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1
Boyce, S., C. P. Browman, and L. Goldstein. "Lexical organization and Welsh consonant mutations." Journal of Memory and Language 26, no. 4 (August 1987): 419–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0749-596x(87)90100-8.
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Welby, Pauline, Máire Ní Chiosáin, and Brian Ó Raghallaigh. "Total eclipse of the heart? The production of eclipsis in two speaking styles of Irish." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 47, no. 2 (December 21, 2016): 125–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100316000311.
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We examined the production of the Irish initial mutation eclipsis in two speaking styles. In initial mutation phenomena, a word appears with a different initial sound depending on the lexical or morphosyntactic environment (e.g.croí[kɾɣi] ‘(a) heart’ (radical form), (a)chroí[xɾɣi] ‘(his) heart/darling’ (séimhiú-lenition form), and (a)gcroí[ɡɾɣi] ‘their heart/darling’ (eclipsis form)). The goals of the study were:(i)to examine whether there are acoustic differences between the initial consonants of radical word forms (e.g. [ɡ] ofgruig‘(a) frown/scowl’) and the corresponding consonants of eclipsis forms (e.g. [ɡ] ofgcroí), as has been found for similar phenomena in other languages;(ii)to examine variability in the patterns of initial mutation in the speech of present-day speakers of Irish.Our analyses offer limited evidence that there may be phonetic differences between radical and corresponding eclipsis consonants, but the current data do not allow us to rule out alternative explanations. The realization of initial mutations in semi-spontaneous speech differed dramatically both from that of read speech and from the expectations of the traditional grammar. The results suggest that the realization of eclipsis and other initial mutations may be style- or register-dependent. We also found some evidence that it may vary by consonant type, in part due to phonological frequency patterns of the language.
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WILLIS, PENNY. "The Initial Consonant Mutations in the Brythonic Celtic Languages." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 583, no. 1 The Uses of L (May 1990): 181–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb12192.x.
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Duffield, Nigel. "Configuring Mutation in Irish." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 42, no. 1-2 (June 1997): 75–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100016832.
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This article offers a unified syntactic treatment of initial mutation in Modern Irish, one of the best-known characteristics of that language. Both types of consonant mutation, as well as the less-studied mutations affecting vowels, are discussed. It is proposed that the appearance of initial mutation is a function of particular structural configurations: mutation is triggered by lexicalized functional heads. It is shown how this analysis applies in three syntactic contexts: before clausal predicates; within noun phrases; and following prepositions. Special attention is given to the problem raised by exceptional forms, and, in particular, to the problem of variable constraints on “spreading” (whereby mutation spreads to following modifiers only in certain instances).
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Green, Antony D. "independence of phonology and morphology: the Celtic mutations." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 32 (January 1, 2003): 47–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.186.
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One of the most important insights of Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993) is that phonological processes can be reduced to the interaction between faithfulness and universal markedness principles. In the most constrained version of the theory, all phonological processes should be thus reducible. This hypothesis is tested by alternations that appear to be phonological but in which universal markedness principles appear to play no role. If we are to pursue the claim that all phonological processes depend on the interaction of faithfulness and markedness, then processes that are not dependent on markedness must lie outside phonology. In this paper I will examine a group of such processes, the initial consonant mutations of the Celtic languages, and argue that they belong entirely to the morphology of the languages, not the phonology.
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Asmus, Sabine, Sylwester Jaworski, and Michał Baran. "Fortis-lenis vs voiced-voiceless plosives in Welsh." Linguistics Beyond and Within (LingBaW) 6 (December 30, 2020): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/lingbaw.11828.
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This paper questions the voiceless-voiced distinction of Welsh consonants and claims that the fortis-lenis distinction is more appropriate for the description of the language. In light of research results of theoretical as well as experimental investigations into Welsh, e.g. the vowel-coda length dependence discovered by Asmus and Grawunder (2017), advocated further research into that matter, seeing also that the fortis-lenis distinction establishes a firm link to focal properties of Welsh, such as morpheme-initial consonant mutations (mICM). It was, therefore, decided to look at potential phonetic features that would contribute to the postulated distinction. These features are aspiration, voicing, hold phase duration and the centre of gravity (abbreviated to CoG) in the articulation of Welsh plosives. Preliminary results of the study discussed in this paper were summarised in “Fortis-lenis or Voiced-voiceless – features of Welsh consonants” (Asmus et al. 2019). However, expanding our research has yielded more comprehensive findings. As a result, it appears that the two series of plosives under review are different in terms of all features studied, but it is aspiration that is of major importance (thus confirming classifications of Welsh as an aspiration language).
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Anderson, Skye, and Elise Bell. "Morphological influences on categorical perception of stop voicing in Welsh." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 3, no. 1 (March 3, 2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v3i1.4294.
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Listeners integrate a wide variety of cues when categorizing speech sounds, including lexical, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic information. We investigate the influence of Initial Consonant Mutation, a morphosyntactically-triggered alternation in the modern Celtic languages, on the categorical perception of stop voicing in Welsh. Once sandhi processes, Celtic mutations are now lexically and morphosyntactically triggered; in particular, Welsh Soft Mutation causes word-initial voiceless stops to become voiced when they are preceded by a triggering word or construction. This paper reports the results of a two-alternative forced choice task that tests the hypothesis that Welsh listeners integrate their knowledge of mutation-triggering environments during speech perception, accepting more ambiguous segments as voiced when preceded by a Soft-Mutation-triggering word relative to a non-triggering word. While the results of the experiment demonstrate categorical perception of stop voicing, no robust effect of mutation environment was found. Several hypotheses as to why the predicted result was not found are considered.
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Hannahs, S. J. "Celtic initial mutation: pattern extraction and subcategorisation." Word Structure 6, no. 1 (April 2013): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2013.0033.
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In this paper I argue that initial consonant mutation in the Celtic languages does not involve synchronically derived phonological alternation, nor is it the product of full lexical listing of alternant wordforms. Rather, Celtic initial mutation involves associations of consonants represented in the lexicon which relate a specific initial consonant of a radical form to its associated mutation reflexes. Together with subcategorisation, which ensures that the correct mutation reflex of a wordform appears in the correct environment, the appropriate initial consonant is selected from an association of consonants extracted by the speaker from the recurring patterns in the language. It is these consonant associations, not full alternant wordforms, that are listed in the lexicon. The advantages to this approach are threefold: broad patterns are identified which full lexical listing obscures, the participation of neologisms in mutation is accounted for straightforwardly, and some of the motivation for diachronic reanalysis within the mutation system is made more apparent.
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Barış, İ, A. E. Arısoy, A. Smith, M. Agostini, C. S. Mitchell, S. M. Park, A. M. Halefoğlu, E. Zengin, V. K. Chatterjee, and E. Battaloğlu. "A Novel Missense Mutation in Human TTF-2 (FKHL15) Gene Associated with Congenital Hypothyroidism But Not Athyreosis." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 91, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 4183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-0405.
