Dissertations / Theses: 'CONSTITUTIONAL NORMS'

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Wesemann, Anne. "Constitutional rights norms in the European Union legal framework : an analysis of European Union citizenship as a constitutional right." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2018. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/80444/.

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Surin, Serge. "Les travaux préparatoires dans l'interprétation constitutionnelle finaliste des normes : essai de définition, perspective historique d’un débat juridique ancien, signification et effet d’une stratégie interprétative jurisprudentielle en droit constitutionnel." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D054.

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L'interprétation constitutionnelle est une question récurrente dans le monde moderne. Le droit étant sujet à interprétation de la part de tout un chacun (juges, doctrine, simples citoyens), au point que «Juristes et simples citoyens acceptent et affirment (ou mettent en doute et refusent) des propositions sur ce que «dit le droit» de leur nation ou de leur État» (Ronald Dworkin). La question se pose de savoir qui, parmi ces différents acteurs, est le plus légitime pour affirmer une interprétation finaliste du droit s'imposant à tous. Au centre de cette interrogation, se trouve le juge constitutionnel, interprète habilité, ses jugements et les critiques visant ceux-ci. Mais l'interprétation prononcée par ce juge est parfois, voire souvent, mal acceptée, ce qui participe à l'affaiblissement de son autorité dans un système juridique concurrentiel marqué par le pluralisme tant au stade de la procédure de production qu'à celui de l'application du droit. Ainsi, si le juge a le privilège du rôle de juger, il a aussi la nécessaire vocation à être à son tour jugé. Cette nécessité s'explique par le fait que«Tout pouvoir est méchant dès qu'on le laisse faire [mais devient] sage dès qu'il se sent jugé.» (Alain). Dans ce contexte, la question de méthodes et outils utilisés par le juge-interprète devient elle aussi centrale car ceux-ci sont scrutés par tous, souvent au détriment d travail interprétatif complexe de ce juge. Parmi les outils et méthodes d'interprétation utilisés par celui-ci, se trouve l'usage des travaux préparatoires. En tant que supports d'une méthode d'interprétation juridique, ceux-ci posent problème. Au-delà de la question de la définition de la notion de travaux préparatoires, il convient de s'interroger sur le rôle, la force et la valeur de ces derniers dans l'interprétation constitutionnelle. Ainsi, cette thèse se donne pour objectif de tenter, du moins, d'apporter un début de réponse à ce questions, à travers une réflexion d'ensemble sur cette méthode d'interprétation dont le débat remonte, du moins, au Moyen Age
Constitutional interpretation has become a recurrent issue in modern world. Since the law is subject to interpretation by anyone (judges, doctrine. ordinary citizens), so that "jurists and ordinary citizens accept and affirm (or doubt and refuse) proposals on what the 'law says' of their nation or their state" (Ronald Dworkin), the question is who, among these various actors, is the most legitimate to affirm a finalist interpretation of the law imposing itself on everyone. At the center of this question is the constitutional judge, the empowered interpreter, his judgments and the criticisms raised by the latter. But the judge's interpretation is sometimes. even often, poorly accepte1 which contributes to the weakening of his authority in a competitive legal system marked by pluralism, bath at the stage of the production procedure and al that of the application of the law. Thus, if the judge has the privilege to judge, he also has the necessary vocation to b in turn judged. This necessity is explained by the fact that "Ali power is wicked as long as it can, [but becomes] wise when it feels judged (Alain). In such a context, the question of methods and tools used by the interpreting judge also becomes central because the latter are scrutinized by everyone, often at the expense of the complex interpretative work of the judge. Among these tools and methods c interpretation used by the judge is the use of preparatory work (Hansard). As the basis of a legal interpretation method, the latter become problematic. Beyond the question of the definition of the concept of preparatory work, it should be raised the questions of the role, fore and value of the latter in constitutional interpretation. Thus, this paper aims to try to give an initial answer to these questions, through general reflection on this interpretation method that has been debated, at least, from the Middle Ages

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Bokolombe, Bompondo Godefroid. "Le juge constitutionnel et l'application des normes internationales et régionales de protection des droits fondamentaux : étude comparative des droits français, allemand et sud-africain." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1004.

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La réception des normes internationales et régionales en droit interne s’opère selon des modalités que les États ont définies. La doctrine en a dégagé deux principes : moniste et dualiste, qui reposent sur une vision statique de la société et du droit dans la mesure où ils s’opposent au principe pacta sunt servanda qui fait peser sur l'État l’obligation d'exécuter de bonne foi les engagements qu'il souscrit. Les normes internationales et régionales ne se contentent plus de régler les relations entre États ou d’organiser des relations commerciales, financières, économiques entre agents producteurs et consommateurs ; il s’intéresse progressivement au pouvoir politique de chacun des États et à la manière dont les droits fondamentaux sont prévus et respectés. Ces droits dont la protection sur le plan interne revient au juge constitutionnel facilitent en conséquence l’agencement et l’harmonisation de différents systèmes. Ce rôle charnière des droits fondamentaux dans l’articulation des normes d’origines diverses résulte en grande partie de l’universalisme de ces droits. Les rapports entre le droit international et régional, d’une part, et le droit interne, d’autre part, dépassent désormais l’approche binaire monisme – dualisme et s’ouvre sur un pluralisme constructif. La protection des droits fondamentaux s’opère sur le mode du réseau et non plus sur celui de la pyramide. Reste à organiser ce pluralisme. Il s’observe l’émergence du « trans-constitutionnalisme » qui peut être défini comme un ordre des ordres juridiques fondé sur l'harmonisation spontanée. Chaque ordre aspire à devenir un modèle pour les autres et chaque modèle s'inspire de celui des autres
The integration of international regional norms in national law is based on methods defined by the State. Doctrine has shaped two principles, monism and dualism, that rely on an essentially static vision of both society and law, as they are contrary to the pacta sunt servanda principle that binds the State. The State is obliged to execute in good faith all obligations it binds itself to. International and regional norms are no longer limited to inter-state relations or regulating, through extremely technical treaties; they are more and more dealing with the political power of each state and the manner in which fundamental rights are provided for and respected. On a national level, it is up to the constitutional judge to ensure respect of these rights that facilitate, therefore, the organising and harmonising of different systems. This role of “connector” that fundamental rights have in the context of interaction between norms of various origins results, to a great extent, in the universality of these aforementioned rights. The link between international and regional rights, on the one hand, and national law, on the other, surpasses the binary approach of monism – dualism and opens the door to a constructive pluralism, both from the point of view of the content of the rights, and from the point of view of the institutions that are entrusted with their protection. Therefore, the protection of fundamental rights functions through a system of a network, and no longer based on the pyramid model. Remains for this pluralism to be organised. The emergence of « transconstitutionalism » can be observed, as an order of legal orders, based on spontaneous harmonisation

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JUNIOR, PAULO ABRAO PIRES. "THE CONSTITUTIONAL NORMS OF RESOURCES DESTINATIONS AS A WARRANTY TO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EDUCATION RIGHT." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=17017@1.

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Esta tese versa sobre o direito à educação e o seu financiamento público. Mais especificamente as normas constitucionais de vinculações de recursos para a educação. O estudo explicita a estrutura e o modo de funcionamento das vinculações de recursos para a educação, previstas na Constituição da República de 1988 e problematiza seus resultados e críticas. Em seguida faz uma análise sobre papel que a educação exerce para o cumprimento das promessas da modernidade a partir da teoria do reconhecimento para verificar as razões justificadoras da inserção de um mecanismo de proteção jurídica prioritária para o direito à educação. Por último, defende as normas constitucionais de vinculações de recursos para a educação como uma garantia para efetividade do direito à educação e explora quais as interfaces que esta leitura acarreta aos sistemas dos direitos sociais, da separação de poderes e da federação.
This thesis is about the right to education e its public financing. More specifically the constitutional norms of ties resources to education. The study explicits the structure and the functioning of the resources destination to education previewed in Brazilian’s Constitution of 1998 and problematizes its results and critics. Right after it is made an analysis on the role that education has to the reach of modernity’s promises taking recognition’s theory as starting premises so to verify the justifying reasons for the inclusion of a differentiated juridical protection mechanism of education’s right. At the end, the thesis defends the constitutional norms that establishes resources with specific destination to education as a warranty to the right of education and explores the interfaces that this interpretation implies into the social rights systems, to the principle of power separation and federalism.

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Flynn, Thomas Joseph Sheridan. "Universality of interface norms under constitutional pluralism : an analysis of Ireland, the EU and the ECHR." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9865.

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The theory of constitutional pluralism suggests that interacting legal orders that are (or claim to be) constitutional in nature need not—and should not—necessarily be regarded as being hierarchically arranged, with one ‘on top of’ the others. Rather, the relationships between the orders can be conceived of heterarchically. However, there is an assumption in much of the literature that the ‘interface norms’ that regulate the relationships within such a heterarchy are universal by nature, capable of undifferentiated application across differing constitutional orders. This thesis examines whether interface norms are in fact universal by nature, or whether they are relationship- and context-dependent, taking as its field of study three interacting legal orders—those of Ireland, the European Union, and the European Convention on Human Rights. It uses an established model of constitutional pluralism based on ‘coordinate constitutionalism’ to test the assumption of universality across three constitutional frames: the ‘vertical’ relationship between Ireland and the European orders, the ‘horizontal’ relationship between the European orders, and the ‘triangular’ panoply of state, Union and Convention. Having analysed the interface norms at work in these relationships, both in isolation and in the round, the thesis concludes that these norms are not in fact universal, and that different conceptions of constitutional pluralism need to pay much greater attention to the specific nature of any given constitutional order and its relationship with other orders in the constitutional heterarchy.

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Heitzmann-Patin, Mathilde. "Les normes de concrétisation dans la jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D008.

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A partir de l'étude des décisions du Conseil constitutionnel, la recherche porte sur l'exercice d'une technique particulière d'interprétation des normes de référence par le juge constitutionnel. De ces interprétations spécifiques résulte l'élaboration, par le juge, des normes de concrétisation. Les normes de concrétisation sont fondées expressément sur les normes de référence du contrôle de constitutionnalité et des lois et en constituent un mode d'emploi. Elles forment des normes juridiques infra-constitutionnelles dont certaines s'imposent au législateur et d'autres s'imposent au juge constitutionnel lui-même. En effet, une première catégorie indique au législateur les critères qu'il doit respecter pour que les dispositions législatives qu'il adopte soient conformes aux normes de référence. Une seconde catégorie établit des méthodes que le juge constitutionnel va utiliser dans le cadre du contrôle de constitutionnalité des lois. Ces règles nouvelles concrétisent les normes de référence à deux niveaux. D'abord, elles précisent leur contenu. Ensuite, elles facilitent leur application. Les normes de concrétisation sont alors un outil jurisprudentiel qui constitue une règle de droit. Par ces différentes caractéristiques, elles permettent au juge à la fois d'élargir ses compétences et de stabiliser sa jurisprudence
Based on the analysis of the French Constitutional Council case law, this research studies a specific technique which the constitutional judge uses when interpreting reference norms. Doing so, the constitutional judge creates concretization norms. Concretization norms are built on reference norms of the constitutional law review, and can be viewed as a user manual of these norms. They are infra-constitutional norms. Some of them are binding to the legislator while other command the constitutional judge itself. Indeed, one category establishes the criteria the legislator must follow in order to pass laws in compliance with the Constitution. A second category establishes methods which the constitutional judge will use when proceeding to the constitutional law review. These news rules are a concretization of reference norms on two levels. First, they specify the content of these norms. Second, they facilitate their application. Hence, concretization norms are a judicial tool and a legal norm. Through all these characteristics, concretization norms are used by the constitutional judge in order to extend its jurisdiction but also to stabilize its case law

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Conway, Gerard Martin. "Conflict of norms in European Union law and the legal reasoning of the European Court of Justice." Thesis, Brunel University, 2010. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5235.

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This thesis examines the topic of conflict of norms in European Union (EU) law and the legal reasoning of the European Court of Justice (ECJ), arguing that the framework of conflict of norms provides conceptual insight into justification and the role of value choices in legal reasoning. After examining the theory of conflict of norms, which seems to have been relatively under-studied generally and especially in EU law, it examines three particular aspects of norm conflict resolution in the legal reasoning of the ECJ and EU law: conflict of interpretative norms, especially the opposition between conserving and innovative interpretation; conflicts of human rights norms, looking in particular at the idea of a hierarchy of rights and of specificationism in the articulation of rights; and conflicts of competence norms. It concludes that the scope exists for a fuller justification of the choice of norms in the legal reasoning of the ECJ and generally in EU law and offers a perspective on how the values articulated by the EU suggest particular approaches to norm conflict resolution by the ECJ in its decision-making in these fields, in particular, a greater resort to lex specialis and originalist or historical interpretation, in contrast to its current method.

