and identifying the spatial-temporal changes in the natural environment is crucial for monitoring and evaluating conservation efforts, as well as understanding the impact of human activities on natural resources, informing responsible land management, and promoting better decision-making. Conservation areas are often under pressure from expanding farming and related industry, invasive alien vegetation, and an ever-increasing human settlement footprint. This study focuses on detecting changes to the Prince Alfred Hamlet commonage, near Ceres in the Cape Floral Kingdom. It was chosen for its high conservation value and significance as a critical water source area. The study area includes a fast-growing human settlement footprint in a highly productive farming landscape. There are conflicting development needs as well as risks to agricultural production, and both of these threaten the integrity of the ecosystems which supply underlying services to both demands on the land. Using a multi-disciplinary approach and high-resolution satellite imagery, land use and land cover changes can be detected and classified, and the results used to support the conservation of biodiversity and wildlife, and protect our natural resources. The aim of this research is to study the efficacy of using remote sensing and GIS techniques to detect changes to critical conservation areas where disturbances can be understood, and therefore better managed and mitigated before these areas are degraded beyond repair.
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Tweh, Clement G., Menladi M. Lormie, Célestin Y. Kouakou, Annika Hillers, Hjalmar S. Kühl, and Jessica Junker. "Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey." Oryx 49, no. 4 (April 8, 2014): 710–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313001191.
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AbstractLiberia has the largest blocks of continuous forest in West Africa, providing habitat for numerous wildlife species. However, there is a lack of empirical data about the status of Liberia's wildlife populations. During 2010–2012 we conducted the first nationwide survey in Liberia along c. 320 km of systematically located transect lines to estimate the abundance of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus, the diversity of large mammals and the nature and degree of anthropogenic threats. With > 7,000 chimpanzees, Liberia is home to the second largest population of West African chimpanzees and is therefore a priority for conservation of the species. Compared to the fragmented populations in other range countries the Liberian population is potentially one of the most viable. Our study revealed that the majority of chimpanzees and some of the most species-diverse mammal communities in Liberia exist outside protected areas. High hunting rates and plans for large-scale exploitation of natural resources necessitate rapid implementation of effective strategies to ensure the protection of one of West Africa's last strongholds for chimpanzees and other rare and threatened mammal species. We provide a country-wide baseline dataset that may serve as a platform for Liberian wildlife authorities, policy-makers and international conservation agencies to make informed decisions about the location and delineation of proposed protected areas, to identify conservation gaps and to devise a conservation action plan to conserve Liberia's wildlife resources.
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Oniki, Shunji, Haftu Etsay, Melaku Berhe, and Teklay Negash. "Improving Cooperation among Farmers for Communal Land Conservation in Ethiopia: A Public Goods Experiment." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (November 9, 2020): 9290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219290.
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Farmers in developing countries depend on communal natural resources, yet countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are facing the severe degradation of communal lands due to the so-called “tragedy of the commons”. For the sustainable management of common resources, policy interventions, such as farmer seminars, are necessary to ensure high-level cooperation among farmers for land conservation. However, the effects of this type of information provision are not well known. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of the dissemination of conservation information on collaborative communal forest management using an economic field experiment with 936 farmers selected by random sampling from 11 villages in the northern Ethiopian Highlands. We conducted a public goods game experiment using a framework of voluntary contribution to communal land conservation with an intervention to remind participants about the consequence of their behaviors. The results show that the volunteer contribution increased after the intervention, and thereafter the decay of the contribution was slow. The results indicate that providing information about the consequences leads to a higher contribution. The effects of information provision are heterogeneous in terms of social condition, such as access to an urban area and social capital, and individual characteristics, such as wealth. These findings imply that information provision effectively improves farmer collaboration toward natural resource conservation in developing countries.
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Picard, Catherine H. "Post-apartheid perceptions of the Greater St Lucia Wetland Park, South Africa." Environmental Conservation 30, no. 2 (June 2003): 182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892903000171.
