Academic literature on the topic 'Constituted authorities'
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Journal articles on the topic "Constituted authorities"
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Münte, Peter. "Participation in Administrative Decision-Making: A Sequential Analysis of Announcement, Obections and Concluding Letter." Comparative Sociology 8, no. 4 (2009): 565–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156913309x461642.
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AbstractThe essay summarizes results of a case study on participation in administrative decision-making on the release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). This case study evolved from a research project on social positioning within communication between government officials and citizens in different legally driven participation procedures. The communication within the participatory component of the permitting procedure will be interpreted as a "communicative collision" between two parties: A public authority obliged to contribute to a legally constituted public order, and citizens who wish to discuss or negotiate the subject with authorities, or otherwise to "deconstruct" the knowledge base of the authority's decision-making.
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AYKENS, PETER. "Conflicting authorities: states, currency markets and the ERM crisis of 1992–93." Review of International Studies 28, no. 2 (April 2002): 359–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210502003595.
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The concept of authority has recently received heightened attention in the international politics literature. Unfortunately, considerable confusion still exists regarding who possesses authority, how authority is constituted, how it erodes and how it differs from other means of generating compliance, most notably power. Drawing on work from international political economy and political theory, this article sets out to clarify some of the many ambiguities surrounding authority. It builds hypotheses regarding state/market authority relations and tests these hypotheses in the context of the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) crisis of 1992–93. The article concludes that the ERM crisis did not represent a mere ‘bump in the road’ on the way to European Monetary Union, but rather the break-up of policy consensus in a dramatic way.
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Yiangou, Anastasia. "The Orthodox Church of Cyprus, Enosis politics and the British authorities during the First World War." Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 44, no. 1 (February 19, 2020): 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/byz.2019.28.
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This article examines relations between the Orthodox Church of Cyprus and the British colonial government during the First World War. I argue that the Great War constituted the first turning point in Church-State relations during colonial rule in Cyprus which, following other developments, finally collapsed during the 1950s. I discuss how the dynamic of the Enosis movement for the union of Cyprus with Greece was bolstered during the Great War. This in turn, the article will show, had significant repercussions on the attitudes of the Orthodox Church and the British authorities, transformed their relationship and opened the way for future developments.
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Bostan, Ionel, Mihaela Onofrei, Cristian Popescu, Dan Lupu, and Bogdan Firtescu. "Efficiency and Corruption in Local Counties: Evidence from Romania." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 16, no. 2 (March 27, 2018): 215–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/16.2.215-229(2018).
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The current financial crisis and the lack of resources made imperative the analysis of the efficiency for managing public money, both at the central and at the local level. The general objective of the research is constituted by the estimate of the technical efficiency of all counties in Romania, as well as the analysis of its implications in local development. The originality and novelty of the study are supported by the research of a subject that has in the center the efficiency of the public authorities, current research direction for the public sector, in view of achieving a complex study. In order to reach the objective proposed, we will perform calculations on the basis of the Data Envelopment Analysis mathematical model and of the Tobit non-linear econometric model. At the same time, we reach the conclusion that in Romania, as in other states, there is a causality link between the efficiency of the local authorities and the level of corruption.
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CONCONI, PAOLA, and HARM SCHEPEL. "Argentina–Import Measures: How a Porsche is worth Peanuts." World Trade Review 16, no. 2 (March 10, 2017): 349–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745616000574.
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AbstractThe dispute Argentina-Measures Affecting the Importation of Goods concerns a series of measures imposed by Argentine authorities on economic operators as a condition for obtaining import licenses. These measures were introduced with the goal of advancing the Argentine government's stated policies of re-industrialization, import substitution, and elimination of trade balance deficits. From a legal point of view, the least interesting feature of the dispute was the substantive compatibility of these measures with Article XI:1 GATT as they clearly constituted import restrictions. Identifying and classifying the measures involved, however, proved more challenging: based on vague policy guidelines, devoid of any legal basis, and consisting largely of wholly discretionary ad hoc action by the authorities, clouded in confidential obscurity, the measures escaped familiar categories and distinctions of WTO law. From an economic perspective, although Argentina's measures appear to have had no impact on its overall imports, they imposed large costs on foreign companies, as well as on Argentine importers and consumers.
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Aldgate, Tony. "I Am a Camera: Film and Theatre Censorship in 1950s Britain." Contemporary European History 8, no. 3 (November 1999): 425–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777399003069.
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Although the processes of censorship as exercised over the stage and screen in 1950s Britain shared similar characteristics, there were vital differences in the way in which the governing authorities construed the audiences who frequented these entertainment media. Because cinemagoers constituted a mass audience and were considered to be more impressionable, the criteria of ‘quality’ applied by the British Board of Film Censors differed markedly to those put into effect for the theatre by the Lord Chamberlain's Office. The reception afforded both the play and film of I Am a Camera reveals the subtlety of approach adopted by the censors in each instance.