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Queiroz, Caúla Bleine. "A aplicabilidade das normas constitucionais ambientais à luz dos ordenamentos brasileiro e português." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/460886.

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La tesi doctoral té com a principal objectiu l'anàlisi de l'aplicabilitat de les normes constitucionals ambientals i dels obstacles als quals s'enfronta la seva efectivitat. La investigació es circumscriu als ordenaments jurídics del Brasil i Portugal, en raó que en les respectives constitucions es regula el dret a un medi ambient sa i la seva aproximació històrica-cultural presenta un atractiu afegit per observar com ambdues regulacions han coexistit paral·lelament a una realitat canviant. Els ordenaments d’aquests països han experimentat una comunicació constant dels seus sistemes constitucionals i si bé la determinació d'un dret a un medi ambient sa en tots dos casos ha demostrat ser prematura en la seva configuració, en termes espacials i temporals, els problemes seculars inherents han estat visiblement diversos i amb riscos atemporals, que han determinat la seva efectivitat. En els seus aspectes metodològics, els propòsits són exploratoris i descriptius. La internacionalització i, per tant, la constitucionalització de les normes ambientals han contribuït a la configuració atemporal del dret a un medi ambient. La indeterminació de l'aplicació temporal d'aquest dret no ha estat un obstacle perquè tant en el cas del Brasil com en el Portugal, el legislador constituent hagi ratificat la responsabilitat de tots els actors socials, promovent així una major efectivitat d'aquest dret. La resposta a la hipòtesi sobre el règim jurídic per a l'aplicabilitat de les normes constitucionals ambientals confirma la seva aproximació al nucli dels drets fonamentals i, en conseqüència, del règim jurídic especial de protecció d'aquests. En definitiva, la present tesi doctoral, mitjançant l'anàlisi comparativa, defensa un règim d'aplicabilitat immediata de les normes constitucionals del dret fonamental a un medi ambient sa, per procurar la seva efectivitat jurídica, en benefici de les generacions presents i futures i com a paradigma transformador d'un model de desenvolupament, altament depredador dels recursos naturals.
La tesis doctoral tiene como principal objetivo el análisis de la aplicabilidad de las normas constitucionales ambientales y de los obstáculos a los que se enfrenta su efectividad. La investigación se circunscribe a los ordenamientos jurídicos de Brasil y Portugal, en razón de que en sus respectivas constituciones se regula el derecho a un medio ambiente sano y su aproximación histórica-cultural presenta un atractivo añadido para observar como ambas regulaciones han coexistido paralelamente a una realidad cambiante. Los ordenamientos de estos países han experimentado una comunicación constante de sus sistemas constitucionales y si bien la determinación de un derecho al ambiente sano en ambos casos ha demostrado ser prematura en su configuración, en términos espaciales y temporales, los problemas seculares inherentes han sido visiblemente diversos y con riesgos atemporales, que han determinado su efectividad. En sus aspectos metodológicos, los propósitos son exploratorios y descriptivos. La internacionalización y la constitucionalización de las normas ambientales han contribuido a la configuración atemporal del derecho a un medio ambiente. La indeterminación de la aplicación temporal de este derecho no ha sido un obstáculo, en el caso de Brasil y el Portugal, el legislador constituyente haya ratificado la responsabilidad de todos los actores sociales, promoviendo así una mayor efectividad de este derecho. La respuesta a la hipótesis sobre el régimen jurídico para la aplicabilidad de las normas constitucionales ambientales confirma su aproximación al núcleo de los derechos fundamentales y, en consecuencia, del régimen jurídico especial de protección de estos. En definitiva, la presente tesis doctoral, mediante el análisis comparativo, defiende un régimen de aplicabilidad inmediata de las normas constitucionales del derecho fundamental a un medio ambiente sano, para procurar su efectividad jurídica, en beneficio de las generaciones presentes y futuras y como paradigma transformador de un modelo de desarrollo, altamente depredador de los recursos naturales.
The main objective of doctoral thesis is the analysis of the applicability of the constitutional norms environmental and the obstacles that face its effectiveness. The research is focused on the legal systems of Brazil and Portugal, because both regulate the right to a healthy environment in their respective constitutions and their historical-cultural approach offers an added attraction to observe how both regulations have coexisted parallel in a context of changing reality. The laws of these countries have experienced the constant communication of their constitutional systems, and although the determination of a right to a healthy environment in both cases has proved premature in its configuration, in spatial and temporal terms, the inherent secular problems have been visibly diverse and with timeless risks that have determined its effectiveness. In its methodological aspects, the purposes of the research are exploratory and descriptive. Internationalization and, therefore, the constitutionalisation of environmental norms have contributed to the timeless configuration of the right to a healthy environment. The indeterminacy of the temporary implementation of this right has not been an obstacle to the fact that in the case of Brazil as in Portugal, the constituent legislator has ratified the responsibility of all social actors, thus promoting a greater effectiveness of this right. The answer to the research hypothesis on the legal regime for the implementation of the constitutional environmental norms confirms its approach to the core of fundamental rights and, consequently, the special legal regime of protection. In short, through a comparative analysis, this dissertation defends a regime of immediate applicability of the constitutional norms, regarding to the fundamental right to a healthy environment, in order to ensure its legal effectiveness, for the benefit of present and future generations and as a transformative paradigm of a development model, highly predatory to natural resources.

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Sterck, Julien. "Identité constitutionnelle des États membres et primauté du droit de l'Union européenne : étude comparée de l'Irlande et de la France." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR40009/document.

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La notion d’identité constitutionnelle permet de qualifier le positionnement respectif des ordres juridiques irlandais et français face à la primauté du droit de l’Union européenne. Comparé à la jurisprudence européenne, leurs régimes constitutionnels relatifs à ce droit externe n’offrent qu’une immunité et affirme in fine la suprématie de la Constitution en tant qu’expression de la souveraineté nationale. Pourtant, les juridictions des deux pays montrent une attitude conciliante fondée sur une relation de contenu entre normes constitutionnelles et européennes. Plutôt qu’un essentialisme, la notion d’identité constitutionnelle représente un discours portant sur la Constitution suivant lequel une qualité identitaire est reconnue aux normes constitutionnelles susceptibles de mettre en échec les dispositions dédiées à la primauté des normes européennes au terme d’une interprétation les mettant en balance.Malgré des affirmations différentes de leur souveraineté nationale, l’accroissement du contrôle de l’application du droit européen est un objectif commun dans la jurisprudence des deux pays. La dynamique institutionnelle qui caractérise le processus interprétatif qu’implique la notion d’identité constitutionnelle privilégie les juridictions et mène à une forme singulière de dialogue avec la Cour européenne de justice conciliant primauté du droit européen et suprématie de la Constitution. Les monologues menant à une exclusion de l’application du droit européen au nom de l’identité constitutionnelle sont une invitation faite à la juridiction européenne pour établir une coexistence pacifique entre les ordres juridiques définie par une union de mots dans une diversité de sens
Comparing the Irish and French legal orders leads to describe the appraisal of the primacy of European Union law by the notion constitutional identity. In contrast to the claims of the European Court of Justice, the constitutional regime regarding European rules, both in Irish and French law, only provides for immunity and ultimately affirms the supremacy of the Constitution as the norm expressing national sovereignty. Still, Irish and French courts display a conciliatory attitude focused on aligning the material content of domestic and European norms. Rather than essentialism, the notion of constitutional identity represents a discourse on the Constitution whereby the identity status qualifies those constitutional norms which can defeat constitutional provisions dedicated to the prevalence of European rules as a result of an interpretative balancing process.While manifesting different affirmations of national sovereignty, the common objective of Irish and French courts is attaining increased control of the application of European Union rules. The institutional dynamics distinguishing the notion of constitutional identity as an interpretative process involve both an empowerment of the judiciary and a specific form of dialogue with the European Court of Justice regarding the conciliation between the primacy of European Union law and the supremacy of the Constitution. Judicial monologues protecting constitutional identity mean possible exclusions of the domestic application of European law and constitute an invitation to the European Court of Justice to agree to a peaceful co-existence of the two legal orders defined as a unity of words with a diversity of meanings

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Silva-Arroyave, Sergio-Orlando. "La suprématie interprétative des juridictions constitutionnelles : étude comparée en droit français et colombien." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020026.

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Les juridictions constitutionnelles ont sans doute de larges compétences interprétatives. Toutefois, l’ampleur de ces compétences varie dans les différents ordres juridiques selon l’aptitude que les autres organes et autorités de l’Etat peuvent adopter devant ces interprétations. Une juridiction constitutionnelle a une suprématie interprétative dans un Etat en particulier si ses interprétations doivent être obligatoirement respectées et appliquées par tous les autres organes et autorités de l’Etat. Si ses interprétations sont seulement obligatoires pour quelques autorités, cette juridiction constitutionnelle a simplement une compétence interprétative supérieure vis-à-vis de ces autorités. Afin d’identifier les plus larges compétences interprétatives des juridictions constitutionnelles, la démarche comparative est hautement recommandée parce qu’elle permet de distinguer plus facilement les limitations que ces juridictions peuvent rencontrer dans leurs ordres juridiques respectifs. Ainsi, en suivant cette démarche, seront identifiées l’ampleur des compétences interprétatives des juridictions constitutionnelles française et colombienne et leurs répercussions dans chacun de leurs Etats
Constitutional jurisdictions should have wide interpretative powers. However, the scope of these competences varies in different legal systems depending on the ability of other authorities to adopt such interpretations. A constitutional court has interpretative supremacy in a particular State, if its interpretations are binding for all other departments of the State. If its interpretations are just binding for some authorities, this constitutional court would simply have a superior interpretative competence toward those authorities. In order to determine the broader interpretative powers of the constitutional courts, the comparative approach is highly recommended because it makes easier to distinguish the limitations that these jurisdictions may encounter in their respective legal systems. In this way, the scope of the interpretative powers of the French and Colombian constitutional courts will be identified as well as their repercussions in each of its states

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Wanderley, Neto João Bosco de Barros. "Ativismo Judicial: entre a Efetividade e a Autocontenção." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/18872.

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This work aims the study of judicial activism and its relation to the effectiveness of constitutional norms, starting with the theoretical appraisal of the characteristics surrounding the effectiveness of constitutional requirements, the overlapping aspects in the realization of duty of these state - judiciary - and the effect on the legal system, particularly on the relationship limits and legitimacy in situations of high political-discretionary hue. Noteworthy is also the vision given to judicial activism as multidimensional element, which can put a meaning sometimes positive, sometimes negative, the result of analysis and performance interpretation and argumentative role played by the judiciary in applying the rules constitutional
O presente trabalho objetiva o estudo do ativismo judicial e sua relação com a efetividade das normas constitucionais, iniciando-se com a apreciação teórica das características que cercam a efetividade das normas constitucionais, os aspectos imbricados no dever de concretização destas pelo Estado - Poder Judiciário - e o efeito sobre o ordenamento jurídico, em especial sobre a relação de limites e legitimidades perante situações de elevado matiz político-discricionário. Destaca-se ainda, a visão conferida ao ativismo judicial, como elemento de caráter multidimensional, o qual se pode revestir numa acepção ora positiva, ora negativa, fruto da análise e desempenho da função interpretativo-argumentativa desempenhada pelo Poder Judiciário na aplicação das normas constitucionais

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Belacel, Farid. "La résolution des conflits de droits fondamentaux constitutionnels en France et en Espagne." Thesis, Perpignan, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PERP0045.

