Journal articles on the topic 'Consonne occlusive'

RÉSUMÉ Nous proposons dans ce travail que les voyelles nasales du créole de Sainte-Lucie sont en fait dérivées d’une même suite sous-jacente voyelle orale et consonne nasale adjointe (consonne sans position temporelle, mais associée à la rime). Cette représentation sous-jacente permet de rendre compte de façon claire de toutes les formes de surface attestées dans ce créole à base lexicale française, soit les voyelles orales suivies d’une consonne nasale, les voyelles nasales, les variations de la nasalité, les assimilations des consonnes occlusives sonores en position finale, les formes morphologiquement dérivées et les formes du déterminant postposé.

Early twentieth-century psychological theorists (Ernst Jentsch, Sigmund Freud) associated the uncanny with the occlusion of the boundary between real and imaginary, and with the defamiliarization of the familiar. Their music-theoretic contemporaries (Heinrich Schenker, Ernst Kurth, Alfred Lorenz) associated reality with consonance, imagination with dissonance. Late Romantic composers frequently depicted uncanny phenomena (in opera, song, and programmatic instrumental music) through hexatonic poles, a triadic juxtaposition that inherently undermines the consonant status of one or both constituents. Quintessentially familiar harmonies become defamiliarized liminal phenomena that hover between consonance and dissonance, thereby embodying the characteristics they are called upon by composers to depict. Examples of uncanny triadic juxtapositions are drawn from music of Gesualdo, Monteverdi, Haydn, Wagner, Mahler, Grieg, Richard Strauss, Sibelius, Puccini, Ravel, and Schoenberg.

Résumé On a tenté de démontrer récemment que les occlusives épenthétiques s’assimilent à la fois au voisement et au lieu d’articulation de la consonne précédente. Il existe plusieurs exceptions à cette généralisation cependant. Une nouvelle analyse du phénomène nous permet non seulement de formuler une règle générale d’épenthèse consonantique qui ne donne lieu à aucune exception que l’on doit ensuite tenter d’expliquer par des règles propres aux langues individuelles, mais nous permet aussi d’établir un ensemble de conditions et de contraintes universelles qui sont de façon générale subordonnées à la structure syllabique.

Cette étude s’intéresse à l’évolution des capacités de production de la parole dans le vieillissement, dans une perspective lifespan. En effet, en plus de la diminution des capacités de production langagière, l’âge entraîne une réduction des capacités de contrôle moteur de la parole et une dégradation des structures oro-laryngées. Cependant, les effets de l’âge sur les capacités de production de la parole restent peu étudiés, particulièrement en langue française. Dans cette étude, nous nous centrons sur l’analyse du délai d’établissement du voisement (VOT), un paramètre important de la distinction entre les occlusives voisées et non voisées en français, et qui constitue un indice intéressant des capacités de coordination entre les gestes glottiques et supra-glottiques. Dans ce but, nous avons proposé une tâche de répétition de non-mots CVCV, comprenant les six consonnes occlusives du français /p,t,k,b,d,g/ à des participants de 40 à 80 ans, répartis en quatre groupes par tranches d’âges de 10 ans. Les résultats montrent la présence d’une diminution des valeurs de VOT ainsi que des pourcentages de voisement des premières consonnes voisées des non-mots après 60 ans. La présence d’effets délétères de l’âge sur les capacités d’initiation et de maintien du voisement des voisées du français est discutée.

Résumé Après avoir énuméré les différentes règles de « palatalisation » que l’on rencontre dans les différents parlers gbe sur les plans synchronique et diachronique, la présente étude suggère qu’il faudrait peut-être remplacer le terme « palatalisation » par « sibilantisation » pour refléter la diversité de ses manifestations concrètes. Mais plus que cela, cette étude tire les conséquences logiques de la portée du processus en gbe et les rattache à quelques questions d’universaux. Ainsi les hypothèses suivantes ont-elles été proposées : (i) que le processus ne se produit pas si la position générale de la langue n’est pas convexe; (ii) qu’il ne se produirait pas avec les autres voyelles s’il ne faisant de même avec les voyelles d’avant fermées; (iii) qu’il n’affecterait pas les fricatives sans affecter aussi les occlusives; et (iv) qu’il n’affecterait pas les consonnes antérieures sans les consonnes postérieures (du moins par le passé). Dans tous les cas, le processus passé en revue, loin d’être simple, est en fait non seulement complexe, mais encore multiple.

