Relevant bibliographies by topics / Constitution (1906)

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Academic literature on the topic 'Constitution (1906)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Constitution (1906)"

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Borbor, Dariush. "A Comparative Overview of the Iranian Constitutions of 1906-07 and 1979." Iran and the Caucasus 10, no. 2 (2006): 263–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338406780345943.

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AbstractThe history and the essential and important articles of the constitutional laws of Iran and its immediate neighbours are elucidated and compared. The article includes an analytical comparison of the 1906-07 and 1979 Constitutions of Iran. A brief analytical synoptic overview of world constitutions is also presented in order to obtain a balanced view of the process of constitutionalism and popular suffrage for men and women.In 1979, the Islamic Republic of Iran became the first country in the world to include a declaration for the preservation of the environment in its Constitution.Having compared the 1906-7 Constitution of Iran with a good number of others, it is very evident that the transformation of an autocratic monarchy into a constitutional one was in itself a great leap forward, at a time, when most of the world still lived under dictatorship.In Iran, a number of civil institutions have played their role for a whole century thanks to the 1906-07 Constitution, though far from perfect, nevertheless more or less accepted and functioning. These include a hundred years of direct parliamentary elections, and several years of presidential, municipal and other popular suffrage.The propagation of the 1906-07 Constitutional Movement of Iran has been paramount; it had greatly influenced the awakening of many other peoples of the neighbouring and regional countries. The 1908 re-institution of parliament in the Ottoman Empire, the 1911 Chinese Revolution, and the 1917 Revolution in Tzarist Russia were undoubtedly influenced by the Constitutional Movement of Iran.
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Arjomand, Saïd Amir. "The 1906-07 Iranian Constitution and the Constitutional Debate on Islam." Journal of Persianate Studies 5, no. 2 (2012): 152–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18747167-12341242.

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Abstract After a brief sketch of the historical background, the mutual impact of Islam and constitutionalism is examined by looking closely at the process of constitution-making in the broad context of the constitutional politics of Iran between 1905 and 1911. The modification of modern constitutional concepts under the impact of Shiʿi Islam and through its custodians in the course of the reception of Western constitutionalism in this period is followed by an analysis of the impact of modern political ideas on Islam. The analysis is based on the texts of the Fundamental Law of 1906 and its 1907 Supplement, and on the contemporary tracts for and against constitutionalism from opposite Islamic viewpoints. Our detailed examination of these sources indicates no presumption that a constitution had to be based on Islam. Nor was there any notion of ‘the Islamic state,’ the slogan of the Islamic revolution of 1979. For the constitutionalists and anti-constitutionalist pamphleteers of the first decade of the twentieth century alike, the counterpart to the constitutional government was not the Islamic state but the autocratic monarchy of ‘the king of Islam.’
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Butler, W. "Five Generations of Russian Constitutions: Russia as Part of the Western Legal Heritage." BRICS Law Journal 6, no. 3 (September 14, 2019): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2019-6-3-13-21.

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The paper is devoted to the study of the relationship between the Russian constitutional history and Western legal traditions. The author argues the position according to which the constitutionalism has been a part of Russian legal history for centuries. On one view of Russian legal history, a written constitution remained an aspiration of the Russian people that was only partly realized in 1906. Marxist legal thought contemplated, or predicted, the “withering away of law” after a proletarian Revolution; adopting a constitution seemed counter-intuitive to this projected vector of history. This paper explores in general outline the five generations of the constitutions of Russia (1918, 1925, 1937, 1978, and 1993) and the maturing of a constitutional tradition in Russia which has led from a blueprint for communism to fully-fledged constitutional rule-of-law social State in which the constitution acts as a restraint upon the exercise of State power and performs the role that a constitution routinely performs as part of the western legal heritage. The author concludes the 1993 Russian Constitution is, for the first time, a living document that could be considered as a reaction against the Russian past, the embodiment of Russian experience, and the repository of Russian values and desires for its future.
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Langran, Irene. "The Brunei Constitution of 1959." American Journal of Islam and Society 19, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v19i2.1948.

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For many countries, the twentieth century was characterized by the shift from colonialism to independence. This struggle was contentious and often violent; the resulting governments frequently reflected the tensions between nationalist and colonial influences. In The Brunei Constitution of 1959: An Inside History, B. A. Hussainmiya examines the formation of the framework for the nonviolent and gradual movement toward independence through the negotiations surrounding the 1959 constitution.A historian, Hussainmiya's previous works include his 1995 publication, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III and Britain: The Making of Brunei Darussalam. The Brunei Constitution of 1959 began as a series of articles written for the Borneo Bul letin in 1999. This concise history of the 1959 Constitution is divided into eight chapters. The first two chapters provide background information, while chapters three to seven cover the negotiations between the British colonial government and Brunei's monarchy. In chapter eight, the book ends with the constitution's actual promulgation. Britain's relationship with Brunei began in 1847, when the two coun­tries signed a treaty of peace and friendship. In 1888 Britain established a protectorate over Brunei, which grew to residency rule by 1906. Although the establishment of residency rule in 1906 afforded the British vast and unspecified powers, a role for the Malay monarchy, through the sultan, was preserved and, in some respects, augmented. By designating, at least in the­ory, the sultan as the "absolute sovereign," the British hoped to maintain the perception that Brunei was not a colony. As Hussainmiya notes, the British also increased the sultan's power over local nobles in an effort to increase their own power base ...
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Najafinejad, Alireza, and Masoumeh Rad Goudarzi. "Religious Minorities’ Rights in the Iranian Constitution of 1906 and the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran." Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law 21, no. 2 (December 9, 2020): 298–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718158-21020005.