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Les différents droits et libertés garantis par la Constitution ont une même valeur juridique. Il s’agit, par ailleurs, de normes présentant des caractéristiques identiques : nature principielle, caractère indéterminé et même source textuelle. Cela explique pourquoi les conflits de droits fondamentaux constitutionnels sont des conflits de normes particuliers. Il est impossible d’utiliser les critères classiques de résolution des conflits de normes pour solutionner ceux qui opposent les libertés garanties par la Constitution. Pour harmoniser leur exercice simultané, on ne peut pas prioriser leur développement sur le plan hiérarchique, chronologique ou en tenant compte du niveau de précision des énoncés considérés. La similitude des droits fondamentaux constitutionnels implique de recourir à une méthode de résolution des conflits plus sophistiquée. Lorsque de telles normes imposent des directives contradictoires, il faut définir leurs limites respectives pour dépasser les situations de blocage. En France et en Espagne, seul le législateur est en mesure de pouvoir concilier ainsi l’exercice des droits garantis par la Constitution. Cette conciliation législative est réalisée sous le contrôle du juge constitutionnel, auquel il revient de s’assurer de la régularité des solutions apportées aux conflits de libertés. En d’autres termes, l’observation des expériences française et espagnole révèle que la résolution des conflits de droits fondamentaux constitutionnels est un processus complexe. Dans le cadre de celui-ci, c’est le législateur qui effectue des choix politiques pour prioriser l’exercice des libertés. Le juge constitutionnel, pour sa part, s’assure de la conformité de ces choix sur le plan juridique
The various guaranteed rights and the liberties by the Constitution have the same legal value. It is, besides, about standards possessing identical characteristics : nature principielle, indefinite character and same textual origin. It explains why the conflicts of constitutional fundamental rights are particular conflicts of standards. It is impossible to use the classic criteria of resolution of the conflicts of standards to resolve those who bring into conflict the liberties guaranteed by the Constitution. To harmonize their simultaneous exercise, we cannot prioritize their development on the hierarchical, chronological plan or by taking into account the level of precision of the considered statements. The similarity of the constitutional fundamental rights implies to resort to a method of more sophisticated resolution of the conflicts. When such standards impose contradictory directives, it is necessary to define their respective limits to exceed the situations of blocking. In France and in Spain, only the legislator is capable of being able to reconcile so the exercise of the guaranteed rights by the Constitution. This legislative conciliation is realized under the control of the constitutional judge, who means making sure of the regularity of the solutions brought to the conflicts of liberties. In other words, the observation of the French and Spanish systems reveals that the resolution of the conflicts of constitutional fundamental rights is a complex process. Within the framework of this one, it is the legislator who makes political choices to prioritize the exercise of the liberties. The constitutional judge, for his part, makes sure of the conformity of these choices on the legal plan

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Gold, Daniel. "Lobbying Regulation in Canada and the United States: Political Influence, Democratic Norms and Charter Rights." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40908.

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Lobbying should be strictly regulated – that is the major finding of this thesis. The thesis presents many reasons to enact stricter regulations. The principle one being that, as lightly regulated as it is, lobbying is corroding democracy in both Canada and the United States. The thesis opens with a deep investigation of how lobbying works in both countries. There are examples taken from the literature, as well as original qualitative interviews of Canadian lobbyists, former politicians, and officials. Together, these make it clear that there is an intimate relationship between lobbying and campaign financing. The link between the two is sufficiently tight that lobbying and campaign financing should be considered mirrors of each other for the purposes of regulatory design and constitutional jurisprudence. They both have large impacts on government decision-making. Left lightly regulated, lobbying and campaign financing erode the processes of democracy, damage policy-making, and feed an inequality spiral into plutocracy. These have become major challenges of our time. The thesis examines the lobbying regulations currently in place. It finds the regulatory systems of both countries wanting. Since stricter regulation is required to protect democracy and equality, the thesis considers what constitutional constraints, if any, would stand in the way. This, primarily, is a study of how proposed stronger lobbying regulations would interact with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 2 (free expression and association rights) and s. 3 (democratic rights). The principal findings are that legislation which restricted lobbying as proposed would probably be upheld by the Canadian court, but struck down by the American court, due to differences in their constitutional jurisprudence. The thesis contends that robust lobbying regulations would align with Canadian Charter values, provide benefits to democracy, improve government decision-making, increase equality, and create more room for citizen voices. The thesis concludes with a set of proposed principles for lobbying reform and an evaluation of two specific reforms: limits on business lobbying and funding for citizen groups. Although the thesis focuses on Canadian and American lobbying regulations, its lessons are broadly applicable to any jurisdiction that is considering regulating lobbying.

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Brami, Cyril. "La hiérarchie des normes en droit constitutionnel français : Essai d'analyse systémique." Cergy-Pontoise, 2008. http://biblioweb.u-cergy.fr/theses/08CERG0386.pdf.

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Observée au prisme de la hiérarchie des normes, la Constitution apparaît comme un sous-système de l’ordre juridique, c’est-à-dire comme un ensemble autonome d’éléments qui s’organisent pour former une unité. La Constitution entretient une pluralité de rapports avec son environnement normatif qui font apparaître les limites du critère hiérarchique pour déterminer ses frontières. C’est donc à partir d’une analyse en termes de clôture et d’ouverture que l’on peut appréhender la Constitution comme un système juridique autonome. Par ailleurs la systématicité constitutionnelle résulte de son organisation. À cet égard, le rapport hiérarchique, qui structure verticalement le système constitutionnel, coexiste avec des modalités non hiérarchiques d’articulation entre normes constitutionnelles. Ensemble, ces différents rapports d’articulation concourent à garantir l’effectivité du système constitutionnel
Observed in the prism of the hierarchy of norms, the Constitution appears as a sub-system of the legal order, that is as an autonomous set elements which get organized to form a unity (unit). The Constitution maintains a plurality of reports (connections) with its normative environment which create the limits of the hierarchical criterion to determine its borders. It is thus from an analysis in terms of fence (close). It is thus from an analysis in terms of fence (close) and opening that we can arrest (dread) the Constitution as an autonomous legal system. Besides the constitutional systematicity results from his (her) organization. In this respect, the hierarchical report, which structures vertically the constitutional system, coexists with not hierarchical modalities of articulation between constitutional norms. Together, these various reports of articulation contribute to guarantee the effectiveness of the constitutional system

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Degboe, Dario. "Le reclassement des actes juridiques en droit constitutionnel français." Thesis, Reims, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REIMD001.

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Au stade de leur entrée en vigueur, la valeur des actes juridiques est essentiellement formelle. Cette force n'est cependant pas immuable. Divers mécanismes sont susceptibles de conférer aux actes juridiques une nouvelle valeur fonction de leur caractère (ou nature). Ce caractère repose sur une distribution des compétences matérielles entre les organes habilités à édicter des actes juridiques de portée générale. Ainsi, la prise en compte du critère matériel amène à reconsidérer la valeur des actes juridiques et de leurs dispositions. Le reclassement étudie les modalités par lesquelles les actes juridiques acquièrent une force autre que celle dont ils étaient initialement pourvus.De façon générale, la transmutation de l'acte juridique est due à une incompétence positive signalée, parfois rectifiée, mais non censurée par le juge : la délégalisation, le reclassement des « neutrons organiques », le reclassement des actes nationaux empiétant sur les compétences des institutions d'outre-mer, etc. Certains mécanismes de reclassement sont institués – la ratification des ordonnances –, d'autres sont incidents – les renvois organiques –. Les conséquences du reclassement constituent l'essentiel de l'étude. La valeur juridique détermine le régime applicable à chaque acte. Mais les instrumenta peuvent n'être que partiellement reclassés. Dans ce cas, chaque disposition est pourvue d'une force juridique propre. Après le reclassement de l'acte, l'autorité d'édiction perd sa compétence de modification et d'abrogation. Le régime contentieux de l'acte reclassé est remanié. L'étude du reclassement éclaire la distinction entre la valeur des sources formalisées et la valeur des normes juridiques, c'est-à-dire, de leurs significations prescriptives
The instrumenta takes effect with legal force that is not immutable. Various mechanisms may give new strength to these legal acts and their provisions. These new strengths are then altered according to its distribution among the establishments empowered to enact legal measures of general application. This force is often determined by a distribution of material powers between the bodies empowered to pass legal acts of general application. This sharing is accomplished by various texts such as the Constitution or organic legislation. If the value of the acts are essentially formal at the stage of their entry into force, taking into account the material criterion this would lead to the reconsideration of their strength. Their reclassification is the process of studying the ways in which the legal acts acquire another force than they were originally filled.Generally, the transmutation of the legal act is not invalid due to incompetence, but simply corrected by the judge: the delegalisation and reclassification of neutral organic acts; the reclassification of national acts encroaching on the powers of the institutions of overseas, etc. Some reclassification mechanisms are instituted - the ratification of orders - and others are incidents - organic references - the consequences of the reclassification constitute the bulk of the study. The value determines the legal regime applicable to each act. But the Instrumenta may be only partially reclassified. In this case, each provision is provided with its own legal force. After reclassification, the enactment of authority loses its modification of skills and repeal the act (or its provisions). Sue to the act being reclassified, the litigation regime is overhauled. These theoretical implications are nonetheless not always observed in practice. The study of the reclassification and litigation that is generated confirms the distinction between the value of formal sources and the value of legal norms, in other words, their prescriptive meanings

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Bouchet, Marthe. "La validité substantielle de la norme pénale." Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020049.

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La norme pénale valide est celle qui possède la capacité de déployer ses effets. Elle est celle qui autorise le déclenchement des poursuites, le prononcé des condamnations et l'exécution de peines. En premier lieu, il a fallu montrer ce qui paraît s’imposer d’instinct : loin de se résumer au respect d'exigences formelles, la validité de la norme pénale dépend directement de la conformité à des exigences substantielles, portées par la Constitution et les conventions européennes. La preuve de la part substantielle de validité est apportée en deux temps. D’abord, l’entrée en vigueur de la règle pénale est subordonnée à sa bonne insertion dans la hiérarchie des normes. Ensuite, les normes répressives irrégulières sont systématiquement invalidées.En second lieu, la composante substantielle de la validité de la norme pénale a de multiples conséquences, qui sont tantôt bénéfiques, tantôt problématiques. En effet, les principes qui conditionnent substantiellement la validité de la norme pénale assoient la légitimité de la répression. En revanche, l’avènement du pouvoir prétorien, dans une discipline en quête de stabilité, soulève de nombreuses difficultés. Pour les surmonter, proposer des clefs de résolution s’est révélé nécessaire
The valid criminal norm is the one that is able to have a legal impact. It allows for the commencement of a prosecution, the imposition of a sanction, and the enforcement of sentences. Firstly, we had to demonstrate what seems manifest: far from being only a matter of respecting the formal requirements, the validity of a criminal norm depends directly on its compliance to substantial requirements that are contained in the French Constitution and the European conventions. The substantial proportion of the validity is demonstrated in two steps. The entry into force of the criminal rule is at first subordinated to its correct integration in the hierarchy of norms. Then, the improper repressive norms are systematically invalidated. Secondly, the substantial part of the validity of the criminal norm has several consequences that are in some cases beneficial but not in others. Indeed, the principles that substantially determine the validity of the criminal norm make the punishment legitimate. However, the emergence of the judge-made law raises many difficulties in a discipline that yearns for stability. In order to overcome them, it appeared necessary to suggest some key elements of resolution

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Bruce-Rabillon, Eva. "L' article 55 de la constitution dans la jurisprudence du Conseil Constitutionnel." Aix-Marseille 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX32024.