Abstract The paper analyzes the criteria for the determination of the syllabic boundary in consonant clusters in the intersonantic position of three-syllable words (material base is standard Slovak), while the applicability and „weight” of individual criteria for the determination of syllable boundaries, as well as their „cooperative” and „contradicting” character, are manifested. The interpretative procedure is realized on the abstract level of phonic units, on which three groups of nonsonants (resonant, noise occlusives and noise fricatives) are determined. As a result, a limited number of model combinations of examined consonant (nonsonant) clusters has arisen. This kind of analysis proceeds from a closer interconnection between differentiated levels of individual and universal in phonic units according to J. Sabol’s synthetic phonological theory.

In the following article, we describe the changes that have occurred in Chalkan phonetics over the last 70 years. We compare the consonant system data collected by N. A. Baskakov to modern research data of Siberian experimental phonetics. Certain differences between the Chalkan phonetic systems and other Siberian languages are revealed. We also describe the phonetic processes that are currently taking place in the modern Chalkan language. We list the following changes in Chalkan consonantism: nasalization of labial consonants in anlaut (p- → m-), denasalization of labial consonants in inlaut (-m- → -β-), spirantization of occlusive labial phonemes in inlaut (-p- → -β-), replacement of the anlaut č- by the Altai ħ-, removal of the final fricative low-obstruent super-weak -ɣ. In Siberian Turkic languages, including the Chalkan language (as well as some Kipchak languages, including Kyrgyz, Kazakh, etc.), one may observe a process that can be characterized as a shift of phonotactic trends typical for monosyllabic roots in inter-morphemic clusters of consonants. As the model of affix annexation via connective vowels disappeared, the number of inter-morphemic consonant combinations increased, intensifying the processes of assimilation. Cases of progressive assimilation are the most common: if a stem ends with a vowel or a sonorous consonant, the first obstruent consonant of the affix is either voiced or sonorous (tүn=de ‘at night’, palъ=ɡe ‘to the child’ in Chalkan). If a stem ends with a voiceless consonant, the first consonant of the affix is also voiceless (pᴜlᴜt(t)e ‘on a cloud’, kaske ‘to a goose’ in Chalkan). The Chalkan languages possesses traits typical for Southern Siberian Turkic languages; however, it also has traits similar to those of Kipchak languages, namely the relatively high degree of preservation of voiceless intervocalic consonants in stems (whereas in inter-morphemic positions they are voiced).

Unlike Spanish aljamiado (texts in Spanish in Arabic script), which is represented by a great number of texts, both theological and fictional, Portuguese Aljamia (texts in Portuguese in Arabic script) is represented only by eight documents. All of them belong to the period of Portuguese rule in the city of Safi, Morocco (1508–1542). In the article, we analyze the use of the Arabic letters tāʾ и ẓāʾ for conveying sounds denoted by the Latin letter t in the mentioned documents. D. Lopes included these two Arabic letters in the table of transliteration standards for Aljamia texts when publishing these manuscripts, even though the published texts contain other Arabic letters that D. Lopes transliterates as t. In this function, the letter tāʾ is most commonly used not only in Portuguese documents, but also in Spanish aljamiado. The letter tāʾ in Arabic texts denotes the occlusive obstruent voiceless consonant [t]. For conveying the sounds denoted by the Latin t, the letter ẓāʾ is also used. In Arabic, it denotes the obstruent voiced fricative consonant [ẓ]. In addition to tāʾ и ẓāʾ, D. Lopes transliterates the letter ṭāʾ as t. In Arabic, this letter denotes the occlusive obstruent voiceless consonant [ṭ]. The letters з̣а̄’(ظ) and т̣а̄’(ط) are not typical for Spanish aljamiado. In rare cases, we can find Arabic letters tha:’, ṣād, sīn, or dāl designated by the Latin t. There are a number of words where ṭāʾ and ẓāʾ alternate. In some cases, this alternation can be explained by a mistake made by the author or the copyist, who may have forgotten to put a full stop over the letter ẓāʾ. However, in addition to this alternation, we can find an alternation of ṭāʾ and tāʾ, which cannot be explained by the copyist’s lack of concentration. There are a number of words where all the indicated letters alternate: ṭāʾ, ẓāʾ, and tāʾ. In some examples, the letters tāʾ and ẓāʾ are used to convey the sounds denoted by the Latin letter d.