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Abstract Although Christian, Jewish, and Zoroastrian minorities form less than two per cent of the Iranian population, the recognition of their official rights and the institutionalised legal discrimination against them has been a matter of a long conflict between minority rights activists and Muslim jurists since the Constitutional Revolution in 1905. The major part of this controversy relates to the assumed status of non-Muslims in traditional Shi’a jurisprudence. The present study examines and assesses the recognised status and rights of religious minorities in the two constitutions of 1906 and 1979 and their development. Although, due to the formation of new recitations in Shi’a jurisprudence, some changes have been made in identifying the fundamental rights of religious minorities, the domination of the general spirit of the rulings in Shi’a jurisprudence in the formulation of both constitutions means there is still a long way to go before recognising equal human rights for all.
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Okolotin, Vladimir S., and Svetlana A. Orlova. "THE EXPERIENCE OF CREATING THE INSTITUTION OF CONSTITUTIONAL SUPERVISION IN PRE-REVOLUTIONARY RUSSIA: RESULTS AND LESSONS." Vestnik of Kostroma State University, no. 3 (2020): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2020-26-3-63-67.

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The establishment of the institution of constitutional oversight in Russia has a long history. With the adoption of the «Fundamental State Laws» on April 23, 1906 (the first constitution of Russia), the functions of constitutional supervision were assigned to the First Department of the Governing Senate. In this paper, we examined the key decisions of the Governing Senate as a body of constitutional oversight during the Monarchy after the Coup of June 3, 1907; as well as February Revolution; and October Revolution. Our research has shown that at the said critical moments in Russian history, the First Department of the Senate adopted political decisions that did not comply with the provisions of the «Basic State Laws» on April 23, 1906, and had long-term negative consequences for the history of Russia. This concerned both the publication of the electoral laws of June 3, 1907, and the acts on the abdication of Nicholas II as emperor and on Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich’s refusal of power. In the last ruling, which was held by the Governing Senate on November 23, 1917 as a body of constitutional supervision, the Soviet power was considered to be illegal and criminal. The Senate refused to obey its pending of the convocation of the Constituent Assembly. The decisions of the Governing Senate analysed in the article make it possible to conclude that it is necessary to observe the principle of legality when exercising constitutional supervision.
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Куликов, Сергей Викторович. "An Unexplored Stage in the Creation of the First Russian Constitution: Activities Outside and Inside the Conference of High Officials of the State Chancellery (December 1905 - March 1906)." Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography 6, no. 1 (2013): 35–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22102388-00600005.

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This article examines the role of the State Chancellery in the creation of the Fundamental Laws of 1906. It establishes that the draft of the Fundamental Laws prepared by the chancellery was discussed in March 1906 by the Council of Ministers under the chairmanship of Sergei Iul’evich Witte, and it was discussed again in April 1906 by a Special Convocation under the chairmanship of Emperor Nicholas II. The article draws on new sources to establish the personnel involved in meetings of high-ranking officials within the State Chancellery in January 1906, and to trace their discussions of drafts of the Fundamental Laws prepared by P.A. Kharitonov, A. P. Salomon and Count A. F. Geiden. On the basis of this evidence, the article suggests that debates over the Fundamental Laws intensified the ongoing process of political differentiation within the upper bureaucracy connected with the reforms of 1905 – 1906.
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Afary, Janet. "Peasant Rebellions of the Caspian Region during the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906–1909." International Journal of Middle East Studies 23, no. 2 (May 1991): 137–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800056014.

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Despite a growing literature on peasant movements in the early 20th century, the story of the peasant rebellions of the Caspian region at the time of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1906–11 has been little studied.1 A close look at three sets of materials—the newspapers of the Constitutional Revolution, among them Majlis (1906–1908), Anjuman (1906–1909), Habl al-Matīn (1907–1909), and Sūr-i Isrāfīl (1907–8); British diplomatic reports; and several regional studies and memoirs of the period—reveal that, during the First Constitutional Period of 1906–1908, a number of strikes and sit-ins were carried out by the peasants, often with the support of craftsmen and workers, who had initiated trade union activity. Such revolts were considerably more sustained and prominent in the northern areas of Gilan and Azerbayjan, which were directly influenced by the flow of radical ideas from the Russian Caucasus; they also benefited from a long history of social struggle among the craftsmen and small shopkeepers (pīshahvarāns), who maintained their guilds, and a tradition of alliances among the craftsmen, the urban poor, and the poor peasants.2
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Ильин, Андрей, and Andrey Ilin. "The constitutional startup of Russia in the global constitutionalization context." Comparative Research In Law and Politics 1, no. 2 (November 1, 2013): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1933.

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The process of the global constitutianalization has been started by the European civilization (English constitutional acts of the second half of the 17th century). Maturation of the constitutionalism is a part of the social development during the industrial period. The constitution in its classical form should be free of any social estates influence and political inequality. The constitutianalization of Europe in the rough was completed by the end of the 20th century. Russia became a nominal constitution as one of the last great European powers. To make an objective analysis, we should compare Russia with equal intercontinental countries: the European Powers with their colonies. All of these states never had an all-national constitutional act. Thus the Russian “Fundamental laws” from the 23th of April 1906 were at the level of the most big countries having a European metropolis, moreover they surpassed them, because the written fundamental law was an empire-wide act, however, their proper constitutional provisions did not apply to all the patrials. The constitutional component of the Russian fundamental law corresponded the baseline of European constitutionalism of the turn of the 19th–20th centuries: a dualistic monarchy.
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Mirabian Tabar, Mehdi. "Divine vs. Human Law: The Quarrel between the Anti- and Pro-Constitutionalist Jurists in Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1906." Religions 12, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12080630.