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In the wake of apartheid, South African protected areas have come under increasing pressure to reconcile a wealth of natural resources with the acute social and economic needs of the black rural majority. Demands for land reform, poverty alleviation and job creation have all had profound implications for the conservation and management of the nation's protected areas. An attitudinal study was conducted within three diverse South African communities, and among employees of the Kwa Zulu-Natal Nature Conservation Service (KZN Wildlife) to assess how the Greater St Lucia Wetland Park (GSWP) and the authorities charged with its management are perceived in the context of post-apartheid South Africa. Despite significant revisions to South Africa's conservation policies in the post-apartheid era, attitudinal research has continued to focus on rural black communities, leaving white residents, urban black populations and the conservation authorities themselves largely under-represented. As a result, the relationships between local communities, protected areas and conservation authorities remain largely unknown and outdated. Qualitative analysis of 90 semi-structured interviews indicated limited support (5%) for the abolition of the GSWP. The potential loss of the GSWP was associated with negative economic (88%) and environmental (66%) impacts by all respondents, regardless of race, gender, age or residency. Contrary to previous research conducted during the apartheid era, an overwhelming majority of Zulu respondents perceived a positive association between nature conservation, tourism and improved local economic welfare. Thus, local attitudes towards protected areas appeared to be improving. There remained however a discrepancy between support for the GSWP and the management authorities, particularly among respondents with limited contact with conservation staff. This is consistent with previous surveys where residents expressed support for the concept of conservation, but significant hostility towards local conservation authorities. The distinction is critical, as negative attitudes towards conservation authorities are often misinterpreted as a lack of support for conservation in general. Local residents (regardless of race or socioeconomic status) also expressed high expectations of KZN Wildlife to address issues of unemployment, poverty and tourism in the region. If these expectations are not met, support for the GSWP, as well as the conservation authorities, is likely to decline dramatically.
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Halimani, Tinyiko Edward, Obvious Mapiye, Tawanda Marandure, Diedre Januarie, Venancio Edward Imbayarwo-Chikosi, and Kennedy Dzama. "Domestic Free-Range Pig Genetic Resources in Southern Africa: Progress and Prospects." Diversity 12, no. 2 (February 7, 2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12020068.
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Pig genetic resources in Africa originate from different regions and were introduced through several migration pathways. Genetic analysis has shown a strong phylogeographic pattern, with pigs on the eastern parts showing a high frequency of alleles from the Far East while the ones on the western parts show a strong European influence. This highlights the influence of trade routes on the genetic legacy of African pigs. They have, however, since adapted to the local environments to produce unique populations with unique attributes. Most of the pigs are now reared in resource-constrained smallholdings under free-range conditions. They are largely owned by women who spread ownership of the resource through kinship networks. Very little work has been done to characterize, conserve, and sustainably utilize pig genetic resources in Southern Africa. The risk status of the breeds together with population numbers, distribution, and other attributes are largely unknown. This paper proposes several strategies for the sustainable utilization of the pig genetic resources: A market-driven in situ conservation program and two complementary ex situ strategies. In addition, the possibility of community-based breed improvement programs is discussed. It was concluded that genetic characterization of domestic free-range pig populations should be a supreme priority.
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Chitakira, Munyaradzi, Luxon Nhamo, Emmanuel Torquebiau, James Magidi, Willem Ferguson, Sylvester Mpandeli, Kevin Mearns, and Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. "Opportunities to Improve Eco-Agriculture through Transboundary Governance in Transfrontier Conservation Areas." Diversity 14, no. 6 (June 8, 2022): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14060461.
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Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) are critical biodiversity areas for the conservation and sustainable use of biological and cultural resources while promoting regional peace, cooperation, and socio-economic development. Sustainable management of TFCAs is dependent on the availability of an eco-agriculture framework that promotes integrated management of conservation mosaics in terms of food production, environmental protection or the conservation of natural resources, and improved human livelihoods. As a developmental framework, eco-agriculture is significantly influenced by existing legal and governance structures at all levels; this study assessed the impact of existing legal and governance frameworks on eco-agriculture implementation in the Lubombo TFCA that cuts across the borders between Mozambique, Eswatini, and South Africa. The assessment used a mixed research method, including a document review, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. Although the three countries have no eco-agriculture policies, biodiversity practices are directly or indirectly affected by some policies related to environmental protection, agriculture improvement, and rural development. The assessment found that South Africa has the most comprehensive policies related to eco-agriculture; Mozambican policies mainly focus on equity and involvement of disadvantaged social groups, while Eswatini is conspicuous for explicitly making it the responsibility of each citizen to protect and safeguard the environment. The protection of conservation areas is critical to preserving natural habitats and ensuring the continued provision of ecosystem services. The lack of transboundary governance structures results in the Lubombo TFCA existing as a treaty on paper, as there are no clear processes for transboundary cooperation and collaboration.
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Uebbing, Severin. "Stochomys longicaudatus (Rodentia: Muridae)." Mammalian Species 51, no. 974 (August 9, 2019): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mspecies/sez004.
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Abstract Stochomys longicaudatus (Tullberg, 1893) is a monotypic African murid rodent called the target rat because long bristle-like hairs in its fur resemble arrows stuck into a target, giving it a unique appearance. Although occurring in comparatively low densities, it is widely spread throughout the lowland rainforests of equatorial western and central Africa. Inhabiting dense understory vegetation, it is a secretive and perhaps nomadic species and little is known about its behavior. S. longicaudatus is herbivorous, climbs well and often, and builds nests from shredded grass. The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources classifies it as a species of “Least Concern.”