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Yambrusic, Edward S. "The Status of U.S. Copyright Relations with Taiwan." International Journal of Legal Information 13, no. 1-2 (April 1985): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500018357.
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The United States of America and the Republic of China (hereafter “ROC”) have maintained copyright relations pursuant to the 1948 Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, signed at Nonking November 4, 1946. Article IX of the treaty guaranteed, inter alia,effective protection in the enjoyment of rights with respect to [the contracting parties'] literary and artistic works, upon compliance with the applicable laws and regulations, if any, respecting registration and other formalities which are or may thereafter be enforced by the constituted authorities; unauthorized reproduction, sale, diffusion or use of such literary and artistic works shall be prohibited, and effective remedy therefore, shall be provided by civil action.
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ROBERTS, BEN. "Entertaining the community: the evolution of civic ritual and public celebration, 1860–1953." Urban History 44, no. 3 (August 31, 2016): 444–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926816000511.
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ABSTRACT:Civic ritual and pageantry have been mainstays of urban culture since the Middle Ages, but it has been suggested that they entered a period of decline from the 1870s onwards. This article suggests that instead, local authorities reformed and revised their use of civic ceremony, celebration and commemoration, in order to keep pace with contemporary culture and to maintain public interest. The towns of Darlington and Middlesbrough are considered to highlight the use of recreational and sensory-rich ritual in the urban setting. It is suggested that historians should therefore adopt a broader methodology and broaden their definition of what constituted civic ritual in the twentieth century.
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Черепанова, Екатерина, and Ekaterina Cherepanova. "Legal Problems of Corruption Crimes Classification." Journal of Russian Law 4, no. 9 (August 29, 2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21225.
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The main goal of criminal legal science is determination of correlation between action and characteristics of corpus delicti which is constituted by criminal legislation. Only correct classification of crimes can guarantee justice preserved by law. The criminal legal assessment of corruption crimes is a separate problem of classification. Classification of such crimes is difficult in current activity of lawenforcement authorities and courts because of the conflict of law, redundancy of estimation definitions, etc. Besides the problem of counteraction of corruption was formulated as the main challenge of state. In the article are analyzed the legislation and law-enforcement practice. The conclusion contains recommendations which can lower the amount of mistakes in corruption crimes classification.
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Kolb, Jonas. "Constituted Islam and Muslim Everyday Practices in Austria: The Diversity of the Ties to Religious Organizational Structures and Religious Authorities in the Process of Change." Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 40, no. 3 (July 2, 2020): 371–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2020.1819129.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Constituted authorities"
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Ellis-Jones, Ian. "Beyond the Scientology case : towards a better definition of what constitutes a religion for legal purposes in Australia having regard to salient judicial authorities from the United States of America as well as important non-judicial authorities /." University of Technology, Sydney. Faculty of Law, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2100/404.
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The aim of this thesis is to formulate a better definition of religion for legal purposes than the formulation arrived at by the High Court of Australia in the 1983 decision of Church of the New Faith v Commissioner of Pay-roll Tax (Vic). In that case, known in Australia as the Scientology (or Church of the New Faith) case, two of five justices of the High Court of Australia considered belief in a supernatural Being, Thing or Principle to be an essential prerequisite for a belief system being a religion. Two other justices stated that if such belief were absent it was unlikely that one had a religion. There are major problems with the High Court’s formulation in the Scientology case. First, it does not accommodate a number of important belief systems that are generally regarded as being religious belief systems, even though they do not involve any notion of the supernatural in the sense in which that word is ordinarily understood. Secondly, the Court provided little or no guidance as to how one determines whether a particular belief system involves a supernatural view of reality. The guidance that was given is ill-conceived in any event. Thirdly, it is philosophically impossible to postulate a meaningful distinction between the “natural” and the supposedly “supernatural” in a way that would enable the courts and other decision makers to meaningfully apply the “test” enunciated by the Court. The thesis combines a phenomenological approach and the philosophical realism of the late Professor John Anderson with a view to eliciting those things that permit appreciation or recognition of a thing being “religious”. Ultimately, religion is seen to comprise an amalgam of faith-based ideas, beliefs, practices and activities (which include doctrine, dogma, teachings or principles to be accepted on faith and on authority, a set of sanctioned ideals and values in terms of expected ethical standards and behavior and moral obligations, and various experientially based forms, ceremonies, usages and techniques perceived to be of spiritual or transformative power) based upon faith in a Power, Presence, Being or Principle and which are directed towards a celebration of that which is perceived to be not only ultimate but also divine, holy or sacred, manifest in and supported by a body of persons (consisting of one or more faithxvii based communities) established to give practical expression to those ideas, beliefs, practices and activities. The new definition is tested against 3 very different belief systems, Taoism (Daoism), Marxism and Freemasonry.
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Rahim, Ismail. "Criminal law in Islam." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26227.