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This study investigated the quarrel between the pro-and anti-constitutionalist jurists following the establishment of the first National Consultative Assembly (Majlis) in Iran and the drafting of the first constitution in 1906. A group of shi῾ite jurists launched an attack on Majlis, in addition to the ideas of human legislation, freedom, and equality, by considering the Islamic Sharī῾a law to be a set of perfect and impeccable laws. In response to these oppositions, the pro-constitutional jurists argued in favor of the constitutional movement. In this paper, it is argued that the quarrel could be considered as evidence for the perennial tension between the divine and human law in Islam. It appears that examining this conflict may shed light on incidents shaping the history of contemporary Iran.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Constitution (1906)"

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Shafiei-Nasab, Djafar. "Les mouvements révolutionnaires et la constitution de 1906 en Iran." Lyon 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO20050.

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A la suite de la grève générale d'août 1906, à laquelle participèrent les couches les plus étendues de la société urbaine, dont les commerçants, les marchands et les artisans, Muzaffar-al-Din Shah octroya une constitution. L'établissement de celle-ci résultait d'une longue lutte commencée au milieu du 19e siècle; lutte menée tantôt sous forme d'un mouvement politico-religieux (le mouvement des babis), tantôt sous celle d'un mouvement anticolonialistes et anti-absolutiste (le mouvement contre la Régie des tabacs). A l'organisation de ce combat, mené dans un but précis, prirent part des intellectuels songeant depuis un siècle à changer les structures politiques. Pour réaliser cet objectif, ils engagèrent une lutte d'un demi-siècle dont les modalités furent fonction de la nature des autorités constituées. L'avènement du régime constitutionnel en aout 1906 fut l'aboutissement de ce combat et la concrétisation des objectifs politiques. Mais les revendications principales des couches moyennes de la société urbaine, et plus tard de la société rurale, étant la réalisation d'objectifs sociaux et économiques, le combat politique se poursuivit. En réalité, cet engagement pour l'établissement de la démocratie revêtit parfois le caractère d'une résistance armée. Parallèlement, nous voyons se modifier les rapports de force entre les constitutionnalistes au sein du parlement et hors de celui-ci. La lutte des classes paysanne et ouvrière pour obtenir les garanties économiques nécessaires a l'évolution de la révolution, provoqua le retrait d'une partie des partisans de la constitution (classe bourgeoise féodale) qui ne songeaient qu'à limiter le pouvoir du Shah et à s'assurer des privilèges économiques. Le combat pour la justice sociale suscita la peur de la classe possédante et des puissances colonialistes, conduisant celles-ci à signer l'accord de 1907. Cet accord, en renforçant la condition psychologique des antirévolutionnaires, leur donna les moyens de combattre la révolution. Ainsi nous assistons, en juin 1908, au retour de l'ancien régime
Following the general strike in august 1906, in which wide sections of the population, businessmen, traders, and craftsmen included, participated; Muzaffar-al-Din Shah established a constitution. This was the result of a long battle that had started in the middle of the 19th century, a battle which sometimes took the form of a politico-religious movement and at other times that of an anti-colonialist and antiabsolutist movement. The intellectuals who had been dreaming of changing the country's political structures for a century took part in this battle, characterized by its clear goals. In order to reach their goal they instigated a battle that lasted for half a century and the modalities of which reflected the nature of the ruling authorities. In august 1906, this battle ended in the assumption of power by the constitutional regime and in a crystallization of their political goals. But the political struggle towards the realization of the social and economic objectives continued. These objectives were initially included in the main demands of the urban middle class and later in those of the rural middle class. In reality, the efforts to establish a democracy sometimes resembled armed resistance. At the same time a shift in the relations of power among the constitutionalist groups - both inside and outside
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Shafiei-Nasab, Djafar. "Les mouvements révolutionnaires et la constitution de 1906 en Iran /." Berlin : K. Schwarz, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb355257443.

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Soltani, Seyed Nasser. "La notion de constitution dans l'oeuvre de l'assemblée constituante iranienne de 1906." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32010/document.

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En 1906 le royaume de Perse connut une révolution constitutionnelle qui lui a donné la première constitution écrite du pays. Durant les années où la révolution se prépare, la société civile ouvre un grand champ d’émergence des concepts modernes du droit public. L’œuvre de l’assemblée constituante de 1906, qui a donné naissance à la constitution et à son complément, en est un exemple par excellence. Dans cette thèse nous allons procéder à l’exploitation de l’œuvre de l’assemblée constituante pour y suivre la genèse et l’évolution des concepts de droit public. Nous allons chercher à travers les concepts principaux du droit public - représentation, égalité civique et égalité devant la loi - la conception qu'avaient les constituants de la Constitution. Nous allons aussi observer la notion de constitution à certains moments décisifs de la révolution, où par exemple les révolutionnaires appelleront le roi au serment pour protéger la constitution. Dans cette thèse nous assisterons aussi à un processus qui par le biais de la redéfinition des anciens concepts de droit public, fait naître les concepts modernes du droit public. Cette thèse en se référant à l’histoire constitutionnelle du pays vise à relever un défi du droit constitutionnel d’aujourd’hui en Iran. Un droit constitutionnel qui, dès sa naissance, ne prend pas au sérieux l’histoire de la discipline. Par cette thèse nous voulons mettre en valeur l’importance et la nécessité des études historiques dans l’enseignement ainsi que dans l’étude du droit constitutionnel
In 1906 the Persian Kingdom witnessed a constitutional revolution which gave it its first written constitution. In the early years of the revolution, civil society opened a great field for the emergence of modern concepts of public law. The work of the Constituent Assembly of 1906, which gave birth to the Constitution and its Supplement, is a unique illustration of this. The present thesis proceeds to explain the work of the Constituent Assembly in order to follow the genesis and evolution of the principles of public law in Iran. Referring to the principal concepts of public law - representation, civic equality and equality before the law - we will attempt to find the particular conception that the constituents of the Constitution had of these concepts. We also explore the notion of constitution at certain key moments of the revolution, where, for example, the revolutionaries called the King to give oath for the safeguard of the Constitution. Further, the thesis explains the process by which modern concepts of public law were given birth through a redefinition of ancient concepts. By referring to constitutional history, the present study aims to expose the challenges to constitutional law in Iran today, a constitutional law which has failed to seriously account for the history of the discipline. The present study therefore aims to show the importance of, and need for, historical studies in the teaching and study of constitutional law in Iran
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Soltanian, Aboutaleb. "Les Causes de l'échec de la révolution constitutionnelle de 1906 en Iran." Strasbourg 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR20013.

