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Journal articles on the topic 'Consolidation measures'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Beetsma, Roel, Jacopo Cimadomo, Oana Furtuna, and Massimo Giuliodori. "The confidence effects of fiscal consolidations." Economic Policy 30, no. 83 (2015): 439–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/epolic/eiv007.

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Abstract We explore how fiscal consolidations affect private sector confidence, a possible channel for the transmission of fiscal policy that has received particular attention recently as a result of governments embarking on austerity trajectories in the aftermath of the crisis. Panel regressions based on the annual action-based datasets of Devries et al. (2011) and Alesina et al. (2014a) show that consolidations, and in particular their unanticipated components, affect confidence negatively. To obtain a more accurate picture of how consolidations affect confidence, we construct a monthly dataset of consolidation announcements, so that we can investigate the confidence effects in real time using an event study. The results suggest that consumer confidence falls around announcements of consolidation measures, an effect likely driven by revenue-based measures. Moreover, these effects are highly relevant for European countries with weak institutional arrangements, as measured by the tightness of fiscal rules or budgetary transparency. The effects on producer confidence are generally similar, but weaker than for consumer confidence. Long-term interest rates, as a measure of confidence in the sovereign, tend to fall around spending-based consolidation announcements. We have no evidence that the confidence effects of consolidation announcements are worse in slumps than in booms. Generally, strengthening institutional arrangements may help in mitigating adverse confidence effects of consolidations.
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2

Papoušek, J. "Evaluation of efficiency of the Common Measures – measures for land accessibility, implemented within land consolidation." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 57, No. 10 (2011): 500–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/26/2010-agricecon.

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By the means of Land Consolidation is understood, in accord with law No. 139/2002 Coll., spending of funds on land consolidations and land offices, provided the accessibility of grounds in public interest. Land consolidations also ensure the conditions for improvement of the ecosystem, protection and reclamation of land resources, waterway management and the increase of the ecological stability of landscape. All mentioned measures are collectively called the Common Measures, rural roads being one of the most significant of these measures as far as the ground accessibility is concerned. According to the Ministry of Agriculture and the Central Land Office (MZe, ÚPÚ) statistics, for instance in 2008, over 707.4 million CZK was spent on the common measures projects from the public funds. Of this sum, 82 per cent was spent on financing of the land accessibility projects – rural roads and objects on them. The Cost & Benefit Analysis (CBA) method was applied. The analysis explains step by step what benefits the investment projects bring and to whom, as well as what and from whom it takes something away. Thus defined effects and impacts are aggregated, converted into financial flows and included in the calculation of criteria indicators. These calculations enable to make decision whether the concerned project is in its consequences generally contributive. There is a difficulty in the method – it is applied ex-ante, which usually leads to the exaggerated input parameters, which may be significantly affected by a number of variable effects (time factor, socio-economic impacts, inflation rate, etc.). The ex-post application of the method cannot be objectively used due to the absence of the statistically processed input data for the analysis. Such data must be collected during the operational period of the realized investments. This is caused by the fact that these analyses consider lifetime of these investments in terms of 25–30 years. The ÚPÚ statistics, however, say that the operational period of most of realized common measures has not reached one half of their lifetime yet. The ex-ante analysis enables to evaluate the possible difficulty and the general benefit of projects, including their impact on the broad spectrum of subjects.  
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Konečná, Jana, Jana Podhrázská, and František Toman. "Efficiency of soil and flood control measures in land consolidations." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 6 (2012): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260060161.

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Land consolidations are an important instrument for implementation of erosion and flood control measures. Thanks to their poly-functional character, they also contribute to increase of ecological stability and aesthetic of landscape. Although the land consolidation process does not advance as quickly as requisite, it brings unquestionably positive results. One or more erosion and flood control measures are built in 17 % of cadastres with finished complex land consolidation. Land consolidation designs are supported by the state and the EU funds are used for the realization of protective and ecological measures. With the aim to evaluate real efficiency of implemented measures, research project QI92A012 has been started. This paper presents its method principles and particular results for one of the model cadastres – Lejčkov. Realized elements in Lejčkov were confronted with the plan of common facilities and critical analysis of the size, parameters, type and localization of elements was made with regard to their efficiency to keep the soil from surface erosion away in the long run, to decrease discharges and sediment transport in extreme precipitation events. We can state that erosion control measures in Lejčkov were designed and built well and they are suitable for the highland type of countryside.
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Schneider, Stephanie, Temple Smith, and Ulla Hansen. "SCOREM: statistical consolidation of redundant expression measures." Nucleic Acids Research 40, no. 6 (2011): e46-e46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkr1270.

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5

Komissarova, Zh N., and E. A. Sergeev. "EU fiscal governance and budget consolidation in Visegrád countries." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 3(66) (July 28, 2019): 131–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2019-3-66-131-158.

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Budget consolidations in Visegrád countries, which followed European financial and debt crisis, were mainly driven by external factors such as EU fiscal governance. Since the Visegrád countries have accomplished their consolidation effort, it seems topical to study their experience and assess the efficiency of consolidation measures. Involving descriptive statistical analysis, the authors posit that supranational impact on national budgets of Visegrád countries was quite efficient, as all economies concerned have accomplished a relatively sizeable fiscal consolidation. This happened largely due to the fact that the governments did not intend to lose vast amounts of funds from the EU budget. Such an option was quite feasible as a part of possible sanctions related to excessive deficit. The Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and the Slovak Republic run different consolidations as to scale, structure and measures taken, though one could highlight some similarities. On the one hand, consolidations were to a great extent carried out through the means of indirect taxation, because they have a less distortive nature, given the structural characteristics of countries at issue. On the other hand, the governments refrained from raising direct taxes due to their distortive character. Hungary was the only country, which took some active measures in the field of corporate taxation, and subsequently suffered from drop in tax collection. The Visegrád countries did cut government expenditures, but strived to use the most effective instruments such as curbing employment in public sector. Further, there were some subsidiary factors at place that influenced consolidation pace. For example, three of four Visegrád countries are not members of a currency union, which inter alia contributed to monetizing government debt. At the same time, some measures taken by the countries, were of a quite formal nature. For instance, Hungary totally nationalized pension system in order to increase budget revenues. Nevertheless, all Visegrád countries reached deficit target without any revolutionary changes to main fiscal aggregates, which means that consolidations were at least nominally effective. However, cumulative deficit change was not fully accompanied by lowering debt and was by several times less than cumulative transfers from the EU budget. At the same time the budget consolidations in Visegrád countries could be called efficient as GDP growth rates restored, as did investors’ confidence and exports.
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6