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Lavoie, Maxime, Aurélie Renard, Justin A. Pitt, and Serge Larivière. "Vulpes chama (Carnivora: Canidae)." Mammalian Species 51, no. 972 (July 5, 2019): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mspecies/sez002.
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Abstract Vulpes chama (Smith, 1833), commonly called the Cape fox, is 1 of 11 species of Vulpes. It is the only species of Vulpes occurring in southern Africa, and is endemic to that region. It occurs in southern Angola, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, and southwestern Zimbabwe. V. chama is a slender-built fox and its pelage is silvery gray throughout, back of pinna is tawny, and white hairs occur in the front along pinna edge. It tends to occupy arid and semiarid open habitats and feeds mainly on small mammals and insects, but also consumes birds, small reptiles, and fruits. V. chama is not of conservation concern and is listed as “Least Concern” by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
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Wilkie, David S., and Julia F. Carpenter. "The potential role of safari hunting as a source of revenue for protected areas in the Congo Basin." Oryx 33, no. 4 (October 1999): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00079.x.
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AbstractIn sub-Saharan Africa conservation of biodiversity is increasingly predicated on finding ways to ensure that the economic value of maintaining a landscape in its ‘natural’ state meets or exceeds the expected returns from converting the area to an alternative land use, such as agriculture. ‘Wildlands’ in Africa must generate, directly or from donor contributions, funds sufficient to cover both the operating costs of conservation, and the opportunity costs of forgoing other forms of resource use. Government and donor investments currently meet less than 30 per cent of the estimated recurring costs required to manage the protected-area network within central African countries effectively, and cover none of the growing opportunity costs incurred to maintain protected areas. Unfortunately, few additional sources of funding are available.
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Takang, J. Manyitabot. "From Algiers to Maputo: The Role of the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources in the Harmonization of Conservation Policy in Africa." Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy 17, no. 4 (October 2, 2014): 165–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880292.2014.957034.
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Kujirakwinja, D., A. J. Plumptre, A. Twendilonge, G. Mitamba, L. Mubalama, J. D. D. Wasso, O. Kisumbu, et al. "Establishing the Itombwe Natural Reserve: science, participatory consultations and zoning." Oryx 53, no. 1 (January 18, 2018): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317001478.
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AbstractBiological surveys starting in the 1950s provided clear evidence that the Itombwe Massif, located in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, is one of the most important areas for conservation in Africa. Further surveys in the mid 1990s and early 2000s showed key species were still present and could be conserved. Following a report on these surveys the Ministry of Environment established the Itombwe Reserve in 2006 without consulting local communities who have legitimate customary rights to reside within the area and use the region's natural resources. Although creating the Reserve was within the government's legal authority, its establishment violated the rights of the people there. Here we report over a decade of work by a consortium of international and national human rights and conservation NGOs, the local communities and the protected areas authority (Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature), to remediate this taking of customary rights. Starting in 2008 these partners began a participatory process with all 550 villages within and around the boundary of the Reserve. Using a community resource use mapping approach, developed from best practices, the team helped communities determine the boundary of the Reserve, and then pilot participatory zoning to identify zones for settlements, agriculture, hunting, gathering of non-timber forest products, and conservation. This process secured the customary rights of long-term residents in the Reserve and protected their lands from being taken by non-rights holders. As a result of this work the use rights of communities were largely restored and the communities agreed on 23 June 2016 to formalize the boundaries of the renamed Itombwe Nature Reserve.
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Downsborough, Linda, Charlie M. Shackleton, and Andrew T. Knight. "The potential for voluntary instruments to achieve conservation planning goals: the case of conservancies in South Africa." Oryx 45, no. 3 (July 2011): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310001559.
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AbstractSpatial prioritizations and gap analyses are increasingly undertaken to allocate conservation resources. Most spatial prioritizations are conducted without specifying the conservation instruments to be implemented and gap analyses typically assess formally protected areas but increasingly include private land conservation instruments. We examine conservancies to see if these voluntary instruments contribute towards achieving goals of South African conservation planning initiatives. We conducted a nationwide survey and interviews with conservancy members in Gauteng and the Eastern Cape. Conservancies have potential for assisting South Africa to achieve conservation planning goals at national and local scales but their inclusion in spatial prioritizations and gap analyses predicates improved protection for nature, operational refinement and increased support. We sound a warning to conservation planning initiatives that incorporate voluntary instruments on private land, and present recommendations for strengthening such instruments to make them more effective. Our findings may assist conservation planners elsewhere to design more effective conservation planning initiatives focused on private land.