Dans cette communication, nous décrirons une première étude visant à caractériser la perception et la production de consonnes occlusives voisées et non voisées auprès d’enfants présentant une surdité et porteurs d’implant(s) cochléaire(s), et d’enfants normo-entendants. Une tâche de perception catégorielle a ainsi montré des profils différents entre nos deux groupes d’enfants, les enfants implantés présentant des performances dans des tâches d’identification et de discrimination qui différaient de celles de leurs pairs entendants, pouvant suggérer une perception moins catégorielle. Au niveau productif, tandis que les deux groupes d’enfants présentaient des performances équivalentes en termes d’adéquation des productions voisées et non voisées, les analyses acoustiques réalisées sur les productions ont montré des valeurs de Voice Onset Time significativement plus courtes chez les enfants implantés.

SUMMARY This investigation of Germanic Verscharfung distinguishes between two types of phonological change. Sound change affects only the phonetic features of a segment whereas prosodic change consists of a change in the rhythmic structure of a language. The fixing of initial stress in Germanic is a prosodic change which conditions the gemination of intervocalic glides following short, previously unstressed vowels. However, the gemination of glides is irregular since prosodic change is phonetically abrupt but lexically gradual and may therefore lead to irregular changes on the segmental level. In contrast, the second stage of Germanic Verschärfung, the fortition of geminate glides to geminate obstruents in East and North Germanic, is an exceptionless sound change in which [-consonantal] becomes [+consonantal]. RÉSUMÉ Cette enquête de la Verschärfung germanique distingue entre deux types de changement phonologique. Tandis que le changement phonétique n'affecte que les caractéristiques phonétiques d'un segment, le changement prosodique transforme la structure rythmique d'une langue. L'introduction de l'accent initial dans la langue germanique est un changement prosodique qui entraîne la gémination des sons transitoires intervocaliques après une voyelle courte préalablement non-accentuée. Cependant, la gémination des sons transitoires est irrégulière, étant donné que le changement prosodique est phonétiquement abrupte, mais lexicalement graduel. Pour cette raison, le changement prosodique peut entraîner un changement irrégulier au niveau du segment. Par contre, la deuxième phase de la Verschärfung germanique, la transformation des sons transitoires géminés en occlusives géminées dans la langue germanique orientale et septentrionale, constitue un changement phonétique sans exception dans lequel [-consonne] devient [+consonne]. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In dieser Untersuchung der germanischen Verschärfung werden zwei Arten von phonologischem Wandel unterschieden. Lautwandel betrifft nur die phonetischen Merkmale eines Segments, wahrend prosodischer Wandel die rhythmische Struktur einer Sprache verandert. Die Einführung des Initialakzents im Germanischen ist ein prosodischer Wandel, der die Verdop-pelung zwischenvokalischer Gleitlaute herbeiführt, wenn der vorangehende Vokal kurz und vorher unbetont war. Die Verdoppelung von Gleitlauten ist jedoch unregelmäßig, denn prosodischer Wandel ist phonetisch abrupt aber lexikalisch graduell. Deswegen kann prosodischer Wandel zu unregel-mäBigem Wandel auf der segmentalen Ebene führen. Andererseits ist die zweite Phase der Verschärfung, die Verstärkung von verdoppelten Gleitlauten zu verdoppelten Obstruenten im Ost- und Nordgermanischen, ein ausnahms-loser Lautwandel, in dem [-konsonantisch] zu [+konsonantisch] wird.

Objectives: Previous studies have reported that articulatory dysfunction accompanied by a certain type of malocclusion can be improved by orthodontic treatment. We developed a 3-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) movie method with tooth visualization that can display the dynamic movement of articulation without radiation exposure. To the best of our knowledge, there is currently no report on the possible differences in articulatory movement between subjects with a normal occlusion and those with malocclusion using the 3T MRI movie method. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine the articulatory difference between subjects with a normal occlusion and those with an open bite using an MRI movie. Materials and Methods: Twenty healthy adult females, ten with a normal occlusion and ten with an anterior open bite were recruited. The overbite of the open bite subjects was zero or smaller, and all of them exhibited a tongue-thrusting habit during swallowing. A turbo spin echo image with a contrast medium was used to visualize the anterior teeth, and articulatory movement during articulation of the vowel-consonant-vowel syllable (/asa/) was scanned. The difference in tongue movement between subjects with a normal occlusion and those with an open bite was compared by measuring seven variables. Moreover, the distance between the incisal edge and the tongue apex during articulation of /s/ and the speech duration were compared. Furthermore, frequency analysis on /s/ by fast Fourier transform power spectrum was performed. Results: The tongue apex of the open bite subjects moved more anteriorly than that of the normal subjects. However, there was no significant difference in the phonetic analysis between subjects with a normal occlusion and those with an open bite. Conclusion: The 3-T MRI movie was an efficient method to quantify articulatory tongue movements. Although there was a difference in tongue movement during swallowing between subjects with a normal occlusion and those with an open bite, the difference in the articulatory tongue movements was minimal, suggesting it could be a functional compensation.

