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1
Muller, Claude. "Evolution de l’ordre des mots en moyen-français et cohésion du groupe verbal." Ordre des mots et topologie de la phrase française 29, no. 1 (July 6, 2006): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.29.1.13mul.
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We examine the evolution of the syntax of the verb phrase in Middle French, in a topological framework. The V2 hypothesis can be maintained for this stage if we admit that V becomes a VP in Middle French, thus explaining that the non topicalised subject will be placed further after the verb, particularly after the past participle, understood as a verbal constituant ; in the same time, a final position of focus appears, leading to place a heavy subject in the last position of the clause. The other major position of the subject, just before the verb, is the most frequent in subordinate clauses. A major fact of the subsequent evolution is the restriction to the adverbials in the possibilities of insertions between verb and participles or infinitives, and also between a relative subject or a complementizer and the verb in subordinate clauses.
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Rabadi Najib, Rabadi Najib. "« La phrase arabe entre la théorie de l’analyse en constituants immédiats de Chomsky et la théorie dépendancielle de Tesnière »." journal of king abdulaziz university arts and humanities 26, no. 3 (March 15, 2018): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/art.26-3.15.
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Cette recherche étudie les convergences et les divergences dans l'application des courants linguistiques contemporains, (à savoir le modèle de l'Analyse en Constituants Immédiats et le modèle dépendanciel), sur la structure phrastique arabe, exprimée par la phrase verbale et la phrase nominale.Mots-clés : Phrase arabe ; Stemma ; Arbre binaire ; Constituants immédiats ; Syntaxe ;Abstract. This research studies the convergences and divergences in the application of the contemporary language currents (in the model of the Analysis in Immediate Constituents and the dependent model), on the Arabic phrastic structure, expressed by the verbal sentence and the nominal sentenc
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Lorenz, Antje, Pienie Zwitserlood, Stefanie Regel, and Rasha Abdel Rahman. "Age-related effects in compound production: Evidence from a double-object picture naming task." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 7 (November 9, 2018): 1667–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818806491.
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This study investigated effects of healthy ageing and of non-verbal attentional control on speech production. Young and older speakers participated in a picture-word interference (PWI) task with compound targets. To increase the processing load, the two pictures of the compounds’ constituents were presented side-by-side for spoken naming (e.g., a picture of a sun + a picture of a flower to be named with sunflower). Written distractors either corresponded to the first or second constituent ( sun or flower → sunflower), or were semantically related either to the first constituent of the target ( moon → sunflower) or to the second constituent/whole word ( tulip → sunflower). Morpho-phonological facilitation was obtained for both constituents, whereas semantic interference was restricted to first-constituent-related semantic distractors. Furthermore, a trend towards facilitation was obtained for distractors that were semantically related to the whole word. Older speakers were slower and produced more errors than young speakers. While morphological effects of first-constituent distractors were stronger for the elderly, the semantic effects were not affected by age. Non-verbal attentional control processes, measured in the Simon task, significantly contributed to morpho-phonological priming in the elderly, but they did not affect semantic interference or semantic facilitation. With a picture naming task that increases the semantic and lexical processing load, we corroborate earlier evidence that word-finding difficulties in the elderly result from deficient phonological encoding, whereas lexical-semantic and morpho-phonological representations remain stable with age.
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Beutel, Helga. "Tendenzen zur Affixderivation im Verbalbereich des modernen Chinesisch?" STUF - Language Typology and Universals 42, no. 5 (December 1, 1989): 630–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-1989-0512.
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Summary In the word formation of verbs in contemporary Chinese (putonghua) there are some one- syllable verbal morphemes that are attached to two-syllable (two-morpheme) verbs as a third syllable repeating synonymously tho meaning the two-syllable verbs already have. In this function the one-syllable verbal morphemes show properties of both compounds and derivations and represent a productive pattern of word formation forming semantically and syntactically uniform three-syllable verbs. In this connection we propose to treat verbs like dào “to say” that transform causative verba dicendi into non-causative verba dicondi and verbs like yŏu “to have, to exist” that substitute the function of the “aspect-suffix” zhe (“progressive form”) of verbs of existence as frequent constituents (“häufige Konstituenten”). Finally we suggest to treat huà “to change” as a quasi-suffix that transforms verbs, nouns, and adjectives into a certain subclass of causative verbs.
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Hasan, Aveen Mohammed. "The Structure of Verbless Sentences in Northern Kurdish." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 23 (August 31, 2017): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n23p86.
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In the study of syntax, a special attention is given to the verb as the main constituent in the structure of the predicate. However, there exists some constructions in which a noun, adjective or an adverb are the main constituents in the predicate. In Kurdish literature, there is a debate on the analysis of these verbless constructions. On one hand, they are considered nominal sentences which do not contain a verbal element. On the other hand, they are considered small verbal sentences in which the agreement markers on the predicate act as verbal element. The study is an attempt to analyse the structure of these verbless constructions within the framework of minimal program (Chomsky, 1995) in one of the widely spoken variety of Kurdish, Northern Kurmanji, Bahdinani subdialect. It contributes to resolve the existent debate in Kurdish linguistics concerning the structure of these constructions. Additionally, it contributes to the typological variation in the syntactic properties of these constructions in Kurdish.
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Ingham, Richard. "Topic, Focus and null subjects in Old French." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 63, no. 2 (January 9, 2018): 242–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2017.48.
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AbstractOld French subject pronouns (Spro) were omissible if postverbal (Foulet 1928), but not freely so (Vance 1997, Zimmermann 2014). This article addresses their partial omissibility in discourse-syntax terms, following work on partial null subject languages by Holmberg and Nikanne (2002) and Modesto (2008). An observational study of dialogic responses in 13th century prose romances is first reported, finding strong indications of covariation between the Topic/Focus status of an initial non-subject constituent and the expression/omission of post-verbal Spro. A quantitative investigation, in such texts, of preposed discourse-linked anaphoric constituents and preposed intensifiers, taken as diagnostic of Topichood and Focushood respectively, confirmed this analysis. We take null Spro to be available (i) when a null Topic operator targets left-peripheral TopicP, and (ii) with a left-peripheral Focused expression. When a discourse-linked non-subject constituent occupies TopicP, however, Spro must be overt.