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Ntiamoa-Baidu, Yaa. "Conservation education in threatened species management in Africa." Bird Conservation International 5, no. 4 (December 1995): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900001179.
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SummaryThe issues that need to be addressed in conservation education programmes aimed at saving threatened species in Africa are discussed. Elements considered as crucial for the success of such programmes include a clear definition of the problem, identification of the target groups, definition of appropriate messages for each group, and development of suitable strategies for dissemination. The advantages of using local people to implement education programmes are outlined. A system for monitoring and evaluation is essential for the assessment of the success of programmes and provides opportunities for improvement, re-definition of priorities and reallocation of resources.
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Adeeyo, Adeyemi O., Stanley S. Ndlovu, Linda M. Ngwagwe, Mulalo Mudau, Mercy A. Alabi, and Joshua N. Edokpayi. "Wetland Resources in South Africa: Threats and Metadata Study." Resources 11, no. 6 (June 3, 2022): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources11060054.
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Wetlands are important ecosystems with physical and economic benefits. However, many reports confirm the drastic loss of wetlands due to urbanisation and anthropogenic activities in many parts of the world. This study focused on the present-day state of wetlands in the Republic of South Africa. A meta-analysis was performed to elucidate the distribution and level of protection of selected wetlands. The classification of existing wetlands and the threat against wetlands were reported. Wetlands in South Africa are grossly endangered by human pollution, developmental activities, and invasive plants. From data obtained, about 47.89% of reported wetlands have a low level of protection and are thus susceptible to threats. The South African Department of Environmental Affairs protects most of the wetlands (28.17%) in the country. Major weaknesses identified for wetland degradation are the ignorance of people about the benefits of wetlands and the weak implementation of frameworks and policies that currently exist. The impact of legislations and policies on the preservation of wetlands is presented as well as the need for community education on environmental degradation. Therefore, the current state of several wetlands calls for urgent attention, and there is need for a strengthening of existing laws and policies in order to prevent wetland damage and extinction.
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Bauer, Hans. "Local perceptions of Waza National Park, northern Cameroon." Environmental Conservation 30, no. 2 (June 2003): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290300016x.
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Waza National Park, Cameroon, is representative of trends towards more participatory protected area management in Africa. It has no transition zone and interactions with the surrounding human population are complex. A recently adopted management plan allows experiments with limited consumptive use of natural resources, in exchange for people's collaboration. In order to determine which resources are desired and which resources are liabilities, people in the Park's vicinity were interviewed. Respondents' attitudes towards conservation were positive, motivated by both use and intrinsic values, and with reference to future generations. Attitudes were significantly related to locally perceived benefits. Respondents found most of the Park's resources useful but differences between user groups were significant. User groups also differed in their complaints about human-wildlife conflicts, but overall they considered the animals most important for tourism as the main nuisance. This case study shows that local aspirations cannot all be met, but indicates that limited outreach can improve existing public support for conservation measures.
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Paúl, Maria João, Jorge F. Layna, Pedro Monterroso, and Francisco Álvares. "Resource Partitioning of Sympatric African Wolves (Canis lupaster) and Side-Striped Jackals (Canis adustus) in an Arid Environment from West Africa." Diversity 12, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12120477.
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Knowledge on interference competition between species, particularly for scarce crucial resources, such as water, is a topic of increasing relevance for wildlife management given climate change scenarios. This study focuses on two sympatric canids, the African wolf and the side-striped jackal, to evaluate their group size and spatiotemporal activity patterns in the use of a limited resource by monitoring artificial waterholes in a semi-arid environment located in Senegal (West Africa). Remote cameras were deployed at five artificial waterholes to evaluate the number of individuals, age and activity patterns of resource use. African wolves (n = 71; 31% of all carnivore detections) and side-striped jackals (n = 104; 45%) were the most detected carnivore species. While both canids tended to occur alone at waterholes, they showed an evident monthly variation in group size. Both species showed a high activity overlap, with a bimodal activity pattern in waterhole use. However, we found evidence of unidirectional spatiotemporal avoidance, suggesting African wolves might be dominant over side-striped jackals. Our findings provide useful insights to investigate niche partitioning on the use of limited resources and have conservation implications for regions with a prolonged dry season.
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Veals, Amanda M., Alexandra D. Burnett, Marina Morandini, Marine Drouilly, and John L. Koprowski. "Caracal caracal (Carnivora: Felidae)." Mammalian Species 52, no. 993 (December 2, 2020): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mspecies/seaa006.