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English, with some Arabic textAfter justifying my rationale for this study, I have briefly propounded anthropological and philosophical perspectives for the institution and development of law in human society. Thereafter I have focused on the criminal law of Islām. With regards to invariable penalties for certain offences and variable penalties for others I have also stressed the oft-neglected issue of rehabilitation. Besides, I have also appraised criminal procedure and then concluded by refuting objections raised against Islāmic criminal law by critics. In sum, the following comes to light: • The Islāmic laws encompass all facets of criminality. • Islām believes in nipping the evil in the bud: treating the wound and then applying the plaster. If it comes to the worst that the wound becomes incurable, then for the betterment of the patient and others, it may as well be amputated. Its aim is not to castigate the criminals; rather to reprimand them and bring reform in the society. • How crucial this topic is and how urgently it should be addressed. • How temperate the Islāmic laws are in weeding out crimes from the societies. • Crime is a crime, whether it is perpetrated by an individual or state.
Religious Studies and Arabic
M.A. (Islamic Studies)
Books on the topic "Constituted authorities"
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Winter, Stefan. The Nusayris in Medieval Syria. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691167787.003.0002.
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This chapter re-examines the early development of the ʻAlawi community and its situation in western Syria in the medieval period in the wider context of what might be termed Islamic provincial history. It starts from the premise that the conventional image of the “Nusayris” has largely been fashioned by elite historical sources whose discourse on nonorthodox groups is a priori negative but which, when read against the grain and compared with other sources, can yield a less essentializing, less conflicting account of the community's development. In particular, the chapter aims to show that the ʻAlawi faith was not the deviant, marginal phenomenon it has retrospectively been made out to be but, on the contrary, constituted, and was treated by the contemporary authorities as, a normal mode of rural religiosity in Syria.
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Carrigan, William D., and Clive Webb. The Rise and Fall of Mob Violence against Mexicans in Arizona, 1859–1915. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037467.003.0004.
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This chapter reviews conventional narratives of racism and lynching, examining the extensive mob violence directed against persons of Mexican descent in Arizona Territory. While demonstrating the historical depth and contours of anti-Mexican animus in Arizona, the chapter also traces the pivotal social and political changes that shifted opinion against the lynching of Mexicans in the era of statehood in the 1910s. Moreover, there is no record of the illegal hanging of any Mexicans in Arizona after 1915. The strong reaction of Arizona's constituted authorities to the lynching of Mexican outlaws Jose and Hilario Leon did not end discrimination against Mexicans in the state, but it did close the door on what was agreed as the most symbolic and visible form of racial and ethnic persecution—community-sanctioned, extralegal murder.
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Walton, Charles. Clubs, Parties, Factions. Edited by David Andress. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639748.013.021.
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Historical debate over the political clubs of the French Revolution over the past two centuries has turned on the question of whether factionalism grew out of their democratic principles or from external circumstances. This chapter suggests that neither ideology nor circumstances can fully account for this radicalization. Instead, the conditions of a ‘weak state’ must be addressed. When authorities were unable or unwilling to implement legislation or to respond to demands coming from society, the clubs often intervened, militating for action to be taken. Tax collection and the crisis of subsistence constituted two crucial issues that the state failed to managed. The clubs, which were divided on these issues, found themselves debating them in a context in which no legal limits on slander (another state weakness) existed. Unchecked calumny poisoned intra and inter-club relations and contributed to factionalism.
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Metzler, Irina. Intellectual Disability in the European Middle Ages. Edited by Michael Rembis, Catherine Kudlick, and Kim E. Nielsen. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190234959.013.4.
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This investigation of intellectual disability in the Middle Ages uncovers narratives of this perceived condition in the historical sources. Authors of normative texts, for instance, medical, legal, and natural-philosophical authorities, were the medieval equivalent of modern scientific experts with regard to defining, assessing, and controlling notions of intellectual disability. This new and specific discussion seeks to reframe the paradigm of what constituted intellectual disability at different periods in both medieval and modern times. Philosophically, and subsequently judicially, medieval intellectual disability was considered the absence of reason, representing the irrational, which contrasted the mentally disabled with the Aristotelian concept of the human being as the rational animal. Medieval terminology employed a fluidity of definitions, which highlights the constructedness of terms revolving around intellectual disability. Analyses of the culturally specific constructions of intellectual disability enhance our knowledge of the intellectual heritage underpinning current concepts of cognitive and mental pathologies.
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The Essential Public Health Functions in the Americas: A Renewal for the 21st Century. Conceptual Framework and Description. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275122648.
