Relevant bibliographies by topics / Conservative bias

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Conservative bias'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Conservative bias"

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Olmsted, Kathryn S. "Conservative Bias." Reviews in American History 48, no. 4 (2020): 605–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2020.0066.

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Rhoads, Steven E. "Bias against conservative writing." Academic Questions 18, no. 3 (September 2005): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12129-005-1012-2.

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Krzysztof Piątkowski, Krzysztof Piątkowski. "Konserwatyzm czy konserwatyzmy? Problemy współczesnych badań nad źródłami przekonań prawicowych." Człowiek i Społeczeństwo 45 (March 15, 2018): 87–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cis.2018.45.5.

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In the field of research on the determinants of conservative beliefs, the problem of liberal ideological bias is becoming more and more prominent. Traditionally conservatives are said to have weaker cognitive abilities and to experience more negative emotions. It is being noticed that classical theories of conservatism are based at least partially on a stereotyped image of the subject of their research. This paper presents an overview of classical and contemporary psychological attitudes towards the phenomenon of ideological conservatism. It presents theories of Tomkins, Adorno, Wilson and Paterson, as well as modern research conducted in the field of cognitive science and motivated cognition. Moreover, the most important phenomena identified today as causes of conservative attitudes, including Needs for Security and Certainty, Negativity Bias, and Disgust Sensitivity are being described. The paper discusses modern paradigms of understanding conservatism with the emphasis on determining their potential of reducing the one-sided view of psychology on the ideological conservatism.
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Davies, Ben. "Enhancement and the Conservative Bias." Philosophy & Technology 30, no. 3 (December 3, 2016): 339–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13347-016-0245-z.

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BRENNAN, GEOFFREY, and ALAN HAMLIN. "Analytic Conservatism." British Journal of Political Science 34, no. 4 (September 8, 2004): 675–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123404000249.

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We propose an analytic account of dispositional conservatism that attempts to uncover a foundation of what is often taken to be an anti-foundationalist position. We identify a bias in favour of the status quo as a key component of the conservative disposition and address the question of the justification of such a conservative disposition, and the circumstances in which the widespread adoption of such a disposition might be normatively desirable. Our analysis builds on a structural link between the economist's traditional emphasis on questions of feasibility and the conservative's attachment to the status quo.
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Mayer, William G. "What conservative media? The unproven case for conservative media bias." Critical Review 17, no. 3-4 (June 2005): 315–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08913810508443642.

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Katz, Paul S. "The conservative bias of life scientists." Current Biology 29, no. 14 (July 2019): R666—R667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.066.

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Katz, Paul S. "The conservative bias of life scientists." Current Biology 29, no. 17 (September 2019): 2970–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.025.

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Lilienfeld, Scott O., and Robert D. Latzman. "Threat bias, not negativity bias, underpins differences in political ideology." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 3 (June 2014): 318–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x1300263x.

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AbstractAlthough disparities in political ideology are rooted partly in dispositional differences, Hibbing et al.'s analysis paints with an overly broad brush. Research on the personality correlates of liberal–conservative differences points not to global differences in negativity bias, but to differences in threat bias, probably emanating from differences in fearfulness. This distinction bears implications for etiological research and persuasion efforts.
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Rothenberg, Naomi R. "Private Information, Performance Measurement Bias, and Leading by Example." Journal of Management Accounting Research 29, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar-51500.

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ABSTRACT This paper studies the effect of performance measurement error and bias on the principal's preference for a leader, who signals private information about a favorable common shock to a follower. Without a leader, both agents are privately informed and relative performance evaluation is optimal due to its ability to remove the common shock. An increase in the conservative bias can increase or decrease compensation, depending on the likelihood of the common shock. With leading by example, joint performance evaluation can be optimal for the leader, reducing the leader's incentives to free ride on the follower and an increase in the conservative bias reduces compensation. The principal prefers a leader if the likelihood of the common shock is low, or if agents' outputs are more likely to be independent. Further, the more accurate the performance measure, the principal's preference for a leader decreases, but the effect of conservatism is mixed. JEL Classifications: D23; D82; J33; M41.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Conservative bias"

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Menz, Julian. "4/11 : Bias in the british press Us election 2008." Thesis, Uppsala University, Media and Communication, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-106772.