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Abstract Background: Thyroid dysgenesis is the most frequent cause of congenital hypothyroidism (CH), and its genetic basis is largely unknown. Hitherto, two mutations in the human thyroid transcription factor 2 (TTF-2) gene have been described in unrelated cases of CH with cleft palate, spiky hair, variable choanal atresia, and complete thyroid agenesis. Here, we describe a novel TTF-2 mutation in a female child resulting in syndromic CH in the absence of thyroid agenesis. Results: The index case is homozygous for an arginine to cysteine mutation (R102C) of a highly conserved residue within the forkhead, DNA binding domain of TTF-2. Her consanguineous, heterozygous parents are unaffected, and the mutation was not detected in 100 control chromosomes. Consonant with its location, the R102C mutant TTF-2 protein showed loss of DNA binding and was transcriptionally inactive. CH in the proposita was associated with cleft palate, spiky hair, and bilateral choanal atresia. However, radiological studies showed the presence of thyroid tissue in a eutopic location. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that human thyroid development can occur despite loss of TTF-2 function and suggest that TTF-2 gene defects should also be considered in cases of syndromic CH without total athyreosis.
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Burtness, Barbara, Ju-Whei Lee, Donghua Yang, Fang Zhu, Joaquin J. Garcia, Arlene A. Forastiere, and Christine H. Chung. "Activity of cetuximab (C) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients (pts) with PTEN loss or PIK3CA mutation treated on E5397, a phase III trial of cisplatin (CDDP) with placebo (P) or C." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): 6028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.6028.
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6028 Background: Abnormalities in EGFR signaling targets are associated with C resistance but no biomarker of C resistance has been identified in HNSCC. We hypothesized that cases with loss of PTEN protein expression (PTEN null) or PIK3CA mutation would display C resistance in HNSCC. Methods: E5397 was a phase III trial of CDDP plus P or CDDP plus C and enrolled 117 eligible and evaluable pts. PIK3CA and PTEN were analyzed for 52 and 67 consented pts, respectively. PTEN expression (PTEN Cell Signaling Technology, Cat. 9559) was determined by automated quantitative analysis (AQUA) on the PM-2000 (HistoRx, New Haven) using a cutpoint generated in 5 HNSCC tissue microarrays, each consisting of HNSCC as well as positive (small intestine, median AQUA score 2833.2) and negative controls (breast and colon carcinoma, median AQUA score 205.5). A cutpoint of 570 provides 100% specificity, 100% sensitivity, and identified 30% of the HNSCCs as PTEN null, consonant with the literature. The 3 most common PIK3CA mutations (E542K and E545K in exon 9 and H1047R in exon 20) were determined by BEAMing (Inostics, Heidelberg, Germany). Response, overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were compared between PTEN null or PIK3CA mutated pts and all others. Log rank and multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling were used to calculate p values. Results: 23/67 (34%) tumors were PTEN null and 2/52 (4%) had PIK3CA mutations (E542K and E545K). Both tumors with PIK3CA mutation had PTEN expression. No statistically significant differences in response, OS or PFS were noted in this small sample. However, among PTEN expressing/PIK3CA WT pts, median PFS increased to 4.2 months (m) for C (N=22) from 2.9 m for P (N=26) (Wald p=0.07), compared with 4.6 m for C (N=12) and 3.5 m for P (n=13) among the PTEN null/PIK3CA mutated (Wald p=0.60). Conclusions: The PTEN loss or PIK3CA mutation signature warrants further investigation as a predictor of C resistance.
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Bauer, Laurie. "What is lenition?" Journal of Linguistics 24, no. 2 (September 1988): 381–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002222670001183x.
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Most phonological textbooks and treatises do not define lenition or weakening, as it is also called. Instead they provide a list of examples of processes which they wish to term ‘lenitions’ or ‘weakenings’. It is then hoped that the reader will deduce a correct definition. This is what is done in, for example, Lass & Anderson (1975: 150) and Sommerstein (1977: 228). One of the few available definitions of lenition is to be derived from Vennemann's definition of relative weakness (cited in Hyman, 1975: 165): ‘A segment X is said to be weaker than a segment Y if Y goes through an X stage on its way to zero.’ According to this definition, lenition is primarily a diachronic process affecting the sound structure of languages. It may also have synchronie reflexes (such as initial consonant mutations in the Celtic languages), but these are called ‘lenitions’ by an extension of the term from diachrony.
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KENNARD, HOLLY J., and ADITI LAHIRI. "Mutation in Breton verbs: Pertinacity across generations." Journal of Linguistics 53, no. 1 (November 13, 2015): 113–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226715000420.
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Although word-initial consonants are highly salient cross-linguistically, the process of initial-consonant mutation has nonetheless continued to affect them in the Celtic languages. This paper investigates the use of the mixed mutation (MM) in Breton, following the progressive particle. Like all mutation, it naturally affects the phonology, but also gives (redundant) information for morphosyntax. Mutation is generally presumed to be a regular process, but as there has been a gap in the transmission of Breton, the extent to which this phono-syntactic phenomenon is consistent across generations remains open to discussion. It has been claimed that younger speakers, being strongly French-dominant, do not use mutation correctly. We tested this examining both distribution of usage and acoustic measurements of the consonants in question. Data from original fieldwork indicate that young adults use MM in the same way as older speakers, but children attending Breton-medium schooling are less proficient. Mixed mutation is difficult to acquire, the crucial factor being sustained Breton input beyond the early teenage years. Acoustically, there is no difference in the production of MM cross-generationally. The difference between the two generations is in the use of the progressive particle itself, omitted by the older generation, but retained by younger speakers.
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Abdel-Wahab, Omar, Mazhar Adli, Lindsay Saunders, Jie Gao, Alan H. Shih, Suveg Pandey, Jake Jaffe, et al. "ASXL1 Mutations Promote Myeloid Transformation Through Inhibition of PRC2-Mediated Gene Repression." Blood 118, no. 21 (November 18, 2011): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.405.405.