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Espinal, M. Teresa, and Jaume Mateu. "Manner and result modifiers. The V ben V construction in Catalan." Linguistic Review 35, no. 1 (January 26, 2018): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2017-0016.
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Abstract This paper analyzes the ingredients of a Romance construction, henceforth named the V ben V construction, consisting of a verb and its theme object in combination with a degree adverb ben ‘{well, really}’ followed by a verb in past participle or an adjectival form. It describes the properties and restrictions of the various constituents involved in this construction, and it presents a new analysis focusing on the properties of the main predicate, the theme object, the degree adverb ben and the degree phrase ben+VPP/A. It accounts for the potential manner and result readings of the adjunct constituent that ben introduces (i) by postulating that the ben+VPP/A modifier always predicates of the (sub)event expressed by the verb (an activity or a change of state), (ii) by associating manner with a do verbal layer, and result with a become verbal layer, and (iii) by identifying different aspectual structures in the complement position of the degree adverb.
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Gerdes, Kim, and Sylvain Kahane. "L’amas verbal au cœur d’une modélisation topologique du français." Ordre des mots et topologie de la phrase française 29, no. 1 (July 6, 2006): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.29.1.07ger.
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This article aims at two objectives : We want to show that principal word order phenomena can be described in a topological approach to linearization, i.e. a linking of an (unordered) dependency tree and a ordered structure, the topological constituent tree. Moreover, we want to put forward the importance and naturalness of a particular constituent in the modeling of French word order, the verb cluster (amas verbal) : It is composed of one or more verbs, of necessary functional words (prepositions and complementizers), and of very constraint lexical elements other than the verbs as for example clitics and certain adverbs. The work is based on a rigorous formalization of the dependency-topology link in Gerdes & Kahane 2001. The verb cluster in the topological structure remains to be shown to be closely related to a prosodic constituent.
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Afrianto, Eva Tuckyta Sari Sujatna, Nani Darmayanti, Farida Ariyani, and Jessamine Cooke-Plagwitz. "Clause and predicative constituents in an Austronesian language: Lampung language." Topics in Linguistics 21, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/topling-2020-0010.
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Abstract This research is conducted qualitatively and aimed at patterning and describing clause and sentence structure in Lampung language through the configuration of its constituents. Regarding the constituents, Lampung has two types of clause: minor and major clauses. A minor clause is indicated by only one constituent, which is commonly a subject, predicate or adjunct. Regarding its function, it can be classified as vocative, shown by exclamation (Wuy!, Huy!); a greeting, as shown by an expression (tabikpun ngalam pukha); and an Arabic greeting (assalamualaikum). On the other hand, a major clause minimally consists of a subject and predicate, and apart from these there can also be an object, complement and adverbial. Furthermore, this research finds various categories that can act as predicative constituents: they are a verb/verbal phrase, adjective/adjective phrase, and noun/nominal phrase. Additionally, a copular verb (iyulah) and existential marker (wat) can also be the predicate. This research also reveals that in a sentence two or more clauses are connected by a conjunction, and then this conjunction becomes an indicator of dependent clauses. Also, a dependent clause can be found after the subject or the object of the independent clause.
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Tamm, Anne. "Perfectivity, telicity and Estonian verbs." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 30, no. 2 (December 2007): 229–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586507001746.
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This paper discusses telicity and perfectivity in Estonian. Neither of these categories corresponds exactly to the Estonian object case alternation, which is argued to reflect predicate or clause aspectual properties and not the NP-related properties of objects. The aim of this account is to accommodate the systematic compatibility of verb classes with certain clausal aspectual object case marking patterns. The paper proposes a way of understanding the interaction between verbal and clausal aspect in terms of boundedness and formalizes it in the framework of Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG). The features of verbs and case markers determine the clausal aspect from different constituents at the syntactic level of constituent structure. The information is unified at another syntactic level, functional structure.
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Kolegaeva, Irina, Lesia Strochenko, Yuliia Tomchakovska, and Oleksandr Tomchakovskyi. "The Poly Code Character of the English Learners’ Dictionaries." Arab World English Journal, no. 3 (November 15, 2020): 244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/elt3.21.
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The paper deals with one of the most relevant questions of semiosis in English lexicography. The article studies the mechanism of double encoding a message (verbally and pictographically) to optimize the perception, processing, and storage of information by the user of the dictionary. The aim of the given research is to determine the features of an English poly code dictionary entry as a communicative phenomenon of educational lexicography. The study is based on five lexicographic sources, traditionally called the big five. The research material includes 1640 poly code entries. The article suggests a new interpretation of a poly code entry as a threefold unity of a lemma (the headword), a verbal definition, and a picture. These three constituents jointly name, interpret, and visualize the meaning of a dictionary entry. The article also analyzes the configuration of a poly code entry informational potential in terms of increasing/decreasing of the information presented by the iconic constituent in comparison with the verbal one. The research proves that the whole set of poly code dictionary entries reflects a particular view of the world characterized by absolute anthropocentricity and specific Anglo-Saxon bias. The results of the performed research are significant for English language teaching and learning as they prove that pictographic illustrations that accompany verbal explanations are not purely ornamental. They optimize the readers’ activity of searching, understanding, and memorizing the necessary information
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Pérez-Guerra, Javier. "An empirical study on word order in predicates: on syntax, processing and information in native and learner English." Revista de Lingüística y Lenguas Aplicadas 13, no. 1 (July 13, 2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/rlyla.2018.9075.
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<p>This study focuses on the linearisation of verbal complements (or arguments) and adjuncts (or modifiers) in learner advanced English. The analysis is based on minimal pairs of sequences of complements and adjuncts in predicates, as in He will investigate [the construction] [in a somewhat strange way which will lead to odd results] versus He will investigate [in a somewhat strange way which will lead to odd results] [the construction]. Constituent linearisation has been claimed to be potentially subject to lexical, syntactic, processing and informative determinants. This paper analyses the influence of the verbal heads and the principles ‘complements-first’, ‘end-weight’ and ‘given-new’ on the production of predicates containing two dependents. The study has two objectives: first, to determine in which areas the ordering of such constituents in English by non-native speakers is particularly influenced by their first language (Spanish); second, to assess the plausibility of the Interface Hypothesis in a pattern which affects the so-called internal and external interfaces. Results show that internal constraints such as the length of the dependents (end-weight) and the learner’s source language (i.e. compliance with complements-first) are strong predictors of ordering choices.</p>
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Denisova, Galina. "Text categories of messages in the form of a political cartoon." SHS Web of Conferences 69 (2019): 00031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196900031.