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En reconnaissant aux traités ou accords internationaux régulièrement ratifiés ou approuvés une " autorité supérieure à celle des lois ", le constituant de 1958 a solennellement affirmé la primauté des normes internationales sur l'ordre juridique interne. Mais en l'absence de toute précision du texte constitutionnel quant à l'autorité juridictionnelle compétente pour assurer l'application de ce principe, il est revenu au juge constitutionnel de se prononcer. La décision de principe Interruption volontaire de grossesse du 15 janvier 1975, par laquelle le Conseil constitutionnel a formellement décliné sa compétence, constitue la pierre angulaire d'une jurisprudence constante en vertu de laquelle les juridictions ordinaires sont implicitement mais incontestablement chargées de ce qui a été appelé le " contrôle de la conventionnalité des lois ". Mais si, pour le Conseil constitutionnel, l'article 55 ne crée pas une exigence de conformité des lois aux normes internationales, il n'en pose pas moins un principe de hiérarchie susceptible d'être sanctionné dans le cadre du contrôle de constitutionnalité. Ainsi, l'analyse de l'article 55 de la Constitution révèle que ses prescriptions s'agrègent en un double contenu normatif qui s'avère, sous l'impulsion de la jurisprudence constitutionnelle, susciter une compétence juridictionnelle bipartite : le Conseil constitutionnel, juge de la constitutionnalité, veille au respect des prescriptions " directes " de constitutionnalité contenues dans l'article 55 tandis que le juge ordinaire, juge de la conventionnalité, assure l'application des prescriptions " indirectes " de conventionnalité impliquées par ce même article. Se proposant de dresser un bilan complet de l'article 55 de la Constitution " dans la jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel ", notre étude concentrera d'abord son propos sur le problème théorique de la compétence juridictionnelle, pour ensuite traiter de l'application contentieuse de cette disposition devant le Conseil constitutionnel
By recognizing to the treaties and agreements ratified or approved a "superior authority on the laws", the 1958 Constitution has solemnly affirmed the primacy of international norms on the internal legal order. But in the absence of any precision as to the judicial organ in charge of insuring this principle, it was the constitutional judge to decide. The key decision "Interruption volontaire de grossesse" of the 15th January 1975, where this organ declined its competence is the cornerstone of a stable jurisprudence according to which ordinary tribunals are implicitly but incontestably charged with what has been named the "control of conventionality". However, if for the Constitutional Council, the article 55 does not create a condition of the conformity of laws to international treaties, it does lay a principle of hierarchy, which may be enforced within the framework of constitutionality control Thus, the analysis of article 55 of the Constitution reveals that the prescriptions there contained are aggregated in a double normative content, which leads, under the impetus of the constitutional jurisprudence, to double jurisdictional competence : the Constitutional Council, judge of constitutionality, is in charge of the direct constitutionality prescriptions contained in the article 55 while the ordinary judge, judge of conventionality, insures the enforcement of the indirect conventionality prescriptions implied by this article. The study, which aims to give a complete balance sheet of article 55 of the Constitution in the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Council, will in a first time focus the theoretical issue of jurisdiction, and in a second time, the judicial enforcement of this provision at the Constitutional Council

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Roblot-Troizier, Agnès. "Contrôle de constitutionnalité et normes visées par la Constitution française." Paris 2, 2005. http://buadistant.univ-angers.fr/login?url=https://www.dalloz-bibliotheque.fr/pvurl.php?r=http%3A%2F%2Fdallozbndpro-pvgpsla.dalloz-bibliotheque.fr%2Ffr%2Fpvpage2.asp%3Fpuc%3D5442%26nu%3D3.

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La Constitution française renvoie à des normes qu'elle vise sans en reprendre le contenu. Cette technique affecte l'exercice du contrôle de constitutionnalité. Outre la Déclaration de 1789 et le Préambule de la Constitution de 1946, sont inclus parmi les normes de référence de ce contrôle les engagements internationaux visés par la Constitution, mais aussi des textes de droit interne, tels l'accord de Nouméa, des lois organiques, des dispositions législatives explicitement visées par la Constitution ou des principes non écrits visés en tant que catégorie. L'insertion aux normes de référence du contrôle de constitutionnalité de normes issues des textes visés par la Constitution n'implique pas pour autant leur constitutionnalisation si telle n'est pas leur valeur au jour du renvoi. Le contrôle de constitutionnalité a priori apparaît alors comme un contrôle médiatisé présentant certaines particularités en ce qu'il oblige à prendre en compte une norme non constitutionnelle, tandis que le contrôle a posteriori du respect de cette norme doit s'analyser comme un contrôle de la constitutionnalité indirecte. En revanche, l'utilisation de principes généraux dans le contrôle de constitutionnalité suppose leur constitutionnalisation par le juge qui les identifie. Ainsi se trouvent intégrées aux normes de référence du contrôle de constitutionnalité des règles non écrites de droit international et communautaire alors que cette intégration est inlassablement refusée aux conventions internationales. Ce paradoxe laisse envisager l'exercice d'un contrôle de constitutionnalité tendant plus largement au respect du droit international et communautaire.

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Déchaux, Raphaël. "Les normes à constitutionalité renforcée : recherches sur la production du droit constitutionnel." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32074.

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Le contrôle de constitutionnalité des révisions n’est pas encore accepté en France. Il s’agit d’une position qui fait consensus en doctrine depuis les débuts de la IIIème République. Dans sa décision du 26 mars 2003, le Conseil constitutionnel a également rejeté sa compétence en matière de lois constitutionnelles. Pour autant, la situation française reste, à l’aune du droit comparé, si ce n’est exceptionnelle, du moins isolée par rapport à ses proches voisins allemands et italiens. En outre, il existe dans le texte de la Constitution de 1958 une disposition formellement non-révisable. L’article 89 alinéa 5 dispose ainsi : « La forme républicaine du Gouvernement ne peut faire l’objet d’une révision ». Loin des débats sur la supraconstitutionnalité, il est donc possible d’envisager un contentieux spécifique des lois de révision constitutionnelles sur le fondement même de la Constitution. On désigne ces normes comme des normes à constitutionnalité renforcée. Il s’agit d’envisager d’abord s’il existe en théorie une hiérarchie entre les normes à constitutionnalité renforcée et les normes à constitutionnalité simple. Cette recherche ne peut se fonder que dans le cadre d’une analyse positiviste et kelsénienne du droit. Elle montre bien que le pouvoir constituant pose des normes spécifiques lors de la production de la constitution que le pouvoir de révision, mais aussi tous les autres pouvoirs constitués de l’État, doit respecter. Ensuite, il convient de vérifier que cette théorie est effective dans la pratique. L’étude des « changements de constitution », lors de transitions constitutionnelles ou des révisions totales conforte cette posture théorique. L’analyse de la jurisprudence constitutionnelle comparée démontre enfin que, loin d’être la prémisse d’un « Gouvernement des juges », le contrôle des révisions constitutionnelles permet le parachèvement de l’État de droit
Judicial review of constitutional amendments is not yet accepted in France. The legal community quasi-unanimously agreed on that solution since the early days of the III Republic. In its decision dated from march 26th, 2003, the Constitutional Council has explicitly denied its power concerning constitutional amendments. In view of the situation in neighboring countries Germany and Italy, the French situation remains singular, if not exceptional.The Constitution contains a provision which cannot be amended. Article 89 para 5 thus states: The republican form of government shall not be the object of any amendment.” Far from the debate on supraconstitutionaliy, it is therefore possible to envisage a specific action of constitutional amendment, based on the Constitution itself. These norms are called constitutionally enforced. The idea is to determine whether a hierarchy exists between “enforced constitutionally norms” and “simple constitutionally norms”. This research must be conducted under a positivist and kelsenian approach. It demonstrates that the constituent power creates specific norms that the amending power, along with all delegated power must respect. It should then be assessed if this theory is effective. The analysis of “constitutions changes” during constitutional transition reinforces the theoretical analysis. Comparative constitutional law studies demonstrate that judicial review of constitutional amendments is not a “Government by judiciary”; it further advances the rule of Law

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Costa, Alexsandro Nascimento da. "A incidência da regra da optabilidade por uma nacionalidade como instrumento redutor da polipatria : diálogo sobre inconstitucionalidades." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2010. http://repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/770.

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This study aims to analyze the impact of the rule of choice of nationality as a factor reducing the polipatria, as is most common in use today by the Democratic State of Law. This analysis is done from the perspective of the primacy International Law over National Law. So, therefore, is that it questions the possibility of positive, the original constituent power of constitutional rule unconstitutional on loss of nationality. With the support of the constitution also asks the possible existence of unconstitutional standards in the discipline of legal naturalization. It is using the theory of nationality and the legal concept of law of International Law, both in Pontes de Miranda.
Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas
O presente estudo objetiva analisar a incidência da regra da optabilidade por uma nacionalidade como fator redutor da polipatria, conforme é o uso mais comum na atualidade pelos Estados Democráticos de Direito. Tal analise é feita a partir da perspectiva de primazia do Direito das Gentes sobre o Direito Nacional. Assim, portanto, é que se questiona a possibilidade de positivação, pelo poder constituinte originário, de norma constitucional inconstitucional em matéria de perda da nacionalidade. Com amparo na constitucionalização dos direitos também se indaga a possível existência de normas inconstitucionais na disciplina legal da naturalização. Faz-se uso da teoria da nacionalidade jurídica e da noção de Direito das Gentes, ambas em Pontes de Miranda.

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Gramlich, Ludwig. "Diplomatic Protection Against Acts of Intergovernmental Organs." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-200801874.

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Das herkömmliche völkerrechtliche Institut des diplomatischen Schutzes ist im Verhältnis zwischen Staaten (als originären Völkerrechtssubjekten) entstanden. Aber auch intergouvernmentale Organisationen sind in der Lage, Maßnahmen mit unmittelbarer Rechtswirkung gegenüber Einzelpersonen zu treffen, so daß auch hier die Frage aufzuwerfen ist, wann und mit welchen Mitteln der jeweilige Heimatstaat die (Grund-)Rechte seiner Staatsangehörigen gegenüber einer solchen Organisation geltend machen kann.

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Artemiou, Eleni. "La consolidation des standards constitutionnels européens par les juges constitutionnels nationaux." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3056.

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La thèse examine les influences horizontales entre les juges constitutionnels des États membres de l’Union européenne dans l’interprétation de la constitution. Si ces influences s’inscrivent parfois dans la ligne de la mise en œuvre des obligations supranationales communes, elles interprètent surtout l’existence de valeurs partagées entre les États que les juges constitutionnels sont appelés à protéger, voire l’existence d’une identité commune, d’un idéal de justice constitutionnelle qui s’articule autour de la protection de l’État de droit, et en particulier des droits fondamentaux. Ce sont en effet les principes attachés au constitutionnalisme moderne qui animent le plus les échanges entre les juges constitutionnels nationaux. Ce phénomène d’inspiration réciproque est intéressant car il demeure spontané, et souligne la volonté du juge de rejoindre un standard commun qui se consolide progressivement par des interprétations diverses, et traduit la reconnaissance d’une équivalence systémique dans la protection de l’État de droit. L’ordre juridique étranger inspire ainsi le juge national puisqu’il s’aligne au standard national du constitutionnalisme
Once attached exclusively to their national constitution, nowadays constitutional judges of the member states of the European Union in particular apply norms from different legal systems,. Their openness to foreign law, whether voluntary or not, creates a network of constitutional principles that are common to all national systems and eventually harmonise their interpretation. The European constitutional standards represent the mutual acceptance between two legal orders of their capacity to adequately respect the fundamental values of the constitution, especially fundamental rights, and the convergence of their implementation

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Chafetz, Joshua A. "Democracy's privileged few : legislative privilege and democratic norms in the British and American constitutions." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408096.