Park, Jong Gwan. "Local Government Fiscal Consolidation Measures-Focusing on Cheonan-." Journal of the Korea Contents Association 14, no. 10 (2014): 112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5392/jkca.2014.14.10.112.

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7

Wilson, Jeremy M., and Clifford A. Grammich. "The Measurement and Variation of Public Safety Consolidation." International Criminal Justice Review 29, no. 4 (2018): 335–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1057567718814905.

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Public safety consolidation of police and fire departments has long existed, but there are no quantitative measures of its implementation. Previous research has suggested a typology ranging from nominal to full consolidation. Our research explores how public safety departments may vary by both command consolidation and cross-training of personnel. Considering both these dimensions is essential to measuring the form and extent of implementation of this service model. To develop a scale for consolidation, we surveyed all known U.S. public safety departments, asking each about its services, administrative structure, and training requirements. Altogether, 74 of the 130 (57%) departments we were able to identify responded to a mail survey with phone follow-up, providing us information on their levels of structural integration and cross-training, among other characteristics. The results showed both some concentration at lower and higher levels of measured consolidation as well as some variation among departments with identical scores. Although our research is limited by a relatively small number of departments, preventing development of more sophisticated measures, use of this additive scale can still yield insights on what influences consolidation, the problems consolidation may ameliorate or produce, and operational characteristics by extent of consolidation.
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Sambasivan, Murali, Tamizarasu Nandan, and Zainal Abidin Mohamed. "Consolidation of performance measures in a supply chain environment." Journal of Enterprise Information Management 22, no. 6 (2009): 660–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17410390910999576.

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9

Jacques, Olivier, and Lukas Haffert. "Are governments paying a price for austerity? Fiscal consolidations reduce government approval." European Political Science Review 13, no. 2 (2021): 189–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773921000035.

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AbstractWhat are the political effects of fiscal consolidations? Theoretical considerations suggest that consolidations should reduce the public’s support for their governments, but empirical studies have found surprisingly small effects on government support. However, most of these studies analyze electoral outcomes, which are separated from the consolidation by a multi-link causal chain. We argue that more direct measures of government support, such as executive approval, show much stronger negative effects of consolidation, since they are less affected by the strategic timing of consolidations or the political alternatives on offer. We analyze a time series cross-sectional dataset of executive approval in 14 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries from 1978 to 2014, using the narrative approach to measure fiscal consolidations. We find that spending cuts decrease government approval, especially during economic downturns, but tax increases’ impact on approval remains minimal. Finally, left- and right-wing governments are equally likely to lose approval after implementing austerity.
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10

Diviaková, Andrea, Dušan Kočický, and Eliška Belaňová. "Ecological Measures in the Land Consolidation Planning of the Village of Kocurany." Ekológia (Bratislava) 38, no. 1 (2019): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eko-2019-0006.

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AbstractThis paper deals with the application of ecological proposals within the land consolidation project process in Slovakia. Ecological proposals form part of the Local Territorial System of the Ecological Stability project, which is a compulsory material for developing land consolidation projects. The Local Territorial System of Ecological Stability for the cadastral unit of Kocurany village was worked out in 2013. Within the area, 31 localities were selected for the implementation of ecological proposals with a total area of 154.34 ha, namely 3 biocorridors, 2 biocentres, 9 interacting elements, 8 ecostabilising elements and 9 localities with the need of anti-erosion soil cultivation, or delimitation to permanent grasslands. The main task was to analyse the rate of acceptance of the proposed measures. It was found that only 20 localities with a total area of 119.37 ha were accepted into the land consolidation project. In order to improve all the landscape functions, the integration of quality ecological proposals from the Territorial System of Ecological Stability into the land consolidation projects is necessary.
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11

Chugunov, Igor, and Mykola Pasichnyi. "Fiscal stimuli and consolidation in emerging market economies." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 15, no. 4 (2018): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.15(4).2018.09.

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The Great Recession has imposed vital limitations on the policy maker’s ability to react to further economic challenges. In this article, the authors set a purpose to assess the expediency and the size of fiscal consolidation or expansionary measures for countries with emerging markets depending on economic dynamics. The data on the episodes of large changes in fiscal policy, representing both fiscal stimuli and consolidation in Ukraine and in the EU countries with emerging market economies from 2001 to 2017, were evaluated. The authors examined the main reasons of fiscal policy’s volatility and its impact on economic growth. The countries with low and medium level of institutional framework for fiscal policy formulation could face permanent deficit and public debt problem. Episodes of expansionary fiscal adjustments based on government revenues cuts and spending increases were more effective compared with those that were entirely based on spending increases. Empirical investigation showed that successful fiscal consolidation measures obligatory included the government primary spending reduction. In those cases, the budget deficit-to-GDP and public debt-to-GDP ratios were declined. Medium-term priorities to develop the methodical bases of fiscal policy design were justified.
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12

Ovsyanko, L. "THE CONSOLIDATION MEASURES OF THE STATE SUPPORT OF MILK PRODUCTION." Экономика сельского хозяйства России, no. 6 (2016): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32651/2070-0288-2016-6-33-36.