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Abstract Caracal caracal (Schreber, 1776) is a felid commonly called the caracal. It is a slender, medium-sized cat (5.8–22 kg) characterized by a short tail and long ear tufts. C. caracal has a wide distribution and is found throughout Africa, north to the Arabian Peninsula, the Middle East, central and southwest Asia into India; its habitat includes arid woodlands, savanna, scrublands, hilly steppes, and arid mountainous regions. It is globally listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources as “Least Concern” despite population trends unknown across most of its geographic distribution. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora lists Asian populations under Appendix I and African populations under Appendix II.
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Cronje, Willem. "Community Rights, Conservation and Contested Land: The Politics of Natural Resource Governance in Africa." African Journal of Range & Forage Science 28, no. 2 (July 2011): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2011.609273.
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Buchenrieder, Gertrud, and Roland Azibo Balgah. "Sustaining livelihoods around community forests. What is the potential contribution of wildlife domestication?" Journal of Modern African Studies 51, no. 1 (February 25, 2013): 57–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x12000596.
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ABSTRACTCommunity forest management is often advanced as a remedy for failing top-down approaches to nature conservation. Contingent on the property rights theory, it assumes that local participation in natural resource management results in sustainable structures. There is, however, insufficient empirical evidence on the intra-community dynamics – especially when households have unequal access to the local institutions managing the natural resource. This paper looks at the socio-cultural, economic and institutional situation of households with and without access to management institutions in communities around the Kilum-Ijim Mountain Forest in Cameroon and analyses whether livelihood differences are associated with variations in management patterns. The analysis reveals differences by household type and a mixed picture of the evolution of species in the community forests over time, questioning the role of the community in natural resource conservation. Furthermore, the paper discusses the potentials of wildlife domestication for livelihoods and conservation in forest communities. The results are important in the light of ongoing conservation efforts in natural resource hot-spots in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Muasya, Juliet Njeri. "Decolonizing Religious Education to Enhance Sustainable Development in Africa: Evidence from Literature." East African Journal of Education Studies 3, no. 1 (April 16, 2021): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajes.3.1.320.
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Decolonizing knowledge is the process of questioning, changing and transforming imposed theories and interpretations brought about by colonial systems. In particular, decolonizing Religious Education involves challenging religious systems and structures imposed by colonial masters. During the colonial period, religion was used as a tool of 'racism', 'apartheid' ‘indoctrination’, ‘evangelisation’ and ‘exploitation’, yet it is a subject that acknowledges and respects the diversity of African beliefs and culture. By decolonizing the Religious Education curriculum, the subject is likely to become a powerful tool for promoting sustainable development in Africa. In this paper, I argue that decolonized Religious Education is likely to contribute to development in Africa in a variety of ways; resolving conflict and peacebuilding, management and conservation of natural resources, in addition to promoting appropriate religious beliefs and moral values. I conclude this paper by presenting a rationale for the inclusion of a multi-faith Religious Education curriculum in Kenya, while decolonizing Religious Education pedagogical approaches, in order to actualise Kenya's Vision 2030 and Big Four Agenda of the Jubilee Government
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Westing, Arthur H. "Population, Desertification, and Migration." Environmental Conservation 21, no. 2 (1994): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900024528.
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It is noted that the number of more or less permanently displaced persons throughout the world (now of the order of 1% of the total human population) continues to increase at a rate of approximately 3 millions per year; the situation in Africa is especially grave, with the number of displaced persons there (now of the order of 3% of the African population), continuing to increase at a rate of approximately 1.5 million per year. Human displacement — which can be seen to originate largely in rural areas — results primarily from one or more of three factors, namely escape from persecution, escape from military activities, or escape from inadequate means of subsistence. A number of examples from Africa are provided of the social and political consequences of human displacement, with emphasis on conflict situations at the sites of relocation.It is further noted that the numbers of displaced persons continue to grow relentlessly despite there being no discernible rise in persecution or military activities, and despite the long-sustained ameliorative efforts and financial assistance by intergovernmental agencies and others.It is accordingly suggested that the major cause of the continuing increase in the numbers of displaced persons is an ever-growing imbalance between population numbers and the human carrying capacity of the land. Population increases lead to smaller per caput natural resource bases, a predicament exacerbated by over-use — and thus degradation — of the land and its natural resources. In the arid and semi-arid regions of Africa, over-use of the land most often takes the form of overgrazing, leading to land degradation that is severe enough to be referred to as desertification. It is concluded that to achieve sustainable utilization of the land and its natural resources will necessitate the integrated attainment of environmental security and societal security — the latter inter alia requiring participatory governance, non-violent means of conflict resolution, and especially population controls.
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Bärmann, Eva V., Ariana N. Klappert, and Augustin Chen. "Litocranius walleri (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)." Mammalian Species 53, no. 1005 (June 26, 2021): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mspecies/seab007.