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Cette recherche, concernant "les causes de l'échec de la révolution constitutionnelle de 1906 en Iran" se divise en deux parties et en dix chapîtres. Dans la première partie, nous avons d'abord montré la faiblesse des fondements de la révolution, puis le rôle de la conduite et des courants politiques dans l'échec de la première constitution (1906-1908). Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons poursuivi le processus de l'échec de la révolution en étudiant les imperfections des lois constitutionnelles. . .
This study, concerning "the causes of the failure of the Iranian constitutional revolution of 1906" is divided into two parts and ten chapters. In the first part, we have sought to illustrate the weaknesses in the foundations of the revolution and the role played by the leaders and the political currents in the failure of the first constitution (1906-1908). In the second part, we have followed the process culminating in the failure of the revolution by studying the imperfections of the constitutional lows. .
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Paknia, Mahboubeh. "Contribution à une étude des causes de l' échec de la Révolution constitutionnelle iranienne, 1906-1925." Toulouse 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOU10075.

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La Révolution constitutionnelle iranienne de 1906 est toujours centrale dans la vie et la conscience politique des Iraniens. Première manifestation de l' éveil des peuples du Moyen Orient à la démocratie et de leur rejet de ce que l' on a coutume d' appeler en Europe un régime despotique, ce qui en fait un phénomène tout à fait remarquable et demande une explication élaborée, elle s' est terminée sur un échec après des péripéties qui ont duré une vingtaine d' années durant lesquelles l' Iran a connu les interventions et pressions des puissances impérialistes ( Grande-Bretagne et Russie tsariste), la Première Guerre mondiale et l' invasion de plusieurs armées étrangères, le terrorisme, le séparatisme et l' insécurité à l' intérieur
Iran' s Constitutional Revolution of 1906 plays an important role in the political life and conscience of Iran. One of the first manifestations of democracy among the Middle-Eastern nations, as well as the first oppearence of historical wake up, in Middle-East, after 20 years of adventure (1906-1925), ended with a hard failure. Rejecting what is costumed to be called in Europe, "despotic regime" - which is infact, perfectly a remarkable phenomenon, asking for another elaborated explication - "Perse" has involved in and experienced several crises, such as external interventions and pressures, especially two imperialist superpowers in its neighborhood (Great Britain and Tsarian Russia); World War I and invasion of several foreign armies; terrorism; separatism, as well as internal instability
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Callon, Jean-Éric. "André Philip et la constitution de 1946." Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX32001.

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Andre philip (1902-1970)- economiste, homme politique, socialiste et protestant - est entre en resistance des le 10 juillet 1940. Fondateur de groupes et reflexions en zone occupee, il part pour londres et juillet 1942 a la demande du general de gaulle afin de diriger le commissariat a l'interieur. Il synthetise alors l'ensemble des nombreux projets constitutionnels de la resistance et met en place les structures necessaires au retablissment de la legalite constitutionnelle, notamment l'assemblee consultative provisoire d'alger, de retour en france, il preside les commissions de la constitution des deux assemblees nationales constituantes elues en octobre 1945 et en juin 1946. Son projet precurseur, tendant, entre autre, a la rationalisation du regime parlementaire et a l'instauration d'un controle de constitutionnalite des lois, n'est que partiellement adopte par la constitution de 1946. Plus que le pere de la constituation de 1946, andre philip est en realite celui de la constitution du 4 octobre 1958
Andre philip (1902-1970). French economist, statesman, socialist and protestant, became a resistant as far back as the 10th of july 1940. He founded groups of reflexions in the occupied area and went to london in july 1942, at general de gaulle's request to managed the home minister. Then, he synthetized whole of the constitutional plans of the resistance and established the structures required for the restoriation of the constitutional legality, especially the interim advisory assembly of algiers. When he came back to franc, he presided at the constitutional commissions of the two constitutional national assembly. His precursor plan, tending to the rationalization of the parliamentary government and the setting up of a constitutional control of law, was only partly adopted byu the 1946 constitution. More tha n the father of the 1946 constitution, andre philip was the on who inspired the 1958 constitution
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Antoun, Adib. "Constitution et esprit politique libanais : (constitution de 1926)." Paris 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA010620.