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13

Nathanail, Eftihia, Lambros Mitropoulos, Ioannis Karakikes, and Giannis Adamos. "Sustainability Framework for Assessing Urban Freight Transportation Measures." Logistics & Sustainable Transport 9, no. 2 (2018): 16–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jlst-2018-0007.

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Abstract The salient scope of this paper is to enable the knowledge and understanding of urban freight transportation and provide guidance for implementing sustainable policies and measures in a city. To achieve this goal, an evaluation framework for city logistics policies and measures is developed, which demonstrates the complexity of urban freight transportation systems, through selected performance indicators, taking into account divergent stakeholders’ interests, conflicting business models and operations. Evaluation follows a hierarchical process; sustainability disciplines (economy and energy, environment, transportation and mobility, society), applicability enablers (policy and measure maturity, social acceptance and users’ uptake), multiple criteria and indicators, capturing the lifecycle impact of policies and measures and multiple stakeholders. Apart from the multicriteria context, the framework embeds methodologies, including, Impact Assessment, Social Cost Benefit Analysis, Transferability and Adaptability, and Risk Analysis. To demonstrate its applicability a case study is set for the City of Graz assessing the establishment of an Urban Consolidation Center. Results show that there is an overall improvement of 2.2% in the Logistics Sustainability Index when comparing before and after implementation cases of the Urban Consolidation Center.
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14

Xue, Ji Bin, and Bo Zhang. "Impact of Rural Land Consolidation on the Changes of Landscape Pattern: Take Haiyan County as an Example." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 2870–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.2870.

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Rural land consolidation has a profound impact on the changes of landscape pattern. In this paper, the author took the Haiyan County for example. Using GIS technology as well as theory and methods of landscape ecology, the author studied landscape pattern of land consolidation by selecting 15 indicators, including landscape structure characteristics, patch characteristics, corridor characteristics and characteristics of matrix into the land use situation and landscape pattern before and after land consolidation, analyzed and summarized the rural land consolidation to the influence of landscape pattern. Then the author put forward measures of rural land ecological construction. The results also show, rural land consolidation on the impacts of landscape pattern has two sides, hence should make full use of its positive effect and take some measures to reduce its influence.
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15

Muchová, Zlatica, Mária Leitmanová, Kateřina Jusková, Ľubomír Konc, and Andrej Vašek. "Identification of stagnation reasons in the field of land consolidation in Slovakia compared with the Czech Republic." Journal of Water and Land Development 33, no. 1 (2017): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0029.

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Abstract Causes of different evolution of land consolidation in the Czech Republic (CR) and Slovakia (SR) are documented and analyzed. Land fragmentation, methodical guidelines, legislative measures, financing and implementation of land consolidation projects are compared. Extensive, broad, complex land consolidation (LC) brings direct and indirect economic, environmental, social and landscape benefits for land owners and communities alike. It is a planning and development tool that is crucial for regional development. Authors focus on success of LC projects (measured by numbers of accepted projects relative to the country size) and their historical backgrounds in both neighbouring countries. Comprehensive land consolidation (CLC) and simple land consolidation (SLC) are examined. Approach to LC is similar in both countries. Demand for solving certain problems (e.g. land fragmentation, ownership fragmentation) is higher in Slovakia. Comprehensive land consolidation projects were initiated earlier in Slovakia than in the Czech Republic. But the current situation is significantly worse in Slovakia than in the Czech Republic. Risk of promoting particular interests resulting in an environment with disrupted dynamics of land consolidation is mentioned. Slovakia has a chance to change current dismal situation in the field of land consolidation only with the support of landowners.
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16

Schueremans, Luc, Koenraad Van Balen, Kris Brosens, Dionys Van Gemert, and P. Smars. "Church of Saint-James at Leuven: Structural Assessment and Consolidation Measures." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 1, no. 1 (2007): 82–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583050601126137.

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17

Djokic, Vladan, and Stevan Marosan. "New model of land consolidation and rural development in Serbia." Spatium, no. 17-18 (2008): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat0818061d.

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Land consolidation is a set of spatial-planning, legal, organizational, economic and technical measures undertaken for the purpose of improving natural, economic and ecological living and labour conditions in a land territory. Land consolidation, also, encompasses planning and renewal of rural settlements and accordingly, is a strong driving force for overall development of settlements (rural development) and environmental protection. This paper is primarily based on the observation of conditions and effects of the new model for land consolidation and rural development in Serbia, according to the proposed Land Consolidation Strategy and Pilot Project for Land Consolidation for the municipality of Velika Mostanica. .
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Chen, Yi Bo, and Dong Qin Peng. "Test and Evaluation of Seaside Silt Soil Foundation Reinforced by Dynamic Consolidation." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 2307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.2307.

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The technical measures of dynamic consolidation used in silt soil foundation reinforcement of a seaside project in Hainan province were introduced. According to plate loading test and heavy dynamic penetration test, the effect of dynamic consolidation treatment was analyzed and evaluated.
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Jin, Chang-ning, Zhi-nong Li, Zhi-bao Dong, Jian Liu, and Tian-hua Zhang. "Study on Problems in Sand Consolidation Measures for the Taklimakan Desert Highway." Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development (English Edition) 2, no. 2 (2007): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/jhtrcq.0000184.

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20

Mansberger, Reinfried, and Walter Seher. "Land Administration and Land Consolidation as Part of Austrian Land Management." EU agrarian Law 6, no. 2 (2017): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eual-2017-0010.