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Purpose/Aim: To study the existence and level of bias in British press coverage of the 2008 US presidential election.

Material/Method: A rhetorical analysis of 20 newspaper articles dealing with the election taken from The Guardian (liberal) and The Daily Telegraph (conservative) newspapers over a fiveday period up to and including the election.

Main Results: Bias was found to be present, although the level of bias proved significantly higher in the material selected from the liberal newspaper. The conservative newspaper selected exhibited significantly lower levels of bias. This trend was true of both news and opinion articles

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Montague, Norma R. "The Effects of Directional Audit Guidance and Estimation Uncertainty on Auditor Confirmation Bias and Professional Skepticism When Evaluating Fair Value Estimates." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3539.

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In this study, I examine the effects of audit guidance and estimation uncertainty on auditors’ confirmation bias and professional skepticism when evaluating fair value estimates. Fair value estimation is becoming more prevalent in financial reporting frameworks, and regulators warn that fair value estimation presents higher risk of material misstatement when greater judgment in estimation is involved. In addition recent evidence from the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) indicates that some auditors may not be exercising sufficient professional skepticism when performing audit procedures in higher risk areas of the audit. Martin et al. (2006) suggest that it may be the audit standards themselves that orient auditors toward biased evaluation of management’s estimates, suggesting that such directional audit guidance leads to confirmation bias. Further, it is possible that because of auditors’ intolerance for ambiguity, that a greater degree of estimation uncertainty exacerbates the bias. Thus, I examine whether directional audit guidance (e.g., support management’s estimate, and oppose management’s estimate) versus non-directional audit guidance (e.g., develop own estimate) affects auditors’ confirmation bias differentially under varying degrees of uncertainty (e.g., low vs. high), and the extent to which this bias increases or decreases professional skepticism. The results show that auditors exhibit the greatest confirmation bias when they are directed to oppose versus support management’s estimate or generate their own estimate, and that this bias increases the degree of professional skepticism exercised by auditors. Further, the greatest extent of confirmation bias resulted when auditors were directed to oppose management’s estimate and estimation uncertainty was high. This study sheds light on the effects of directional versus non-directional audit guidance in the presence of uncertainty and should be informative to standard setters and practitioners as they press forward in issuing new audit guidance related to the evaluation of fair value estimates.
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Kruger, Dawn Marie. "An Inquiry into Discourse Choices as Indicators of Gender Attitudes in a Non-Profit Conservative Christian Business." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2528.

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This paper is an inquiry into the discourse styles of men and women who work together in a conservative Protestant Christian business. Many conservative Protestant Christian churches teach that the Bible forbids women from holding positions of authority over men. Yet in the communications department of this particular business, women fill the top three management positions, supervising a mixed-gender staff of 15. Research has shown that men and women subconsciously use language markers that indicate personal attitudes toward the same and the opposite genders. This research project draws on that information while it analyzes the oral and electronic discourse of the communications staff. The purpose of this study is to observe whether or not the traditional teachings of conservative Protestant Christian churches has influenced the attitudes of these men and women with regard to women in positions of authority over men in a Christian business. Two staff meetings and a lunchroom conversation were audio taped and transcribed to note oral discourse patterns. One hundred and eleven emails were examined to mark patterns of written discourse. This data was then evaluated against published research in the area of gendered discourse markers. The results indicate that two of the three women in leadership positions over men were comfortable with their positions of authority, but the third woman's discourse patterns showed signs of insecurity. Furthermore, the men in the department did not indicate signs that they seek to exercise power over women, nor did they show signs of difficulty in submitting to the authority of the women. The women staff members, however, showed definite indications of being insecure in a mixed group, and of being meekly subordinate to anyone in authority over them. These results, while helpful, are not definitive in that they do not account for the possibility of other influencing factors, such as personality types, job roles and expectations, age differences, or church teachings on meekness and submission to authority. However, the results of this research indicate that some conservative Christian men are ready for and able to embrace the concept of having women in positions of authority over them, even in a Christian environment, and a few conservative, Christian women are ready to step into those positions. Also from this research it could be concluded that, on the average, conservative women struggle more with the shift of authority than men do. More research would need to be done to address that question fully.
M.A.
Department of English
Arts and Sciences
English
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Moon, Min-Yeong. "Confidence-based model validation for reliability assessment and its integration with reliability-based design optimization." Diss., University of Iowa, 2017. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5816.