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The article deals with the political cartoon as a creolized text consisting of two parts (verbal and visual) and identifies the potential of verbal and visual means to express text categories in messages under study. The author comes to a conclusion that political cartoons are characterized with the same text categories as a homogeneous verbal text. The text categories of a political cartoon are expressed with verbal and visual means organized in personal, local, temporal and modal structures of the message. Analysis of Walter Hanel's cartoons proves the following: (1) the cartoonist expresses his own opinion using constituents of the personal structure; (2) narration perspective of the message causes its emotional tinge and subjective evaluation (the artist uses verbal means, which have certain connotations or develop ones in connection with the picture, and advantages of visual means, constituents of the modal structure); (3) constituents of the local structure function as direct and indirect local references, indicate place of action and create space of a cartoon; (4) using advantages of both codes and appealing to addressee's background knowledge, the cartoonist can specify time actual for the message, introduce traces of the past into the present and look into the future. The author of the article inclines to the opinion that verbal and visual means are equal in their contribution to the message in the form of a political cartoon
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Yang, Yaqing. "Rektionskomposita im Deutschen und im Chinesischen." Studia Germanica Posnaniensia, no. 39 (April 26, 2019): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sgp.2018.39.12.
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The subject of this article are nominal compounds in German and Chinese which are assigned to the class of synthetic compounds. Such compounds are based on a verb stem, to which are added lexical morphemes and/or suffixes anchored in the grammar and semantics of the (verbal) head. In German, the verb with the suffix forms a derivative which, as the basic word, selects an argument (object or subject) in function of the determinative word. In this way, a government relationship is established between the constituents of the compound. This applies equally to action nouns and agent nouns. In Chinese, there are not formal exponents of the action noun, so the analysis had to be limited to agent nouns. In their derivation, the verb stem and its object mostly form a constituent that acts as a complement of the agent exponent. The examination of such synthetic compounds is carried out from the perspective of the argument.
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Royauté, Jean, and Paul Sabatier. "Contraintes d’ordre dans les groupes nominaux prédicatifs." Ordre des mots et topologie de la phrase française 29, no. 1 (July 6, 2006): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.29.1.14roy.
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In this paper we try to explicit the specific and non specific constraints that govern the order of the constituents in French predicative noun phrases and compare them with those that govern the constituents of associated verbal clauses.
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Peled, Zimra. "The Structural Constituents of Sentence-Completion—Verbal Comprehension Test Items." Educational and Psychological Measurement 46, no. 1 (March 1986): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164486461005.
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Nshimirimana, Epimaque, Manoah-Joël Misago, and Pascal Tuyubahe. "Le morphème -ag- dans le kingwana." Revista Odisseia 5, no. 1 (December 3, 2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21680/1983-2435.2020v5n1id18262.
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Cet article a pour objectif de décrire morphosyntaxiquement le constituant morphématique -ag(a) attesté dans la structure verbale du kingwana. Une démarche d’analyse relevant de la morphologie morphématique combinatoire a été appliquée sur des phrases recueillies dans la ville de Bujumbura. Notre étude a abouti à trois résultats. D’abord, le complexe morphématique -ag(a) est constitué de la voyelle finale -a et du morphème -ag- qui se place en position pré-finale après toutes les extensions verbales. Ensuite, -ag- est un morphème flexionnel ayant la valeur sémantique de l’aspect imperfectif couvrant à la fois les valeurs contextuelles de l’habituel, de l’itératif et du duratif. Enfin, cet aspect imperfectif -ag- s’oppose au perfectif -meisha- et attribue au kingwana les caractéristiques d’une langue aspectuo-temporelle.
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Inčiuraitė, Lina. "On the Question of Neoclassical Compounds in Lithuanian." Verbum 4 (February 6, 2013): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/verb.2013.4.4982.
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In Lithuanian, word formation processes have been given detailed consideration with regard to their morphological properties. However, neoclassical compounds have received exiguous attention. They are described as formations consisting of Greek and Latin bound stems. This article aims at examining the structure of neoclassical compounds in Lithuanian. It is neither simple nor straightforward to determine the morphological status of the constituent items of neoclassical compounds and to differentiate them from prefixes, initial combining forms, final combining forms, constituents or affixoids. Due to their heterogeneous nature, linguists treat them differently as no strict criteria have been applied for their delimitation. When words with neoclassical elements appear in the Lithuanian language, they usually adapt to this language’s phonological and morphological system. The analysis of neoclassical compounds in Lithuanian shows that not all neoclassical elements have the same positional constraints. Some of them can appear both in initial or final position, some only in initial position, while others only in final position. Furthermore, neoclassical compounds in Lithuanian consist of two or more bound stems which give rise to new neoclassical compounds. As far as the combinability properties of neoclassical elements are concerned, they appear in combinations with one another, with words of English origin as well as with Lithuanian native forms. Neoclassical formations can also contain international or Lithuanian suffixes. Such formations constitute endocentric structures in particular.
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Bula, Andrew. "The African Verbal Genre as Literature and Performance." Journal of Critical Studies in Language and Literature 1, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46809/jcsll.v1i2.7.
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There is a view that the African verbal genre is not literature and its nature does not include bodily performance; it belongs to sociology and not literature because literature is the art that is written while African verbal genre is presented orally. Thus, the present study aims to demonstrate that, despite its oral nature, the African verbal genre is both literature and oral performance that includes bodily performance and that its literary and performative constituents synergize to achieve the purpose of the genre.
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Nurse, Derek. "Focus in Bantu: verbal morphology and function." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 43 (January 1, 2006): 189–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.43.2006.291.