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Constitution et esprit politique libanais - constitution de 1926", thèse ordonnée par mon souci de faire valoir la vérité scientifique y afférant, vérité tenue à l'écart de ce qui est de l'ordre herméneutique et poétique, s'appuyant sur les faits et les hypothèses susceptibles de démonstration rationnelle. L'être de la vérité scientifique qui n'est ni chronique ni utopique est en interaction indéfectible avec l'histoire. Dans ce propos, la vérité scientifique est double: vérité mathématique relative aux sciences dites exactes et vérité philosophique, propre au domaine des sciences humaines, étant donné que la question philosophique est en perpétuel devenir. Des lors, mon option pour le respect de l'identité politique libanaise indépendante, pour l'abrogation de la constitution de 1926 toujours en vigueur et pour la réorganisation de la vie politique au Liban, est l'aboutissement logique et naturel de la nécessite d'observer une harmonie authentique entre la situation réelle et l'aspect légal de l'état. La crise au Liban, alimentée par des incohérences locales, est également ordonnée par des interférences extérieures; j'ajouterai que ce dernier facteur qui a projeté de prime abord l'éclatement des différences libanaises, présuppose comme but à atteindre, l'anéantissement de la valeur humaine que représente le Liban. L'humanité qui, actuellement, ressent la honte des génocides antérieurs, la ressentira ultérieurement du génocide libanais d'aujourd'hui
Lebanese constitution and its political spirit", thesis planned out in my anxiety to bring forth scientific truth pertaining thereto; truth, discarded from all that belongs to either hermeneutics or poetics, merely supported by facts and hypothesis susceptible of rational, conclusive proofs - within scientific truth that is nei- ther uchronic nor utopist, its essence is indefectibly interacted with history. Double is the meaning of "scientific truth" in connection with this subject : mathematical truth relevant from the so-called exact sciences, and philosophical truth belonging to the social sciences realm, since philosophy is in a constant state of development. So, my option for the recognition of the independant, political lebanese identity, for the abrogation of the 1926 constitution - still in force - and for the re-organi- sation of lebanon political life is, therefore, the logical and normal conclusion surged out of the necessity to accept an authentical harmony between a realistic situation and the legal aspect of the state. - the lebanese crisis, fed by local incoherency is, at the same time, manipulated by foreign interferences. I must add that, from the very start, this foreing handling of lebanese divergences, rapidly brought them to explosion, confirming, doubtlessly, that the annihilation of all of lebanon human value was the very aim to be attained. Humanity who, at present, is so deeply ashamed of past genocides will, later, feel its shame
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Almeida, Rodrigo Moreira de. "O problema da constituição da liberdade em Hannah Arendt." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2012. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/2129.

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This dissertation approaches what is called the problem of the constitution of freedom in Hannah Arendt s political thought. Such problem presents itself in the form of a tension between the concern to think upon, on one hand, the action, power, and political freedom that are coeval, as spontaneous, indeterminate, innovative and possessing an extraordinary dimension; and, on the other hand, the necessary stability and delimitation of a political body based on normative elements, such as laws, institutions, constitutions, and an instance of authority and legitimacy that ensure some continuity to the public sector on the potential arbitrariness and limitlessness that freedom brings with it. This problem is articulated through the definition and specification, in the work of Arendt, of the relationship, apparently paradoxical, between the concepts of power, action and freedom, on the one hand, and on the other, the notions of law, constitution and authority. The issues raised are: 1. How does Arendt reconcile and balance the unpredictability, spontaneous and uncertain character of her concept of action with stabilizing and limiting aspects of the notions of law and constitution? 2. What elements of her theory help to think of normative principles of authority and legitimacy in the secular context? 3. And finally, how is it possible to think on lines of continuity between the constituent/founder dimension of power, which is essentially indeterminate and extraordinary, and constituted power? The hypotheses proposed are: 1 Arendt seeks a republican conception of law, strongly inspired by the Roman lex, which further emphasizes the directive-relational dimensions of the law than the mandatory and coercive idea. The author highlights the importance that the law and institutions are the result of the political and plural action of people, and that they are also linked to it, and that they are not imposed by a superior and autonomous legal rationality. She seeks, therefore, to overcome the traditional dichotomy between law and freedom by indicating a complementarity and interdependence between the constituent and constituted spheres. 2 The author constitutes elements to think on a new concept of authority, without resorting to transcendent and absolute elements as a normative source of legitimacy for secular republics, on one hand, in her theory of promises based on commitments and mutual guarantees that people establish with each other, and, on the other hand, on the complementary notion of immanent principles of action to the constituting act shared by a people, such as freedom, equality, and plurality, which could be incorporated into the constitutional document because they have a normative value sanctioned by people themselves. 3 - Finally, it is noted that Arendt seeks a republican notion of constitution, largely inspired by the American constitutionalism and by the federated republic model, the form of government that most fit to welcome and constitute public liberty.
A presente dissertação aborda o que denominamos o problema da constituição da liberdade no pensamento político de Hannah Arendt. Tal problema apresenta-se sob a forma de uma tensão entre a preocupação de se pensar, por um lado, a ação  e o poder e a liberdade política que lhe são coevas  como espontânea, indeterminada, inovadora e possuidora de uma dimensão extraordinária, e, por outro, a necessária estabilidade e delimitação de um corpo político baseado em elementos normativos, como leis, instituições, constituições e uma instância de autoridade e legitimidade que garantam alguma continuidade ao âmbito público diante da potencial arbitrariedade e ilimitabilidade que a liberdade traz em si. Articulamos tal problemática a partir da delimitação e especificação, na obra de Arendt, da relação, aparentemente paradoxal, entre os conceitos de poder, ação e liberdade, de um lado, e, de outro, as noções de lei, constituição e autoridade. As questões levantadas são: 1. Como Arendt concilia e equilibra o caráter imprevisível, espontâneo e indeterminado do seu conceito de ação com os aspectos estabilizadores e limitadores das noções de lei e constituição? 2. Que elementos de sua teoria contribuem para pensarmos princípios normativos de autoridade e legitimidade no contexto secular? 3. E, finalmente, como pensar linhas de continuidade entre a dimensão constituinte/fundadora do poder, que é, por essência, extraordinária e indeterminada, e o poder constituído? As hipóteses defendidas são: 1 Arendt busca um conceito republicano de lei, fortemente inspirado na lex romana, que enfatiza mais as dimensões relacional-diretiva da lei do que a ideia imperativa e coerciva. A autora destaca a importância de a lei, e as instituições, ser fruto da ação política plural do povo e continuar vinculada a essa ação plural, e não ser imposta por uma racionalidade jurídica superior e autônoma. Ela busca, assim, superar a tradicional dicotomia entre lei e liberdade, indicando uma complementariedade e uma interdependência entre as esferas constituinte e constituída. 2 A autora vislumbra elementos para pensar um novo conceito de autoridade, sem recorrer a elementos transcendentes e absolutos, como fonte normativa de legitimidade para as repúblicas seculares, por um lado, em sua teoria das promessas, baseada nos compromissos e garantias mútuas que o povo estabelece entre si e, por outro lado, na noção complementar de princípios de ação imanentes ao ato constituinte, compartilhados por um povo, como a liberdade, a igualdade e a pluralidade, que poderiam ser incorporados do documento constitucional por possuir um valor normativo sancionado pelo próprio povo. 3 - Por último, indicamos que Arendt busca numa noção republicana de constituição, amplamente inspirada no constitucionalismo americano e na forma da república federada, a forma de governo mais apta a acolher e a constituir a liberdade pública.
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Ahmed, Yakoob. "The role of the Ottoman Sunni Ulema during the constitutional revolution of 1908-1909/1326-1327 and the Ottoman constitutional debates." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2018. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/30315/.