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Conventional reliability analysis methods assume that a simulation model is able to represent the real physics accurately. However, this assumption may not always hold as the simulation model could be biased due to simplifications and idealizations. Simulation models are approximate mathematical representations of real-world systems and thus cannot exactly imitate the real-world systems. The accuracy of a simulation model is especially critical when it is used for the reliability calculation. Therefore, a simulation model should be validated using prototype testing results for reliability analysis. However, in practical engineering situation, experimental output data for the purpose of model validation is limited due to the significant cost of a large number of physical testing. Thus, the model validation needs to be carried out to account for the uncertainty induced by insufficient experimental output data as well as the inherent variability existing in the physical system and hence in the experimental test results. Therefore, in this study, a confidence-based model validation method that captures the variability and the uncertainty, and that corrects model bias at a user-specified target confidence level, has been developed. Reliability assessment using the confidence-based model validation can provide conservative estimation of the reliability of a system with confidence when only insufficient experimental output data are available. Without confidence-based model validation, the designed product obtained using the conventional reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) optimum could either not satisfy the target reliability or be overly conservative. Therefore, simulation model validation is necessary to obtain a reliable optimum product using the RBDO process. In this study, the developed confidence-based model validation is integrated in the RBDO process to provide truly confident RBDO optimum design. The developed confidence-based model validation will provide a conservative RBDO optimum design at the target confidence level. However, it is challenging to obtain steady convergence in the RBDO process with confidence-based model validation because the feasible domain changes as the design moves (i.e., a moving-target problem). To resolve this issue, a practical optimization procedure, which terminates the RBDO process once the target reliability is satisfied, is proposed. In addition, the efficiency is achieved by carrying out deterministic design optimization (DDO) and RBDO without model validation, followed by RBDO with the confidence-based model validation. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate that the proposed RBDO approach obtains a conservative and practical optimum design that satisfies the target reliability of designed product given a limited number of experimental output data. Thus far, while the simulation model might be biased, it is assumed that we have correct distribution models for input variables and parameters. However, in real practical applications, only limited numbers of test data are available (parameter uncertainty) for modeling input distributions of material properties, manufacturing tolerances, operational loads, etc. Also, as before, only a limited number of output test data is used. Therefore, a reliability needs to be estimated by considering parameter uncertainty as well as biased simulation model. Computational methods and a process are developed to obtain confidence-based reliability assessment. The insufficient input and output test data induce uncertainties in input distribution models and output distributions, respectively. These uncertainties, which arise from lack of knowledge – the insufficient test data, are different from the inherent input distributions and corresponding output variabilities, which are natural randomness of the physical system.
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Herman, Tess P. "Investigating Potential Strategies Used by Climate Change Contrarians to Gain Legitimacy in Two Prominent U.S. and Two Prominent U.K. Newspapers from 1988 to 2006." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1617893211661352.

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Berry, Seth Allen. "AVERSIVE RACISM AND POLITICAL IDEOLOGY: CONTEXT-DEPENDENT DECISIONS AND PERSONALITY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONSERVATIVES AND LIBERALS." OpenSIUC, 2012. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/640.