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Abstract Land administration and land consolidation are two pillars of the Austrian land management sharing a long tradition and duties defined by the constitution. Land administration supports measures of land consolidation with cadastre data, land registry data and other geo–technical data. New methods and instruments of geodata assessment provides a more detailed information about land and its changes. The geo–products are contributing to an improved process efficiency of land consolidation authorities. In addition, the role of land consolidation changed from an instrument to improve farming structures to a multifunctional tool of land management.
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Rybicki, Roman. "Evaluation of the effects of land consolidation in the Latyczyn village in terms of land protection against erosion on the slope scale." Journal of Water and Land Development 35, no. 1 (2017): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0085.

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AbstractSoil erosion by water is an important economical issue strongly deteriorating environment and requiring remedial actions. The study was designed to evaluate antierosion effect of changes in the layout of plots from along to across slope as an effect of land consolidation. Moreover, rightness of leaving newly set out boundaries of plots without any protection (i.e. sodding) was evaluated. For this purpose simulations of use of additional anti-erosive measures were done. The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model was used. Studies have shown that in addition to the design of transverse layout of parcels during consolidation, further antierosion measures may be necessary to reduce soil loss and sediment yield. In order to minimize soil losses outside the slope, boundaries between the newly designed fields should be sodded already in the post consolidation management. Limitation the amount of erosion over the entire slope requires use of additional protection measures in the upper part of slopes e.g. shelterbelts and antierosion crop rotations. WEPP model can be recommended for Provincial Bureaus of Surveying as a tool to support the development of assumptions for consolidation projects of lands threatened by erosion.
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Xiao, Ming, and Chen Zhao. "Stability Analysis of Steel Lining at Pressure Diversion Tunnel Collapse Zone during Operating Period." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3280414.

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At the collapse zone, the effects of the thickness of the consolidation grouting layer and the water pressure on the steel lining are vital to the stability of steel-lined pressure diversion tunnels. In this paper, a joint element and the load-sharing ratio of the consolidation layer are introduced to investigate the joint load-bearing characteristics of the steel lining and the consolidation layer and to determine a suitable consolidation layer thickness; a coupling method for simulating the hydromechanical interaction of the reinforced concrete lining is adopted to investigate the effect of internal water exosmosis on the seepage field at the collapse zone and to determine the external water pressure on the steel lining. In the case of a steel-lined pressure diversion tunnel, a numerical simulation is implemented to analyse the effect of the thickness of the consolidation layer and the distribution of the seepage field under the influence of internal water exosmosis. The results show that a 10 m thick consolidation layer and the adopted antiseepage measures ensure the stability of the steel lining at the collapse zone under internal and external water pressure. These research results provide a reference for the design of treatment measures for large-scale collapses in steel-lined pressure tunnels.
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David, Antonio, Jaime Guajardo, and Juan Yepez. "The Rewards of Fiscal Consolidation." IMF Working Papers 19, no. 141 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781498317054.001.

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This paper investigates the effects of fiscal consolidation announcements on sovereign spreads in a panel of 21 emerging market economies during 2000-18. We construct a novel dataset using a global news database to identify the precise announcement date of fiscal consolidation actions. Our results show that sovereign spreads decline significantly following news that austerity measures have been approved by the legislature (congress or parliament), in periods of high sovereign spreads or in countries under an IMF program. In addition, consolidation announcements are less contractionary when sovereign spreads decline, with the reduction in output being half of the counterfactual case in which spreads do not respond to announcements. These results constitute direct evidence that confidence effects, in the form of lower sovereign spreads, are an important transmission channel of fiscal shocks. We also find that the role of confidence effects increases with the level of spreads such that countries with high spread levels stand to benefit the most from putting in place credible austerity packages.
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Nataliia, MIRKO, and LADONKO Liudmyla. "TERRITORIAL CONSOLIDATION IN UKRAINE." Herald of Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics 137, no. 3 (2021): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/visnik.knute.2021(137)06.

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Background. The tourism industry has a special place in the management of the development of united territorial communities (UTC). In recent years, communities have demonstrated that tourism is one of the key areas in the regional development strategy. Theaim of the article is to identify and substantiate the development of tourism in the UTC of Zhytomyr region as one of the priority areas of the regional economy. Materials and methods. Methods of comparison, analysis and collection of informa­tion were used in the research. Results. Tourism stimulates the main sectors of Ukraine’s economy and is the inte­gral part of the development of international cooperation and integration of the country in the world economy. This requires a balanced state policy of integrated tourism deve­lopment. However, there are no common approaches to managing this sector at the state and regional levels. That is why an important component of effective tourism development is the development of a new state policy for tourism development based on a marketing approach in management. Conclusion. Specialized, recreational and tourist complexes of regions occupy a special place in the management of tourism development at the regional level. It is necessary to take a number of measures for the successful development of domestic tourism in UTC, including Zhytomyr region, such as conduct an inventory of tourist attractions, monuments, infrastructure; establish a public-private partnership; create community impro­vement plans; join forces with neighboring UTCs to create tourism products; present tou­rist offers to tour operators, agencies, other partners and establish partnerships with them.
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GASIOROWSKI, MARK J., and TIMOTHY J. POWER. "The Structural Determinants of Democratic Consolidation." Comparative Political Studies 31, no. 6 (1998): 740–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414098031006003.

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Democratic consolidation is the process by which a newly established democratic regime becomes sufficiently durable that a return to nondemocratic rule is no longer likely. The authors examine a wide range of structural factors that may affect democratic consolidation in Third World countries, using three indicators of consolidation and multivariate statistical techniques. The authors' main finding is that development-related socioeconomic factors, the contagion effect of democratic neighbors, and high inflation each strongly affect the likelihood of consolidation, although the latter was significant only in the early part of the period studied. Several other factors have no apparent effect, including several measures dealing with political culture and the design of democratic institutions. These three factors together strongly predict which Third World democracies achieve consolidation, suggesting that the process-centric literature on democratic consolidation has paid inadequate attention to the effects of structural factors.
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Goncharov, Vitaly Viktorovich, Sergey A. Balashenko, Artem A. Pukhov, Tatiana N. Mikhaleva, Grigory A. Vasilevich, and Jacek Zalesny. "Problems and prospects of establishing and implementing forms of direct democracy in russian legislation." LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, no. 1 (2021): 491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-6220202171813p.491-497.