The border shared by Brazil and Uruguay represents a situation of sustained, intimate cultural and linguistic contact between Spanish and Portuguese speakers. Previous research on the bilingualism of this region has focused primarily on Dialectos Portugueses del Uruguay ‘Portuguese Dialects of Uruguay’ (DPU) (Carvalho 1998, 2003a, 2003b; Elizaincín 1976, 1992a, 1992b; Elizaincín, Behares & Barrios 1987; Hensey 1971, 1972; Rona 1965). Surprisingly, however, the Spanish of Uruguay spoken along this border has never been extensively studied. The current research focuses on the role of sociolinguistic identity in the conditioning of language-specific variants of intervocalic /d/ in the Spanish of 63 bilinguals living in Rivera, Uruguay. Unlike in monolingual varieties of Spanish, in which intervocalic /d/ is realized as either a fricative or a phonetic zero, this phoneme is also variably realized as an occlusive in the bilingual Spanish of Rivera in accordance with Portuguese phonological norms. Perceptions of sociolinguistic identity within this speech community are based on four independent factor groups. These are: (1) frequency of language use, (2) language preference, (3) attitudes toward local Portuguese and (4) attitudes toward language mixing. Results from multivariate analysis reveal that Portuguese-dominant speakers tend to incorporate occlusive variants of intervocalic /d/ into their Spanish to a much greater extent than Spanish-dominant speakers. Conversely, the deletion of this consonant, which has garnered covert prestige within the community due to its association with non-border varieties of Spanish, is statistically favored among speakers who prefer this language. These results provide evidence in support of the hypothesis that the ease of access of phonological exemplars from stored memory is greater for those encoding frequent, recent experiences (Pierrehumbert 2001). With regards to sociolinguistic attitudes, statistical analysis shows that speakers who have positive attitudes toward local Portuguese favor the use of occlusive variants, which serve as markers of Brazilian identity. Somewhat counter intuitively, speakers who have positive attitudes toward language mixing favor deletion. When these attitudes are cross-tabulated with speakers’ occupation, however, it becomes clear that only students have overwhelmingly positive attitudes toward language mixing. Not surprisingly, they are also the least conservative group in the community and lead the way for phonological change (Waltermire 2008).

An in vitro study has been carried out to assess the pump performance of a new peristaltic, extracorporeal displacement pump (Affinity) for cardiopulmonary bypass. The pump system consists of a pump rotor (0-110 rpm), a pump chamber, a venous reservoir with a 5/8″ connecting tube and the Affinity console. The polyurethane chamber is connected to the venous reservoir by a 5/8″ tube and fills passively due to the hydrostatic pressure exhibited by the fluid height in the venous reservoir. The implementation of an occlusive segment in the pump chamber, which collapses in low filling states, should prevent significant negative pressures. An in vitro circuit was filled with bovine blood (37°C, hematocrit 35%) and the pump flow was measured by an ultrasonic transit time flow probe with respect to pre-load, diameter and length of attached tubing in the venous line, pump speed (rpm) and size of the connecting tube (3/8″ and 5/8″). At 108 rpm and a preload equal to 10 mmHg, the flow was 8.6 ± 0.42 l/min for an afterload of 80 mmHg. The reduction of the inlet connector to 3/8″ diminished the pump flow significantly to 5.2 ± 0.31 l/min ( p < 0.0001). The pump flow decreased linearly with respect to the length of the attached tube in the venous line and for a 2 m long 5/8″ silicon tube, the rpm-optimized flow was still 6.0 ± 0.28 l/min at a preload of 10 mmHg. In case of low filling state or too high rpm, the occlusive segment collapsed and no cavitation bubbles could be detected. Our in vitro measurements yield a nomogram for rpm-optimized blood flow with respect to the pre-load in the venous reservoir. The delivered 5/8″ connecting tube facilitates optimum filling of the pump chamber for high blood flow, but limits the use of venous reservoirs to Affinity products. The pump yields a high blood flow even when long tubing in the venous line is used. This makes the pump a candidate for a ventricular assist device. In hypovolemia or high rpm, the occlusive segment collapses and no negative pressure is generated at the inflow site of the pump chamber.