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Pedra, Adriano Sant'Ana. "Teoria da mutação constitucional: limites e possibilidades das mudanças informais da constituição a partir da teoria da concretização." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8668.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriano Santana Pedra.pdf: 2337462 bytes, checksum: 0ccc70b392e1af4a53f92e6a06f59606 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-29
The objective of this study is to analyze the informal constitutional changes and to further examine the limitations to which they are submitted. In opposition to what occurs with formal changes (constitutional amendments), informal changes are not foreseen by the Constitution. Nevertheless, constitutional changes occur and are necessary as means of preservation and conservation of the Constitution, purposing its perfection, and seeking, through a dialectical process, to attain harmony with society. This is due to the fact that constitutional norms are not to be considered perfect and complete, but are yet in a constant state of mutual interaction with reality. There is no systematic treatment related to the limitations to which constitutional mutations submit existing in fact a shortage of works that deal specifically with the theme. The proposed hypothesis is that constitutional mutation must occur within the limits set by the normative force and by the supremacy of the Constitution itself. For the development of this work, it is necessary to consider that the constitutional norm does not confound with the Constitution text, but it is the result of a concretion process, methodologically structured. According to the concretion theory, constitutional norms result from the connection between the normative program (Normprogram), that is, its literal expression, and the normative ambit (Normbereich), understood by the surrounding reality, which results in a decision norm. Constitutional mutations occur from the existing alterations in the normative ambit and contained by the concretion process. The followed methodological approach proposes the analysis of legitimate ways for constitutional mutations to occur. Through deductive process, the informal constitutional changes that may be contained by the normative program, by the normative ambit and by the decision norm are analyzed. The applied research technique is the bibliographic research, jurisprudential and legislative. The obtained results with the research enables us to evaluate the limitations that are imposed to constitutional mutations, as well as associating them to the elements that integrate the norm. The identified and analyzed limits in this work are the elasticity of the text, the binding orders of the Constitutional Court, the prohibition of abolition of perpetual clauses, the prohibition retreating to fundamental rights and writs (normative program), the transcending restrictions, the legitimate acceptance by the community (normative ambit), the rationality of the decisions, the authority conferred to another institution and the non-retroactivity of the effects of the new interpretation (decision norm)
Este estudo objetiva analisar as mudanças informais da Constituição e examinar os limites a que elas estão submetidas. Ao contrário do que ocorre com as mudanças formais (reforma e revisão constitucional), as mudanças informais não estão previstas na Constituição. Mas as mudanças constitucionais ocorrem e são necessárias como meio de preservação e conservação da própria Constituição, visando ao seu aperfeiçoamento, e buscando, em um processo dialético, alcançar a harmonia com a sociedade. Isto acontece porque as normas constitucionais não podem ser consideradas perfeitas e acabadas, mas estão em uma constante situação de interação com a realidade. Não existe tratamento sistemático relativo às limitações a que se submetem as mutações constitucionais, pois há carência de trabalhos que enfrentem especificamente o tema. A hipótese proposta é que a mutação constitucional deve ocorrer dentro dos limites traçados pela força normativa e pela supremacia da própria Constituição. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, é necessário considerar que a norma constitucional não se confunde com o texto da Constituição, mas é o resultado de um processo de concretização, metodologicamente estruturado. De acordo com a teoria da concretização, as normas constitucionais resultam da conexão entre o programa normativo (Normprogram), ou seja, a sua expressão literal, e o âmbito normativo (Normbereich), entendido como a realidade circundante, o que resulta na norma de decisão. As mutações constitucionais ocorrem a partir das alterações havidas no âmbito normativo e comportadas pelo processo de concretização. A abordagem metodológica seguida propõe a análise dos meios legítimos para ocorrerem as mutações constitucionais. Através de processo dedutivo, analisam-se quais mudanças informais da Constituição são comportadas pelo programa normativo, pelo âmbito normativo e pela norma de decisão. A técnica de pesquisa utilizada é a documentação indireta, através de pesquisa bibliográfica, jurisprudencial e legislativa. Os resultados obtidos com a pesquisa permitem avaliar as limitações que se impõem às mutações constitucionais, assim como associá-las aos elementos integrantes da norma. Os limites identificados e analisados neste trabalho são a elasticidade do texto, as decisões vinculantes do Tribunal Constitucional, a vedação de abolição de cláusulas pétreas, a vedação de retrocesso para direitos e garantias fundamentais (programa normativo), as restrições transcendentes, a aceitação legítima pela comunidade (âmbito normativo), a racionalidade das decisões, a competência conferida a outro órgão e a irretroatividade dos efeitos da nova interpretação (norma de decisão)

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Brami, Cyril Calvès Gwénaële. "La hiérarchie des normes en droit constitutionnel français Essai d'analyse systémique /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2009. http://biblioweb.u-cergy.fr/theses/08CERG0386.pdf.

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Денисова, А. М. "Законний інтерес як відображення правового розвитку." Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2006. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/60724.

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Формування громадянського суспільства, пов’язаного з індивідуалізацією відносин та правової держави, пов’язаної із захистом суб’єктивних прав, спричиняє зростання уваги до категорії законного інтересу як реальної можливості суб’єктів суспільних відносин, що захищається законом і суспільством.

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Rebourg, Émilie. "Les normes constitutionnelles programmatiques en France et en Italie : contribution à l'identification d'un concept." Thesis, Toulon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUL0071/document.

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Sujet à trop d’indéterminations en France, le concept de NCP a nécessité une analyse comparative fondée sur l’expérience italienne afin d’en identifier les contours et, par la suite, d’étudier sa place dans le droit. Il en ressort que les NCP renvoient à une multiplicité de catégories normatives de caractère axiologique et téléologique, servant de stratégie politique et structurant le système juridique. Par ailleurs, l’introduction de la forme programmatique dans les Constitutions modernes mêle l’indétermination de la norme dans son énonciation moderne au droit dans sa déclinaison traditionnelle. Les programmes ont ainsi du mal à trouver leur place dans le droit. Les NCP semblent a priori être privées d’effet juridique ; leur formulation imprécise ne mettrait en place que de simples objectifs. Toutefois, leur développement dans l’espace juridique paraît suffisamment important pour qu’il ne soit pas assimilé à une malfaçon du droit qui entacherait sa pureté. En effet, le concept NCP renvoie à de véritables « normes » constitutionnelles programmatiques dont la normativité reste particulière, signe non pas d’une « crise » du droit mais de son « évolution »
Still subject to a certain level of vagueness in France, the concept of programmatic constilutional norms (PCN) required acomparative analysis based on the Italian experience in order to identify its trontiers and subsequently study ils place in law. Il appears that the PCN reters ta a multiplicity of normative categories ot axiological and teleological character, serving as political strategy while structuring the legal system. Moreover, the introduction of programmalic form in modern constitutions combines the vagueness of the norm in its modern formulation to the law in ils classical variant. Programs have struggled to find their place in law. The peN seem to be a priori denied of legal effect, their rather vague wordings would only established simple goals. However, their development in the legal space seem important enough 10 avoid PCN to be considered as legal oddities that couk' attend ta the purity of law. Indeed, Ihe concept of PCN connects to real programmatic constitutional norms whose normativity remains peculiar, sign not of a "crisis" of the law, but of its "evolution"

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Poli, Philippe. "Les juridictions ordinaires françaises et le contrôle de la constitutionnalité des engagements internationaux." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32090.

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Dans la résolution d’un conflit opérée conformément aux règles de droit qui lui sont applicables, les juridictions ordinaires françaises sont amenées à se prononcer sur l’applicabilité des normes conventionnelles au regard de leur conformité à la Constitution. Ce contrôle, longtemps cantonné à la seule vérification de l’existence de la procédure d’insertion de l’engagement international, s’est progressivement développé, jusqu’à conduire à une appréciation de la constitutionnalité externe de la norme internationale. Dans un contexte de prégnance exponentielle de l’ordre juridique international sur l’ordre juridique interne, cette dynamique jurisprudentielle est apparue comme un palliatif aux carences inhérentes au contrôle a priori pratiqué par le Conseil constitutionnel, interprète authentique et premier de la Constitution. La conjugaison des deux modes de contrôle de constitutionnalité, augmentée de l’examen préventif opéré par les formations administratives du Conseil d'État, n’apporte pourtant pas une réponse pleinement satisfaisante à l’ « angle mort » persistant dans le contrôle de constitutionnalité des normes internationales. En l’absence de titre d’habilitation au bénéfice du juge ordinaire dirigé contre elle, la norme internationale jouit d’une injusticiabilité de nature à obérer la suprématie de la Constitution dans l’ordre juridique interne. Le Conseil d'État et la Cour de cassation ont pourtant consacré cette supériorité. Mais le refus par le juge ordinaire d’étendre sa jurisprudence au contrôle de la constitutionnalité interne de la norme internationale rend inconséquente cette affirmation jurisprudentielle. L’instauration de la question prioritaire de constitutionnalité, loin de vider le débat de son intérêt, réactive les interrogations soulevées par l’appréhension des rapports de systèmes, en soulignant la nécessité d’opposer un contrôle de l’applicabilité des engagements internationaux en vigueur. Il convient dès lors de s’interroger sur la possibilité et sur l’opportunité d’une évolution en ce sens de la jurisprudence du Conseil d'État et de la Cour de cassation. L’enjeu de la réflexion menée n’est pas uniquement théorique. Au-delà des implications procédurales, elle dessine en creux les contours de la souveraineté nationale et interroge quant à sa réalité
In order to decide a case in accordance with applicable law, French ordinary jurisdictions are lead to determine whether applicable international rules comply with the Constitution. This supervision was long limited to the review of the insertion modalities of international treaties into domestic law and has progressively extended to the review of the external constitutionality of international rules. This evolution has compensated for the inherent shortcomings of the a priori review of international treaties carried out by the Constitutional Council, the final interpret of the Constitution. The conjugation of these two review mechanisms does not however satisfactorily address a “blind spot” in the area of the compliance of international rules to the Constitution. The fact that there are cases in which international rules cannot be reviewed jeopardizes the supremacy of the Constitution in domestic law. The Council of State and the Court of Cassation have however recognized this superiority but the refusal by ordinary jurisdictions to review the internal constitutionality of the international rules makes this superiority ineffective. The introduction of the “priority preliminary ruling on the issue of constitutionality revives the debate regarding systems relationships, and emphasizes the necessity of establishing a more complete review of the applicability of international treaties in force. Thoughts should be given to the possibility of such an evolution in the Council of State and Cassation Courts rulings. The stakes of the analysis here conducted are not only theoretical. Beyond procedural consequences, it draws a first outline of the national sovereignty, and questions as its reality

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Drouiller, Camille. "Ordre public et droits fondamentaux. Contribution à l’étude de la fondamentalisation du droit privé interne." Thesis, Pau, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PAUU2038/document.

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Le mouvement de fondamentalisation du droit qui est à l’œuvre depuis plusieurs décennies n’a épargné aucun domaine. Les droits fondamentaux se sont imposés dans toutes les branches du droit, et leur reconnaissance en tant que valeurs sociales essentielles justifie qu’ils bénéficient de la protection de l’ordre public. Les droits fondamentaux ont ainsi intégré l’ordre public. C’est à cet aspect particulier de la fondamentalisation que se consacre cette étude.Ce phénomène a tout à la fois renouvelé et bouleversé la notion. Enrichi des droits fondamentaux, l’ordre public a dû être reconsidéré. Conçu traditionnellement comme un mécanisme limitant les volontés individuelles, abritant des valeurs holistes de nature législative, et appréhendé dans un ordre juridique étatique, l’ordre public devait être repensé après l’intrusion des droits fondamentaux. Par ailleurs, il apparaît que cet enrichissement substantiel de l’ordre public a conduit à l’émergence de nouveaux conflits normatifs mettant en jeu des dispositions d’ordre public. En effet, les droits fondamentaux sont mis en œuvre à la fois dans l’ordre juridique interne stricto sensu, mais également dans des ordres juridiques supralégislatifs parmi lesquels l’Union européenne et le Conseil de l’Europe disposent d’une place privilégiée. Contenant des valeurs hétérogènes, se manifestant à toutes les strates de la hiérarchie des normes, des conflits de normes impliquant plusieurs dispositions d’ordre public ont vu le jour. Ces conflits d’un nouveau genre n’ont pas été sans incidence sur la caractéristique principale de l’ordre public : sa normativité. Ainsi, l’étude s’attache tout à la fois à justifier le phénomène d’intégration des droits fondamentaux à l’ordre public, et à en mesurer les conséquences sur la notion d’ordre public. Par ailleurs, l’examen des conflits normatifs impliquant des dispositions d’ordre public doit s’envisager dans une perspective plus globale de pluralisme juridique
The fundamentalisation of law, which has been occurring for several decades now, has had an impact on all fields. Fundamental rights have become predominant in every branch of the law, and their recognition as essential social values justifies their protection under the public policy. Fundamental rights have thus been incorporated into public policy. This study focuses on this particular aspect of fundamentalisation.This phenomenon has not only renewed the notion, but also profoundly changed it. Being broadened by fundamental rights, the concept of public policy had to be reconsidered. Originally conceived as a mechanism that restricts individual will, implemented with holistic legislative values and apprehended in a state legal order, the public policy had to be revamped after the intrusion of fundamental rights. Besides, it appears that this substantial enrichment of public policy has led to the emergence of new normative conflicts engaging public policy provisions. Not only are fundamental rights implemented into the internal legal order - in the strict sense of the term – but also into supranational legal orders, such as the European Union and the Council of Europe, which have a privileged position. Norm conflicts involving various public policy provisions and including assorted values have seen the light of day throughout all levels of the hierarchy of norms. This new type of conflicts have had an impact on the main feature of public policy, namely its normativity.The study therefore endeavours to justify the integration of fundamental rights into the public policy, and to determine the consequences of such mechanism on the notion of public policy. Besides, the review of normative conflicts involving public policy provisions has to be approached from a wider perspective of legal pluralism

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Pugeault, Serge. "Le Conseil constitutionnel et les principes-normes du contrôle de constitutionnalité des lois ordinaires." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1985. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37594354s.

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Bacquet-Brehant, Valérie. "L'article 62, alinéa 2 de la constitution du 4 octobre 1958 : contribution à l'étude d'une norme dépourvue de sanction." Paris 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA020059.