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This article is devoted to the analysis of problems and prospects of consolidating and implementing forms of direct democracy in Russian legislation at the Federal, regional and local levels. The authors have developed and justified measures to solve these problems. The full consolidation and implementation of direct democracy in Russian legislation will create additional legal guarantees for the implementation of the constitutional principles of democracy and citizen participation in the management of state affairs, taking the next step towards improving the Russian Federation as a modern democratic state.
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Osorio, Javier, Livia I. Schubiger, and Michael Weintraub. "Disappearing dissent? Repression and state consolidation in Mexico." Journal of Peace Research 55, no. 2 (2018): 252–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343318751035.

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Does violent repression strengthen the state? In this article we explore the legacies of repression by the Mexican government on subsequent patterns of state consolidation. We investigate how a particular form of state repression, forced disappearances of alleged leftist dissidents during the ‘Dirty War’, had path-dependent consequences for different dimensions of state capacity nearly 50 years later. To do so, we rely on data gathered from suppressed Mexican human rights reports of forced disappearances which, to our knowledge, have not been analyzed by social scientists before. Controlling for a rich set of pre-disappearances covariates we find that forced disappearances are positively correlated with contemporary measures of fiscal, territorial, and bureaucratic capacity. However, historical forced disappearances do not help the state to provide security, to consolidate its monopoly over the use of force, or to provide welfare-related public goods in the long run. Moreover, disappearances are negatively correlated with various measures of trust in the government. Forced disappearances committed by the state appear to have long-term yet heterogeneous effects on state consolidation.
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Lebeau, Philippe, Sara Verlinde, Cathy Macharis, and Joeri Van Mierlo. "How can authorities support urban consolidation centres? A review of the accompanying measures." Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability 10, no. 4 (2017): 468–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17549175.2017.1310747.

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Peng, Yahong, Julie Chandler, Renee Vogt, et al. "P4-385: Development and validation of new measures of long-term memory consolidation." Alzheimer's & Dementia 4 (July 2008): T787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2008.05.2455.

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30

Schmidt, Christoph M., and Torsten Schmidt. "Nach der Krise ist vor der Krise – für eine rasche Konsolidierung der öffentlichen Haushalte." Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik 70, no. 1 (2021): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfwp-2021-2047.

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Abstract Public debt has increased significantly in the wake of the Corona crisis. In order to remain able to act, public budgets must be consolidated in the coming years. However, no special measures are necessary for this, especially no new taxes. Due to the consolidation of the past years, the debt-to-GDP ratio will probably not exceed the level it reached during the financial crisis. Current policy impulses have been set on the expenditure side. Correspondingly, consolidation should emphasize the reduction of expenditures. An increase of revenues should only be considered, if the measures initially taken prove insufficient.
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31

Ganesan, N. "Malaysia in 2002: Political Consolidation amid Change?" Asian Survey 43, no. 1 (2003): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2003.43.1.147.

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In 2002, the Malaysian government underwent significant political consolidation. Despite Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad's sudden announcement in June of his resignation, he will remain in office until October 2003, after which Deputy Prime Minister Abdullah Badawi will replace him as prime minister. The government's political consolidation derived partly from its war on terrorism, which allowed it to marginalize the mainstream opposition. Additionally, opposition parties themselves are in disarray. Economically, the country performed well, and unorthodox measures introduced after the Asian financial crisis have begun to pay off. In foreign affairs, Malaysia achieved good accommodation with the U.S. but suffered from hiccups in its bilateral relations with regional neighbors.
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McNulty, John E., Conor M. Dowling, and Margaret H. Ariotti. "Driving Saints to Sin: How Increasing the Difficulty of Voting Dissuades Even the Most Motivated Voters." Political Analysis 17, no. 4 (2009): 435–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpp014.

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The consolidation of polling places in the Vestal Central School District in New York State during the district's 2006 budget referendum provides a naturalistic setting to study the effects of polling consolidation on voter turnout on an electorate quite distinct from previous work by Brady and McNulty (2004, The costs of voting: Evidence from a natural experiment. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Political Methodology, Palo Alto, CA). In particular, voters in local elections are highly motivated and therefore might be thought to be less affected by poll consolidation. Nevertheless, through a matching analysis we find that polling consolidation decreases voter turnout substantially, by about seven percentage points, even among this electorate, suggesting that even habitual voters can be dissuaded from going to the polls. This finding has implications for how election administrators ought to handle cost-cutting measures like consolidation.
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Ishiyama, John T., and Matthew Velten. "Presidential Power and Democratic Development in Post-Communist Politics1." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 31, no. 3 (1998): 217–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-067x(98)00010-5.

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Recently, scholars have debated the effects of presidentialism on the development of new democracies. We seek to add to this debate by: (1) extending the investigation to the post-communist countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union; (2) employing an interval measure of presidential power as opposed to previously used categorical measures of presidentialism; (3) testing the relationships between institutions and democratic consolidation using multivariate rather than bivariate analytical techniques. In sum, the evidence suggested that the electoral system had a greater effect than either the power of the constitutional president or socio–cultural or economic factors on various measures of democracy and consolidation.
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Podhrázská, Jana, Antonín Vaishar, František Toman, et al. "Evaluation of Land Consolidation Process by Rural Stakeholders." European Countryside 7, no. 3 (2015): 144–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/euco-2015-0010.