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Abstract Litocranius walleri (Brooke, 1878) is a bovid commonly called the gerenuk. It is a medium-sized antelope closely related to gazelles and springbok, but unlike these it has low-crowned teeth. L. walleri is the only species in the genus Litocranius. It is commonly found in dry thornbush savannah in northeastern Africa, where it feeds almost exclusively on thorny shrubs and trees while frequently using a bipedal stance. L. walleri is classified as “Near Threatened” (NT) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) because its population trends are decreasing.
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Flacke, Gabriella L., and Jan Decher. "Choeropsis liberiensis (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae)." Mammalian Species 51, no. 982 (December 6, 2019): 100–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mspecies/sez017.
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Abstract Choeropsis liberiensis (Morton, 1849), commonly called the pygmy hippopotamus or pygmy hippo, is the only extant species in the genus Choeropsis. A solitary, forest-dwelling ungulate endemic to the Upper Guinean forest ecosystem in West Africa, it is classified as “Endangered” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and is a Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) Appendix II species. The smaller of the two extant hippopotamids, it is relatively uncommon in zoological facilities and private collections worldwide.
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Barrio de Pedro, José Carlos. "Community involvement in the conservation of natural resources: Interest and limits within a local development perspective for Central Africa (Chad)." Cahiers Agricultures 22, no. 4 (July 2013): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/agr.2013.0637.
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DeGeorges, Paul, and Brian Reilly. "The Realities of Community Based Natural Resource Management and Biodiversity Conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa." Sustainability 1, no. 3 (September 25, 2009): 734–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su1030734.
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Mose, Victor N., David Western, and Peter Tyrrell. "Application of open source tools for biodiversity conservation and natural resource management in East Africa." Ecological Informatics 47 (September 2018): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2017.09.006.
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Szantoi, Zoltan, Andreas Brink, Andrea Lupi, Claudio Mammone, and Gabriel Jaffrain. "Key landscapes for conservation land cover and change monitoring, thematic and validation datasets for sub-Saharan Africa." Earth System Science Data 12, no. 4 (November 23, 2020): 3001–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3001-2020.
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Abstract. Mounting social and economic demands on natural resources increasingly threaten key areas for conservation in Africa. Threats to biodiversity pose an enormous challenge to these vulnerable areas. Effective protection of sites with strategic conservation importance requires timely and highly detailed geospatial monitoring. Larger ecological zones and wildlife corridors warrant monitoring as well, as these areas have an even higher degree of pressure and habitat loss. To address this, a satellite-imagery-based monitoring workflow to cover at-risk areas at various details was developed. During the program's first phase, a total of 560 442 km2 area in sub-Saharan Africa was covered, from which 153 665 km2 was mapped with eight land cover classes while 406 776 km2 was mapped with up to 32 classes. Satellite imagery was used to generate dense time series data from which thematic land cover maps were derived. Each map and change map were fully verified and validated by an independent team to achieve our strict data quality requirements. The independent validation datasets for each key landscape for conservation (KLC) are also described and presented here (full and teaser datasets are available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.914261, Szantoi et al., 2020a).
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Bruna, Natacha. "Land of Plenty, Land of Misery: Synergetic Resource Grabbing in Mozambique." Land 8, no. 8 (July 24, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8080113.
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Global climate change policy enforcement has become the new driving force of resource grabbing in the context of the “scramble of resources” in Africa. Nevertheless, the environmental crisis should not be seen as an isolated phenomenon amid contemporary capitalism. On the contrary, a very distinct feature of the current wave of land grabs is the convergence of multiple crises, including food, energy/fuel, environmental, and financial. The Southern Mozambique District, Massingir, is an area with high potential regarding water sources and biodiversity. It recently became a host of a biofuel project, and also a huge block of land is being transformed into a conservation/tourism area; answering to many issues within capitalism’s crisis, this area is an evidence of how synergetic resource grabbing can arise as a response to the convergence of multiple crises. Therefore, by analyzing the emerging politics of natural resources in Massingir District and the dynamics regarding the land-use change, changes in property relations, it is possible to understand how rural livelihoods are shaped. Risks related to food security and sovereignty, loss of control and access to resources, consistent narrowing down of the set of livelihood strategies, and inter-community conflicts over scarce resources are the main implications of such emerging climate-smart land politics.
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Erinosho, Bolanle T. "The Revised African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources: Prospects for a Comprehensive Treaty for the Management of Africa's Natural Resources." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 21, no. 3 (October 2013): 378–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2013.0069.
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Simo, Regis Y. "International trade law dimensions of natural resources management in Africa / Dimensions du droit commercial international de la gestion des ressources naturelles en Afrique." Journal of the African Union Commission on International Law 2021 (2021): 308–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/aucil/2021/a9.