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Notre étude consiste en un commentaire de l'article 62, alinéa 2 de la Constitution du 4 octobre 1958 qui dispose que " les décisions du Conseil constitutionnel ne sont susceptibles d'aucun recours. Elles s'imposent aux pouvoirs publics et à toutes les autorités administratives et juridictionnelles ". La première partie de l'étude porte sur la délimitation des contours de l'obligation de se soumettre aux décisions du Conseil constitutionnel exprimée par l'article 62, alinéa 2 de la Constitution. Le régime juridique de l'autorité de la chose jugée des décisions du Conseil constitutionnel est défini. En tant que norme dépourvue de sanction, l'article 62, alinéa 2 n'est-il pas une règle de droit inachevée ? La seconde partie reprend les critères de la règle de droit en démontrant que si l'absence de sanction n'annule pas l'obligation, elle constitue un facteur de limitation de l'autorité juridique des décisions du Conseil constitutionnel.

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Jean-Antoine, Benoît. "Les normes constitutionnelles financières en droit français de 1789 à nos jours." Paris 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA010316.

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Les normes constitutionnelles financières sont un enjeu de répartition du pouvoir politique. Grâce au consentement de l'impôt, principe le plus souvent revendiqué à la fin de l'Ancien Régime, puis inscrit dans la Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789, les finances publiques sont à la source du régime représentatif. Le consentement, ou sa traduction juridique, le principe de légalité fiscale, sera présent dans presque toutes les constitutions de la France jusqu'à aujourd'hui, marquant une délimitation claire des attributions des organes exécutifs et des assemblées législatives. L'extension de la compétence du Parlement, avec un contrôle plus étroit des dépenses, pendant la Restauration, sera cette fois l'un des fondements du régime parlementaire. En outre, les normes constitutionnelles financières peuvent avoir un caractère politique moins perceptible. Derrière des considérations budgétaires, peuvent se nouer des conflits d'intérêts entre les citoyens et leurs représentants. Les normes constitutionnelles financières connaissent actuellement de fortes mutations. La constitutionnalisation des finances publiques se traduit par deux phénomènes. D'une part, la jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel, se traduit, depuis les années 1970, par un enrichissement considérable, et crée de nouveaux principes financiers. D'autre part, de nombreuses révisions de la Constitution du 4 octobre 1958 sont intervenues depuis les années 1990, élargissant la matière financière publique à de nouveaux domaines.

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Pacheco, Pablo Viana. "Normas constitucionais inconvencionais." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6976.

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The present work aims at presenting the thesis that some Brazilian constitutional rules violate the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). It starts with the hypothesis that section LXVII from article 5 the 1988 Constitution, which permits the arrestment of the unfaithful trustee, it violates article 7.7 from the ACHR, which prohibits the referred form of privacy deprivation; the paragraphs b and c from section I article 102 of the 1988 Constitution, regulated by section I of article 5 and paragraphs j e k from section I article 9) of the Internal Regulations of the Federal Supreme Court (STF), without right to an appeal, which violate paragraph h from the article 8.2 of the American Convention, which guarantees the right to the double degree of jurisdiction; also, the Constitutional Amendment 26/85, that amnestied criminals from the military regime, violates article 8.1 and 25 from the ACHR, which establishes judicial guarantees, the right to judicial protection and the duty of the Brazilian State to guarantee judicial protection. In order to analyze the unconventionality of such rules, it proposes a theory of the generations of rights, according to which, the first generation of rights is made by the natural rights, the second generation by the legal rights, the third generation is constituted by the fundamental rights and the fourth generation is composed by the human rights. The present thesis is justified due to the necessity to evaluate the compatibility of the Brazilian constitutional rules face the ACHR. Finally, it reaches the conclusion that the Brazilian State has the duty to perform the control of conventionality of unconventional constitutional rules, due to its obligation to respect the human rights, adopting legislative or judicial measures to comply with the American Convention (pacta sunt servanda) in good faith (bona fides)
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar a tese de que existem normas constitucionais do Estado brasileiro que violam a Convenção Americana sobre Direitos Humanos (CADH). Parte da hipótese de que o inciso LXVII do art. 5º da Constituição de 1988, que permite a prisão do depositário infiel, viola o art. 7.7 da CADH, o qual veda a referida forma de privação da liberdade; de que as alíneas b e c do inciso I do art. 102 da Constituição de 1988, regulamentadas pelo inciso I do art. 5º e alíneas j e k do inciso I do art. 9º do Regimento Interno do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), que permitem o julgamento em única e última instância pelo STF, sem direito a um recurso, violam a alínea h do art. 8.2 da Convenção Americana, a qual garante o direito ao duplo grau de jurisdição; bem como a Emenda Constitucional n. 26/85, que anistiou criminosos do regime militar, viola os arts. 8.1 e 25 da CADH, que estabelecem, respectivamente, garantias judiciais, direito à proteção judicial e o dever do Estado brasileiro de garantir a proteção judicial. Para analisar a inconvencionalidade das referidas normas, propõe uma teoria das gerações de direitos, segundo a qual a primeira geração de direitos é formada pelos direitos naturais; a segunda geração, pelos direitos legais; a terceira geração é constituída pelos direitos fundamentais, e a quarta geração é composta pelos direitos humanos. Justifica-se a presente tese em virtude da necessidade da avaliação da compatibilidade das normas constitucionais brasileiras em face da CADH. Por fim, chega à conclusão de que o Estado brasileiro tem o dever de realizar o controle de convencionalidade das normas constitucionais inconvencionais, em virtude da sua obrigação de respeitar os direitos humanos, adotando medidas legislativas ou judiciais para cumprir a Convenção Americana (pacta sunt servanda) de boa-fé (bona fides)

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Papadimitriou, Théodora. "La régulation des rapports entre l'ordre constitutionnel français et l'ordre juridique de l'Union européenne par le Conseil constitutionnel." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010308.

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Impossible à saisir par le recours à une logique hiérarchique, le rapport entre l'ordre constitutionnel interne et le droit de l'Union fait actuellement l'objet d'une interprétation fondée sur l'article 88-1C. Qui vise à concilier l'application du droit de l'Union avec la constitutionnalité identitaire de l'ordre interne. Le Conseil constitutionnel, le Conseil d'Etat, la Cour de justice et, indirectement, la Cour de Strasbourg, s'érigent en «co-régulateurs» d'un rapport dont l'effectivité reste tributaire du respect de la compétence exclusive de chaque juridiction pour interpréter ce qui relève de l'identité de son ordre juridique de rattachement organique. Cette conception encourt le risque d'une subordination de l'appréciation livrée par le juge interne au dernier mot de la Cour de justice. L'adaptation conséquente des modalités de régulation devient ainsi gage de la pérennité d'un «dialogue des juges» qui garantit un rapport entre ordres juridiques non hiérarchique et équilibré.

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Nguyen, Thi Hong. "La notion d'exception en droit constitutionnel français." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010284/document.

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L'étude consiste à étudier les normes ou règles d'exception en droit constitutionnel. Il s'agit de s'interroger sur le point de savoir quelle réalité juridique recouvrent les lois qualifiées d'exception (textes exceptionnels) et à quelle finalité servent-elles dans l'ordre constitutionnel français? L'analyse conjointe ( textes constitutionnels, législatifs, des jurisprudences constitutionnelle, administrative ainsi que des discours de la doctrine permet de circonscrire le contenu matériel la notion d'exception. Celle-ci désigne la nonne de limitation. Plus précisément, l'exception est une limitation que le législateur fait tantôt à l'étendue de la validité d'une norme juridique de portée trop générale, tantôt à l'application stricte du droit lorsqu'une telle application détourne la règle de droit de ses propres finalités ou s'avère inefficace, inadéquate à résoudre une situation particulière. Définie comme une norme de limitation, la notion d'exception est d'un apport certain en droit constitutionnel. En effet, en contribuant à la résolution des normes antinomiques par la conciliation et non par l'abrogation, cette notion comble les lacunes et enrichit le droit constitutionnel. Étant un instrument particulièrement efficace du réformisme juridique, la notion d'exception est donc un outil d'adaptation du droit aux circonstances sociales en « douceur ». Harmonisant les normes ayant des contenus contradictoires, cette notion contribue plus généralement à la réflexion sur l'équilibre de l'ordre juridique
The subject of the study is norms or rules of exception in constitutional law. We have to examine what is legal reality of laws qualified as "rules of exception" (special text) and what purpose they serve in the French constitutional order. The joint analysis of constitutional and legislative texts, constitutional and administrative jurisprudence, as weIl as doctrinal speech allows to define the material content of the notion of exception. This concept refers to the norm of limitation. SpecificaIly, the exception is a limitation that is applied by the legislator either to the scope of the validity of a legal norm too broad or to implementation of the law when this implementation diverts the rule of law of its purposes or is ineffective, inadequate to solve a particular situation. Defmed as a limitation norm, the notion of exception is a real contribution to constitutional law. lndeed, by contributing to the resolution of antinomy norms by conciliation and not by repealing, this concept f1l1s gaps and entiches constitutionallaw. Being a particularly effective instrument of legal reformism, the notion of exception is a tool to adapt the law to the social circumstances by "softness". Harmonizing standards with conflicting contents, this concept more generally contributes to the discussion on the balance of the legalorder

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Silva, Anderson Souza da. "Regula??o do livre acesso no transporte de g?s natural ? luz da ordem econ?mica da Constitui??o de 1988." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2007. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/14007.

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In the middle of modern social changes produced by globalization and capitalism, several markets have changed. States have left the direct coordination of these markets (chiefly public utility sector in the form of monopolies), introducing regulation in order to promote competition. These changes have affected natural gas industry by promoting competition as a key factor to the development and the increase of firms in this market. The regulatory reform of natural gas industry ocurred in EUA and Europe Union and it has produced its first results. In Brazilian context, Constitutional Amendment nbr. 09 and Federal Law nbr. 9.478/97 ( Petroleum Law ) opened the natural gas market to a broad range of private economic agents and they finished the monopoly over the industry before managed by Petrobras. The new regulatory framework of Brazilian natural gas industry has designed competition as a central element to the new form of managment of business and contractual relationships of this industry. Among the regulatory instruments, open access regulation in natural gas pipelines is directed to promote competition. The questions arised about its implementation in Brazilian context are studied in the present work, in which it is discussed the constitutional rules and principles are to be applied to the open access regulation within the theme of statal regulation of economy present in constitutional economic order
No movimento de mudan?as sociais capitaneados pelo capitalismo global e pelo discurso neoliberal, t?m sido promovidas no mundo reformas nos chamados setores de infra-estrutura (antes geralmente geridos de forma direta pelo Estado sob a forma de monop?lios) no sentido de se introduzir uma regula??o que promova a concorr?ncia. Desses setores a industria do g?s natural vem sofrendo reformas institucionais relevantes que procuram retirar-lhe caracter?sticas monopol?sticas e permitir, dessa maneira, o aumento dos agentes nesse mercado. Em alguns paises essas transforma??es na industria do g?s natural encontram j? seus resultados (EUA e Uni?o Europ?ia). O Brasil tem promovido reformas no setor de g?s desde a Emenda Constitucional n? 09 e a Lei 9.478/97, abrindo as portas do mercado brasileiro de petr?leo e g?s para os investimentos privados, criando um cen?rio onde a Petrobr?s n?o est? mais sozinha na execu??o de atividades da cadeia do petr?leo e g?s natural. Acabou-se, assim, com o monop?lio da execu??o das atividades da industria do petr?leo e g?s (foi mantido o monop?lio da titularidade), passando-se a introduzir nesses setores a interven??o pela regula??o, a regula??o econ?mica. Dentre as pautas de regula??o importante da ind?stria do g?s natural encontra-se o chamado livre acesso (open access) aos gasodutos de transporte, fazendo-se pensar a regula??o do livre acesso ? luz da ordem econ?mica da nossa Constitui??o e projetar as rela??es entre Estado e Economia, buscando desenhar o conjunto de regras e princ?pios que orientam a a??o reguladora e fundamentam a possibilidade constitucional do controle de estruturas pelo livre acesso no segmento de transporte de g?s natural

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Behrendt, Christian. "Le juge constitutionnel comme législateur-cadre positif : les normes juridictionnelles relatives à la production et au contenu de normes législatives futures : une analyse comparative en droit français, belge et allemand." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010269.