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The essential public health functions (EPHFs) have constituted the core of the agenda for strengthening the health sector in the Region of the Americas since the 1980s. Their conceptual development and measurement in the Region came in response to sectoral reforms that threatened to reduce the role of the State and public health, particularly the stewardship function of the health authorities. In that context, in 2000, the Member States of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) proposed to promote a conceptual and methodological framework for public health and its essential functions, giving rise to the regional initiative called "public health in the Americas". As part of this initiative, the essential functions of public health authorities were identified, their relevance was discussed, and a broad regional consensus was reached, as explained below. More than 15 years have passed. In response to current needs, this document reviews and updates the EPHF conceptual framework for the Region of the Americas. This new version is based on the experiences and lessons learned from the implementation and regional measurement of the EPHFs, new and persistent challenges for the health of the population and its social determinants, and new institutional, economic, social, and political conditions which affect the Region of the Americas. The document is structured into five sections. The first presents the key experiences and challenges that justify a renewal of the EPHFs. The second section updates the groundwork for the exercise of public health and provides a framework to inform the exercise of the new essential functions. The third section proposes a new integrated approach for implementing the EPHFs. The fourth section presents a new list of 11 EPHFs related to each stage of this integrated approach. Finally, in the last section, considerations are put forth to guide EPHF implementation as a means of strengthening the health sector.
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1751-1836, Madison James, Henry John ca 1776-1853, and United States. President (1809-1817 : Madison), eds. Message from the president of the United States, transmitting copies of certain documents obtained from a secret agent of the British government, employed in fomenting disaffection to the constituted authorities, and in bringing about resistance to the laws, and eventually, in concert with a British force, to destroy the union of the United States. Washington: A. & G. Way ..., 1987.
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Hardy, Duncan. Associative Political Culture in the Holy Roman Empire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827252.001.0001.
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What was the Holy Roman Empire in the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries? At the turning point between the medieval and early modern periods, this vast central European polity was the continent’s most politically fragmented. The imperial monarchs were often weak and distant, while an array of regional actors played autonomous political roles. The Empire’s obvious differences from more centralized European kingdoms have stimulated negative judgements and fraught debates, expressed in the historiographical concepts of fractured ‘territorial states’ and a disjointed ‘imperial constitution’. This book challenges these interpretations through a wide-ranging case study of Upper Germany between 1346 and 1521. By examining the interactions of princes, prelates, nobles, and towns comparatively, it demonstrates that a range of actors and authorities shared the same toolkit of rituals, judicial systems, and configurations of government. Crucially, Upper German elites all participated in leagues, alliances, and other treaty-based associations. As frameworks for collective activity, associations were a vital means of enabling and regulating warfare, justice and arbitration, and even lordship and administration. The prevalence of associations encouraged a mentality of ‘horizontal’ membership of political communities, so that even the Empire itself came to be understood and articulated as an extensive and multi-layered association. On the basis of this evidence, the book offers a new and more coherent vision of the Holy Roman Empire as a sprawling community of interdependent elites who interacted within the framework of a shared ‘associative political culture’, which constituted an alternative structure and pathway of political development in pre-modern Europe.
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Hollis, Duncan B. Sources in Interpretation Theories. Edited by Samantha Besson and Jean d’Aspremont. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198745365.003.0021.
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This chapter examines the relationship between international law’s sources and its theories of interpretation. Challenging assumptions that the two concepts are, at best, casual acquaintances, this chapter reveals and explores a much deeper, interdependent relationship. Sources set the nature and scope of international legal interpretation by delineating its appropriate objects. Interpretation, meanwhile, operates existentially to identify what constitutes the sources of international law in the first place. The two concepts thus appear mutually constitutive across a range of doctrines, theories, and authorities. Understanding these ties may offer a more nuanced image of the current international legal order. At the same time, they highlight future instrumental opportunities where efforts to change one concept might become possible via changes to the other. This chapter concludes with calls for further research on whether and how such changes might occur and asks if international lawyers should embrace (or resist) such a mutually constitutive relationship.
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Schwartz, Alex. Public Housing and Vouchers. Edited by Daniel Béland, Kimberly J. Morgan, and Christopher Howard. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838509.013.005.
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Public housing and rental vouchers constitute two distinct forms of housing subsidy in the United States. Public housing, the nation’s oldest housing program for low-income renters provides affordable housing to about 1.2 million households in developments ranging in size from a single unit to multibuilding complexes with hundreds of apartments. The Housing Choice Voucher Program, founded more than 35 years after the start of public housing is now the nation’s largest rental subsidy program. It enables around 2 million low-income households to rent privately owned housing anywhere in the country. Although both programs provide low-income households with “deep” subsidies that ensure they spend no more than 30 percent of their adjusted income on rent, and both are operated by local public housing authorities, they offer distinct advantages and disadvantages. This chapter reviews and compares the two programs, examining their design, evolution, and strengths and weaknesses, including issues of racial segregation and concentrated poverty.
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Ray, Sumantra (Shumone), Sue Fitzpatrick, Rajna Golubic, Susan Fisher, and Sarah Gibbings, eds. Fraud and misconduct. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199608478.003.0025.