Purpose Oral air pressure measurements during lip occlusion for /pVpV/ syllable strings are used to estimate subglottal pressure during the vowel. Accuracy of this method relies on smoothly produced syllable repetitions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the oral air pressure waveform during the /p/ lip occlusions and propose physiological explanations for nonflat shapes. Method Ten adult participants were trained to produce the “standard condition” and were instructed to produce nonstandard tasks. Results from 8 participants are included. The standard condition required participants to produce /pːiːpːiː.../ syllables smoothly at approximately 1.5 syllables/s. The nonstandard tasks included an air leak between the lips, faster syllable repetition rates, an initial voiced consonant, and 2-syllable word productions. Results Eleven oral air pressure waveform shapes were identified during the lip occlusions, and plausible physiological explanations for each shape are provided based on the tasks in which they occurred. Training the use of the standard condition, the initial voice consonant condition, and the 2-syllable word production increased the likelihood of rectangular oral air pressure waveform shapes. Increasing the rate beyond 1.5 syllables/s improved the probability of producing rectangular oral air pressure signal shapes in some participants. Conclusions Visual and verbal feedback improved the likelihood of producing rectangular oral air pressure signal shapes. The physiological explanations of variations in the oral air pressure waveform shape may provide direction to the clinician or researcher when providing feedback to increase the accuracy of estimating subglottal pressure from oral air pressure.

A eletropalatografia, EPG, é uma técnica que possibilita a obtenção de informações espaciais e temporais (em tempo real), dos contatos da língua com a abóbada palatina, mais precisamente, as regiões alveolar, pós-alveolar, palatal e, por vezes, velar. Consiste de um palato artificial (1,5 mm de espessura), de tipo ortodôntico, recoberto com 62 eletrodos dispostos em linhas e colunas. Neste artigo, são examinados os fones oclusivos, fricativos, laterais, tepe, em contexto a__a, como em batata, além dos fones africados vozeados e não vozeados em posição tônica. Examinaremos em seguida fones vocálicos em posição tônica.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Eletropalatografia. Consoantes. Vogais. Sílaba tônica.ABSTRACTThe eletropalatography, EPG, is a technique that makes possible the attainment of space and temporal information (in real time), of the contacts of the tongue with the palate, more accurately, with the alveolar, post-alveolar, palatal regions and, some times, velar region. It consists of an artificial palate (1,5 mm of thickness), of orthodontic type, recovered with 62 electrodes disposed in lines and columns. In this article, we examine the occlusive, affricative, lateral phones, tap, in context a__a, as in batata, beyond the voiced and not voiced affricated phones in tonic position. We also examine that vocalic phones in tonic position. KEYWORDS: Eletropalatography. Consonant. Vowel. Tonic syllable.