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Les recherches s'intéressent à la question de savoir si le juge constitutionnel exerce une influence juridique sur l'activité normative du législateur, en prédéterminant le contenu de normes législatives futures. Ce problème a été analysé en droit belge, allemand et français, en plaçant la jurisprudence des trois Cours constitutionnelles respectives (Cour d'arbitrage, Bundesveifassungsgericht et Conseil constitutionnel) au centre du débat. Lorsque le juge constitutionnel invalide une norme législative pour un motif donné, n'invite-t-il pas par là le législateur à légiférer autrement à l'avenir ? Autrement dit, sa décision n'a-t-elle pas une incidence sur l'activité normative future du pouvoir législatif ? Les recherches portent ainsi sur les énoncés de droit qui sont relatifs à l'activité normative future du pouvoir législatif et que le juge constitutionnel émet au sein de ses décisions.

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Mutelet, Valérie. "Hiérarchies et normes de constitutionnalité." Lille 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LIL20020.

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L'accroissement des normes constitutionnelles, provoqué par la décision du 16 juillet 1971 et la jurisprudence du Conseil Constitutionnel ont engendré des problèmes nouveaux, notamment celui de l'agencement des différentes sources des normes constitutionnelles et celui du règlement des conflits entre normes contradictoires. Car, au sein de cet ensemble de normes certaines s'opposent. De là est née la question de savoir s'il n'existait pas de hiérarchie au niveau constitutionnel. Deux hiérarchies sont envisageables : la hiérarchie formelle et la hiérarchie matérielle. La première s'attache à la source des normes et consiste à rechercher l'existence d'une différence de valeur entre ces differentes sources. La seconde s'intéresse au -contenu matériel des normes, et voudrait prouver la prévalence de certaines normes. Or, il est possible de montrer qu'avant même de vérifier l'existence de hiérarchie(s), il faudrait comme préalable nécessaire que certaines difficultés soient résolues. Ces problèmes d'envergure concernent des aspects particuliers du " bloc de constitutionnalité. " Quelles sont en l'occurrence ces normes de constitutionnalité ? Sont-elles de nature identique ? Toutes questions et réponses qui auront des répercussions sur les notions de hiérarchies. La première partie s'articule donc autour de deux thèmes. Pour commencer, la nature des normes de constitutionnalité n'est pas uniforme. Ceci se vérifie pour les principes fondamentaux reconnus par les lois de la République, pour les principes généraux du droit de valeur constitutionnelle. Ensuite, définir le contenu même du " bloc de constitutionnalité " n'est pas facile. Les lois organiques en font-elles partie ? Qu'en est-il du droit international conventionnel et non conventionnel ? L'étude des hiérarchies fait l'objet de la seconde partie. Concernant la hiérarchie formelle, à travers les critères théoriques pouvant lui servir de fondement, leur non utilisation par le juge, il sera démontré qu'elle n'existe pas. L'étude de la hiérarchie matérielle s'appuie sur les hypothèses de conciliation entre principes constitutionnels. Cet examen devait avoir pour but de vérifier que se sont toujours les mêmes principes qui sont sacrifiés ou privilégiés. Or, on ne peut qu'infirmer cette interprétation : la définition de la conciliation et le pragmatisme du juge révèlent qu'il n'y a pas non plus de hiérarchie mate
The decision taken on 16th July 1971 together with the Constitutional Council jurisprudence have triggered an increase of the constitutional norms. This in turn has created new problems, with two main ones emerging: on the one hand, the problem related to the organization of the different sources of the constitutional norms, on the other hand, the problem related to the settlement of clashes between confiscatory norms. For it must be said that some of these norms are on a collision course. So the question is: is there any kind of hierarchy between norms when it comes to constitution? Two different types of hierarchies can be considered: the formal hierarchy and the material one. The formal hierarchy is based on the norms sources and is about classifying these norms from a scale of values. The material hierarchy is based on the substance of the norms and would like to establish that some of these norms should prevail upon others. It is possible to demonstrate that, even before checking the existence of the hierarchies, one should first overcome a series difficulties stemming from a few problems. These important problems are related to particular aspects of the so-called “block of constitutionality”; what are these norms of constitutionality? Are they of the same nature? These questions and their answers will have an impact on the notions of hierarchies. The first part of this work is thus organized around two main axes. To start with, it can be said that the nature of constitutionality norms is not one and the same. Then, to define what lies within the “ block of constitutionality”; is not an easy task to carry out. The study of the hierarchies is the core of the second part of this work. It will later be226794demonstrated that formal hierarchy has no existence of its own. This demonstration will be based on the study of the theoretical criteria, which can serve as a basis for this type of hierarchy, and on the fact that judges never take these criteria into account. The study of material hierarchy is based on conciliatory hypothesis between constitutional principles. This study was planed to establish that it is always the same principles, which are sacrificed or favoured. Yet it appears that this interpretation is wrong: the definition of conciliation as well as the judges' pragmatism both tend to prove there is no material hierarchy either

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Macho, Pérez Ana Belén. "El principio de irretroactividad en derecho tributario." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7308.

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El estudio de la retroactividad y de sus límites constituye un tema clásico y fundamental de Derecho tributario, sometido en la actualidad a un intenso debate, como demuestra la abundante jurisprudencia constitucional y europea existente sobre el tema. En este trabajo se lleva a cabo un análisis sistemático del principio de irretroactividad en Derecho tributario en los planos de la aplicación y la producción de normas tributarias - como regla general supletoria y como principio constitucional vinculante para leyes y reglamentos -, distinguiendo en función del carácter sustantivo, procedimental o sancionador de la norma. La investigación - de marcado carácter interdisciplinar y de Derecho comparado - se ocupa de la noción de retroactividad, el Derecho transitorio y los límites constitucionales a la retroactividad tributaria, completándose con un análisis de la retroactividad de actos y sentencias, con especial referencia a los efectos en el tiempo de las declaraciones de inconstitucionalidad de leyes tributarias..
The study of retroactivity and its boundaries constitutes a classic and fundamental issue in Tax Law. Nowadays, this topic is subject to an intensive debate regarding how it proves the prolific constitutional and European case law related to the matter. This study carries out a systematic analysis of the non-retroactive principle in Tax Law, in the fields of application and production of tax norms - as a general supplementary rule and as a constitutional principle - whilst at the same time distinguishing between the substantive, procedural and penal character. The investigation (which has an interdisciplinary and internationally comparative law nature) deals with the retroactivity notion, grandfathering and with the constitutional boundaries of the tax retroactivity effect. Concurrently, the study is complemented with the analysis of the retroactivity of administrative acts and court decisions, with special reference to the temporal effects of the declaration of an anti-constitutional character of tax laws

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FILHO, LUIS SERGIO SOARES MAMARI. "THE OPEN COMMUNITY OF CONSTITUTION INTERPRETERS: THE AMICUS CURIAE AS A DEMOCRATIZATION STRATEGY OF THE SEARCH FOR THE NORMS' MEANING." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2004. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=5423@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar alguns aspectos concernentes à interpretação da Constituição. A tarefa de desvendar o significado da norma está condicionada pela inconstância semântica dos enunciados que exteriorizam seu conteúdo e pela précompreensão inerente a todo interprete. Estes dois dados, aliados aos métodos clássicos de interpretação jurídica, fazem da busca pelo teor da norma um ato de voluntarismo. Como forma de mitigar as escolhas individuais do interprete e, dessa forma, fazer da Constituição em importante elemento de integração social, investiga-se um meio que garanta a racionalização do processo de interpretação sem perder de vista o pluralismo característico das sociedades atuais. Acredita-se que mediante a ampliação do rol de agentes habilitados para participar do debate que antecede a fixação da substância da norma constitucional, isto é, possibilitando a integração deliberativa de um número maior de setores da sociedade, estar-se-á dando um importante passo no sentido de se atingir a interpretação mais adequada da Constituição. Entende-se que essa perspectiva discursiva permite a introdução de um fator que debela e mitiga a vontade individual do intérprete, além de legitimar a imposição da própria Constituição. Além disso, mas na mesma direção, constata-se que a Constituição moderna, em função da abertura de seu texto e da diferenciação de densidade de suas normas, demanda a utilização de métodos de interpretação que, em detrimento da aplicação silogística de suas regras e princípios, a partir do primado da norma, valorizem a orientação tópica, aproximando os juízos formulados pelos intérpretes do caso concreto. Nos processos de controle concentrado de constitucionalidade que tramitam perante o Supremo Tribunal Federal, a figura do amicus curiae, dada pela legislação que regula a matéria, pode ser importante instrumento de defesa desta concepção democrática da interpretação da Constituição.
This work is intended to analyze a few aspects concerning the interpretation of the Constitution. The task of unfolding the meaning of the norms is conditioned by the semantic inconstancy of the items that exteriorize its content and by the comprehension inherent to every interpreter. This two data, allied to the classic methods of legal interpretation, make the search for the tenor of the norm an act of voluntarism. As a manner to mitigate the individual choices of the interpreter and, therefore, make the Constitution an important element of social integration, we shall investigate a manner that guarantees the rationalization of the interpretation process without losing the pluralism characteristic of the current societies. We believe that upon the expansion of the list of agents qualified to prepare the debate that antecedes the determination of the substance of the constitutional norm, i.e., allowing the deliberative integration of a larger number of sectors of society, therefore moving in a great deal in order to reach the most pertinent interpretation of the Constitution. We believe that this discursive perspective allows the introduction of a factor that restricts and mitigates the individual will of the interpreter, further legitimating the imposition of the Constitution itself. Furthermore, but in the same direction, we verify that the modern Constitution demands the use of interpretation methods that, due to the opening of its text and the differentiation of the density of its norms and in detriment to the syllogistic application of its rules and principles from the superiority of the norm, valorize the topic orientation, approximating the decisions made by the interpreter in the correct case. In the processes of concentrated control of constitutionality in course before the Federal High Court, the figure of the amicus curiae, due to the legislation applicable to the issue, may be important instrument of defense of this democratic conception of the interpretation of the Constitution.

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Charité, Maxime. "Excès de pouvoir législatif et excès de pouvoir administratif : Etude comparée de l'office des juges constitutionnel et administratif français." Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE0001.

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En France, le contentieux des normes générales se décline aujourd’hui en deux ensembles principaux, le recours pour excès de pouvoir dirigé contre les actes réglementaires et le contrôle de constitutionnalité des lois. Partageant un certain nombre de propriétés, ces derniers s’analysent non seulement comme des « contentieux objectifs », mais également comme des « contentieux d’annulation ». C’est ainsi qu’afin d’accomplir leur office, les juges constitutionnel et administratif français doivent tous les deux, d’abord, établir un rapport de norme à norme, puis, le cas échéant, annuler l’acte juridique contraire à une norme juridique qui s’impose à lui. Ces propriétés communes contrastent avec les conditions différentes dans lesquelles les deux juges du Palais-Royal sont appelés à statuer. Cette tension permanente entre les propriétés qu’ils partagent et les conditions différentes dans lesquelles ils s’accomplissent fait que les rapports entre l’office du Conseil constitutionnel et celui du juge de l’excès de pouvoir oscillent entre l’unité et la dualité. Précisément, la présente étude comparée, intitulée « Excès de pouvoir législatif et excès de pouvoir administratif » par référence à l’étude pionnière du doyen Vedel dans la première livraison des Cahiers du Conseil constitutionnel, a pour objet de démontrer qu’au fur et à mesure du déroulement des étapes du contentieux, la démarche du Conseil constitutionnel et celle du juge administratif se rapprochent au point de s’identifier. L’inscription de cette comparaison dans le cadre d’une théorie des contraintes juridiques nous permet ainsi de montrer que si, dans la recherche de l’excès de pouvoir, l’office des juges constitutionnel et administratif français est dominé par la dualité, il est, dans la sanction de l’excès de pouvoir, marqué par une profonde unité
In France, general norms litigation is nowadays divided into two main groups, the actions for abuse of power directed against the normative acts and the control of constitutionality of the laws. Sharing a certain number of similarities, they are analyzed not only as "objective litigation", but also as "cancellation litigation". Thus, in order to fulfill their role, French constitutional and administrative judges must both, first, establish a norm-to-norm report and, if necessary, cancel the general legal act contrary to a superior legal norm. These similarities contrast with the different conditions in which the two judges of the Palais-Royal are called to judge. This permanent tension between the similarities they share and the different conditions in which they are called to judge makes the relationships between the role of the Constitutional Council and that of the abuse of power’s judge oscillate between unity and duality. Precisely, the present comparative study, named "Abuse of legislative power and abuse of administrative power" after the study of Dean Vedel in the first numbers of Constitutional Council Review, aims to demonstrate that, as the stages of litigation progress, the approach of the Constitutional Council and that of the administrative judge get closer to the point of identifying. The inscription of this comparison in the framework of a theory of legal constraints allows us to show that if, in the search for abuse of power, the role of French constitutional and administrative judges is dominated by duality, it is, in the sanction of abuse of power, marked by a deep unity

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Lima, Rafael Scavone Bellem de. "Otimização de princípios, separação de poderes e segurança jurídica: o conflito entre princípio e regra." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2134/tde-09122014-132355/.