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Although verb forms encoding focus were recorded in various Bantu languages during the twentieth century it was not until the late 1970's that they became the centre of serious attention, starting with the work of Hyman and Watters. In the last decade this attention has grown. While focus can be expressed variously, this paper concentrates largely on its morphological, partly on its tonal expression. On the basis of morphological and tonal behaviour, it identifies four blocks of languages, representing less than a third of all Bantu languages: those with metatony, those with a binary constituent contrast between verb ("disjunctive") and post-verbal ("conjunctive") focus, those with a three-way contrast, and those with verb initial /ni-/. Following Güldemann's lead, it is shown there is a fairly widespread grammaticalisation path whereby focus markers may come to encode progressive aspect, then present tense. Many Bantu languages today have a pre-stem morpheme /a/ 'non-past' and it is hypothesized that many of these /a/, which are otherwise hard to explain historically, may derive from an older focus marker.
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Wood, Jim. "Stylistic Fronting in spoken Icelandic relatives." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 34, no. 1 (May 2011): 29–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586511000084.
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Since Maling's (1980) study of embedded verb-second, Icelandic Stylistic Fronting has been an extensively studied aspect of Icelandic syntax. It is widely regarded as an optional fronting operation which moves an ordinarily post-verbal constituent to the pre-verbal domain just in case there is a subject gap. In this study, variationist methodology is employed to study quantitatively the conditioning effects of several syntactic and prosodic factors on Stylistic Fronting in two transcribed corpora of spoken Icelandic. The results show that some grammatical categories favor fronting more than others, and that fronting is affected by the number of syllables in the frontable constituent and the material surrounding the landing site. This lends support to the long-standing intuition that prosodic factors influence the choice to use Stylistic Fronting (which is syntactically optional), while at the same time suggests avenues for further research in addressing certain issues in the syntax of Stylistic Fronting, such as the ‘accessibility hierarchy’.
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Auclair, Marie. "Ultima Verba ou les silences du tropisme." Protée 28, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030596ar.
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Dans l’oeuvre de Nathalie Sarraute, entre autres dans Ouvrez, le silence est le substrat même du drame que constitue le tropisme, cette sensation infinitésimale servant de matrice à la course du signifiant. Le présent article s’attarde à cette dialectique du silence et de la forme, en tant que le silence se fait signifiant princeps d’une scène de représentation où se joue l’avènement du mot comme rature du silence. Celui-ci ordonne ainsi la monstration du verbe comme performance, comme épreuve du dire, de l’énonciation, constituant ainsi le point de butée mais aussi le point de relance du système signifiant.
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Khulud, Al Qahtani, and Al Zahrani Mohammad. "Obligatory Movement Operations for Verbal Roots in Najdi Arabic." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 11, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.11n.1p.27.
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This paper focuses on the obligatory movement operations that Najdi Arabic (NA) verb forms must undergo to satisfy the morphosyntactic requirements within the minimalist program (MP). Recall that the practice of the MP syntactic theory, including its further advancements, proposed by Chomsky (1995, 2000, 2001) springs from the fact that the grammar of a language starts basically from the lexicon from which suitable words are selected to form clauses. The selected words undergo some syntactic operations such as Merge, by which larger constituents are formed, and Move, by which the formed constituents move to higher positions in the hierarchy to fulfil some specific syntactic purposes. When the elements have undergone the operations of Merge and Move they are spelled out into phonetic forms (PF) and logical forms (LF). In light of this, we argue that NA verbs start out as roots in the head of VP before merging with the vocalic affixes in the head of Tax-AspP to satisfy the subjectverb agreement requirements and mark the aspect features. Perfective verb forms must then continue to move to T to merge with the past tense abstract features while imperfective forms stay in Tax-AspP. The thematic subject is generated in Spec,VP; it may stay there to derive the VSO order, or move higher to derive the SVO order. The findings show that obligatory movements indicate interactions between the functional categories of TP, Tax-AspP and VP: NA verbal roots obligatorily move to Tax-Asp to derive (im)perfective forms; perfectives obligatorily move to T.
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Abakumova, O. V., and L. V. Velichkova. "The Emotional Component of Verbal Intercultural Communication." Язык и текст 8, no. 1 (2021): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2021080101.
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The article is devoted to intercultural communication at the level of sounding speech, the parameters of which actively influence the communication situation. When implementing intercultural communication, it is necessary to be aware of the parameters of sounding foreign language speech in an emotional aspect. Speech parameters can give additional shades or meanings to an utterance, including those opposed to the meaning of its constituent linguistic units. The role of emotionality as an active component of the communicative process is determined, the possibility of studying this component is substantiated only accompanied by an interdisciplinary approach, involving the study of speech perception. To express emotional states, each language has a set of nationally - specific means capable of coloring an utterance, regardless of its lexical content. Nationally specific signs of a neutral style of speech determine its emotional perception by speakers of another language. Differential signs of communicative types of utterances carry important information about the completed or progressive nature of the utterance, which may require the inclusion of lexical means during oral translation. The analysis is carried out at the level of rhythmic parameters and melodic signs (characteristics of the main-stressed syllables) on the material of three languages: Russian, German, Spanish.
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Dubenion-Smith, Shannon A. "Verbal Complex Phenomena in West Central German: Empirical Domain and Multi-Causal Account." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 22, no. 2 (June 2010): 99–191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542709990249.
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This paper is a synchronic investigation of verbal complex phenomena in the West Central German dialects. The types of verbal complexes attested in 187 recordings of West Central German from the Zwirner Corpus are first classified and analyzed. AGoldVarbanalysis reveals that in subordinate clause two-verb complexes, the factor groups syntagm and verbal prefix type have statistically significant effects on word order, while in main clause two-verb complexes the factor groups syntagm, verbal prefix type, and a grammatical correlate to focus have statistically significant effects. Taking as a point of departure Lötscher 1978 and Sapp 2007, a multi-causal account of verbal complex pheno-mena involving grammatical, functional, and performance factors is developed, with a close examination of the role of language processing in verbal complex formation. Following Hawkins' (1994, 2004) notions of Early Immediate Constituents and Minimize Domains, it is argued that the type of verbal complex known as Verb Projection Raising can be linked in part to an advantage in language production. The paper concludes with a discussion of the speaker-hearer dichotomy as it relates to German clausal structure and the role of interfaces in the analysis of verbal complexes.*
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VAN DEN EYNDE, KAREL, and PIET MERTENS. "La valence: l'approche pronominale et son application au lexique verbal." Journal of French Language Studies 13, no. 1 (March 2003): 63–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269503001005.