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Abstract Abstract 405 Somatic mutations in ASXL1 have been identified in patients with myeloid malignancies and are associated with worsened overall survival in AML and MDS patients. However the mechanisms of myeloid transformation of ASXL1 mutations had not been delineated. We therefore performed extensive in vitro and in vivo studies to assess the functional implications of ASXL1 mutations in the hematopoietic compartment. Transcriptional and Western blot analysis demonstrated loss of ASXL1 protein in primary leukemia samples with endogenous ASXL1 mutations indicating that these mutations are loss-of-function disease alleles. Further, ASXL1 depletion by shRNA in normal and malignant hematopoietic cells leads to robust upregulation of a set of genes including the posterior HOXA cluster (HoxA5-HoxA13). Increased HoxA gene expression was confirmed in human hematopoietic stem progenitor cells targeted with ASXL1 siRNA and in mice with conditional deletion of Asxl1 in the hematopoietic compartment. Previous studies in Drosophila had revealed that Asxl forms the polycomb-repressive deubiquitinase (PR-DUB) complex with BAP1, which normally opposes the function of polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) by removing H2AK119 ubiquitination. We verified that wild-type, but not mutant ASXL1 associates with BAP1 in co-immunoprecipitation studies. However, BAP1 depletion in hematopoietic cells did not result in significant changes in HoxA gene expression, suggesting that ASXL1 regulates gene expression in hematopoietic cells independent of its role in the PR-DUB complex. We therefore performed CHIP sequencing for known activating and repressive chromatin marks and histone mass spectrometry to elucidate the genome-wide effects of ASXL1 loss on chromatin state in hematopoietic cells. This allowed us to show that ASXL1 loss resulted in genome-wide loss of the transcriptionally repressive mark H3K27me3 in hematopoietic cells and primary patient samples with ASXL1 mutations. These data were supported by western blot analysis and histone mass spectrometry demonstrating a significant loss of H3K27 trimethylation in ASXL1-mutant cells. Moreover, ASXL1 mutations in primary leukemia samples are characterized by loss of H3K27 trimethylation at the HoxA locus. These data led us to hypothesize that ASXL1 interacts with the PRC2 complex; co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed that ASXL1 associates with members of the PRC2 complex including EZH2 and SUZ12 but not with the PRC1 repressive complex. Importantly, ASXL1 downregulation resulted in loss of EZH2 recruitment to the HOXA locus indicating a role of ASXL1 in recruiting the PRC2 complex to known leukemogenic loci. We next assessed the effects of ASXL1 loss in vivo by generating a conditional knock-out model of ASXL1 and also by employing shRNA to deplete ASXL1 in hematopoietic cells expressing the NRASG12D oncogene. Consonant with the in vitro data, we observed HOXA9 overexpression with ASXL1 loss/depletion in vivo. Preliminary analysis reveals that conditional, hematopoietic specific ASXL1-knockout (ASXL1fl/fl Vav-Cre) mice are characterized by progressive expansion of LSK and myeloid progenitor cells in mice less than 6 months of age. After 6 months of age a significant proportion of ASXL1fl/fl Vav-Cre mice developed leukocytosis, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and splenomegaly; pathologic analysis of tissues revealed a phenotype consistent with myelodysplasia with myeloproliferative features. Moreover, loss of ASXL1 in cooperation with expression of NRasG12D resulted in impaired survival, increased myeloproliferation, and progressive anemia consistent with MPN/MDS in vivo. Taken together, these results reveal that ASXL1 mutations result in a loss-of-function and suggest a specific role for ASXL1 in epigenetic regulation of gene expression by facilitating PRC2-mediated transcriptional repression of known leukemic oncogenes. Moreover, our in vivo data validate the importance of ASXL1 mutations in the pathogenesis of myeloid malignancies and provide insight into how mutations that inhibit PRC2 function contribute to myeloid transformation through epigenetic dysregulation of specific target genes. Disclosures: Carroll: Agios Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; TetraLogic Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Sanofi Aventis Corporation: Research Funding; Glaxo Smith Kline, Inc.: Research Funding.
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McLaughlin, Fiona. "Consonant mutation in Seereer-Siin." Studies in African Linguistics 23, no. 3 (June 15, 1994): 279–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v23i3.107412.
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This study presents a description and analysis of stem-initial consonant mutation within the nominal system of Seereer-Siin, a West Atlantic language closely related to Fula. Two distinct mutation patterns are isolated. The first consists of a voiced stop--voiceless stop--prenasalized stop set of alternations, while the second is a Fula-like pattern consisting of continuant-stop-pre nasalized stop alternations. Consonant mutation is shown to be the result of the prefixation of a class marker that contains a floating autosegment which associates to an underspecified stem-initial consonant. Both mutation patterns occur in the same morphological environments, thereby presenting a potential problem for an auto segmental analysis: e.g., How can we account for the occurrence of continuants and voiced stops in the same environment? By positing different underlying forms for each of the mutation patterns we show how consonant mutation in Seereer is quite complex but also more regular than previously thought.
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Lynch, John. "Consonant Mutation in Southern Oceanic." Oceanic Linguistics 59, no. 1-2 (2020): 232–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ol.2020.0012.
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Hsu, Amy P., Joie Davis, Alexandria L. Chaput, Daniel A. Powell, Nima Pouladi, Yves Lussier, Joshua Fierer, et al. "42. Common Population Variants Cause Susceptibility to Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S22—S23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa417.041.
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Abstract Background Coccidioides are endemic, dimorphic fungi found in soils of southwestern United States, Mexico and Central America. Infection occurs via inhalation of arthroconidia which swell, differentiate into spherules and rupture releasing endospores. While the majority of infected individuals will never report illness, roughly 1/3 seek medical attention for fungal pneumonia and ~1% of those present with disseminated coccidioidomycosis (DCM). IL12-IFNγ pathway mutations have been reported in DCM but are exceedingly rare and cannot account for the ~500–600 cases of DCM/year. Methods We performed whole exome sequencing on 66 individuals with DCM, retaining variants predicted damaging (CADD >15) with a population frequency < 10%. Results Homozygous CLEC7A c.714T >G; p.Y238* causing a truncated Dectin-1 receptor was overrepresented (OR=9.8449, 95% CI 3.0841 to 31.4260, P=0.0001). Dectin-1 signaling pathway variants included 3 homozygous and 11 heterozygous CLEC7A p.Y238* individuals, one each CLEC7A p.I223S and MALT1 p.R149Q and five PLCG2 p.R268W. Since Dectin-1 is the receptor for b-glucan, a major Coccidioides cell-wall component, we hypothesized that Dectin-1 pathway variants could affect fungal recognition and cellular response. Healthy control PBMCs stimulated with purified β-glucan or heat-killed Candida albicans induced 6-fold more TNFα than patients with homozygous or heterozygous CLEC7A, PLCG2 or MALT1 variants (P=0.0022, Ordinary one-way ANOVA). Additionally, one patient with a family history of DCM but lacking a defined mutation also failed to up-regulate TNFα after stimulation. Normalized TNF production from healthy control and DCM patient’s peripheral blood mononuclear cells Conclusion These data are consonant with increased dissemination in Clec7a-/- mice as well as in patients receiving anti-TNF biologics. These gene variants accounted for 31% of our DCM cohort (21/66 patients). This is the first demonstration of variants outside the IL12-IFNg pathway impairing fungal recognition and cellular response in coccidioidomycosis. Common heterozygous variants may be sufficient for disease susceptibility to highly pathogenic organisms. Disclosures Michail Lionakis, MD, ScD, Matinas BioPharma (Research Grant or Support)
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Mc Laughlin, Fiona. "Consonant mutation and reduplication in Seereer-Siin." Phonology 17, no. 3 (December 2000): 333–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675701003955.