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This study examined perceptions among non-racists, aversive racists, and blatant racists of differentially-performing African-American employees and the effects of the evaluation manipulation on future hiring decisions of an African-American applicant. Using a procedure for categorizing participants into one of these three racism groups, which utilized both implicit and explicit measures of racism, an internet-based sample (n = 221) rated the job performance of a European- or African-American incumbent law associate in a positive or mediocre performance condition and then provided performance ratings of the incumbent associate. Participants also evaluated a moderately-qualified African-American's hireability. Racism group, incumbent performance, and incumbent race were hypothesized to interact to differentially affect mediocre-performing African-American incumbent performance ratings and African-American applicant hireability and qualification ratings. The hypothesized three-way interactions were not significant. However, a significant two-way interaction of incumbent race X incumbent performance was found for incumbent performance ratings, F(1, 191) = 6.06, p = .015, ηp2 = .031, and African-American applicant hireability, F(1, 191) = 7.31, p = .007, ηp2 = .037. Hierarchical regression analyses probing the interactions showed that the positive-performing African-American incumbent's performance was rated significantly higher than the positive-performing European-American's performance, simple slope = .13, SE = .10, t = 2.10, p = .037. Participants also rated an African-American job applicant's hireability lower after viewing a mediocre-performing African-American incumbent, as compared to a mediocre-performing European-American incumbent, simple slope = -.18, SE = .14, t = -2.36, p = .019. These findings are consistent with the theoretical tenets of aversive racism. This study also explored the political ideologies of non-racists, aversive racists, and blatant racists. Using chi-square analysis, the political ideologies (conservative or liberal) of the three racist groups were significantly different, χ2 (2) = 43.03, p < .001. The majority of non-racists and aversive racists identified as liberal, whereas the majority of blatant racists identified as conservative. Although several key hypotheses were not supported, this study did provide further distinctions between aversive racists, blatant racists, and non-racists. Although differences were not found between the racism groups, the pattern of findings is suggestive of aversive racism. Furthermore, the finding that aversive racists were predominantly liberal supported previous findings concerning aversive racists' political ideologies.
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Hellström, Vilma, and Sinéad Eriksson. "Web Data Collection to Assess Bias in Conservation Attention." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-302492.

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This research aims to detect and assess potential bias in the amount of attention different threatened species receive in the context of their conservation, and how this correlates to the species overall popularity and extinction risk, using data collected from the web. This bias was both examined in research and society in general. Extinction rates have increased significantly in the past decade due to human activity. This affects all ecosystems and is morally questionable. Using an API and the method of web scraping, data was collected from Twitter and Google Scholar respectively. The popularity of a species is defined by the number of occurrences the species have on these platforms. The conservation attention is determined by the number of occurrences in a conservation context. The data of the species conservation attention was compared to the extinction risk of the species, and the strength of the relationship between conservation attention and popularity was calculated. The results show that overall popularity seems to be more important for a species likelihood of receiving conservation attention, than its risk of extinction. Understanding that popularity is key for conservation attention is useful for successfully protecting threatened species. By either keeping this information in mind to counteract it or by taking advantage of it and reallocate resources to less popular species
Denna rapport undersöker om popularitet eller utrotningsgrad har betydelse för hur stor uppmärksamhet en utrotningshotad art får angående dess artbevarande, både inom forskning och bland allmänheten. Under de senaste decennierna har antalet arter som är utrotningshotade ökat drastiskt, som följd av männsklighetens framfart. Detta påverkar både ekosystemen och anses moraliskt tvivelaktigt. För att undersöka området samlades data in från Twitter och Google Scholar genom applikationsprogrammeringsgränssnitt (API) respektive data skrapning (data scraping). Populariteten av en art baserades på antalet förekomster den hade på plattformen. Hur mycket uppmärksamhet artens bevarande fick, bestämdes genom antalet förekomster på plattformen inom specifikt det sammanhanget. De två datamängderna jämfördes, dessutom räknades styrkan på relationen mellan uppmärksamheten inom artbevarande och populariteten ut. Resultatet påvisar att popularitet verkar viktigt för en art för att få uppmärksamhet inom även dess bevarande, medan risken för utrotning av en art inte är oviktigt för mängden uppmärksamhet. Denna insikt kan användas för att främja artbevarande för alla arter, exempelvis genom att aktivt motverka partiskheten. Eller genom att uttnyttja partiskheten för att öka intresset för artbevarande i stort med hjälp av de mest populära arterna, och på sätt öka donationerna och omfördela pengarna till även de mindre populära djuren.
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Heizer, Esley Marvin Jr. "Extent and Effects of Selection to Reduce Synthetic Cost of Highly Expressed Proteins." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1292272665.

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Kennedy, Christina Beal. "THE EFFECTS OF PROFESSIONAL BIAS ON PERCEPTION AND MANAGEMENT OF TWO WILDERNESSES NEAR TUCSON, ARIZONA." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275356.

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Dittmer, Lothar. "Beamtenkonservatismus und Modernisierung : Untersuchungen zur Vorgeschichte der Konservativen Partei in Preussen 1810 [bis] 1848-49 /." Stuttgart : F. Steiner, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb366660765.