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Fraud and misconduct are firstly introduced by clearly defining the meaning of the two words along with what constitutes good data quality and data integrity. Falsification, Fabrication and Plagiarism are discussed. The concept of how regulators view high quality data is described along with the consequences of falsification. The chapter then goes on to present multiple definitions of fraud and misconduct to show similarities and differences between regulatory authorities in the UK and US as compared to other organisations such as the Royal College of Physicians, the Medical Research Council Policy and UK Research Integrity office. Additionally, five landmark and historical cases are presented to demonstrate what constitutes fraud. The General Medical Counsel's role in protecting public safety by ensuring proper medical standards is described along with the UK Research Integrity Office (UKRIO) and the EU Competent Authority roles in conducting investigations of suspected fraud and misconduct cases. The important roles of whistleblowers are described as well as COPE's role in reviewing published medical journal's research. Practical examples are provided to be used for the detection of fraud as well as specific approaches used by the pharmaceutical industry to detect fraudulent data. In the US, databases are available to conduct searches for individuals who have committed fraud such as the Office of Research Integrity (ORI) and the PHS Administration Action Bulletin Board. Additionally, the process for how fraud and misconduct cases are handled in the UK are discussed along with the options available for regulators, such as the MHRA, on sharing information with the public.
Book chapters on the topic "Constituted authorities"
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Prokhorova, Anna. "Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Russian Citizens Abroad." In IMISCOE Research Series, 263–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51237-8_15.
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AbstractRussia’s diaspora policies target a broad category of compatriots including both Russian nationals residing abroad and non-nationals with Soviet background, which are estimated at around 30 million people. Russian nationals abroad constitute about 1/5 of all compatriots residing abroad. Diaspora-related legislation and institutional framework are focused on compatriots living in former Soviet republics, so-called ‘Near Abroad’. Until 2006, diaspora policies addressed primarily cultural and language support of Russian-speaking compatriots abroad. In 2007, to compensate for the natural population decline, Russian authorities launched the State Program for Assisting Compatriots Residing Abroad in Their Voluntary Resettlement in the Russian Federation. Meanwhile, after 2010, the outflow of Russian nationals for permanent residence abroad increased. Between 2011 and 2017, the estimated 2.7 million people left the country to live somewhere beyond former Soviet republics. Russian citizens residing abroad have a right to pension benefits, one family-related benefit, and free access to public health services on the territory of Russia. Russian nationals permanently residing in the so-called ‘Far Abroad’ have been mostly beyond the outreach of the Russian authorities. Legislative initiatives targeting specifically this category of compatriots are rare, and often associated with control mechanisms rather than support measures.
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Aydin, Seda, and Eva Østergaard-Nielsen. "Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Turkish Citizens Abroad." In IMISCOE Research Series, 401–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51237-8_25.
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AbstractIn this chapter, we examine diaspora policies and social protection in Turkey, an EU candidate country with a significantly large emigrant population in the EU. Turkey’s diaspora engagement has taken various forms in line with the domestic and international developments over the decades. From the early 2000s, the Turkish state has adopted an active approach to diaspora policies, in accordance with its assertive neo-Ottomanist foreign policy (Aydin Y, The new Turkish diaspora policy: its aims, their limits and the challenges for associations of people of Turkish origin and decision-makers in Germany (working paper). Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik-SWP-Deutsches Institut für Internationale Politik und Sicherheit, Berlin, 2014; Mencutek ZS, Baser B, J Balkan Near East Stud 20:86–105, 2018). In this period, the Turkish Government has depicted the Turkish diaspora both as a political and economic resource in the transnational policy-making and lobbying procedures, and as a population that needs protection and guidance vis-à-vis host country authorities (Mencutek ZS, Baser B, J Balkan Near East Stud 20:86–105, 2018). This chapter demonstrates that this two-dimensional approach has also been influential in social protection policies addressing Turks abroad. Turkish authorities mostly aim to assist migrants with navigating the welfare system in the receiving countries. This approach is complemented by a strategy of fortifying transnational economic, political and cultural ties with Turks abroad as part of public diplomacy and the attainment of soft power goals. With elements such as child benefits, expansion of the related attaché offices, and educational services for children, family-related benefits constitute the most accentuated social protection policies adopted by the Turkish state. The significance of family in Turkish diaspora social protection policies fits well with the Government’s emphasis on family values as an intrinsic part of its conservative policies.
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Dacar, Rok. "Forcible medical intervention as a violation of Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights." In Selected Aspects of Human Life in Civil and Criminal Law, 185–94. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-473-6.10.
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The European Court of Human Rights has on multiple occasions considered the question of whether an act of forcible medical intervention constituted a violation of Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. It found that it did not if the applicant could not prove he dissented to the medical intervention being carried out, if the act was one of medical necessity or if the medical intervention was necessary for obtaining evidence for use in criminal proceedings. However, national authorities must follow strict rules both in the determination of whether forcible medical intervention will be carried out and in its methods of execution.
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Kling, David W. "Conversion by Coercion." In A History of Christian Conversion, 151–73. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195320923.003.0007.