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BALL, MARTIN J. "Initial-consonant mutation in modern spoken Welsh." Multilingua - Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication 12, no. 2 (1993): 189–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mult.1993.12.2.189.
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DeMille, Mellissa M. C., Kevin Tang, Chintan M. Mehta, Christopher Geissler, Jeffrey G. Malins, Natalie R. Powers, Beatrice M. Bowen, et al. "Worldwide distribution of the DCDC2 READ1 regulatory element and its relationship with phoneme variation across languages." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 19 (April 16, 2018): 4951–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710472115.
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DCDC2 is a gene strongly associated with components of the phonological processing system in animal models and in multiple independent studies of populations and languages. We propose that it may also influence population-level variation in language component usage. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the evolution and worldwide distribution of the READ1 regulatory element within DCDC2, and compared its distribution with variation in different language properties. The mutational history of READ1 was estimated by examining primate and archaic hominin sequences. This identified duplication and expansion events, which created a large number of polymorphic alleles based on internal repeat units (RU1 and RU2). Association of READ1 alleles was studied with respect to the numbers of consonants and vowels for languages in 43 human populations distributed across five continents. Using population-based approaches with multivariate ANCOVA and linear mixed effects analyses, we found that the RU1-1 allele group of READ1 is significantly associated with the number of consonants within languages independent of genetic relatedness, geographic proximity, and language family. We propose that allelic variation in READ1 helped create a subtle cognitive bias that was amplified by cultural transmission, and ultimately shaped consonant use by different populations over time.
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Cook, Eung-Do. "Consonant Classes and Vowel Qualities in Babine." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 35, no. 2 (June 1990): 123–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100013542.
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Babine, which has also been known as Northern Carrier, has two major dialects, Lake Babine (LB) spoken in Babine Lake and River Babine (RB) spoken in Bulkley River in northwestern British Columbia. The speakers of the latter in Moricetown and Hagwilgate prefer to call their language [wətsowət’en]. The recognition of Babine as a language distinct from Carrier is based on the work of Hildebrandt and Story (1974), Kari (1975), and Story (1984). In claiming Babine as a distinct language, rather than a Carrier dialect, Story (1984:1) cites “the Babine vowel shift”. She presents an extensive discussion of the historical process of vowel shift conditioned by two categories of syllable-initial consonants, which she calls F(ortis)-Mutation and L(enis)-Mutation.
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Myers, Scott. "Epenthesis, mutation, and structure preservation in the Shona causative." Studies in African Linguistics 23, no. 2 (June 15, 1993): 185–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v23i2.107414.
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In Shona (Bantu: Zimbabwe), the causative fonn of a verb is fonned in one of two ways: either with the suffix -is-/-es- or by changing the root final consonant to a corresponding coronal continuant. The author argues for an analysis in which both fonns are derived from a common underlying suffix /sl. The suffixal fonn is the result of an independently motivated process of epenthesis. The mutation, on the other hand, comes about by fusion of the /s/ with the preceding consonant. This fusion leads in some cases to feature combinations disallowed in Shona. The effects of mutation in these cases can be captured exploiting an active version of Kiparsky's Structure Preservation in tenns of "persistent rules".
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Lacharité, Darlene. "On the Need for Negative Constraints and Repair: Consonant Mutation in Setswana." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 38, no. 2 (June 1993): 257–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100014778.
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I argue here for the necessity of negative constraints, specifically the claim in (1). This position contrasts with that taken by Declarative Phonology (Scobbie 1992; this volume) and with the view that positive and negative constraints are equivalent (Itô 1988:32).
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Roberts, Ian. "The Syntax of Direct Object Mutation in Welsh." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 42, no. 1-2 (June 1997): 141–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100016856.
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The central hypothesis of this article is that Welsh direct object mutation—the only instance of mutation in the Celtic languages not triggered by a specific lexical item—is the PF-realisation of AgrO’s accusative Case as the floating lenition-triggering phonological feature L (cf. Lieber 1983 and Zwicky 1984). The analysis proposed in this article is an empirically adquate analysis of initial consonant mutation in Welsh, which fully integrates direct object mutation with other cases of mutation, relates mutation to phonosyntactic processes found in other languages, notably Southern Italian /u/-propagation (Rizzi and Savoia 1991) and French liaison (Manzini 1983), and fits naturally into a non-checking-theoreticconception of Parametric Variation of the sort outlined in Roberts and Roussou (1997a).
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Sleeper, Morgan. "Place-name Mutation Variation in Wales and Patagonia." Journal of Celtic Linguistics 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 143–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.16922/jcl.21.5.
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This study uses corpus data of modern conversational speech to examine variation in the mutation of place-names in Welsh as spoken in both Wales and Patagonia. Specifically, it considers how speakers from both areas mutate (or do not mutate) place-names following the nasal mutation trigger yn 'in', through a two-step statistical approach of conditional inference trees and random forests. Results show no significant difference in how speakers from Wales and Patagonia mutate place-names in this environment, but that the radical initial consonant, speaker age, and place-name type – including the geographical, linguistic, and cultural 'Welshness' of the place-name – all significantly affect mutation behaviour. Furthermore, while nasal mutation is present in the data, the results also illustrate the growing use of soft mutation as an alternate mutation strategy following yn.
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Stump, Gregory T. "Non-local spirantization in Breton." Journal of Linguistics 24, no. 2 (September 1988): 457–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700011865.
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Among the most striking morphosyntactic characteristics shared by the Celtic languages are their elaborate consonant mutation systems. It is clear from the most cursory inspection that in such systems, the range of possible syntactic relations between mutation triggers and their targets is subject to principled limits. In a recent paper, Zwicky (1984) has hypothesized that trigger-target relations are universally restricted by the constraint in (1): (1) The trigger determining a rule feature for a morphophonemic rule must be adjacent to the affected word and c-command it (Zwicky, 1984:389).
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Lu, Xin. "2025 Targeting immunosuppressive myeloid cells to enhance cancer immunotherapy." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 2, S1 (June 2018): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2018.127.