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AbstractThe paper is focused on the current status of land consolidation in Czechia. The survey is based on a questionnaire distributed electronically to municipalities and related subjects (agricultural organizations, farmers) in areas where the land consolidation has been completed, is in progress, or is under preparation. Small farmers and municipality representatives perceive the land consolidation as a measure facilitating permeability of the landscape and protection from erosion and/or from flooding. Land consolidation is important for companies in clarification of the land ownerships and as a remedy for the landscape needs. About half of the respondents believe that the measures have rather brought benefits, whereas 41% of respondents mainly highlight problems. The negative side of the land consolidation is mostly seen in the time delays and demanding administration; agribusinesses also point out complications with land management. Nevertheless, 75% of small farmers and municipalities and 62% of agribusinesses are interested in land consolidation. The main differences between small farmers and large companies consist in their attitude to reduction of the acreage of large plots and their division by common facilities.
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Zhang, Zhi Guo, Peng Pan, and Xiao Guang Xi. "Excavation Mechanics Analyses for Shield Tunnels Considering Consolidation Material Property Impacts." Applied Mechanics and Materials 468 (November 2013): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.468.110.

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Current researches of material engineering give little investigations on the construction impacts of soil consolidation material property. Based on the Shanghai tunneling case, the excavation mechanics analyses for shield tunnels are conducted considering soil consolidation material property using 3D (three-dimensional) finite element numerical simulation method. The longitudinal deformation behaviors for existing tunnel after the completion of shield tunnel excavation are obtained under several typical cases of soil consolidation, including one month later, one year later, and ten years later. It is shown that the consolidation material property has a significant post-construction time effects on the vertical displacements of existing tunnels. The stringent stipulations on controlling the deformation for buried structures and strengthened monitoring measures are necessary and substantial for reducing potential service risks according to the post-construction state.
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Kidalov, Max V. "Impact of contract bundling and consolidation on defense acquisition system and defense industrial base: The case of the u.s. department of the navy." Journal of Public Procurement 15, no. 1 (2015): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-15-01-2015-b001.

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Despite Congressional and Presidential emphasis on reducing bundling and consolidation of defense contracts, recent studies cast doubt on whether such practices are problematic for small contractors or the defense acquisition system. Those studies proposed that bundling and consolidation are generally positive tools to procure best value. This paper tests these propositions by examining relevant U.S. Department of the Navy (DON) contracts for Fiscal Year 2010, when Congress reported record bundling and consolidation in U.S. defense contracting. Specifically, the paper looks to performance of Navy and Marine Corps buying commands in meeting small business goals and other good-government objectives such as competition, performance-based acquisitions, preference for commercial suppliers, and support for the U.S. defense industrial base. The paper recommends improvements in targeted good-government practices as measures to reduce bundling and consolidation.
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Hoge, Elizabeth, Eric Bui, Peter Rosencrans, et al. "Influence of intranasal oxytocin on fear consolidation in healthy humans." General Psychiatry 32, no. 6 (2019): e100131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2019-100131.

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BackgroundAlthough recent data in healthy humans suggestthat treatment with intranasal oxytocin (OT) may facilitate extinction recall,to date, little is known about the effects of OT on memory consolidationprocesses.AimTo examine the effect of intranasal administration of OT compared with placebo on memory consolidation blockade of a de novo fear memory in a classical 2-day fear conditioning procedure.ResultsThere were no significant differences between the OT and the placebo groups on the first two extinction trials (mean (SD)=0.01 (0.39) vs 0.15 (0.31), t=−1.092, p=0.28). Similarly, during early extinction, analysis of variance for repeated measures failed to show significant main effects of extinction trials: trials (F(4, 112)=1.58, p=0.18), drug (F(1, 112)=0.13, p=0.72) or drug × trials interaction (F(4, 112)=0.76, p=0.56).ConclusionOur results suggest that OT administered in a double-blind fashion immediately after fear conditioning does not significantly reduce consolidation of fear learning as measured by a differential skin conductance response tested at the beginning of extinction.
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Hopper, Richard A., Ayse T. Altug, Barry H. Grayson, et al. "Cephalometric Analysis of the Consolidation Phase following Bilateral Pediatric Mandibular Distraction." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 40, no. 3 (2003): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_2003_040_0233_caotcp_2.0.co_2.

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Objective The goal of the consolidation phase of mandible distraction is to maintain the improvement in maxillomandibular form and relationship while the generated tissue ossifies. During this period, external deforming forces can act on the healing generated bone. The purpose of this study was to describe the potential cephalometric changes that occur following pediatric bilateral mandibular distraction using external devices. Design Retrospective lateral superimposition cephalometric analyses. Participants Thirty-five cases of pediatric mandible distraction were reviewed. Seven of these cases were included in the study after exclusion criteria were applied. These cases represented a group with severe congenital dysmorphology and a mean device activation of 26.5 mm. Main Outcome Measures Changes in pogonion position, symphyseal plane rotation, mandible length, and mandible length relative to maxillary length during the 18 to 36 days of activation, the eight weeks of consolidation, and the 1-year period following removal of the distraction device were measured. Results All patients demonstrated variable changes in position of the mandible during the consolidation phase. The most common were retrusion of pogonion, a decrease in mandible length, and a clockwise rotation of the symphyseal plane. In some cases the changes that occurred during consolidation were greater than those that occurred on 1-year follow-up. Conclusions The consolidation phase of distraction osteogenesis is a dynamic phase and should not be assumed to be static. Multicenter use of this cephalometric technique would help to identify potential risk factors associated with postactivation changes.
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Henderson, R., C. Franchina, and H. Wiseman. "BUYING AND SELLING PETROLEUM INTERESTS—IMPACT OF TAX CONSOLIDATION AND OTHER TAX REFORM MEASURES." APPEA Journal 45, no. 1 (2005): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj04048.