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As Christian European society expanded geographically and as the Latin Church insisted on its universal rule, the perceived contamination of Christians by “religious aliens” accelerated intolerance by church and state authorities, mobs, and vigilante groups. This chapter examines the forced conversions of Jews and pagans. In four incidents of Jewish conversion, the threat of violence or of some kind of negative consequence (e.g., economic pressure) constituted if not forced conversions then certainly pressure to convert. Jews, however, were only one group, and a relatively small one, targeted for forcible Christian conversion. Throughout the medieval period, thousands of pagans were brought into the Christian fold by forcible means—from Charlemagne’s eighth-century campaign against the Saxons to the Sword Brothers’ thirteenth-century campaigns against the Lithuanians and Estonians.
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Crossley, Stephen. "The evolution of the Troubled Families Programme." In Troublemakers, 63–82. Policy Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447334729.003.0004.
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This chapter considers the evolution of the Troubled Families Programme (TFP) as it has been implemented. Shifts and developments in the first phase are discussed, including the problems of some local authorities in finding troubled families and the subsequent relaxation of the criteria for what constituted a ‘troubled family’ at that stage of the programme. The chapter discusses the changes that happened as a result of the massive expansion of the programme into its second phase, working with 400,000 more families, including new entry criteria for families, new measures of success, and a new Payment by Results (PbR) framework. It also explores the next phase of the programme, announced in April 2017 and with a stronger focus on supporting workless families into employment.
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Bischof, Christopher. "The Job Market." In Teaching Britain, 111–33. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833352.003.0005.
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Chapter five, ‘The Job Market’, maps out the challenges teachers faced in seeking work. They had to navigate a curious mix of paternalistic favouritism and bureaucratic meritocracy, procedural transparency and opaqueness, conservative and more radical ideas about gender on the part of hiring authorities. Most of all, teachers had to make big choices early in their careers: did they want to make personal sacrifices and endure a seemingly endless series of moves to try to secure a well-paying and prestigious position in a large urban school, or did they want to put down roots in a community, even if it meant settling for a less-than-desirable position? Did they want to stay in Britain or venture out to the empire, where they had a much greater chance of securing a well-paying job at a relatively young age? Teachers forged new understandings of what constituted fair and just hiring practices and desirable careers paths as they confronted, discussed, and protested the dilemmas they faced on the job market.
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Justin, Monsenepwo. "Part 2 National and Regional Reports, Part 2.1 Africa: Coordinated by Jan L Neels and Eesa A Fredericks, 12 Democratic Republic of the Congo: Congolese Perspectives on the Hague Principles." In Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198840107.003.0012.
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This chapter highlights Congolese perspectives on the Hague Principles. It first outlines the sources of private international law for international commercial contracts in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Until July of 2016, Articles 8–15 of the Decree of May 4, 1895 (Title II of the Civil Code Book I) constituted the most relevant national source of private international law. As of January of 2019, there is no plan from the Congolese authorities for the adoption of new conflict of laws provisions after the repeal of Title II of the Congolese Civil Code I. If new rules of private international law were developed and adopted, the Hague Principles could theoretically play an important part in providing the Congolese lawmakers with apt rules on choice of law in international commercial contracts. However, since most Congolese lawmakers, judges, and legal advisors do not know the Hague Principles yet, their use for the development of new statutes is practically unlikely. Hence, it is important to widely diffuse the Hague Principles in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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Franklin, Leo M. "The Lure of Peace." In Jewish Preaching in Times of War, 1800 - 2001, 375–86. Liverpool University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764401.003.0022.
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This chapter deals with a sermon by Leo M. Franklin. The occasion for the present address was a period of intense diplomatic activity following a note from the German Imperial Chancellor in 1918 to President Wilson, requesting a general armistice among all belligerents. This led to negotiations for a restoration of peace. Independently, the Austro-Hungarians sent a similar note. Wilson replied by setting the evacuation of enemy forces from all Allied territory as a precondition for any armistice, and seeking unambiguous clarification of whether the Germans accepted the Fourteen Points and whether the Imperial Chancellor was indeed ‘speaking for the constituted authorities of the Empire who have so far conducted the war’. The British and French generally approved of Wilson's response, many interpreting it as having avoided a German ‘peace trap’. Some, however, criticized it as weakening the Allied position; and there was little public support for an armistice on terms short of an unconditional German surrender. The position taken by Franklin in his first Sunday address following the dramatic exchange of diplomatic correspondence was therefore in the mainstream of American public opinion.
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Bozçalı, Fırat. "Money for Life: Border Killings, Compensation Claims and Life-Money Conversions in Turkey’s Kurdish Borderlands." In Turkey's Necropolitical Laboratory, 187–206. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450263.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines the state’s necropolitical management of cross-border mobility and the border killings that border patrols committed in Turkey’s Kurdish borderlands. Based on ethnographic research among Kurdish litigants and human rights lawyers in courtrooms and border villages of Van Province, the chapter examines compensation claims that Kurdish litigants pursued for the border killings at Turkish courts. Although most of the killing cases resulted in criminal impunity and individual perpetrators were often exonerated from criminal liability, compensation claims can still be pursued to hold state authorities financially responsible for the killings. The chapter discusses how Kurdish litigants and their lawyers articulated the state’s financial responsibility as an alternative form of justice-seeking and gave political-symbolic meanings to compensation claims. Examining the ways in which Turkish courts converted the lost lives into money value through factual as well as counterfactual legal, social, economic and biological assumptions, it further documents that the compensation awards often fell short of compensating the lost livelihoods and Kurdish litigants were compelled to engage back in smuggling and face a constant risk of death. The chapter ultimately shows the co-constituted and co-exercised political and economic subjugation of lives and livelihoods in Turkey’s Kurdish borderlands.