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common noncutaneous malignancy in men in the United States. A significant fraction of advanced PCa treated with androgen deprivation therapy experience relentless progression to lethal metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). The PCa tumor microenvironment is comprised of a complex mixture of epithelial and stroma cell types engaged in multifaceted heterotypic interactions functioning to maintain tumor growth and immune evasion. We recently uncovered the important role played by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to mediate tumor immune evasion in aggressive PCa (Wang, Lu et al., Cancer Discovery, 2016). Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has elicited durable therapeutic responses across a number of cancer types. However, the impact of ICB on mCRPC has been disappointing, which may signal the need to combine mechanistically-distinct ICB agents and/or override immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Our objective is to determine if robust immunotherapy responses in mCRPC may be elicited by the combined actions of ICB agents together with targeted agents that neutralize MDSCs yet preserve T cell function. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We created a novel embryonic stem cell-based chimeric mouse model of mCRPC engineered with signature mutations to study the response to single and combination immunotherapy. The efficacy studies were followed with detailed mechanistic investigation and clinical validation. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Consonant with early stage clinical trials experience, anti-CTLA4 or anti-PD1 monotherapy failed to impact disease progression. Similarly, modest anti-tumor activity was observed with combination ICB as well as monotherapy with targeted agents including Cabozantinib (tyrosine kinase inhibitor), Dactolisib (PI3K/mTOR inhibitor), and Dasatinib (tyrosine kinase inhibitor). In contrast, mCRPC primary and metastatic disease showed robust responses to dual ICB treatment together with either Cabozantinib or Dactolisib, but not with Dasatinib which impaired T cell infiltration in the tumor. Detailed intratumoral immune profiling with mass cytometry (CyTOF) showed that combined ICB and Cabozantinib or Dactolisib was associated with significant depletion of MDSCs. Cabozantinib and Dactolisib blocked the PI3K signaling activity in MDSCs and reduced their immunosupppresive activity. Mechanistically, the combination efficacy was due to the upregulation of IL-1RA and suppression of MDSC-promoting cytokines secreted by mCRPC cells. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: We demonstrated that an antibody cocktail targeting CTLA4 and PD1 was insufficient to generate effective anti-tumor response, but combination of ICB with targeted therapy that inactivates PI3K signaling displayed superior synergistic efficacy through impairing MDSCs in the tumor microenvironment. These observations illuminate a clinical path hypothesis for combining ICB with MDSC-targeted therapies in the treatment of mCRPC. Importantly, conclusions from the study on PCa may have implications in combination immunotherapy for aggressive breast cancer which is also largely resistant to immune checkpoint blockade and replete with immunosuppressive myeloid cells.
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Bickmore, Lee S. "Unaltered morphemes as phonological triggers and targets in Rutooro." Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 40, no. 1 (July 26, 2019): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jall-2019-0002.
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Abstract Rutooro, a Bantu language spoken in western Uganda, exhibits two processes common to Bantu languages: Mid Vowel Harmony (MVH), by which a high vowel is lowered to mid if it follows a mid root vowel, and Consonant Mutation (CM), by which a high front vowel of certain morphemes trigger a change in the immediately preceding consonant. In forms where both rules could potentially apply, CM applies, but MVH does not, even though its structural description is met. Ultimately, it is shown that MVH is blocked when an alveolar fricative intervenes between the trigger and the target. The most anomalous forms are those that contain the short causative /-i/ and the Perfective suffix /-ir/. In some forms CM would be expected to apply, but does not, and in other forms MVH is expected to be blocked, but is not. The key to the analysis lies in the fact that CM is not a purely phonological process, but rather is only triggered by a small set of specific morphemes. The surface anomalies in the perfect forms can all be accounted for if one formalizes the relevant processes as only being triggered (or blocked) by unaltered [-ir].
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Zwicky, Arnold M., Ellen M. Kaisse, Elizabeth A. Cowper, and Keren D. Rice. "Are phonosyntactic rules necessary?" Phonology Yearbook 4, no. 1 (May 1987): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700000816.
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Selkirk (1986) proposes that rules of the phrasal phonology apply to a structure called P-structure that is derived from, but not isomorphic to, syntactic structure. While Selkirk claims that most rules of external sandhi fall into the category of P-structure rules, there are three rules that she suggests may still require direct reference to syntactic structure. These are Mende Consonant Mutation (Conteh et al. 1986), Kimatuumbi Vowel Shortening (Odden this volume), and ‘perhaps even rules like English wanna contraction’ (Selkirk 1986: 374). Selkirk says that these rules ‘appear to be sensitive to a richer array of syntactic conditions than would be expressible via the translation of syntax into P-structure’.
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Vennemann, Theo. "The Relative Chronology of the High Germanic Consonant Shift and the West Germanic Anaptyxis." Diachronica 8, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.8.1.04ven.
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SUMMARY This paper studies systematic relationships between two sound changes, the High Germanic Consonant Shift and the West Germanic Anaptyxis. Since the High Germanic languages, i.e., High German and Lombardic, are a division of the West Germanic Sprachbund, it might be thought — and this is indeed the general view — that the more extensive West Germanic change necessarily antedates the more limited High Germanic change. But an examination of the relative chronology of the two changes in one of the languages that underwent both of them, Old High German, shows that, on the contrary, the systematic order of the two changes is the opposite: The better theory of the history of the Old High German phonological and morphological system is attained by the assumption that the High Germanic Consonant Shift antedates the West Germanic Anaptyxis. This result is in agreement with the author's overall theory of the Germanic Consonant Shifts by which the bifurcation of the Proto-Germanic tenues into the Low Germanic aspirates and the High Germanic affricates is one of the very oldest Germanic innovations. RÉSUMÉ L'article étudie les rapports systématiques entre deux changements phonétiques, à savoir celui de la mutation consonantique haut-germaine et celui de l'anaptyxis ouest-germaine. Comme les langues haut-germaines, i.e., le haut-allemand et le langobarde, représentent une division de l'union linguistique ouest-germaine, on pourra penser — et cela est en effet la position majoritaire — que le changement ouest-germain, étant le plus répandu, doit chronologiquement précéder le changement haut-germain plus restreint. Cependant, une examination de la chronologie relative dans une de ces langues qui a été sous-jettée à ces deux changements, i.e., le vieux haut-allemand, montre, au contraire, que l'ordre systématique de ces deux changements est opposé: On arrivera à une meilleure théorie de l'histoire du système phonologique et morphologique du vieux haut-allemand si'l on prend comme hypothèse que le changement consonantique du haut-germain précède chronologiquement l'ana-ptyxis ouest-germaine. Un tel résultat est en accord avec la théorie globale de l'auteur selon laquelle la bifurcation des occlusives proto-germain en aspirés bas-germains et affriqués haut-germains est une des plus vieilles innovations germaniques. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In diesem Artikel werden systematische Beziehungen zwischen zwei Laut-verânderungen untersucht, der Hochgermanischen Lautverschiebung und der Westgermanischen Anaptyxe. Da die hochgermanischen Sprachen, Hoch-deutsch und Langobardisch, eine Abteilung des westgermanischen Sprach-bundes bilden, liegt es nahe, anzunehmen, wie es auch der allgemeinen Auf-fassung entspricht, daß der weiter verbreitete westgermanische Wandel dem enger eingegrenzten hochgermanischen Wandel vorausgegangen sein müsse. Aber eine Untersuchung der relativen Chronologie der beiden Lautwandel im Althochdeutschen als einer derjenigen Sprachen, die beiden Veränderungen ausgesetzt waren, zeigt, daB die systematische Beziehung zwischen ihnen die genau entgegengesetzte ist: Man erhält die bessere Theorie der Geschichte des althochdeutschen Laut- und Formensystems, wenn man annimmt, daB die Hochgermanische Lautverschiebung der Westgermanischen Anaptyxe voraus-ging. Dieses Ergebnis steht im Einklang mit der ubergreifenden Lautverschie-bungstheorie des Autors, der zufolge die Verzweigung der urgermanischen Tenues in die niedergermanischen Aspiraten und die hochgermanischen Affrika-ten eine der allerâltesten germanischen Isoglossen gestiftet hat.