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Books on the topic "Conservative bias"

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Anderson, Brian C. South Park conservatives: The revolt against liberal media bias. Washington, DC: Regnery Pub., 2004.

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Anderson, Brian C. South Park conservatives: The revolt against liberal media bias. Washington, DC: Regnery Pub., 2005.

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Huang He liu yu shui tu bao chi shu ju ku biao jie gou yu xin xi dai ma bian zhi gui ding. Zhengzhou Shi: Huang He shui li chu ban she, 2005.

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Pani, Narendar. Redefining conservatism: An essay on the bias of India's economic reform. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1994.

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ill, Zhang Zhensong, ed. Jia zai shan na bian. Nantou Shi: Xing zheng yuan nong ye wei yuan hui shui tu bao chi ju, 2013.

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Taiwan sheng tai yu bian tai. Taibei Shi: Qian wei chu ban she, 2004.

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Left turn: How liberal media bias distorts the American mind. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2011.

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Xiang bian cai liao yu xiang bian chu neng ji shu. Beijing: Ke xue chu ban she, 2009.

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Xiang bian cai liao yu xiang bian chu neng ji shu. Beijing: Ke xue chu ban she, 2009.

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Xing zheng yuan nong ye wei yuan hui (China). Shui tu bao chi ju. Shui tu bao chi xiang guan fa gui hui bian. Nantou Shi: Xing zheng yuan nong ye wei yuan hui shui tu bao chi ju, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Conservative bias"

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Lazere, Donald. "Conservative Scholarship: Seeing the Object as It Really Isn’t." In Why Higher Education Should Have a Leftist Bias, 143–67. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137344908_8.

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Lazere, Donald. "A Case Study: Leftist Versus Conservative Arguments on College Costs." In Why Higher Education Should Have a Leftist Bias, 187–208. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137344908_10.

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Lazere, Donald. "The Conservative Attack Machine: “Admit Nothing, Deny Everything, Launch Counterattack”." In Why Higher Education Should Have a Leftist Bias, 75–94. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137344908_5.

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Rahman Saurav, Jillur, Kezheng Xiang, Nikhil Deb, and Mohammad Ruhul Amin. "A Comparative Study of Language Dependent Gender Bias in the Online Newspapers of Conservative, Semi-conservative and Western Countries." In HCI International 2021 - Posters, 595–602. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78635-9_76.

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Kerrigan, Heather. "Facebook, Twitter, and Google Executives Testify on Hate Speech and Conservative Bias : April 9 and 10, 2019." In Historic Documents of 2019, 211–34. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320: CQ Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781544384641.n17.

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Lazere, Donald. "Restricted-Code Conservatism." In Why Higher Education Should Have a Leftist Bias, 35–54. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137344908_3.

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Lazere, Donald. "Conservatism as the Unmarked Norm." In Why Higher Education Should Have a Leftist Bias, 15–34. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137344908_2.

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Lazere, Donald. "Balancing Commitment and Openness in Teaching: Giving Conservatives Their Best Shot." In Why Higher Education Should Have a Leftist Bias, 171–85. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137344908_9.

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Luo, Guo Ying. "The Presence of Representativeness Heuristic and Conservatism Bias in an Asset Market." In SpringerBriefs in Finance, 53–63. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9369-3_6.

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Singleton, Douglas, Elias C. Vagenas, and Tao Zhu. "Self-similarity, Conservation of Entropy/bits and the Black Hole Information Puzzle." In The Frontiers Collection, 119–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12946-4_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Conservative bias"

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Picheny, Victor, Nam-Ho Kim, and Raphael T. Haftka. "Conservative Estimations of Reliability With Limited Sampling." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35465.