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Ott, Herta Luise. "La constitution du sujet chez Ingeborg Bachmann et Marguerite Duras." Paris 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA03A003.

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Books on the topic "Constitution (1906)"

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Evoking H. M. Seervai: Jurist and authority on the Indian constitution, 1906-1966. Mumbai: Feroza H. Seervai, 2005.

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Shafiei-Nasab, Djafar. Les mouvements révolutionnaires et la Constitution de 1906 en Iran. Berlin: K. Schwarz, 1991.

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Association des zouaves de Montréal. Constitution et règlements de l'Association des zouaves de Montréal: Fondée le 15 janvier 1906. [Montréal?: s.n.], 1995.

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Barbados. The Barbados Independence Order 1966: Made 22 November 1966, laid before Parliament 22nd November 1966, coming into operation 30th November 1966, with schedule to the order as amended by Act 1974-34, 1st February 1975. [Bridgetown, Barbados?: s.n., 1990.

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Barbados. Orden real de la independencia de Barbados de 1966 (Constitución). Washington, D.C: Unión Panamericana, 2002.

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India. Bhārata kā Saṃvidhāna (1 Juna, 1996 ko yāthavidyamāna) =: The Constitution of India (as on the 1st June 1996). 4th ed. Dillī: Prakāśana-Niyantraka, Bhārata Sarakāra, 1996.

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India. The Constitution of India (as on the 1st April 1986) =: Bhārata kā Saṃvidhāna (1 Apraila 1986 ko yathāvidyamāna). Dillī: Prakāśana-Niyantraka, Bhārata Sarakāra, 1986.

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Africa, South. Die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, 1996. 4th ed. Claremont [South Africa]: Juta Law, 2014.

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Holt, Wythe. Virginia's Constitutional Convention of 1901-1902. New York: Garland Pub., 1990.

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Portugal. Constituição da República Portuguesa: [30 anos : 1976-2006]. 2nd ed. Lisboa: Ediçoes Avante, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Constitution (1906)"

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Służalec, Andrzej. "Constitutive Equations." In Introduction to Nonlinear Thermomechanics, 152–56. London: Springer London, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1906-7_16.

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Dodd, Clement. "Constitutional Breakdown 1960–1964." In The History and Politics of the Cyprus Conflict, 41–66. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230275287_3.

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Reeh, Niels. "Constitutional Monarchy: 1849–1901." In Boundaries of Religious Freedom: Regulating Religion in Diverse Societies, 111–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39608-8_7.

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Lewis, Bridget. "Constitutional Environmental Rights." In Environmental Human Rights and Climate Change, 41–58. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1960-0_3.

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Boozari, Amirhassan. "The 1905 Constitutional Revolution: Shi’i Jurisprudence and Constitutionalism." In Shi'i Jurisprudence and Constitution, 45–98. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118461_4.

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Mckean, Robert B. "The Constitutional Monarchy in Russia, 1906–17." In Regime and Society in Twentieth-Century Russia, 44–67. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27185-6_4.

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Służalec, Andrzej. "Constitutive Equations for Thermo-Elasto-Plastic and Creep Analysis." In Introduction to Nonlinear Thermomechanics, 134. London: Springer London, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1906-7_13.

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Powell, David. "The Constitutional Crisis, 1909–11." In The Edwardian Crisis, 39–67. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24895-7_3.

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Dlamini, Hlengiwe Portia. "The 1968 Westminster Constitution, the 1972 General Election, and Serious Challenges Confronting Constitutional Monarchism." In A Constitutional History of the Kingdom of Eswatini (Swaziland), 1960–1982, 237–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24777-5_6.

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Salem, Norma. "The Constitution of 1960 and its Failure." In Cyprus, 117–25. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12781-8_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Constitution (1906)"

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Yuan, Zhenyu, Wenwen Zhao, Zhongzheng Jiang, and Weifang Chen. "The application and verification of modified nonlinear coupled constitutive relations model." In AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-1906.

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Qaui, Bouhania, and Latrish Ismaiel. "Political Governance in the Light of the Constitutional Amendment in Algeria and the Mechanisms of Political Reform (Organizing Powers as a Model)." In REFORM AND POLITICAL CHANGE. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdiconfrpc.pp13-25.