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The extraction and processing of raw materials into commodities are not only attractive for their economic value but also for political reasons. This makes natural resources a source of extreme greed. In this context, regions rich in raw materials, such as Africa, become the scene of local and foreign speculation and, instead of contributing to the development of endowed countries, natural resources often become factors of fragility – hence the ‘natural resources curse’ phrase. While countries exercise sovereignty over their resources by virtue of international law, it has also become essential to develop more sustainable activities in order to continue to exploit these resources. Cognisant of these global environmental challenges, a great number of countries in the world are committed to safeguarding the planet, as can be seen from the adoption of the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. At the international level, the multiplicity and complexity of legal norms applicable to the exploitation of natural resources can constitute an obstacle to their application. Indeed, while the scarcity of resources and the surge of environmental problems associated with their exploitation have led to greater reliance on international law because the stakes are global and permeate political boundaries, the corpus of international law rules is sometimes only indirectly relevant to natural resources, since they were not enacted to protect natural resources per se. This is the case of the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), which, while not adopted for that purpose, have a bearing on trade in natural resources. While all WTO members are required to open their markets to competition from abroad, WTO-covered agreements give them a certain leeway to regulate this flow in order to pursue societal goals. In other words, under certain circumstances, a WTO member is allowed to justify otherwise WTO-inconsistent measures in the name of legitimate domestic values. This paper focuses on trade rules that control the asymmetrical global distribution and exhaustibility of natural resources, especially export restrictions and their justifications in WTO law. The objective of this paper is to analyse the international and unilateral trade measures addressing non-trade concerns and their relevance for natural resources management in Africa. L’extraction et la transformation des matières premières en produits finis de base sont non seulement attractives pour leur valeur économique mais aussi pour des raison politiques. Ce qui fait des ressources naturelles une source de cupidité extrême. A cet effet, au lieu de contribuer au développement des pays qui y sont dotés, les régions riches en matières premières deviennent le théâtre des spéculations nationales et étrangères au point où les ressources naturelles deviennent des facteurs de déstabilisation d’où l’appellation de « malédiction des ressources naturelles ». Bien que les pays exercent la souveraineté sur leurs ressources en vertu du droit international, il devient essentiel de développer des activités plus durables afin de continuer l’exploitation de ces ressources. Conscient de ces problèmes environnementaux dans le monde, un grand nombre de pays dans le monde s’engagent à sauvegarder la planète, comme peut-on constater avec l’adoption de la Convention africaine pour la Conservation de la Nature et des Ressources naturelles. Sur le plan international, la multiplicité et la complexité des normes juridiques applicables à l’exploitation des ressources naturelles peuvent constituer un obstacle pour son application. En effet, si la rareté des ressources et la montée des problèmes environnementaux liées à leur exploitation ont conduit à une dépendance accrue au droit international parce que les enjeux sont mondiaux et dépassent les barrières politiques, les règles du droit international s’appliquent indirectement aux ressources naturelles puisqu’elles n’ont pas été promulguées pour protéger les ressources naturelles en tant que tel. Ceci est le cas des règles de l‘Organisation mondiale du Commerce (OMS), qui, bien que non adoptées ont une incidence sur le commerce des ressources naturelles. Bien que les membres de l’OMS ont obligations d’ouvrir leurs marchés à la concurrence étrangère, les accords couverts par l’OMS leur donnent un certain levier pour réguler ce flux afin de poursuivre des objectifs sociétaux. Autrement dit, dans certaines circonstances, un membre de l’OMS est autorisé de justifier les mesures incompatibles avec les règles de l’OMS pour des raisons de valeurs nationales légitimes. Cet article se focalise sur les règles commerciales qui contrôlent la distribution mondiale asymétrique et l’épuisement des ressources naturelles particulièrement les restrictions à l’exportation et leurs justifications d’après la loi de l’OMS. L’objectif de cet article est d’examiner les mesures internationales et unilatérales qui adressent les préoccupations non commerciales et leur importance sur la gestion des ressources naturelles en Afrique.
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Kohler, Marcel. "Confronting South Africa’s water challenge: A decomposition analysis of water intensity." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 19, no. 5 (December 12, 2016): 831–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v19i5.1590.