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The objective of this paper is to provide a method of safely estimating reliability based on small samples. First, it is shown that the commonly used estimators of the parameters of the normal distribution function are biased, and they tend to lead to unconservative estimates of reliability. Then, two ways of making this estimation conservative are proposed: (1) adding constraints when a distribution is fitted to the data to bias it to be conservative, and (2) using the bootstrap method to estimate the bias needed for a given level of conservativeness. The relationship between the accuracy and the conservativeness of the estimates is explored for a normal distribution. In particular, detailed results are presented for the case when the goal is 95% likelihood to be conservative. The bootstrap approach is found to be more accurate for this level of conservativeness. It is then applied to the reliability analysis of a composite panel under thermal loading. Finally, we explore the influence of sample sizes and target probability of failure on estimates quality, and show that for a constant level of conservativeness, small samples and low probabilities can lead to a high risk of large overestimation while this risk is limited to a very reasonable value for samples above.
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Moon, Min-Yeong, K. K. Choi, Hyunkyoo Cho, Nicholas Gaul, David Lamb, and David Gorsich. "Development of a Conservative Model Validation Approach for Reliable Analysis." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46982.

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Simulation models are approximations of real-world physical systems. Therefore, simulation model validation is necessary for the simulation-based design process to provide reliable products. However, due to the cost of product testing, experimental data in the context of model validation is limited for a given design. When the experimental data is limited, a true output PDF cannot be correctly obtained. Therefore, reliable target output PDF needs to be used to update the simulation model. In this paper, a new model validation approach is proposed to obtain a conservative estimation of the target output PDF for validation of the simulation model in reliability analysis. The proposed method considers the uncertainty induced by insufficient experimental data in estimation of predicted output PDFs by using Bayesian analysis. Then, a target output PDF and a probability of failure are selected from these predicted output PDFs at a user-specified conservativeness level for validation. For validation, the calibration parameter and model bias are optimized to minimize a validation measure of the simulation output PDF and the conservative target output PDF subject to the conservative probability of failure. For the optimization, accurate sensitivity of the validation measure is obtained using the complex variable method (CVM) for sensitivity analysis. As the target output PDF satisfies the user-specified conservativeness level, the validated simulation model provides a conservative representation of the experimental data. A simply supported beam is used to carry out the convergence study and demonstrate that the proposed method establishes a conservatively reliable simulation model.
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Moon, Min-Yeong, K. K. Choi, Hyunkyoo Cho, Nicholas Gaul, David Lamb, and David Gorsich. "Reliability-Based Design Optimization Using Confidence-Based Model Validation for Insufficient Experimental Data." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-60155.

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The conventional reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) methods assume that a simulation model is able to represent the real physics accurately. However, the simulation model could be biased. Accordingly, when the conventional RBDO design is manufactured, the product may not satisfy the target reliability. Therefore, model validation, which corrects model bias, should be integrated in the RBDO process by incorporating experimental data. The challenge is that only a limited number of experimental data is usually available due to the cost of actual product testing. Consequently, model validation for RBDO needs to account for the uncertainty induced by insufficient experimental data as well as variability inherently existing in the products. In this paper, a confidence-based model validation process that captures the uncertainty and corrects model bias at user-specified target conservativeness level is developed. Thus, RBDO can be performed using confidence-based model validation to obtain conservative RBDO design. It is found that RBDO with model bias correction becomes a moving-target problem because the feasible domain changes as the design moves. Consequently, the RBDO optimum may not be easily found due to the convergence problem. To resolve the issue, an efficient process is proposed by carrying out deterministic design optimization (DDO) and RBDO without validation, followed by RBDO with confidence-based model validation. Finally, we demonstrate that the proposed RBDO approach can achieve a conservative and practical optimum design given a limited number of experimental data.
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Huyse, Luc, and Katherine A. Brown. "Why Reliability-Based Approaches Need More Realistic Corrosion Growth Modeling." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90319.

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Deterministic design and assessment methods are by definition conservative. Although no claim is made regarding the actual reliability level that is achieved using deterministic, i.e. safety-factor based approaches, the safety factors have been selected such that generally sufficient conservatism is maintained. Reliability-based methods aim to explicitly quantify the aggregated conservatism in terms of failure probabilities or risk. Accurate reliability estimates are not possible without accurate computational prediction models for the limit states and adequate quantification of the uncertainties in both the inputs and model assumptions. Although this statement may seem self-evident, it should not be made light-heartedly. In fact, just about every analysis step in the pipeline integrity assessment procedures contains an inherent, yet unquantified, level of conservatism. One such example is the application of a “maximum” corrosion growth rate that is constant in time. A reliability-based framework holds the promise of a more consistent and explicitly quantified safety level. This ultimately leads to higher safety efficiency for an entire pipeline system than under safety factor based approaches. An accurate prediction of the true likelihood of an adverse event is impossible without significant research into determining and understanding the, usually conservative, bias in the engineering models that are currently employed in the pipeline integrity state-of-the-practice. This paper highlights some of the challenges that are associated when porting the “maximum corrosion rate” approach used in a deterministic approach to a reliability-based paradigm. Issues associated with both defect and segment matching approaches will be highlighted and a better corrosion growth model form will be proposed.
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Zaghloul, Hassan, Beverley Ronalds, and Geoff Cole. "Development of Piled Foundation Bias Factors in the Arabian Gulf." In ASME 2005 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2005-67269.