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Since the transformation of the Algerian political system in 1989, the principle of separation of powers has emerged strongly in political life, as an inevitable alternative to what prevailed in the past from the consolidation of power under the one-party system, and with the fading of manifestations of enshrining the principle in the 1996 Constitution and the subsequent amendments that contributed to Strengthening presidential dominance of power, which resulted in a clear imbalance between powers, which called for the intervention of the Algerian constitutional founder in order to introduce new reforms in line with the urgent popular demands aimed at sending promising political reforms that guarantee good political governance, especially with regard to orga…
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Deenadayalu, Chaitanya, Aditi Chattopadhyay, and Xu Zhou. "Constitutive Modelling of Progressive Damage in Composite Laminates." In 46th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2005-1908.

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Akimova, Victoria. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL REGULATION OF CITIZENS' RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF THE USSR OF 1936 AND THE CONSTITUTION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION OF 1993." In Current problems of jurisprudence. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02032-6/012-020.

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The evolution of legislative thought, the study of the stages of development of the USSR, and later Russia, is impossible without knowing the stages of evolution of legislative thought in the past. It is necessary to understand what tremendous work was done to create and adopt the Constitution of 1993. The purpose of this article was to highlight the common features and differences between the norms of the Constitution of the USSR in 1936 and the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993.
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Hom, Craig L., Steven A. Brown, and Natarajan Shankar. "Constitutive and failure models for relaxor ferroelectric ceramics." In 1996 Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, edited by Vasundara V. Varadan and Jagdish Chandra. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.240810.

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Lagoudas, Dimitris C., Zhonghe Bo, and Abhijit Bhattacharyya. "Thermodynamic constitutive model for gradual phase transformation of SMA materials." In 1996 Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, edited by Vasundara V. Varadan and Jagdish Chandra. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.240824.

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Janosik, Lesley A., and Stephen F. Duffy. "A Viscoplastic Constitutive Theory for Monolithic Ceramics: I." In ASME 1996 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-gt-368.

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This paper, which is the first of two in a series, provides an overview of a viscoplastic constitutive model that accounts for time-dependent material deformation (e.g., creep, stress relaxation, etc.) in monolithic ceramics. Using continuum principles of engineering mechanics the complete theory is derived from a scalar dissipative potential function first proposed by Robinson (1978), and later utilized by Duffy (1988). Derivations based on a flow potential function provide an assurance that the inelastic boundary value problem is well posed, and solutions obtained are unique. The specific formulation used here for the threshold function (a component of the flow potential function) was originally proposed by Willam and Warnke (1975) in order to formulate constitutive equations for time-independent classical plasticity behavior observed in cement and unreinforced concrete. Here constitutive equations formulated for the flow law (strain rate) and evolutionary law employ stress invariants to define the functional dependence on the Cauchy stress and a tensorial state variable. This particular formulation of the viscoplastic model exhibits a sensitivity to hydrostatic stress, and allows different behavior in tension and compression.
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Kwon, Jiwoon, and Ghatu Subhash. "Quasistatic and Dynamic Compressive Behavior of Gelatin." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19406.

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Gelatin has been extensively used as a tissue stimulant. Determination of properties and tits constitutive behavior is crucial to successful use of gelatin in these applications. In this study, ballistic gelatin was used because the recipe to prepare the gelatin and its quasi-static strength (250 bloom) of this particular type of gelatin is well known [1]. Although the study for high rate deformation is important to understand the damage from blast impact, majority of the currently available material property data is in quasi-static range [2,3]. Generally, polymeric materials (including human tissue) exhibit highly rate sensitive response [4]. Therefore, the understanding of the constitutive behavior for these materials at high rate loading is essential. This study will provide the rate sensitivity of gelatin by comparing the response under quasi-static and dynamic loading. In order to investigate the dynamic behavior of gelatin, the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) was used in this study. Because use of a solid metallic bar to test such soft materials does not provide an adequate transmitted signal, a polymer split Hopkinson pressure bar (PSHPB) was used to reduce the impedance mismatch between bar and soft gelatin specimen. The nature of dispersion and attenuation was corrected using an iterative scheme developed earlier [5].
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Khan, M. S. A., and T. W. Clyne. "Microstructure and Abrasion Resistance of Plasma Sprayed Cermet Coatings." In ITSC 1996, edited by C. C. Berndt. ASM International, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1996p0113.

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Abstract Cermet (WC-Co) coatings have been produced on steel substrates by plasma spraying in vacuum and in air. These have been examined microstructurally and characterised in terms of porosity content, stiffness, microhardness and abrasion resistance. Particular attention has been paid to the phase constitution, as revealed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. High precision densitometry has been used to study porosity levels. Coatings with three different metal contents (9, 12 and 17wt.%Co) have been examined. There is a strong tendency for chemical reactions to occur within the plasma plume, particularly for spraying in air. These reactions can result in the formation of various carbides and even of metallic tungsten. Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the reactions involved are briefly examined. Such reactions are strongly promoted by the presence of oxygen, and are much less marked during vacuum plasma spraying. Plasma power and substrate temperature have secondary effects on the degree of reaction which occurs. A marked correlation was observed between degree of reaction and resistance to abrasive wear. This is consistent with the reaction products being brittle and causing poor interfacial cohesion. It was also found that wear resistance was greater for the coatings with lower metal contents. This behaviour can be attributed to the wear occurring predominantly by ploughing of the metallic phase and consequent release of ceramic particles. This occurred more readily when the metal content was higher. In coatings which had undergone pronounced chemical reaction, however, metal had been replaced by reaction products which conferred poor cohesive strength, leading to poor wear resistance.
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YEŞİLBURSA, Behçet Kemal. "THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN TURKEY (1908-1980)." In 9. Uluslararası Atatürk Kongresi. Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51824/978-975-17-4794-5.08.