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Tuszewicki, Marek. "Biblical and Talmudic Tradition." In A Frog Under the Tongue, 35–54. Liverpool University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764982.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter discusses the treatment of medical matters in the Biblical and Talmudic tradition. It talks about the way in which the holy books, as well as the midrashic, ethical, and kabbalistic literature based on them, influenced curative practices in Jewish society. Among the many customs of Jewish society, there are many examples of instrumental treatment of books. The Bible and Talmud created a system of laws regulating all aspects of a Jew's life, and contained many detailed pronouncements on health-related issues, including physical cleanliness, procedures designed to help maintain physical health, and the correct diet. So many and such varied matters were regulated in various places scattered throughout the extensive treatises and chapters that it seemed impossible to know them all fully. Assistance was at hand in the form of the halakhic codes but the rabbinic authorities of Ashkenaz discouraged study of halakhic matters from sources other than those written in Hebrew as they did not trust translations. The wealth of Bible-related resources grew larger the further one departed from a literal interpretation of words and quotations. The Bible constituted a boundless reservoir of quotes which might be used in conjurations against illnesses or on amulets. These were seen not only as guidance for action, but also as integral elements of sorcery.
Conference papers on the topic "Constituted authorities"
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Nová, Monika. "Majority society and its coexistence with Arab and Muslim neighbors in the city of Teplice." In XXIII. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách / 23rd International Colloquium on Regional Sciences. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9610-2020-54.
Full textAbstract:
Writing this paper, the author wished to define problems that stem from the process of integrating Arab immigrants into the wider contemporary society of Teplice, not least because the city has often been mentioned in Czech media as a place where the foreigners are allegedly ill-adjusted to the local culture. Relying on the methods of qualitative research and on specifically constituted focus groups, we tried to find out what makes the process of integration in the city so troubled. In so doing, we considered the views presented by the representatives of municipal authorities, the non-profit sector and charity & church organizations - all more or less professionally engaged in the subject of our interest. Our results confirmed that Teplice is an illustrative example of the suitable practice.As mentioned in the Conclusion below, the Arab and Muslim societies follow certain rules and try hard to make them understood and tolerated.
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Asnaashari, Ahmad, and Isam Shahrour. "Analysis of Water Mains Failure Frequencies: Artificial Neural Networks Versus Poisson Regression, Case Study — Sanandaj-Iran." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43402.
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This paper includes analysis of water mains failure in Sanandaj city (in Iran) using both the artificial neural networks and the Poisson regression. This issue constitutes a major challenge in Iranian water authorities for its environmental consequences and associated direct and indirect costs such as the lost of purified water and the social impacts. According to 10-years collected data in Sanandaj city, an artificial neural networks model is proposed for the prediction of failure in water mains network; the performances of this model are then compared to the conventional Poisson regression. The input indicators include pipe material, size, age, thickness, length, depth, traffic category, maximum daily pressure and pervious failure events. Analyses show that both the artificial neural networks and the Poisson regression methods can be used for predicting and evolution of the water mains network. However, the former method showed better performances than the latter.
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Krupowicz, Wioleta, and Katarzyna Sobolewska-Mikulska. "Possible Applications of Spatial Analyses in Designing the Agricultural Road Network with Particular Consideration of the Environmental and Landscape Aspects." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.208.
Full textAbstract:
The development of the agricultural road network is a complex activity based on a broad range of criteria necessary to be taken into account during analyses and desk studies. The analyses and design solutions cannot be unilateral, considering only technical and economic aspects. Elements of environmental protection and management of agricultural landscape, as well as solutions in the scope of protection of soils and waters are necessary in this type of design works, and result from solutions accepted for implementation in reference to the rural areas of all Member States of the European Union. Such a multi-aspect process requires the use of tools in an environment which technologically permits the development of multi-variant solutions to a given problem, and selection of a single, most appropriate proposal. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) currently constitute such an environment. Their undeniable advantages include their analytical possibilities which can be formalised in the form of developed models of spatial analyses – creating sets of new, ready to use tools supporting the decision making process in the scope of determination of the optimal course of agricultural roads. Additional advantages are the possibility of integration of data obtained from various sources, and presentation to stakeholders (e.g. residents, farmers, local authorities, entrepreneurs, and investors) of the obtained solutions in the form of maps, almost in real time, as well as possibility of making optimum decisions with their active participation. Easier access to GIS technology and systematically growing level of awareness regarding measurable benefits from the application of this type of solutions should also be emphasised. The article presents examples of spatial analyses allowing for relatively fast obtaining of spatial information necessary for efficient design-related decision making for the purpose of improvement of the system of agricultural roads with particular consideration of environmental and landscape aspects.