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Offshore sites in the Arabian Gulf are characterized by the presence of calcareous sediments. Research work on driven piles in calcareous sediments has been developing for over 40 years. Yet, international codes and standards do not provide, exploit or quantify guidance for driven piles in carbonated sediments. Lack of design methods is partly attributed to inability of conventional soil mechanics to predict appropriate engineering parameters in calcareous sediments. Further, the characteristics of the sediments vary between the geographical regions depending on the geological history forming that region. As a result, current industry practice follows a conservative and subjective approach at the mere mention of carbonated sediments. Consequently, reassessment of an existing platform may falsely indicate the need for expensive construction intervention. In this study, we reviewed current practice for assessment of piled foundation in the calcareous sediments of the Arabian Gulf, collated a database of actual pile driving records, developed and implemented a detailed back-analysis procedure and implemented to derive actual pile capacities. The statistics show that the use of a single capacity value, as implied by the deterministic method of codes and standards, is insufficient to describe the various conditions surrounding the as-installed driven piles in calcareous sediments.
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Austin-Breneman, Jesse, Bo Yang Yu, and Maria C. Yang. "Biased Information Passing Between Subsystems Over Time in Complex System Design." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34433.

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The early stage design of large-scale engineering systems challenges design teams to balance a complex set of considerations. Established structured approaches for optimizing complex system designs offer strategies for achieving optimal solutions, but in practice sub-optimal system-level results are often reached due to factors such as satisficing, ill-defined problems or other project constraints. Twelve sub-system and system-level practitioners at a large aerospace organization were interviewed to understand the ways in which they integrate sub-systems. Responses showed sub-system team members often presented conservative, worst-case scenarios to other sub-systems when negotiating a trade-off as a way of hedging their own future needs. This practice of biased information passing, referred to informally by the practitioners as adding “margins,” is modeled with a series of optimization simulations. Three “bias” conditions were tested: no bias, a constant bias and a bias which decreases with time. Results from the simulations show that biased information passing negatively affects both the number of iterations needed to reach and the Pareto optimality of system-level solutions. Results are also compared to the interview responses and highlight several themes with respect to complex system design practice.
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Merz, Karl O., Geir Moe, and Ove T. Gudmestad. "A Review of Hydrodynamic Effects on Bottom-Fixed Offshore Wind Turbines." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79630.

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Recent and historical literature regarding hydrodynamics has been reviewed, with offshore wind turbine support structures in mind. Under conditions of separated flow, several relevant phenomena have been noted which are not covered by the commonly-used Morison equation: 1. damping of structural vibration or slow-drift motion; 2. the interaction of structural vibration and vortex shedding; 3. loads near the free-surface; and, 4. burst motions, caused by impulse-like loading from steep waves. References have been given to books and articles that describe the phenomena in more detail. A form of the Morison equation is proposed which has separate empirical coefficients for each of the velocity and acceleration terms. The coefficients can be determined from existing test data with use of least-squares error minimization. A simplified form of the equation provides a means to obtain conservative bias on both the applied load (bias towards a high drag coefficient) and damping (bias towards a low drag coefficient). Further investigation into free-surface and burst motion (ringing) phenomena is recommended, considering a slender wind turbine monotower in 20 to 50 m water depth.
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Augenstein, Don, Herb Estrada, Ernie Hauser, Ed Madera, Steven Keijers, Frank Bertels, Rudi Hoefnagels, Eric Gorleer, Dirk Beirnaert, and Peter Goorden. "CFD Prediction of Hydraulic Effects on External Ultrasonic Flowmeters: A Case Study." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89513.