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L'article décrit le cadre méthodologique de l'approche pronominale et présente la base de données lexicale PROTON, un dictionnaire de valence verbale pour le français, élaboré dans cette approche. La valence y est caractérisée par les paradigmes de pronoms proportionnels (dont les traits s'unifient avec ceux des constituants comportant des éléments lexicaux). On présente, dans une forme actualisée, les notions-clef pour la description des constructions et des schèmes de valence, ainsi que les prolégomènes à la typologie des prédicateurs et de leurs actants. Ensuite on précise le contenu et les conventions formelles du lexique de valence. Une entrée du lexique est commentée à titre d'exemple. Cette même entrée est ensuite comparée aux articles correspondants du dictionnaire de valence spécialisé de Busse et Dubost (1983).
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Fernández-Pena, Yolanda. "Patterns of verbal agreement with collective nouns taking plural of-dependents: a corpus-based analysis of syntactic distance." Corpora 12, no. 2 (August 2017): 207–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2017.0117.
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In this study, I investigate the patterns of verbal agreement of twenty-three singular collective nouns in English which take plural of-dependents (e.g., a group of children or a bunch of people). The main aim is to explore the extent to which this constituent may influence the number of the main verb, by considering factors such as the role of overt morphological markers for number in the oblique noun and the influence of syntactic distance on the patterns of verbal agreement. The data will show strong conditioning effects of the plural of-dependent on the verb, in triggering plural verbal number, for example. Contrary to what has been claimed hitherto, syntactic distance does not result in an increase of semantic (i.e., plural) agreement in this type of construction. In fact, the non-overtly marked plural noun people, whose influence on verbal agreement is strong in local syntactic domains, shows a considerable decrease in the proportion of plural verbal forms which it takes with increasing distance, contrary to overtly marked plural nouns. Finally, in light of the grammaticalisation suffered by homologous constructions such as a lot of, I will also consider the role of verbal agreement in the possible idiomatisation of the structures that I scrutinise here.
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Parkinson, Brian. "Author Reply: Aligning Social Relations With Faces, Words, and Emotions." Emotion Review 13, no. 2 (April 2021): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073921999817.
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How do facial movements and verbal statements relate to emotional processes? A familiar answer is that the primary phenomenon is an internally located emotion that may then get expressed on the face and represented in words. In this view, emotion’s social functions and effects are indirect consequences of prior intrapsychic states or events. By contrast, my target article argued that facial and verbal activity are constituents rather than consequences of the dynamic production of fundamentally relational emotions. This article clarifies this alternative position and evaluates potential counterarguments.
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Arkhipova, Irina Victorovna. "The prepositional verbal noun as a constituent of the hypotactic taxis in modern german." Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin 6, no. 4 (August 17, 2016): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15293/2226-3365.1604.12.
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Nardiati, Sri. "PERILAKU SATUAN LINGUAL -(N)ING DALAM BAHASA JAWA (LINGUAL UNIT BEHAVIOR -(N)ING IN JAVANESE LANGUANGE)." Widyaparwa 44, no. 2 (December 28, 2016): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/wdprw.v44i2.143.
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Penelitian ini berjudul Perilaku Satuan Lingual (n)ing dalam Bahasa Jawa. Teori yang digunakan dalam kajian ini ialah kategori kata dan analisis konstituen. Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode simak. Analisis menggunakan metode agih dengan teknik bagi unsur langsung. Data yang terkumpul menunjukkan bahwa kehadiran satuan lingual (n)ing berfungsi sebagai penentu bagi unsur yang berposisi di sebelah kanannya. Satuan lingual tersebut dapat bervalensi dengan prakategorial, kata tugas, adjektiva, verba, dan nomina. Kehadiran (n)ing frekuentatif dalam bentuk frasa, antara lain frasa adjektival, frasa nominal, frasa verbal, dan frasa preposisional. Selain itu, satuan -(n)ing dapat hadir dalam bentuk kalimat meski dengan frekuensi yang sangat rendah. Satuan lingual tersebut dapat bervariasi dengan -e/ne dalam tingkat ngoko dan ipun/-nipun dalam tingkat kromo. Satuan lingual tersebut menandai hubungan makna pemilikan, pelaku, partitif, dan tujuan.The title of this study is Lingual Unit Behavior -(N)ing in Javanese Language". The theory is word category and constituent analysis. The data collection is recording. The analysis method is distributable method with direct element division technique. The collected data shows that the existence of lingual unit form -(n)ing functions as a determinant for elements positioned on the right. The (n)ing lingual unit form can be valence with pre-categorical, preposition, adjective, verb, and noun. Frequentative presence of (n)ing form in phrases, such as adjectival phrase, noun phrase, verbal phrase and prepositional phrase. In addition, -(n)ing lingual unit can be present in the form of a sentence even in the lowest frequency. The lingual unit form can be vary with -e/-ne in ngoko level and -ipun/-nipun in kromo level. This lingual unit marks semantic relations comprising possessive, agentive, portative, and goal.
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Asnawi, Asnawi. "Struktur Frasa Verbal Bahasa Banjar Hulu: Tinjauan Bentuk Gramatikal." GERAM 6, no. 1 (July 7, 2018): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/geram.2018.vol6(1).1795.