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COULARDEAU, Jacques. "WOMEN’S ROLE AND POSITION IN THE EMERGENCE OF HOMO SAPIENS." International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on the Dialogue between Sciences & Arts, Religion & Education 4, no. 1 (December 7, 2020): 102–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26520/mcdsare.2020.4.102-122.
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Homo Sapiens (HS) started emerging around 300,000 BP. HS, a long-distance fast bipedal runner had a 29-year life expectancy. The ensuing physiological mutations caused the birth of long-dependent children. Their side-effect was enhanced vocal articulation. Linguistic phylogeny produced language with three time-ordered articulations: 1- rotation vowels-consonants into roots; 2- space- and timecategorization of roots into stems; 3- functional and temporal specifications of stems into fronds. Women henceforth developed as spiritual members in their communities, hereinafter their place in the production of symbolic cave and mobiliary art. The spiritual dimension of such symbolism must heavily be centered on women. Around 45,000 BCE all over the world, HS communities who had migrated out of Black Africa between 250,000 and 70,000 BP developed women-centered symbolism for the first time on durable media, though male-centered hunting weapons and tools had been produced even by previous Hominins.
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Kratochvíl, František, David Moeljadi, Benidiktus Delpada, Václav Kratochvíl, and Jiří Vomlel. "Aspectual pairing and aspectual classes in Abui." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 74, no. 3-4 (September 1, 2021): 621–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2021-1046.
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Abstract This paper describes the aspectual classes in Abui, a Papuan language of the Timor-Alor-Pantar family. Abui innovated a system of aspectual stem pairing, realized by consonant mutation, vowel grading, and rime mutation. Although stem pairing is widespread (about 61% of the verbs alternate), about 38% of our 1,330 verb sample are unpaired and immutable. Abui verbal stems combine with aspectual affixes, adverbs and auxiliary verbs, whose distribution is used here together with the stem types to describe aspectual classes, which are understood as lexicalizations of transitional possibilities of lexical items (e.g. inchoative-stative vs. inchoative-gradual.inchoative-stative). The paper takes the bidimensional approach to aspect distinguishing between properties associated with the perfective-imperfective system and other aspectual marking (cf. Sasse, Hans-Jürgen. 2002. Recent activity in the theory of aspect: accomplishments, achievements, or just non-progressive state? Linguistic Typology 6(2). 199–271). Combining the features of both types of aspectual marking, we construct in a bottom-up fashion the aspectual classes in Abui and also show that these may be further refined if contextual features such as valency or degree of change (affectedness) were included. A characteristic feature of the Abui system is the elaborate system of stative-inchoative verbs sensitive to scalar and change properties (e.g. instant vs. gradual). Abui telic verbs show sensitivity to the properties of the resulting state and are formally associated with stem alternation.
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Blackburn, James, Mohammed Didi, Shivaram Avula, and Senthil Senniappan. "Isolated premature menarche in two siblings with Neurofibromatosis type 1." Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 33, no. 6 (May 21, 2020): 813–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2019-0494.
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AbstractObjectivesNeurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder, caused by mutation in NF1. The condition is typified by the development of benign and malignant tumours in both the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Isolated menarche is a sub-classification of incomplete isosexual precocious puberty typified by menarche in girls with no other features of pubertal development. The effects of NF1 on pubertal timing are poorly understood, we report two siblings with NF1 and apparent abnormal pubertal development.Case PresentationTwo siblings were referred to the tertiary paediatric endocrinology clinic at 6 and 7 years of age with recurrent, cyclical vaginal bleeding. There was a strong family history of NF1, the mother of the siblings and two brothers were also diagnosed at a young age. On examination both patients were prepubertal at presentation. Both siblings underwent a gonadotrophin releasing hormone test, which revealed a follicle-stimulating hormone dominant (prepubertal) response. The features were suggestive of isolated premature menarche as no other cause was identified. The elder sibling established menarche and developed signs of consonant pubertal development at 12 years of age. The younger sibling remains under regular follow-up.ConclusionsNF1 has previously been associated with alterations in pubertal timing. We report, for the first time, two siblings with NF1 who presented with isolated menarche.
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Lopatin, Mikhail. "‘Ut cantus consonet cum verbis’: transformations of sound and sense in Paolo da Firenze’s Lena, virtù e speranza." Early Music 48, no. 1 (February 2020): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/em/caaa001.
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Abstract This article explores the topos of transformation/metamorphosis and its role in creating unusually fluid and ambiguous scenarios of musico-textual behaviour in Trecento and Quattrocento song. Examining Paolo da Firenze’s ballata Lena, virtù e speranza, I show how transformation spreads from the surface level of specific poetic motifs and musical gestures to the very core of music’s relation to its text and text’s relation to its music. In this analysis, my goal is to follow the trajectory of one specific word (‘mutatio’) as it passes through various theoretical filters on its way from the textual to the musical medium (or back), creating new and often unexpected meanings realized in a musical setting.
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French, Martin. "Gaps in the gaze: Informatic practice and the work of public health surveillance." Surveillance & Society 12, no. 2 (May 9, 2014): 226–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v12i2.4750.
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Many works that may be situated within the interdisciplinary field of Surveillance Studies have described dangerous potentialities associated with the pervasive, IT-mediated merger of once discrete data sets. In effect, these works cautioned about the rise of “big data” before it was named as such. Even so, they share an uncomfortable consonance with euphoric claims about the revolutionary transformation portended by big data. Situating both euphoric and critical accounts of the IT-mediated gaze within a larger informatic ethos — a spirit in the Weberian sense of this term, defined above all by its concealment of the labor that makes IT work — this article argues that discourse on the data-driven, information revolution must be supplemented by a more modest discourse empirically rooted in the everyday, pragmatic realities of IT. Where it departs from well-established social scientific analyses of IT, however, is in its development of a novel concept: informatic practice. Informatic practice may be defined as the sum of labor or activity that materializes information, including, for instance, such mundane activities as data entry. To empirically illustrate some complexities associated with informatic practice, this article discusses process challenges associated with the implementation of a large-scale (or “big”), regionally interconnected public health information system in Ontario, Canada. Informed by science and technology studies (STS) and actor-network theory (ANT), it uses documentary evidence and interviews with 38 key informants to describe informatic practice and to illustrate the mutations—the natural change—introduced into the IT-mediated gaze by everyday, material practices. This complicates both critical and euphoric claims about big data.