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Water is a vital natural resource, demanding careful management. It is essential for life and integral to virtually all economic activities, including energy and food production and the production of industrial outputs. The availability of clean water in sufficient quantities is not only a prerequisite for human health and well-being but the life-blood of freshwater ecosystems and the many services that these provide. Water resource intensity measures the intensity of water use in terms of volume of water per unit of value added. It is an internationally accepted environmental indicator of the pressure of economic activity on a country’s water resources and therefore a reliable indicator of sustainable economic development. The indicator is particularly useful in the allocation of water resources between sectors of the economy since in waterstressed countries like South Africa, there is competition for water among various users, which makes it necessary to allocate water resources to economic activities that are less intensive in their use of water. This study focuses on economy-wide changes in South Africa’s water intensity using both decomposition and empirical estimation techniques in an effort to identify and understand the impact of economic activity on changes in the use of the economy’s water resources. It is hoped that this study will help inform South Africa’s water conservation and resource management policies
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Peano, Cristiana, Stefano Massaglia, Chiara Ghisalberti, and Francesco Sottile. "Pathways for the Amplification of Agroecology in African Sustainable Urban Agriculture." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (March 30, 2020): 2718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072718.
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A growing awareness that highly intensified agricultural systems have made a substantial worldwide contribution to the worsening of the resilience capacity of natural ecosystems has, over the last twenty years, brought general attention to agroecological management models. This aspect is even more evident in industrial agriculture, which is based on the use of multiple chemical products derived from non-natural synthesis. In more developed countries, a new idea of ecology linked to agricultural production has been increasingly developed and, for this reason, there has been a greater diffusion of differentiated agricultural models taking into consideration the environmental impact of production choices and policies addressed to the conservation of natural resources. In urban agricultural production, it is even more important to adopt resilient production models that, in addition to developing responsible production paths and allowing a positive connection with the needs of consumers, guarantees reasonable and positive behaviors respecting the environment in which most of the urban population lives; in other words, the implementation of goal 12 of the sustainable development goals (SDG #12 Responsible Production and Consumption) of the United Nations. In this work, we report some case studies inspired by the activities carried out by the Slow Food Association in Africa and demonstrate the importance of agroecological models in small-scale agricultural systems, related to the development of school and community gardens in small urban areas of different African countries, as a tool for integrating agricultural activities aimed at social resilience and the conservation of ecosystems.
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Kofi, Adu-Boahen, Kwadwo Frimong, Domonic Kwaku Danso Mensah, and Emmanuel Yeboah Okyere. "Implications of Traditional Beliefs and Practices on Natural Resource Conservation and Management: Evidence From Some Selected Urban Rivers in Ghana." BOHR International Journal of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science 1, no. 1 (2022): 8–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54646/bijcees.002.
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The paper presents an assessment of the implications of the use of traditional practices and belief systems on natural resource conservation using a case study of selected communities in Ghana (Fomena, Tepa, Tanoso, and Ejisu). The study adopted both qualitative and quantitative research approaches to achieve the formulated objectives. A total of 208 (52 each) respondents were selected mainly by convenient and snowballing sampling techniques. Data were collected using both unstructured interview guides and questionnaires. The study revealed that taboos, totems, and customary practices are the major instruments used in the conservation and management of rivers in the study areas. However, it was realized that the traditional measures are challenged by the influence of Western religion, education, and modernity, increasing immigration resulting in a high number of foreigners, and sometimes ignorance. The study recommends that the traditional authorities, families, and clergymen help people appreciate the differences in African traditions and African religion by undertaking that massive sensitization. Also, the government or agencies (such as the Environmental Protection Agency and the local assembly unit) responsible for taking care of the environment and its resources should incorporate the traditional measures in their policies and action plans toward natural or environmental resource conservation and management, like water bodies.
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Kof, Adu-Boahen, Kwadwo Frimong, Domonic Kwaku Danso Mensah, and Emmanuel Yeboah Okyere. "Implications of Traditional Beliefs and Practices on Natural Resource Conservation and Management: Evidence From Some Selected Urban Rivers in Ghana." BOHR International Journal of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science 1, no. 1 (2022): 8–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54646/bicees.002.
Full textAbstract:
The paper presents an assessment of the implications of the use of traditional practices and belief systems on natural resource conservation using a case study of selected communities in Ghana (Fomena, Tepa, Tanoso, and Ejisu). The study adopted both qualitative and quantitative research approaches to achieve the formulated objectives. A total of 208 (52 each) respondents were selected mainly by convenient and snowballing sampling techniques. Data were collected using both unstructured interview guides and questionnaires. The study revealed that taboos, totems, and customary practices are the major instruments used in the conservation and management of rivers in the study areas. However, it was realized that the traditional measures are challenged by the influence of Western religion, education, and modernity, increasing immigration resulting in a high number of foreigners, and sometimes ignorance. The study recommends that the traditional authorities, families, and clergymen help people appreciate the differences in African traditions and African religion by undertaking that massive sensitization. Also, the government or agencies (such as the Environmental Protection Agency and the local assembly unit) responsible for taking care of the environment and its resources should incorporate the traditional measures in their policies and action plans toward natural or environmental resource conservation and management, like water bodies.