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The basis of the emergence of this research is the lack of observers or language researchers who will arouse the local language khasanah, namely Banjar Hulu language. Upstream Banjar Language is a language used by the people of Suhada Village Enok District Indragiri Hilir Regency Riau. The Banjar Hulu language is used as the majority language used by the people of Indragiri Hilir Regency Riau. However, due to the flow of modernization and assimilation will threaten the extinction and contamination of the Banjar Hulu language. Therefore, this research is expected to maintain and maintain the authenticity of Banjar Hulu language, so it is necessary to do research. This study focuses on the structure of verb phrases. With related issues about the shape or structure of the verb phrase. The purpose of the study is to describe in detail the structure of the Banjar Hulu language verb phrase. This research is a field research with qualitative type. This research was conducted in Suhada Village, Enok Sub-district, Indragiri Hilir Regency, Riau with research time for six months. The method used to collect data is by the technique of referring libat ably. The data of this research is phrase construction that comes from the speech of research informant. Data analyzing is done by technique of reduction, disply, and conclusion data. The results showed that there are various verbal phrases. This kevariasian found verbal language phrases Banjar Hulu language based on the class of formers and verbal phrase forming function, namely coordinative verbal phrases, modifikatif, and apositif. The results of this study are the first structure of verbal phrases based on the word class; (v) Verbal Phrase {V + Ajk}, (c) Verbal Phrases {Adv + V}, (d) Verbal Phrases {V + Prepositions}, (e) ) Verbal Phrases {V; (ba- + N) + pronomina}, (f) Verbal Phrases {V; (b) + A}, (g) Verbal Phrases {V; (b + + N) + N}. The two structures of the verbal phrase are based on the function of the constituent elements, which include (a) Coordinative Verbal Phrases, (b) Modifikattive Verb Phrases, (c) Apositive Verb Phrases.
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Kambon, Obadele, E. Kweku Osam, and Nana Aba Appiah Amfo. "A case for revisiting definitions of serial verb constructions: Evidence from Akan serial verb nominalization." Studies in African Linguistics 44, no. 2 (June 15, 2015): 76–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v44i2.107260.
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In this study, we undertook an experiment in which native speakers of Akan were given serial verbs both with and without oblique non-verbal elements (such as relator nouns, direct objects, postpositions, etc.) and asked them to construct Serial Verb Construction Nominals (SVCNs) from them. We found that, by and large, when not given said non-verbal elements, speakers were not able to construct nominal forms. In another task, we gave speakers nominal forms and asked them to deconstruct them to the constituent serial verbs from which they were derived. Time and again, speakers gave, not only the serial verbs, but also the non-verbal elements even though they were not asked to do so. Gestalt meanings were also given by speakers when asked the meanings of individual elements. Thus, the semantic integration and lexicalization that takes place in full lexicalized-integrated serial verb constructions extends not only to serial verbs but also to these non-verbal elements which, to native speakers, seem to form just as important a part of the SVC as the verbal elements. Thus, we argue that definitions of SVCs, henceforth, should not prejudice the serial verbs to the detriment of other equally important parts of the construction.
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Barrett-Keach, Camillia N. "Phonological allomorphy in Swahili on the form of inanimate pronominal clitics." Studies in African Linguistics 18, no. 3 (December 1, 1987): 263–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v18i3.107469.
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Swahili has two forms of inanimate pronominal clitics. One, like the relative pronouns, typically ends with /o/ and the other, like the subject agreement affixes, are never /o/ final. According to the traditionalists, a semantic feature associated with /o/ differentiates two sets of clitics semantically as well as phonetically. The present account argues that the two sets do not form separate morphemes. They are instead allomorphs of the same morpheme derived by a phonological rule, o-Epenthesis, which suffixes /o/ onto any constituent final pronominal clitic. This virtually exceptionless account provides synchronic evidence for a dual constituent analysis of the verbal complex. The discussion of such well known forms adopts basic assumptions from lexical and auto segmental phonology.
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Hoang, Bai Linh. "Race and Legislative Responsiveness in City Council Meetings." Urban Affairs Review 55, no. 6 (March 13, 2018): 1579–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087418762056.
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Legislative responsiveness under description representation, even at the local level, is often conceptualized as how elites act on or comply with the requests or preferences of minority constituents. In this article, I look at and evaluate a neglected but important dimension of responsiveness. Specifically, I investigate the impact of race on the verbal responses that legislators provide to constituents who speak at local public meetings. Through an analysis of data collected from city council minutes and direct observations of council meetings, I find a lack of evidence for the independent effect of race on legislative responsiveness in these meetings. However, I do find that the impact of race is conditional on the statements expressed by constituents.
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Mchombo, Sam. "Linear order constraints on split NPs in Chichewa." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 43 (January 1, 2006): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.43.2006.289.
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This paper focuses on restrictions on the ordering of internal constituents of noun phrases in Chichewa, especially when those constituents are discontinuous. The motivation for discontinuity of the NP constituents will be given, together with discussion of constructions that can be subsumed under this rubric but that do not really involve discontinuity in the canonical sense. These are constructions where a topic NP in a left periphery position is either linked anaphorically with a modifier "remnant" or semantically with its hyponym in post-verbal position. According to Guthrie's classification of Bantu languages, Chichewa is placed in zone N unit N31. It is regarded as a dialect of Nyanja, classified as belonging to unit N30 (Guthrie 1967-71).
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Suppes, Patrick, and Michael Böttner. "Robotic machine learning of anaphora." Robotica 16, no. 4 (July 1998): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574798000022.
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Our contribution tackles the problem of learning to understand anaphoric references in the context of robotic machine learning; e.g. Get the large screw. Put it in the left hole. Our solution assumes the probabilistic theory of learning spelt out in earlier publications. Associations are formed probabilistically between constituents of the verbal command and constituents of a presupposed internal representation. The theory is extended, as a first step, to anaphora by learning how to distinguish between incorrect surface depth and the correct tree-structure depth of the anaphoric references.
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Nickavar, Bahman, Reza Dolat–;Abadi, Faraz Mojab, and Saeed Mohammadi Motamed. "Volatile Constituents of the Fruit Husk ofPistacia veraL. from Iran." Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 7, no. 2 (January 2004): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0972-060x.2004.10643386.
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Küsmenoglu, Senay, K. H. C. Baser, and T. Özek. "Constituents of the Essential Oil from the Hulls ofPistacia veraL." Journal of Essential Oil Research 7, no. 4 (July 1995): 441–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698558.
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Feist, Jim. "Noun incorporation in English." Functions of Language 20, no. 2 (September 6, 2013): 159–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.20.2.02fei.
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The article discusses noun incorporation in English — that is, expressions which include a noun in the verbal constituent of an utterance, as in It’s time to legacy build contrasted with It’s time to build a legacy. It concludes that noun incorporation is well established in present-day English, that it has many functions, that it is used productively as an alternative to other constructions, and under definable constraints.