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Bulgakova, Anna. "S. Bobrov’s Poem «Ancient Night of the Universe, or the Wandering Blind» and the Concept of Russian Freemasonry of the XVIII–Early XIX Centuries." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 1 (53) (April 12, 2021): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2021-53-1-5-20.
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The purpose of the article is to study the poem «The Ancient Night of the Universe, or the Wandering Blind» by Semyon Bobrov from the viewpoint of the doctrine belonged to Russian Freemasonry of the 18th –early 19th centuries. It is based on a combinationof mystical, esoteric, Christian (Orthodox) and en-lightening ideas which allowed this movement to organically fit into the socio-cultural context of the pre-romantic epoch. The analysis of the poem as a philo-sophical, allegorical and esoteric text, in turn, has revealed Russian Freema-sonry’s specificity consisted in the close interaction of various religious, philo-sophical and ethical systems. The special eclecticism of S. Bobrov’s thinking is reflected in the onto-logical, epistemological and axiological problems of the poem and expressed at all levels of the poetic text such as ideological-thematic, figurative, composi-tional and poetological ones. «Dreamy mysticism», consonant with the pre-romantic worldview, creates a general atmosphere of mystery in thepoem and serves as the basis for the image formation of Nesham, the main character, as well as a system of symbols (an eye, a ray, a circle, a temple, a mirror, an oil lamp, etc.). Moreover, S. Bobrov builds the poem structure according to the cat-egories and principles of esoteric thinking like universal correspondences, liv-ing nature (the world as a «chain of being»), mediation and imagination, trans-mutation and concordance. At the same time, a special place in the poem is occupied by the ideas of inner freedom and morality, mercy and compassion, which testifies to the poet’s closeness to Orthodox culture. S. Bobrov’s human-istic orientation, special interest to the category of intellect and attention to epistemological problems testify an «enlightenment» trace in the poet’s worldview. Thereby, the combination of heterogeneous religious, philosophical and cultural concepts in S. Bobrov’s work can be explained by the poet’s close-ness to Russian masons of the 18th –early 19th centuries.
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Filatova, T. V. "Semantic aspects of harmony: the phenomenon of unlocked structures in romance lyrics of XIX century." Problems of Interaction Between Arts, Pedagogy and the Theory and Practice of Education 49, no. 49 (September 15, 2018): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum2-49.04.
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Relevance of the study. The revealing of methodological effectiveness of integration interaction of different methods of analysis and scientific reflections for analytical procedures is relevant in the context of the intersection of interests of studies of harmony and musical semantic. Main objective of the study – to designate semantic aspects of harmony in conditions of unlocked structures on material of romances of the nineteenth century. Methodology. An integrative methodological projection of algorithms of study tonally-harmonic and compositional processes on the procedure of musical semantic analysis is proposed. General outline of the analytical operations deployed in several discourses: • functional-harmonic and compositional analysis of the piece in its entirety, taking into account the poetic framework; examine the nature of the interaction of harmonic and compositional logic; • the isolation of the verbal text of the key signs of poetry - semantic words; determination of their compositional arrangement in musical form; • segmentation of musical intonation tokens, their selection from the text of the work, revealing the breadth of contextual coverage of meanings and semantic potential; correlation with the semantics of «migratory genre and intonation formulas»; • detection of specificity of implement semantic elements within the analyzed text or composing style, revealing of aspects of particular musical semantics; detection meaning of harmonic connection tokens, wich unlock structure, with the word and the melodic intonation; definition of internal, external and immanent, extramusical nature of the phenomenon; establishing its degree of semantic activity. Results. Varieties of unlocked structures are systematized: with system-logical parameters – functionally, subsystemically and modulation unlocked structures; with phonic parameters – dissonance and consonance unlocked structures; with causal parameters – potentially and principally unlocked structures. External or extramusical and internal, immanent-harmonic motivations of their forming are identified. Among the external factors of unlocking are articulated: the impact of the poetic word as the source of empathy; irreversible course of imaginative mutations; retention of states innuendo, incompleteness, undecidability, anxiety, confusion, fear; semantic marks of question, surprise, regret. The gap of functional balance in the phase of clotting of harmonic integrity is seen as a reaction to the motion of meaning. Among the internal factors the unlocking are highlighted: density and irreversibility of modulation streams; phenomena of modal variability; the impact of modal experience of regulation of harmonic processes; the power of cyclic unity; inner aspiration to an open form as allusion of infinity. Functional inversion, and the special status of the tonal system with reduced centripetal potential (Y. Holopov) are listed as an important incentive of the unlocking. The phenomenon of the unlocking as a principle (the mechanism) the organization of text units of harmony is investigated in conjunction with the semantic field of piece, music tokens, artistic word and meaning. Factors of the displacement of semantic connotations fixing of keywords, semantics of "migratory genre and intonation formulas" (L. Shaimukhametova) during the formation of the vertical layers of music are considered. Three positions based on analysis of the works of R. Schumann, F. Liszt, G. Mahler, P. Tchaikovsky, M. Mussorgsky, illustrating the semantic nature of the harmonic disjunction are allocated. Position 1: harmony as meaning generator. It acts at the level of the formation of intonation and harmonic tokens – pitch compacted units of musical sense, elements of particular musical semantics. It forms a zone of high concentration of semantic elements in a vertical cut of music. It is fixed in vocal miniatures: R. Schumann’s «Im wunderschonen Monat Mai», F. Liszt’s «Verlassen», M. Mussorgsky‘s «Orphan». Position 2: harmony as a regulator of meaning. It acts at the level of the changes of emotional amplitudes. It provides strength and depth of emotional impulse. It revealed in F. Liszt’s romances and songs: «J’ai perdu ma force et ma vie», «Sonetto XC», «La?t mich ruhen», «Was Liebe sei?», «Einst». Position 3: harmony as a modulator of meaning. It affects to the level of tonal drama, transformation of semantic field of piece. It transforms the track of pitch content irreversibly. It appears in the case of a harmonic unlocking of the modulating type, wich running contrary to the idea of rounding tone frame. It shifts whole pitch platform of musical piece under the combined influence of intonation, word, number of plot and drama of movement of meanings. It forms in vocal works: F. Liszt’s «Gebet», P. Tchaikovsky’s «We were sitting with you», M. Mussorgsky’s «General», G. Mahler «Erinnerung».
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Czaplicki, Bartłomiej. "The strength of morphophonological schemas: Consonant mutations in Polish." Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 6, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.1255.
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Merrill, John T. M. "The evolution of consonant mutation and noun class marking in Wolof." Diachronica, January 5, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.18046.mer.