SUMMARY This paper studies systematic relationships between two sound changes, the High Germanic Consonant Shift and the West Germanic Anaptyxis. Since the High Germanic languages, i.e., High German and Lombardic, are a division of the West Germanic Sprachbund, it might be thought — and this is indeed the general view — that the more extensive West Germanic change necessarily antedates the more limited High Germanic change. But an examination of the relative chronology of the two changes in one of the languages that underwent both of them, Old High German, shows that, on the contrary, the systematic order of the two changes is the opposite: The better theory of the history of the Old High German phonological and morphological system is attained by the assumption that the High Germanic Consonant Shift antedates the West Germanic Anaptyxis. This result is in agreement with the author's overall theory of the Germanic Consonant Shifts by which the bifurcation of the Proto-Germanic tenues into the Low Germanic aspirates and the High Germanic affricates is one of the very oldest Germanic innovations. RÉSUMÉ L'article étudie les rapports systématiques entre deux changements phonétiques, à savoir celui de la mutation consonantique haut-germaine et celui de l'anaptyxis ouest-germaine. Comme les langues haut-germaines, i.e., le haut-allemand et le langobarde, représentent une division de l'union linguistique ouest-germaine, on pourra penser — et cela est en effet la position majoritaire — que le changement ouest-germain, étant le plus répandu, doit chronologiquement précéder le changement haut-germain plus restreint. Cependant, une examination de la chronologie relative dans une de ces langues qui a été sous-jettée à ces deux changements, i.e., le vieux haut-allemand, montre, au contraire, que l'ordre systématique de ces deux changements est opposé: On arrivera à une meilleure théorie de l'histoire du système phonologique et morphologique du vieux haut-allemand si'l on prend comme hypothèse que le changement consonantique du haut-germain précède chronologiquement l'ana-ptyxis ouest-germaine. Un tel résultat est en accord avec la théorie globale de l'auteur selon laquelle la bifurcation des occlusives proto-germain en aspirés bas-germains et affriqués haut-germains est une des plus vieilles innovations germaniques. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In diesem Artikel werden systematische Beziehungen zwischen zwei Laut-verânderungen untersucht, der Hochgermanischen Lautverschiebung und der Westgermanischen Anaptyxe. Da die hochgermanischen Sprachen, Hoch-deutsch und Langobardisch, eine Abteilung des westgermanischen Sprach-bundes bilden, liegt es nahe, anzunehmen, wie es auch der allgemeinen Auf-fassung entspricht, daß der weiter verbreitete westgermanische Wandel dem enger eingegrenzten hochgermanischen Wandel vorausgegangen sein müsse. Aber eine Untersuchung der relativen Chronologie der beiden Lautwandel im Althochdeutschen als einer derjenigen Sprachen, die beiden Veränderungen ausgesetzt waren, zeigt, daB die systematische Beziehung zwischen ihnen die genau entgegengesetzte ist: Man erhält die bessere Theorie der Geschichte des althochdeutschen Laut- und Formensystems, wenn man annimmt, daB die Hochgermanische Lautverschiebung der Westgermanischen Anaptyxe voraus-ging. Dieses Ergebnis steht im Einklang mit der ubergreifenden Lautverschie-bungstheorie des Autors, der zufolge die Verzweigung der urgermanischen Tenues in die niedergermanischen Aspiraten und die hochgermanischen Affrika-ten eine der allerâltesten germanischen Isoglossen gestiftet hat.

Introduction. Unique challenges exist with conventional laparoscopic operations in patients with super obesity ( BMI > 50 ). Limited literature is available regarding use of the robotic platform to treat patients with super obesity or acute care surgery patients. This case describes an interval robotic subtotal cholecystectomy in an elderly patient with super obesity and multiple comorbidities. Case Description. A 74-year-old male with a BMI of 59.9 developed acute cholecystitis. He was deemed excessively high risk for operative intervention due to concurrent comorbid conditions and underwent percutaneous cholecystostomy. After a few months, a cholangiogram demonstrated persistent cystic duct occlusion. The patient expressed interest in tube removal and elective interval cholecystectomy. After preoperative risk stratification and optimization, he underwent a robotic subtotal cholecystectomy with near infrared fluorescence cholangiography. The patient was discharged on postoperative day one and recovered without complications. Discussion. Obesity is a risk factor for acute cholecystitis, which is most commonly treated with conventional laparoscopy (CL). CL is technically restraining and difficult to perform in patients with super obesity. The body habitus of patients with super obesity can impair proper instrumentation and increase perioperative morbidity. In this case, robotic assisted cholecystectomy console improved surgeon ergonomics and provided support for proper instrumentation. Robotic, minimally invasive cholecystectomy approaches may reduce perioperative morbidity in patients with super obesity. Further studies are necessary to address the role of robotic surgery in acute care surgery patients with super obesity.

The smile is an important part of the individual’s facial expression, it allows the communication of emotions and ideas. However, its aesthetics can be severely compromised in patients with cleft lip and palate due to multiple missing, malformed and malposed teeth, abnormal soft tissue morphology, upper lip scar tissue, and altered anatomy in the lower third of the face. This clinical case reports the interdisciplinary treatment approach of a young male patient with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate and missing premaxilla. Prosthodontic rehabilitation included a zirconia-based fixed dental prosthesis, with pink porcelain to camouflage the bony defect and restore the facial and dental aesthetics. Maxillary second premolars received lithium disilicate crowns to obtain a more harmonious smile line and adequate occlusion. A resin-bonded fixed partial denture restored a missing mandibular central incisor. Tooth proportions, gingival contours and facial ratios routinely used in noncleft patients, were used to achieve a consonant smile. The final restorations satisfied the patient’s expectations, restored an aesthetically pleasant smile, and provided an adequate occlusion.