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Dudok, Anna. "MEANS AND METHODS OF EXPRESSING THE SENSES IN ENGLISH PREFIXAL VERBS." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 42, no. 5 (February 12, 2021): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/4202.
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The paper dwells upon the systematic description of English verbal prefixes. The verbal prefix is to be treated in the paradigmatic and syntagmatic plane of the language. It is asserted in this article that the meaning of a prefix is identical to that of the preposition – the relationship between two objects in space extrapolating on two consecutive states of the subject/object in time, and when generalized, form the two types of senses. Such prefix features as origin, transporting opportunity, negation and valency are considered, as well as semantic features (such as polysemy and chains of synonyms). In semantic analysis we deal with semes as the meaning constituents defining basic and secondary semes. The process of the formation of different senses has been distinguished by means of semantic opposition and combinations of semes that form the invariant meaning of the verbal prefix.
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Tuhai, O. "THE STUDY OF COMPLEMENTARY COMPLEXES IN MODERN GRAMMAR SCHOOLS." Studia Philologica, no. 2 (2019): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2311-2425.2019.13.12.
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The article focuses on the basic theoretical approaches to the analysis of complementary complexes in modern grammar paradigms. The phenomenon of clausal complementation has been presented. Subordinate sentences are characterized as object clausal complements with the status of a core internal argument of the main predicate. Grammatical configuration and functioning of finite/infinitive complementary sentences in English have been revealed. Grammatical status of clauses under the study is postulated as object predication or the internal verbal complement in the function of an object. Grammatical indicators of finite sentences are analyzed considering specific that/wh- markers of complementation, semantics of matrix verbs as well as temporal tense-form feature in a verbal phrase. Grammatical configuration of infinitive sentences is denoted by to-/wh-markers and noun phrases in a certain case. Identifying criteria of verbal clausal complements have been distinguished. Morphology of the predicate, internal/external syntax of a complementary construction are grounded as leading features of their definition. Typology of verbal complementation in terms of transitivity, complement attachment to the perculia part of speech, functional communicative approach has been reviewed. General monotransitive, complex-transitive and ditransitive complementation has been outlined. When being attached to a particular language constituent a clause is determined as nominal, adjective or verbal complement. Due to communicative peculiarity finite subordinate clauses are positioned as content declarative, interrogative and exclamative.
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Kandybowicz, Jason. "On Prosodic Vacuity and Verbal Resumption in Asante Twi." Linguistic Inquiry 46, no. 2 (April 2015): 243–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00181.
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I argue that verbal resumption (the occurrence of an additional default verbal element yε meaning ‘do’) in Asante Twi is prosodically conditioned. Following the MATCH theory of syntactic-prosodic constituency correspondence ( Selkirk 2011 ), I propose that phonosyntactic constituency matching requires, at the minimum, avoidance of phonetically empty transferred syntactic structures (i.e., prosodic vacuity). I show that Twi verbal resumption is highly constrained and occurs precisely in those contexts where a prosodically vacuous domain would otherwise be mapped from a fully evacuated syntactic Spell- Out domain. As a measure of last resort, a late default-form insertion of the verb root (the yε-form) occurs to evade prosodic vacuity and ensure a matching correspondence between syntactic and prosodic constituents at PF. Because an additional higher copy of the verb root (i.e., the lexical verb) survives as well, Twi verbal resumption represents an instance of multiple copy Spell-Out. The article thus bears on several issues concerning the syntax-phonology interface, among them the nature of prosodic mapping and the conditions regulating multiple copy realization.
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Bakir, Murtadha J. "Notes on the verbal system of Gulf Pidgin Arabic." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 25, no. 2 (August 13, 2010): 201–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.25.2.01bak.
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This is a description of one of the essential constituents of sentence structure in one reduced linguistic system in use in various countries of the western coast of the Arab Gulf and Saudi Arabia, that has been given the name Gulf Pidgin Arabic (GPA) in the very little that has been written about it. The paper starts with locating this reduced linguistic form in its sociolinguistic background. This is followed by a description of the morphological characteristics of the verbs used in this system. The discussion also involves how the grammatical categories that form part of the verbal system are signaled, when and if they are (e.g. tense, aspect, mood, modality, and those that mark agreement like gender, person, and number). Furthermore, the paper deals with the status of the copulative element and predication marker fii and sentence negation in relation to the verbal system. It ends with a discussion of the properties of GPA compared to the general characteristics of world pidgins and to other Arabic-based pidgins and creoles.
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Joo, Hyoun-A. "Breaking Up Verb Clusters: Two-Verb Constructions in Moundridge Schweitzer German." Journal of Language Contact 11, no. 3 (October 18, 2018): 563–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-01103007.
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Verb clusters are a linguistic phenomenon where two or more verbs align in adjacent order. This paper discusses the structure of a certain type of verb cluster, namely modal infinitivo pro participio (IPP) structures, in main clauses of a moribund heritage variety of German, Moundridge Schweitzer German (MSG), spoken in Kansas. An acceptability judgment task was conducted with twelve participants to investigate two aspects of verb clusters in MSG. The first question concerned the integration of non-verbal elements, here the direct object (DO) and the negation particle (neg), in the verbal complex. The second question investigates whether MSG modal IPPs show variability in verb order, which is an essential characteristic of this type of verb cluster in other verb-cluster languages. The results show that modal IPP constructions in MSG have a fixed 2–3 verb order but allow object scrambling to some degree. Thus, while the ordering of verbs lacks syntactic variability, flexibility and variation are attested in the placement of the non-verbal constituents within the verbal complex. This is interpreted as the retention of an archaic dialectal trait.
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Satyawati, Made Sri, Ketut Widya Purnawati, and I. Nyoman Kardana. "Ekspresi Semantis Verba dan Pelibatan Argumen dalam Klausa Bahasa Bima." MOZAIK HUMANIORA 19, no. 2 (January 6, 2020): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mozaik.v19i2.14918.