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The new tax consolidation system, together with a number of other recent tax reform measures, has lead to a paradigm shift in the way in which the acquisition and sale of petroleum interests are treated for taxation purposes in Australia. In an industry where ownership interests in exploration and production fields regularly change hands, it is important that senior executives and decision-makers have a clear understanding of the impact of the new tax rules.This paper focusses on the commercial impact of these tax changes and is aimed at executives in the oil and gas industry with commercial, technical, legal or financial responsibilities.Board members will also have an interest to ensure that the risks arising out of the new rules are adequately addressed, and that shareholder value is being preserved.
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Ferguson, Samantha, Amanda Duffy, Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck, and Brett Laursen. "The adolescent friendship structure inventory (AFSI): A review and empirical consolidation of existing measures." European Journal of Developmental Psychology 16, no. 6 (2018): 654–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2018.1488684.

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41

Matkin, David S. T., and Gang Chen. "The consolidation of state-administered public pension systems in U.S. states." Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 27, no. 4 (2015): 455–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-27-04-2015-b002.

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There is significant variation in the way state-administered pension systems are structured in the United States. Some states, for example, consolidate their pension activity into a few larger systems while others sponsor several smaller ones. In this paper we (1) identify arguments in favor of and against system consolidation, (2) measure levels of consolidation in state-administered pension systems, and (3) use logistic regression to examine whether levels of consolidation are associated with indicators of the financial health of state pensions. Our results provide preliminary support for claims that the size and concentration of pension activity are positively associated with measures of the financial health of state pensions.
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42

Quosigk, Benedikt, and Dana A. Forgione. "Do donors respond to discretionary accounting information consolidation?" Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 30, no. 1 (2018): 16–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-03-2018-003.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate donor responses to discretionary accounting information consolidation. Nonprofit (NP) financial statement consolidation discretion significantly impacts program ratio reporting, the primary NP performance measure. Stakeholders are misled to allocate limited resources inefficiently. While some NPs file group Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Form 990 returns with their affiliates, effectively providing consolidated statements, others choose to file independently of their affiliates. Design/methodology/approach The authors use OLS regression analysis and panel data for 5,697 NP-year observations for the period 2009-2011 retrieved from the National Center for Charitable Statistics Form 990 database. Findings The authors find evidence that consolidation discretion substantially impacts donor decisions. NP managers have incentive to utilize consolidation discretion to influence charitable giving. Practical implications The authors urge the IRS and the Financial Accounting Standards Board to reconsider the consolidation guidance for NP organizations, to develop performance measures beyond the widely used program ratio, and to require program ratio segment reporting to allow for better comparability among NPs irrespective of consolidation status. Further, the authors caution stakeholders to consider supporting organization transactions in their resource allocation decisions. Originality/value The authors are the first to use NP supporting organization information to investigate consolidation discretion and its impact on donor responses.
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Chigbu, Ntihinyurwa, de Vries, and Ngenzi. "Why Tenure Responsive Land-Use Planning Matters: Insights for Land Use Consolidation for Food Security in Rwanda." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 8 (2019): 1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081354.

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Land use consolidation aims to address food insecurity challenges in Rwanda. However, there is contradictory evidence on whether this tool has met food security objectives or not. This study addresses two questions: How has the land use consolidation improved (or not improved) food security at the local level? How can food security challenges be addressed using a renewed approach to land use consolidation that adopts a tenure responsive land use planning procedure? We investigate these questions in Nyange Sector (in the Musanze District) of Rwanda using mixed research methods. The study generates theoretical and policy relevant outcomes. Theoretically, it links the concept of tenure responsive land-use planning to food security improvements. Policy wise, it provides an operational framework for implementing land use consolidation to make it more responsive to food security (based on tenure responsive land-use planning measures) in Rwanda.
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Vladisavljevic, Marko. "The public sector wage premium and fiscal consolidation in Serbia." Ekonomski anali 62, no. 215 (2017): 111–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka1715111v.

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Responding to a high fiscal deficit, the Serbian government introduced a set of fiscal consolidation measures at the beginning of 2015, including a 10% public sector wage cut. This paper analyses the difference in wages between the public and the private sector in Serbia and changes in the public sector wage premium after the measures were introduced. The results show that, similarly to many other countries, wages in the Serbian public sector are on average higher than in the private sector, partially due to the better labour market characteristics of public sector workers. The public sector wage premium was 17.4% in 2014 and was mainly driven by higher returns to education, work experience, and occupation in this sector. In 2015 the premium dropped by 6 percentage points due to a lessening of the difference in returns between the sectors. Therefore, in addition to reducing budget expenditures, fiscal consolidation in Serbia has reduced wage inequality between these sectors.
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Kaur, Karamjeet. "Measuring the Quality of Union Budgets: Need to Go beyond the Deficit Measures." Indian Journal of Public Administration 63, no. 2 (2017): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556117699733.

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In the run-up to Union Budget 2016–2017, a major difference of opinion emerged within the Union Government over adherence to fiscal consolidation vis-à-vis maintaining adequate expenditure allocation for essential services, such as health, education and infrastructure development ( Business Standard, 2016). As the budget document was unveiled, it was clear from the deficit targets met (and sought to be met in the future) that the government did not deviate from its commitments towards fiscal consolidation. These deficit targets, however, provide limited understanding of the overall ‘quality’ of expenditure and receipts of the government. In order to comprehend the overall picture and quantify this qualitative aspect, there is a need to go beyond the conventional measures of deficit. This article discusses the concept, meaning and usage of the various measures of deficits in order to, first, highlight their limitations in understanding the overall quality of budgets and, second, make a case for creation of a ‘composite index’ to reflect the broad quality and composition of budgets. A modest attempt has also been made in this article to evaluate the Union Budgets of the recent years on the basis of one such index developed by Bhide and Panda (2002). Results provide concrete evidence of a discernible improvement in the quality of budgets in the past few years.
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Kusuma, Bayu Mitra Adhyatma. "PEMBANGUNAN TERINTEGRASI DALAM MEWUJUDKAN KOTA PARIWISATA BERTARAF INTERNASIONAL: STUDI KASUS DI KABUPATEN BANYUWANGI JAWA TIMUR." JKMP (Jurnal Kebijakan dan Manajemen Publik) 2, no. 2 (2014): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/jkmp.v2i2.433.