Abstract Background Current near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-based systems for continuous flap monitoring are highly sensitive for detecting malperfusion. However, the clinical utility and user experience are limited by the wired connection between the sensor and bedside console. This wire leads to instability of the flap–sensor interface and may cause false alarms. Methods We present a novel wearable wireless NIRS sensor for continuous fasciocutaneous free flap monitoring. This waterproof silicone-encapsulated Bluetooth-enabled device contains two light-emitting diodes and two photodetectors in addition to a battery sufficient for 5 days of uninterrupted function. This novel device was compared with a ViOptix T.Ox monitor in a porcine rectus abdominus myocutaneous flap model of arterial and venous occlusions. Results Devices were tested in four flaps using three animals. Both devices produced very similar tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) tracings throughout the vascular clamping events, with obvious and parallel changes occurring on arterial clamping, arterial release, venous clamping, and venous release. Small interdevice variations in absolute StO2 value readings and magnitude of change were observed. The normalized cross-correlation at zero lag describing correspondence between the novel NIRS and T.Ox devices was >0.99 in each trial. Conclusion The wireless NIRS flap monitor is capable of detecting StO2 changes resultant from arterial vascular occlusive events. In this porcine flap model, the functionality of this novel sensor closely mirrored that of the T.Ox wired platform. This device is waterproof, highly adhesive, skin conforming, and has sufficient battery life to function for 5 days. Clinical testing is necessary to determine if this wireless functionality translates into fewer false-positive alarms and a better user experience.

Objective: Mid-maxillary osteodistraction (MMOD) is a novel technique. This study seeks to assess the occlusal and functional improvement of patients with midfacial hypoplasia secondary to cleft lip and palate. Design: This was done as a retrospective study at the Regional Cleft Centre of the Teaching Hospital-Karapitiya (THK). Participants: A total of 81 patient records were accessed on those who underwent MMOD with a tooth-borne intraoral device from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2016, at THK. Methods: Records of the patients included pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalograms, study models, speech assessments, and photographs. Results: An advancement ranging from 5 to 12 mm (mean, 8.14 mm) was achieved in all patients; 80% (n = 63) and 87.65% (n = 71) showed improvement in consonant production and quality of speech. These were statistically significant (P < .05). With regard to the Peer Assessment Rating score assessing the occlusal improvement, 97.6% showed an improvement whereas only 2 patients showed no improvement. There was a significant improvement in sella (S), nasion (N), and point A (SNA) angle; point A, the nasion, and point B (ANB) angle; and the maxillary length over the treatment period (P < .05). The change in the ANB angle and maxillary length significantly differed between genders with males having a comparatively higher improvement. The profile improvements were noteworthy on the profile photographs. Conclusion: This relatively novel approach to maxillary advancement by maxillary distraction using a combined surgical and modified orthodontic technique has proven to be successful. This protocol and the technique have improved function, occlusion, and the aesthetics.

Resumen: Este trabajo pretende mostrar la influencia fonológica de los dialectos chinos en el aprendizaje de español tomando el shanghainés como ejemplo. Se hace una comparación entre el inventario consonántico y vocálico, así como la entonación del dialecto shanghainés y del chino mandarín para encontrar las características fonológicas propias del primero que ayudan en el aprendizaje del español. La investigación revela que se facilita la pronunciación de las consonantes oclusivas sonoras y la entonación menos marcada para los hablantes del shanghainés gracias a su dialecto pero no les resultan fáciles los grupos consonánticos ni la vibrante. El gran número de consonantes nasales en el chino mandarín dificulta la distinción entre las sílabas que contienen los sonidos nasales y aquellas sin ellos. Por último, se propone el trabajo colaborativo entre el profesorado nativo y no nativo para emprender una enseñanza fonética correcta y eficaz. Palabras clave: estudio contrastivo, pronunciación de español, dialecto de China, shanghainés Abstract: This paper aims to show the phonological influence of Chinese dialects in Spanish learning Spanish taking Shanghainese as an example. A comparison between the consonantal and vocalic inventory, as well as the intonation of the Shanghai dialect (Shanghainese) and Mandarin Chinese are made to find the phonological characteristics of the Shanghai dialect that contribute to the learning of Spanish. The research reveals that the Shanghai dialect facilitate the learning of the pronunciation of occlusive voiced consonants and the intonation in Spanish, however, like other Mandarin Chinese speakers, the Shanghainese speakers also find it difficult to pronounce the consonant groups and the alveolar trill. The large number of nasal consonants in Mandarin Chinese makes it hard to distinguish between the syllables that contain the nasal sounds and those without them. Finally, the collaborative work between native and non-native teachers is proposed to undertake a correct and effective phonetic teaching. Keywords: contrastive study, Spanish pronunciation, Chinese dialect, Shanghainese