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Bimanese language is an Austronesian, Malayo Polinesian Language (Arafik 2005). In 1986, Jonker conducted a research on this language. His reseach focused on sintactic structure of the language. Jonker’s analisis (1896) looked similar with Owens’ analisis (2000) that stated there are two common features of the Bimanese as one of the Austronesian language, they are affixing and compounding. With the base features, Owens considered that Bimanese at least has one of the features or even both features as well. His work focused on verb expression and bound arguments in Bimanese clauses. The two problems were analyzed based on Functional Lexical Grammar theory proposed by Kroeger (2005). The theory contains three sintactic aspects, such as functional structure, constituent structure, and argument structure. Data were collected through elicitation and observation method. Elicitation was applied to obtain spoken data while observation method was used to collect written data from texts. Both methods were supported by note taking technique and recording. The collected data were analyzed by substitution and immediate constituent technique. The result shows that Bimanese verbs can express their arguments syntactically by using verb semantic meaning and preposition like labo, kai, wea, and ba-. It was also found that the obligatory arguments in a clause are generally marked with the four markers.
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Danilin, Mikhail Vyacheslavovich. "Sociosemiotic approach to teaching foreign language listening: linguodidactic implications of adopting views on interrelation of verbal and non-verbal semiotic resources in communication." Samara Journal of Science 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv2021101306.
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The following article raises the issue built around teaching foreign language listening by the restrictions imposed by the theory of oral activity that influences the view on the nature of communication and human social behavior. In particular, the conducted analysis of the theoretical underpinnings of social semiotics and multimodal approach to human communication gives scientific credence to assuming the meaning-making potential of non-verbal language comparable to the one of verbal language. In addition to that, it becomes evident that non-verbal language has a tendency to complicate inferencing the meaning of the verbal activity rather than merely simplify it. As a consequence, the linguodidactic basis of teaching listening necessitates revision in this vein. Grounded on multimodal and sociocognitive approaches, the idea is put forward to interpret foreign language listening as a constituent part of sociocognitive activity, the distinguishing features of which are embodied perception and orientation to embodied meaning-making. On the basis of aforementioned, the article enriches psycholinguistic theory of listening with aspects of aural-visual (multimodal) perception as well as offers a view on the alignment of semiotic resources to produce meaning. As a result, there were formulated a set of specific methodological principles intended to govern the teaching process of intertwined aural-visual perception and inferencing of cross-mode meanings and subsequently ensure high performance in foreign language listening in the context of multimodal communication.
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Koloskova, Yulia, and Toshio Ohori. "Pragmatic factors in the development of a switch-adjective language." Parts of Speech: Descriptive tools, theoretical constructs 32, no. 3 (September 3, 2008): 610–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.32.3.07kol.
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The Miyako-Hirara dialect of Ryukyuan is a switch-adjective language, i.e. it employs both nominal and verbal strategies for its adjectival roots. The choice of the encoding option in the predicative position depends on the information structure of the sentence. If a predicative adjective is in the focus domain, the nominal strategies (adjectival root + munu, reduplicated forms) are used. If a predicative adjective belongs to the presupposition, the verbal strategy (-kaɨ forms) is employed. We argue that Miyako-Hirara employs a switch-adjective encoding in order to retain the functional distinction between the predicates in focus and those in the domain of presupposition, in the absence of other means of morphological marking for the informational status of constituents.
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Sonnenhauser, Barbara, and Paul Widmer. "Prefixal articles across domains: Syntactic licensing in Albanian." Folia Linguistica 53, no. 1 (April 26, 2019): 25–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin-2019-2003.
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AbstractIn this article we venture to elucidate the origin of the Albanian subjunctive markertë-. We contend that this marker is historically linked to a morphosyntactic device which is traditionally described as linking article and which licenses nominal syntactic units as constituents of larger syntactic units. Based on the observation that there is a substantial distributional, functional and semantic overlap between nonfinite verbal forms marked withtë-and finite subjunctive predicates, we propose that the subjunctive marker spread across host classes from nominals to nonfinite predicates and to finite subjunctive predicates. The spread into the finite verbal domain is areally fostered, while the licensing device itself is an independent Albanian development that possibly picks up a vertical, Indo-European signal.
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Vorobyova, Olga P. "'Haunted by ambiguities' revisited: in search of a metamethod for literary text disambiguation." Lege Artis 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 428–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lart-2017-0011.
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Abstract This paper addresses the issue of ambiguity in literary discourse, viewed through its multiple verbal and narrative manifestations in Virginia Woolf's short fiction. The research is aimed to combine traditional and most recent techniques of semantic, conceptual, narrative, semiotic, and configurational analyses as constituents of a metamethod of literary text disambiguation, which highlights some hidden features of the writer's linguistic personality.
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Dmitrichenkova, Svetlana Vladimirovna, Elena Anatolyevna Dolzhich, and Taisia Georgievna Popova. "Cognitive & Pragmatic Aspects of Polycodedness of a Scientific Text, A Case Study of the Spanish Language." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 6, no. 1 (November 19, 2016): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.6n.1p.128.
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The aim of this study is to investigate the polycodedness of a Spanish scientific text as a result of interaction between codes of different semiotic systems and discourses. A polycode text focuses the fact of interaction of different codes, i.e. symbols, systems of symbols, signs and rules of their combinations with each other for the transmission, processing and storage of information in the form most adapted thereto. This term describes the phenomenon of textual heterogeneity at the level of form achieved through a mix of different semiotic systems, such as verbal and visual. In this sense, the phenomenon of polycodedness is directly related to the manifestations of interdiscursiveness. A particular attention is given to the synthesis of verbal and non-verbal means of communication, the consideration of polycode scientific texts in terms of their constituent cognitive structures that help to identify the essential properties of scientific text. The discursive and communicative approaches, being the leaders within the modern linguistics, comprise the methodological base of the research. At each stage of work, the methods that best meet the goals and objectives of the research were involved. Such methods include a discourse analysis, a method of classification and systematization, a method of quantitative analysis followed by a qualitative interpretation of the data. The emergence of a semiotically complicated text, in which the author's intention is realized simultaneously using both a verbal code and a variety of non-verbal means, is an evidence of major changes in the modes of transmitting information about the world. The material study is based on research papers and dissertations in Spanish on various branches of scientific knowledge defended at the Autonomous University of Madrid (Spain).Keywords: scientific text, discourse, polycodedness, verbal, non-verbal means