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This study aims to analyze and describe how the integrated development in realizing Banyuwangi as an international tourism city is. The type of research used in this study is a qualitative with analysis descriptive approach. The results of study show that in realizing Banyuwangi as an international tourism city through integrated development, the lokal government of Banyuwangi Regency performs three steps of consolidation, namely improvement of infrastructure for access to the leading tourist destinations, consolidation of lokal cultural wealth, and consolidation of the tourism community. Through such measures, the number of foreign tourist arrivals has increased very significantly from year to year and Banyuwangi received several awards for the accomplishments and contributions in the tourism sector.
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Dumay, Nicolas, and M. Gareth Gaskell. "Do words go to sleep? Exploring consolidation of spoken forms through direct and indirect measures." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28, no. 1 (2005): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x05270024.

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We address the notion of integration of new memory representations and the potential dependence of this phenomenon on sleep, in light of recent findings on the lexicalization of spoken words. A distinction is introduced between measures tapping directly into the strength of the newly acquired knowledge and indirect measures assessing the influence of this knowledge on spoken word identification.
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Socol, Cristian, Marius Marinas, Aura Socol, and Dan Armeanu. "Fiscal Adjustment Programs versus Socially Sustainable Competitiveness in EU Countries." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (2018): 3390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103390.

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After implementing harsh austerity measures during 2008–2011, in the period 2012–2014 the fiscal adjustment programs also involved social equity measures, the quantitative fiscal consolidation being changed into a qualitative one—a reduction of the structural budget deficit accompanied by an improvement of social sustainability indicators. The 2015–2017 period shows mixed evolutions in terms of social progress brought by the recovery of the economic potential lost during the crisis. This research analyzes the sustainability of economic competitiveness dynamics from a social viewpoint during 2012–2014. In this paper, we analyze the way in which the economic and social components of fiscal adjustment programs are dynamically balanced in 24 EU member states. We identify four clusters of countries depending on the relationship between fiscal consolidation/fiscal stimulation and the social dynamics of the sustainability adjusted global competitiveness index. We found that under the pressure of “fiscal adjustment fatigue” caused by tough austerity programs in the period 2008–2011, most of the European countries completed the fiscal adjustment packages with measures to improve the social situation between 2012 and 2017. The fiscal consolidation programs have become more balanced from the perspective of the combination of budgetary austerity—social equity measures. Furthermore, we analyze how some countries on the EU periphery (Central and Eastern Europe, Baltic countries and Portugal, Ireland and Greece, countries that have joined the EU with a lower level of development) are experiencing or not an improvement in the social sustainability generated by the measures aimed at stimulating the economic growth implemented during 2012–2017. To conclude, we proposed a few pillars that could be integrated if an “ideal adjustment program” is to be achieved.
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Janus, Jarosław, Magdalena Łopacka, and Ewa John. "Land consolidation in mountain areas. Case study from southern Poland." Geodesy and Cartography 66, no. 2 (2017): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geocart-2017-0010.

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AbstractLand consolidation procedures are an attempt to comprehensively change the existing spatial structure of land in rural areas. This treatment also brings many other social and economic benefi ts, contributing to the development of consolidated areas. Land consolidation in mountain areas differs in many respects from those implemented in areas with more favorable conditions for the functioning of agriculture. The unfavorable values of land fragmentation indices, terrain conditions and lower than the average soil quality affect both the dominant forms of agricultural activity and the limited opportunities to improve the distribution of plots in space, parameters of shape, and the area as a result of land consolidation. For this reason, the effectiveness of land consolidation in mountain areas can be achieved by improving the quality of transportation network and the accessibility of the plots, arranging ownership issues and improving the quality of cadastral documentation. This article presents the evaluation of the measures of effectiveness of land consolidation realized in mountain areas on the example of Łetownia Village in the Małopolska Province, located in the southern part of Poland. Selected village is an area with unfavorable conditions for the functioning of agriculture and high values of land fragmentation indices.
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Sappleton, Shan J. "Is Senegal a Consolidated Democracy? Alternations, Corruption and Cultural Relativism." Afrika Focus 34, no. 1 (2021): 75–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-34010002.

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Abstract For the last two decades, scholars within the dominant, largely Western, approaches to democratic consolidation have considered the consolidation of democracy in sub-Saharan Africa to be stymied, if not impossible. Drawing on the various models of this democratic consolidation, this article seeks to examine whether African (and Latin American) democracies have really failed to meet all the necessary criteria of democratic consolidation, or whether the measures and/or application of the dominant approaches are methodologically flawed in their application to non-Western cases. The case study analysis suggests that while Senegal has sufficiently met the ‘alternation of power’ requirement as well as demonstrating significant deepening of democracy, it has failed to maintain low levels of governmental corruption – a necessary criterion for consolidation according to the dominant approaches. Moreover, given their contagion effect, larger regional instabilities pose a significant threat to the country’s democratic survivability. However, as the case study analysis suggests, while these factors remain a matter of concern, when comparisons are drawn with countries such as Italy, Greece and Spain, they may not be as crucial in explaining why Senegal and other new democracies are not considered consolidated democracies as they may initially seem.
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