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Abstract This paper analyzes the origins and evolution of the Wolof (Atlantic: Senegal) consonant mutation and noun class marking systems. I attribute Wolof mutation to the earlier presence of CV(C)- class prefixes on nouns, the (usually final) consonants of which fused with the following root-initial consonant to yield the modern mutation alternations. I reconstruct these original class prefixes using newly-proposed internal and comparative evidence, drawing on early documentary sources dating from the late 17th century. An understanding of the history of Wolof mutation allows for a better account of the synchronic system, in which mutation is triggered by specific noun classes rather than sporadically marking deverbal derivation. This study contributes to the broader understanding of how consonant mutation systems emerge and evolve, and of phonological considerations in noun class assignment.
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Armagost, James L. "Comanche Consonant Mutation Initial Association or Feature Spread?" Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics, January 1, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/kwpl.1808.576.
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Kiros, Mulugeta, Dawit Hailu Alemayehu, Eleni Geberekidan, Adane Mihret, Melanie Maier, Woldaregay Erku Abegaz, and Andargachew Mulu. "Increased HIV-1 pretreatment drug resistance with consistent clade homogeneity among ART-naive HIV-1 infected individuals in Ethiopia." Retrovirology 17, no. 1 (September 29, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12977-020-00542-0.
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Abstract Background The development of pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) is becoming an obstacle to the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Besides, data from developing settings including Ethiopia is still limited. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess HIV-1 genetic diversity and PDR mutations among ART-naive recently diagnosed HIV-1 infected individuals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted from June to December 2018 in Addis Ababa among ART-naive recently diagnosed individuals. Partial HIV-1 pol region covering the entire protease (PR) and partial reverse transcriptase (RT) regions of 51 samples were amplified and sequenced using an in-house assay. Drug resistance mutations were examined using calibrated population resistance (CPR) tool version 6.0 from the Stanford HIV drug resistance database and the International Antiviral Society-USA (IAS-USA) 2019 mutation list. Results According to both algorithms used, 9.8% (5/51) of analyzed samples had at least one PDR Mutation. PDR mutations to Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) were the most frequently detected (7.8% and 9.8%, according to the CPR tool and IAS-USA algorithm, respectively). The most frequently observed NNRTIs-associated mutations common to both algorithms were K103N (2%), Y188L (2%), K101E (2%), and V106A (2%), while E138A (2%) was observed according to IAS-USA only. Y115F and M184V (mutations that confer resistance to NRTIs) dual mutations were detected according to both criteria in a single study participant (2%). PDR mutation to protease inhibitors was found to be low (only G73S; 2% according to the CPR tool). Phylogenetic analysis showed that 98% (50/51) of the study participants were infected with HIV-1C virus while one individual (2%) was infected with HIV-1A1 virus. Conclusions This study showed an increased level of PDR and persistence HIV-1C clade homogeneity after 15 years of the rollout of ART and 3 decades of HIV-1C circulation in Ethiopia, respectively. Therefore, we recommend routine baseline genotypic drug resistance testing for all newly diagnosed HIV infected patients before initiating treatment. This will aid the selection of appropriate therapy in achieving the 90% of patients having an undetectable viral load in consonance with the UN target.
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TALLERMAN, MAGGIE. "VSO word order and consonantal mutation in Welsh." Linguistics 28, no. 3 (1990). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling.1990.28.3.389.
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Brohan, Anthony. "Sibilant Harmony in Kinyarwanda." Inquiry@Queen's Undergraduate Research Conference Proceedings, January 18, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/iqurcp.8571.
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Kinyarwanda is a Bantu language spoken in Rwanda which exhibits puzzling alternation of the past-participal morpheme, which in certain contexts triggers sibilant harmony. Sibilant harmony is part of the broader class of consonant harmony, which has presented challenges to phonological theories. This presentation will present a sketch of Kinyarwanda phonology along with an analysis of sibilant harmony exhibited in Kinyarwanda under an autosegmental framework using mutation morphology. Finally, dialectical variation in sibilant harmony will be considered, comparing the Conogolese dialect with the Kigali dialect.
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Mesthrie, Rajend. "Sociolinguistic patterns and names: A variationist study of changes in personal names among Indian South Africans." Language in Society, August 20, 2020, 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404520000652.
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ABSTRACT This article unlocks the complex indexicalities pertaining to names in a multilayered diasporic field, one in which descendants from different ancestral areas of a former homeland (India) have merged loosely into a new community (in South Africa). The focus falls on large-scale innovations in officially registered personal names over a period of 150 years. A mixture of qualitative and quantitative analysis of over 2,300 names shows the influence of social variables like religion, class, and subethnic affiliations via different ancestral languages. These result in different choices in retaining traditional names, modernising them, or adopting Western ones. There is also evidence of asymmetric accommodations as names flow from one subgroup to another, but not vice versa. A novel pattern in Indo-Dravidian studies is presented, that harnesses rhyme (or consonant mutation) and ablaut (or vowel mutation) to generate new names, carrying the indexicalities ‘Indian South African’, but also ‘modern’ and ‘globally oriented’. (Socio-onomastics, name changes, Indian South Africans, Indian languages, Islam, Hinduism, Christianity, asymmetric accommodations)*
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Debnath, Jowel, and Ran Vir Singh. "Genetic polymorphism in fecundity gene (FecG) among Indiansheep breeds Balangir, Shahabadi and Bonpala." Indian Journal of Animal Research, OF (April 29, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/ijar.9648.
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FecG (GDF9) is a member of the transforming growth factor-b (TGF- b) superfamily, have been shown to be essential for follicular growth and ovulation. Different mutations in FecG gene caused increased ovulation and infertility in sheep. The present study was designed for screening polymorphism of FecG gene in 250 selected ewes from different sheep flocks representing Balangir (100), Shahabadi (100) and Bonpala (50) by employing forced PCR-RFLP technique. Genomic DNA was extracted from the blood of Balangir, Shahabadi and Bonpala matured ewes with average litter size varying from 1.00± 0.00 to 1.14±0.02 at different parities. Digestion of FecG (GDF9) gene with DdeI restriction enzyme resulted into FecGHH homozygous genotype. In all three sheep breeds, genotypic frequencies of FecGHH were 100% and gene frequency of H allele was unity. This indicates that the FecG gene is fixed in the Balangir, Shahabadi and Bonpala population in the natural habitat. Litter size of Balangir and Bonpala sheep breeds were single but in Shahabadi sheep twin was recorded. In present study all the animals of three breeds were homozygous for FecG and there was no infertility observed in above mentioned breeds in field condition and organized farm, which is not in consonance with previous report. The observed effects could be caused by linkage disequilibrium with other nearby loci. The study revealed that FecG gene is not a reliable genetic marker for selection of high prolificacy in sheep.