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Cnapelinckx, Pierre, and Fanny Castillo. "IDEA: An Integrated Set of Tools for Sustainable Nuclear Decommissioning Projects." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75699.
Full textAbstract:
Projects Decommissioning of nuclear installations constitutes an important challenge and shall prove to the public that the whole nuclear life cycle is fully mastered by the nuclear industry. When ceasing operation, nuclear installations owners and operators are looking for solutions in order to assess and keep decommissioning costs at a reasonable level, to fully characterize waste streams (in particular radiological inventories of difficult-to-measure radionuclides) and to reduce personnel exposure during the decommissioning activities taking into account several project, site and country specific constraints. In response to this need, Tractebel Engineering has developed IDEA (Integrated DEcommissioning Application), an integrated set of computer tools, to support the engineering activities to be carried out in the frame of a decommissioning project. IDEA provides optimized solutions from an economical, environmental, social and safety perspective. IDEA is based on the integration of the following computer tools: LLWAA-DECOM, VISIMODELLER/VISIPLAN and DBS. The LLWAA-DECOM module has been developed for the radiological characterization of contaminated systems and equipment. The module constitutes a specific part of more general software that was originally developed to characterize NPP radioactive waste streams in order to assist the Operators when declaring the radiological inventory of critical nuclides, in particular difficult-to-measure radionuclides, to the Authorities. In the case of LLWAA-DECOM, deposited activities inside contaminated equipment (piping, tanks, heat exchangers ...) and scaling factors between nuclides, at any given time of the decommissioning time schedule, are calculated on the basis of physical characteristics of the systems and of operational parameters of the nuclear power plant. The VISIMODELLER tool, a user friendly CAD interface developed to ease the introduction of lay-out areas in a software named VISIPLAN. VISIPLAN is a 3D dose rate assessment tool for ALARA work planning, developed by the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK•CEN. The DBS computer tool has been developed to manage the different kinds of activities that are part of the general time schedule of a decommissioning project. For each activity, when relevant, algorithms allow to estimate, on the basis of local inputs, radiological exposures of the operators (collective and individual doses), production of primary, secondary and tertiary waste and their characterization, production of conditioned waste, release of effluents, ... and enable the calculation and the presentation (histograms) of the global results for all activities together. Based on design and operating data from the Nuclear Power Plant to be dismantled and on the specificities of the country regarding radioactive waste management and disposal routes, IDEA will enable to prepare and manage a decommissioning project, in a sustainable way, leading to a greenfield or a reuse of the nuclear site after decommissioning of the plant. Moreover thanks to the characterization and definition of the optimal waste treatment and conditioning techniques, IDEA contributes to the long term safe management of the radioactive waste.
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Detilleux, Michel, and Baudouin Centner. "In-House Developed Methodologies and Tools for Decommissioning Projects." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7350.
Full textAbstract:
The paper describes different methodologies and tools developed in-house by Tractebel Engineering to facilitate the engineering works to be carried out especially in the frame of decommissioning projects. Three examples of tools with their corresponding results are presented: - The LLWAA-DECOM code, a software developed for the radiological characterization of contaminated systems and equipment. The code constitutes a specific module of more general software that was originally developed to characterize radioactive waste streams in order to be able to declare the radiological inventory of critical nuclides, in particular difficult-to-measure radionuclides, to the Authorities. In the case of LLWAA-DECOM, deposited activities inside contaminated equipment (piping, tanks, heat exchangers ...) and scaling factors between nuclides, at any given time of the decommissioning time schedule, are calculated on the basis of physical characteristics of the systems and of operational parameters of the nuclear power plant. This methodology was applied to assess decommissioning costs of Belgian NPPs, to characterize the primary system of Trino NPP in Italy, to characterize the equipment of miscellaneous circuits of Ignalina NPP and of Kozloduy unit 1 and, to calculate remaining dose rates around equipment in the frame of the preparation of decommissioning activities; - The VISIMODELLER tool, a user friendly CAD interface developed to ease the introduction of lay-out areas in a software named VISIPLAN. VISIPLAN is a 3D dose rate assessment tool for ALARA work planning, developed by the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK·CEN. Both softwares were used for projects such as the steam generators replacements in Belgian NPPs or the preparation of the decommissioning of units 1&2 of Kozloduy NPP; - The DBS software, a software developed to manage the different kinds of activities that are part of the general time schedule of a decommissioning project. For each activity, when relevant, algorithms allow to estimate, on the basis of local inputs, radiological exposures of the operators (collective and individual doses), production of primary, secondary and tertiary waste and their characterization, production of conditioned waste, release of effluents, ... and enable the calculation and the presentation (histograms) of the global results for all activities together. An example of application in the frame of the Ignalina decommissioning project is given.