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Political parties started to be established in Turkey in the second half of the 19th century with the formation of societies aiming at the reform of the Ottoman Empire. They reaped the fruits of their labour in 1908 when the Young Turk Revolution replaced the Sultan with the Committee of Union and Progress, which disbanded itself on the defeat of the Empire in 1918. Following the proclamation of the Republic in 1923, new parties started to be formed, but experiments with a multi-party system were soon abandoned in favour of a one-party system. From 1930 until the end of the Second World War, the People’s Republican Party (PRP) was the only political party. It was not until after the Second World War that Turkey reverted to a multiparty system. The most significant new parties were the Democrat Party (DP), formed on 7 January 1946, and the Nation Party (NP) formed on 20 July 1948, after a spilt in the DP. However, as a result of the coup of 27 May 1960, the military Government, the Committee of National Union (CNU), declared its intentions of seizing power, restoring rights and privileges infringed by the Democrats, and drawing up a new Constitution, to be brought into being by a free election. In January 1961, the CNU relaxed its initial ban on all political activities, and within a month eleven new parties were formed, in addition to the already established parties. The most important of the new parties were the Justice Party (JP) and New Turkey Party (NTP), which competed with each other for the DP’s electoral support. In the general election of October 1961, the PRP’s failure to win an absolute majority resulted in four coalition Governments, until the elections in October 1965. The General Election of October 1965 returned the JP to power with a clear, overall majority. The poor performance of almost all the minor parties led to the virtual establishment of a two-party system. Neither the JP nor the PRP were, however, completely united. With the General Election of October 1969, the JP was returned to office, although with a reduced share of the vote. The position of the minor parties declined still further. Demirel resigned on 12 March 1971 after receiving a memorandum from the Armed Forces Commanders threatening to take direct control of the country. Thus, an “above-party” Government was formed to restore law and order and carry out reforms in keeping with the policies and ideals of Atatürk. In March 1973, the “above-party” Melen Government resigned, partly because Parliament rejected the military candidate, General Gürler, whom it had supported in the Presidential Elections of March-April 1973. This rejection represented the determination of Parliament not to accept the dictates of the Armed Forces. On 15 April, a new “above party” government was formed by Naim Talu. The fundamental dilemma of Turkish politics was that democracy impeded reform. The democratic process tended to return conservative parties (such as the Democrat and Justice Parties) to power, with the support of the traditional Islamic sectors of Turkish society, which in turn resulted in the frustration of the demands for reform of a powerful minority, including the intellectuals, the Armed Forces and the newly purged PRP. In the last half of the 20th century, this conflict resulted in two periods of military intervention, two direct and one indirect, to secure reform and to quell the disorder resulting from the lack of it. This paper examines the historical development of the Turkish party system, and the factors which have contributed to breakdowns in multiparty democracy.
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Reports on the topic "Constitution (1906)"

1

Hendricks, Kasey. Data for Alabama Taxation and Changing Discourse from Reconstruction to Redemption. University of Tennessee, Knoxville Libraries, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7290/wdyvftwo4u.

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At their most basic level taxes carry, in the words of Schumpeter ([1918] 1991), “the thunder of history” (p. 101). They say something about the ever-changing structures of social, economic, and political life. Taxes offer a blueprint, in both symbolic and concrete terms, for uncovering the most fundamental arrangements in society – stratification included. The historical retellings captured within these data highlight the politics of taxation in Alabama from 1856 to 1901, including conflicts over whom money is expended upon as well as struggles over who carries their fair share of the tax burden. The selected timeline overlaps with the formation of five of six constitutions adopted in the State of Alabama, including 1861, 1865, 1868, 1875, and 1901. Having these years as the focal point makes for an especially meaningful case study, given how much these constitutional formations made the state a site for much political debate. These data contain 5,121 pages of periodicals from newspapers throughout the state, including: Alabama Sentinel, Alabama State Intelligencer, Alabama State Journal, Athens Herald, Daily Alabama Journal, Daily Confederation, Elyton Herald, Mobile Daily Tribune, Mobile Tribune, Mobile Weekly Tribune, Morning Herald, Nationalist, New Era, Observer, Tuscaloosa Observer, Tuskegee News, Universalist Herald, and Wilcox News and Pacificator. The contemporary relevance of these historical debates manifests in Alabama’s current constitution which was adopted in 1901. This constitution departs from well-established conventions of treating the document as a legal framework that specifies a general role of governance but is firm enough to protect the civil rights and liberties of the population. Instead, it stands more as a legislative document, or procedural straightjacket, that preempts through statutory material what regulatory action is possible by the state. These barriers included a refusal to establish a state board of education and enact a tax structure for local education in addition to debt and tax limitations that constrained government capacity more broadly. Prohibitive features like these are among the reasons that, by 2020, the 1901 Constitution has been amended nearly 1,000 times since its adoption. However, similar procedural barriers have been duplicated across the U.S. since (e.g., California’s Proposition 13 of 1978). Reference: Schumpeter, Joseph. [1918] 1991. “The Crisis of the Tax State.” Pp. 99-140 in The Economics and Sociology of Capitalism, edited by Richard Swedberg. Princeton University Press.
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Stevens, Mark. Origins of the 1986 Philippine Constitution. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada276825.

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Krempl, Erhard. Inelastic constitutive equations: deformation induced anisotropy and the behavior at high homologous temperature. Final report January 1, 1996 through June 30, 1999. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/761118.

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