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External ultrasonic flow meters installed in a nuclear power plant feedwater system were suspected of containing a conservative bias (high reading) despite having been calibrated in a scale model laboratory test. Several independent measures of plant power level indicated that the bias could be as high as 2.0%. The first step in resolving the discrepancy was the construction of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the hydraulic configurations in which the flow meters were tested in the lab. The CFD model closely matched the original calibration test results. The CFD model for real plant geometry including certain upstream hydraulic features predicted calibration changes of the same sign and order of magnitude as the suspected bias. These upstream elements were absent in the original hydraulic model test. As a consequence of this finding, these additional features were included in new hydraulic calibration tests. Some effects predicted by the CFD model were verified and traceably confirmed, while others were contradicted by the data from the new model. Final calibration test results confirmed the presence of a bias, although not of the magnitude originally suspected. The calibration results provide a traceable measurement basis for use of the flow meters within their specified accuracy after correction for the bias. By use of a chordal ultrasonic flowmeter, velocity profile (pointed-ness) and swirl rates were measured during the tests. The tests, together with the velocity profile information from the CFD simulations, provided insights into the errors and omissions in the original calibration model tests and the assumptions on which the model was based. Finally the calibration tests highlight the strengths and limitations of CFD models for work of this kind.
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Spaggiari, Andrea, Igor Spinella, and Eugenio Dragoni. "Design Equations for Binary Shape Memory Actuators Under Arbitrary External Forces." In ASME 2011 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2011-4999.

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The paper presents the design equations for an on-off shape memory alloy actuator under an arbitrary system of external constant forces. A binary SMA actuator is considered where a cursor is moved against both conservative and dissipative force which may be different during the push or pull phase. Three cases are analyzed and differentiated in the way the bias force is applied to the primary SMA spring, using a constant force, a traditional spring, or a second SMA spring. Closed-form dimensionless design equations are developed, which form the basis of a step-by-step procedure for an optimal design of the whole actuator.
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Pease, Leonard F., Judith A. Bamberger, and Michael J. Minette. "Implications of Non-Bingham Rheology." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11841.

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Abstract One of the key challenges now facing the US Department of Energy (DOE) is the fate of radioactive waste remaining from World War II and the Cold War, which is stored underground in tanks some 75 feet in diameter and over 30 feet tall. Over time, the waste has segmented into multiple layers with sludges and slurries at the bottom with salt crust layers often at the top and liquid in between. DOE’s current official baseline plans call for remaining sludges and slurries to be removed from the tanks and converted into a stable glass waste form. Minimizing worker exposure to radiation drives DOE to use slurry processing techniques to suspend, mobilize, transport, mix, and process the waste. Therefore, a clear and quantitative understanding of Hanford waste rheology is essential for the success of the DOE mission. Historically much of the waste has been characterized using Eugene Bingham’s century old model that provides a straight line fit to higher shear rate data with the intercept suggesting a yield stress and the slope providing the consistency. Yet, Bingham fits overestimate the shear stress at a given shear rate for low to intermediate shear rates, exactly the range of shear rates typically encountered in pipe flow, where shear rates peak along the pipe wall and vanish in the center. This model produces a fictitious yield stress for some of the wastes that do not exhibit yield phenomena. While overestimating the yield stress may be prudent, safe, and conservative for some applications (e.g., pump sizing to ensure that pumps can handle yield stresses), overestimating the rheology may be inaccurate and non-conservative for other applications (e.g., eroding settled particle beds). Therefore, this paper evaluates the slurry rheology of Hanford and Savannah River wastes using a more modern rheological model that fits the full range of experimental data. Although a bias has been recognized and alternative models proposed, the magnitude of this bias and the implications for tank waste have only been qualitatively suggested. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate quantitatively implications of the poor quality of fit between a Bingham model for rheology and experimental data at modest shear rates. We first demonstrate the magnitude of the bias between the data and the Bingham extrapolation. We then evaluate quantitatively the velocity profile under laminar conditions. This analysis shows that the bias may be large (hundreds of percent or more) at modest shear rates and that modest shear rates dominate pipe velocity profiles.
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