Resumen: Este trabajo pretende mostrar la influencia fonológica de los dialectos chinos en el aprendizaje de español tomando el shanghainés como ejemplo. Se hace una comparación entre el inventario consonántico y vocálico, así como la entonación del dialecto shanghainés y del chino mandarín para encontrar las características fonológicas propias del primero que ayudan en el aprendizaje del español. La investigación revela que se facilita la pronunciación de las consonantes oclusivas sonoras y la entonación menos marcada para los hablantes del shanghainés gracias a su dialecto pero no les resultan fáciles los grupos consonánticos ni la vibrante. El gran número de consonantes nasales en el chino mandarín dificulta la distinción entre las sílabas que contienen los sonidos nasales y aquellas sin ellos. Por último, se propone el trabajo colaborativo entre el profesorado nativo y no nativo para emprender una enseñanza fonética correcta y eficaz. Palabras clave: estudio contrastivo, pronunciación de español, dialecto de China, shanghainés Abstract: This paper aims to show the phonological influence of Chinese dialects in Spanish learning Spanish taking Shanghainese as an example. A comparison between the consonantal and vocalic inventory, as well as the intonation of the Shanghai dialect (Shanghainese) and Mandarin Chinese are made to find the phonological characteristics of the Shanghai dialect that contribute to the learning of Spanish. The research reveals that the Shanghai dialect facilitate the learning of the pronunciation of occlusive voiced consonants and the intonation in Spanish, however, like other Mandarin Chinese speakers, the Shanghainese speakers also find it difficult to pronounce the consonant groups and the alveolar trill. The large number of nasal consonants in Mandarin Chinese makes it hard to distinguish between the syllables that contain the nasal sounds and those without them. Finally, the collaborative work between native and non-native teachers is proposed to undertake a correct and effective phonetic teaching. Keywords: contrastive study, Spanish pronunciation, Chinese dialect, Shanghainese

Introdução: Os estudos sobre perda dentária mostram a sua alta prevalência e com isso a necessidade do uso de próteses dentais, logo, a disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) é bastante frequente nesses pacientes edentados total ou parcialmente. Objetivo: Caracterizar fatores predisponentes, sinais e sintomas de DTM nos pacientes atendidos nas Clínicas de Prótese Dentária da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos-Paraíba, Brazil. Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo do tipo transversal, observacional, com abordagem indutiva e procedimento comparativo, descritivo, retrospectivo adotando como estratégia de coleta de dados as fichas das Clínicas de Prótese Dentária da UFCG. A amostra foi constituída de 200 fichas do ano de 2014 a 2018. Resultados: O presente estudo apontou 67 (33,5%) pacientes do gênero masculino e 133 (66,5%) do gênero feminino e média de idade e erro padrão da média de 48,6 ± 13,9 anos; 38 (19%) possuíam desconforto ou dor na mastigação e 39 (19,5%) apresentavam o barulho quando mastigavam. Além disso, 28 (14%) pacientes informaram presença de bruxismo e verificou-se 27 (13,5%) pacientes com apertamento dentário e 150 (75%) respiração nasal. Conclusão: Houve a prevalência no sexo feminino, média de idade de 48,6 ± 13,9 anos e presença de diversos fatores predisponentes, sinais e sintomas da DTM dado ao seu caráter multifatorial. Os dados levantados servirão para guiar ações de promoção e prevenção de saúde bucal, para evitar a perda de elementos dentais tão precocemente.Descritores: Prótese Dentária; Oclusão Dentária; Articulação Temporomandibular; Má Oclusão.ReferênciasProjeto SB Brasil 2003. Condições de saúde bucal da população brasileira 2002-2003. Resultados principais. 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