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De importância central para o debate sobre a efetivação de princípios constitucionais, a distinção entre princípios e regras desenvolvida por Robert Alexy tem sido objeto de considerações opostas quanto à sua adequação e suas implicações práticas: por um lado é defendida como uma forma de garantir judicialmente a máxima realização das normas constitucionais, por outro, é criticada por levar ao acúmulo de poder nos órgãos judiciais e por comprometer a segurança jurídica. Essa polarização está diretamente relacionada à compreensão sobre o modo de solução do conflito entre um princípio e uma regra. Concebidos, quase que paradoxalmente, como normas que ordenam que algo seja realizado na maior medida possível dentro possibilidades fáticas e jurídicas existentes caso dos princípios e normas que contêm determinações no âmbito daquilo que é fática e juridicamente possível caso das regras , essas duas espécies normativas podem prescrever consequências jurídicas opostas a uma mesma situação, dando ensejo a um conflito cuja relevância não se limita ao âmbito metodológico, mas também tem implicações práticas diretas. Dependendo dos ônus argumentativos que forem impostos pelo método de solução deste conflito normativo, tem-se um cenário mais favorável à prevalência das regras ou, de modo oposto, à sua superação para a efetivação dos princípios colidentes, o que é extremamente relevante, uma vez que a positivação das regras tende a estabilizar as expectativas dos seus destinatários, fomentando a segurança jurídica, e a preservar a competência decisória de agentes estatais que, muitas vezes, são mais representativos ou tecnicamente mais capacitados para decidir sobre a melhor forma de concretizar os princípios constitucionais do que os órgãos judiciais. Para que essas funções possam ser cumpridas, o conflito entre um princípio e uma regra não pode ser resolvido por meio de um sopesamento entre princípios materiais, nem compreendido como uma relação de restrição à realização do princípio pela regra, que, diante de inevitáveis resultados indesejados, acaba sendo relativizada em situações indefinidas ou descritas por critérios excessivamente vagos. É necessário que as regras sejam mais resistentes à superação e vinculem o aplicador do direito em maior medida do que os princípios, o que pode ser observado em dois métodos de solução para o conflito entre um princípio e uma regra defendidos pelos adeptos da teoria dos princípios: o exame de proporcionalidade e o sopesamento envolvendo princípios materiais e formais. Orientados por parâmetros argumentativos distintos, que podem ser claros e bem definidos, no caso do exame de proporcionalidade, ou abstratos e complexos, no caso do sopesamento envolvendo princípios formais e materiais embora nesse caso tendam a ser mais adequados, pois que permitem a consideração de outros aspectos além do grau de realização dos princípios materiais , esses métodos levam a soluções mais equilibradas para o conflito entre um princípio e uma regra, atenuando a influência da teoria dos princípios tanto para a proteção de direitos por meio da adjudicação, como também para a concentração de competência decisória nos órgãos judiciais e para o casuísmo na aplicação do direito.
Central in the debate on constitutional principles, the distinction of legal norms into principles and rules developed by Robert Alexy has been either defended by most of its adepts as necessary means to ensure the realization of constitutional rights through adjudication or criticized for concentrating power in the judiciary branch and reducing legal stability and reliance. This polarization is directly related to the comprehension of the resolution of the conflict between principles and rules. Described almost paradoxically as norms requiring something to be realized to the greatest extent possible, given the factual and legal possibilities at hand case of the principles and norms that entail definitions in the realm of what is factual and legally possible case of the rules , norms of these two kinds can prescribe different consequences to the same situation, which leads to a normative conflict with not only methodological but also practical implications. Depending on the argumentative burdens imposed by the method applied to solve this normative conflict, the scenario can be more prone to rule-based decisions, or, adversely, to overruling and principle-based decision-making, which is extremely relevant given that rules tend to stabilize expectations, thus promoting legal stability, and to protect the decision-making competence of state branches that are often more representative and instrumentally more capable of taking better decisions on the realization of constitutional principles than the judiciary bodies. For these functions to be fulfilled, the conflict between a principle and a rule cannot be solved neither by means of a balance between material principles nor by assuming that the principles realization is always constrained by the rule, since this constraint, often resulting in unwanted effects, ends being overridden in situations either described in extremely vague terms or not at all. Rules impose stronger constraints in decision-making and must bind the decision-maker to a higher extent than principles, as presented in the two methods admitted by the principles theory to decide on the prevalence of a rule or an opposing principle: the proportionality test and the balancing between formal and substantive principles. Guided by distinct argumentative standards, which can be clear and well defined in the proportionality test or abstract and complex when balancing involves formal and substantive principles in this case the standards might be more suitable to decision-making by permitting the consideration of other elements in addition to the extent of the realization of substantive principles , these methods tend to lead to more balanced solutions to the conflict between a principle and a rule, thus lessening the influence of the principles theory on the realization of constitutional rights through adjudication, as well as on the concentration of power in the judiciary bodies and on the decrease of legal stability and reliance

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Mora, Burbano Ivonny Carolina. "Les constitutions Sud-américaines et le droit international." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0337.

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Cette étude porte sur l’évolution de deux processus, à savoir l’internationalisation des Constitutions sud-américaines et la constitutionnalisation du droit international au sein des Etats sud-américains. Nous analysons l’existence ou l’absence d’une tendance dans le statut du droit international au sein des Constitutions dans la région. Pour ce faire, il y a un raisonnement en quatre étapes. La première étape consacrée à l’analyse des causes de l’inclusion du droit international au sein des Constitutions, la deuxième étape dédiée à l’étude de la reconnaissance constitutionnelle du droit international non conventionné, dans une troisième étape nous mesurerons l’influence du droit international et de la répartition des compétences des branches du pouvoir public sur la conclusion des traités. Finalement, dans une quatrième étape, c’est la valeur constitutionnelle des traités au sein des Constitutions Sud-Américaines qui va nous permettre d’identifier la position atypique des traités des droits de l’homme et de leur place privilégiée dans l’ordre juridique interne
This study focuses on the evolution of two processes, the internationalization of South American constitutions and the constitutionalizing of international law within South American states. We analyze the existence or absence of a trend in the status of international law within the Constitutions in the region. To do this, there is a four-step reasoning. The first step devoted to the analysis of the causes of the inclusion of international law within the Constitutions, the second step dedicated to the study of the constitutional recognition of international law not under agreement, in a third step we will measure the influence of international law and the distribution of powers of the branches of public power on the conclusion of treaties. Finally, in a fourth step, it is the constitutional value of the treaties within the South American Constitutions which will allow us to identify the atypical position of human rights treaties and their privileged place in the legal order internal

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Boda, Jean-Sébastien. "Les effets du contrôle de constitutionnalité sur la constitution. Essai sur les normes constitutionnelles dans les discours juridiques." Thesis, Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100105.

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L’instauration d’un contrôle de constitutionnalité au sein du système juridique a d’importantes conséquences sur la façon d’appréhender la constitution. En effet, si l’on estime traditionnellement que les juges qui en sont chargés ne font qu’appliquer des normes constitutionnelles préexistantes, l’étude théorique de la production normative au sein du système juridique permet d’envisager le pouvoir créateur des juridictions à travers leur aptitude à attribuer une signification juridique aux énoncés qu’elles interprètent. On peut alors considérer qu’en exerçant un contrôle de constitutionnalité, les juges sont bien en mesure de produire les normes constitutionnelles qu’ils sont réputées « découvrir » dans le texte de la constitution et appliquer aux cas qui leur sont soumis. L’analyse du discours juridique amène à conclure que l’usage de ce pouvoir créateur par les juges constitutionnels a des effets sur la représentation de la constitution. La mise en avant fréquente de normes formulées de façon très générale, notamment les fameux principes, traduit une tendance à avoir de la constitution une conception axiologique, qui s’illustre notamment à travers le rapprochement esquissé entre les jurisprudences constitutionnelle et européenne
The establishment of judicial review within the legal system has important consequences on the way the constitution is comprehended. Indeed, even though it is generally acknowledged that the judges, who are assigned to such a task, only enforce pre-existing constitutional norms, theoretical studies about norm production within the legal system allows to consider their normative power as regards to their ability to assign legal meaning to text they interpret. We can therefore consider that when they carry out judicial review, the judges are able to produce constitutional norms which they are supposedly « discovering » in the wording of the Constitution and apply it to the cases submitted to them. The analysis of the legal discourse brings us to conclude that the use of such a normative power by constitutional judges impacts on the representation of the Constitution. Frequently putting forward norms expressed in a very general manner, in particular the much talked about principles, reflects a trend towards an axiological conception of the constitution, which especially illustrates itself through a closer connection outlined between constitutional and European case law

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Dufrèsne, Yolande. "Reconnaissance écclésiale des premières constitutions: Soeurs des Saints Noms de Jésus et de Marie, 1843-1887." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/22622.

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Espinosa, Romain. "Analyse économique de la norme juridique : des origines constitutionnelles à la mise en oeuvre par le juge." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020044/document.

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Les questions de légitimité et de stabilité des systèmes politiques ont longtemps été étudiées séparément des problèmes de mise en oeuvre du droit en sciences économiques. L’objectif de cette thèse est concilier ces différentes approches afin de replacer la mise en oeuvre de la norme juridique au centre du débat institutionnel. Ce travail se décompose en cinq investigations empiriques ou expérimentales portant chacune sur une des étapes du processus politique et judiciaire.Le premier article s’intéresse à l’impact des droits constitutionnels sur les dépenses publiques. La seconde étude explore l’influence des biais d’auto-complaisance sur la demande et l’offre de redistribution. Le troisième travail analyse les décisions rendues par le Conseil Constitutionnel. La quatrième partie examine la réforme de la carte judiciaire des Conseils de Prud’hommes de 2008. Le dernier chapitre étudie la relation entre la composition syndicale des Conseils de Prud’hommes et les issues des litiges qui y sont portés.Nos analyses reposent sur les outils économétriques et expérimentaux. Elles font usage de méthodes d’estimations classiques (OLS, GLS, Probit, Logit, Within OLS), de modèles à sélection (Heckman, Triprobit), des outils destinés aux problèmes d’endogénéité (2SLS)et des techniques d’estimation de systèmes d’équation (3SLS). L’approche expérimentale contient également des tests statistiques communément appliqués (tests de permutation,tests de comparaison de moyenne, tests de proportion) ainsi que de récentes méthodes pour traiter l’hétérogénéité (wild clustering)
The legitimacy and the stability of political systems have very often been studied in economics separate from considerations about legal norms’ enforcement. My objective is to combine these different approaches, and to place the question of the legal enforcement at the heart of the debate about institutions. This work is made of cinq empirical and experimental investigations that deal with each of the stages of the political and legal process.This first paper analyzes the impact of constitutional rights on public expenditures. The second article explores the influence of self-serving biases on the demand and the supplyof redistribution. The third analysis focuses on the decisions of the French Constitutional Council. The fourth work deals with the recent reform of the judiciary map of Frenchlabor courts. The last study investigates the relationship between the composition of the elected jurors in French labor courts and the way cases are terminated.Our investigations rely on econometric and experimental techniques. They use standard estimation methods (OLS, GLS, Probit, Logit, Within OLS), selection models (Heckman,Triprotibt), techniques for endogeneity correction (2SLS), and methods to estimate systems of equations (3SLS). The experimental analysis makes use of standard statistical tests(permutation tests, proportion tests, two-group mean-comparison tests), and more recent methods to solve heterogeneity (wild clustering)

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Villanueva, Aura. "Institution and Monstrosity in the Narrative of Fernando Contreras Castro." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77427.

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This thesis examines the ways in which the rapid economic changes, as portrayed in two Costa Rican novels, Única mirando al mar (1993) and Los Peor (1995) by Fernando Contreras Castro, serve as solid foundation for laying out the deep-rooted economic and political challenges that have profoundly affected not only Costa Rican society but many of the national institutions. It focuses on revealing the uprising unfertile relationship between the residents and the governmental institutions, whose monstrous model of behavior are incompatible with the Costa Rican Constitution and thus, generating a systematic shift in the social norms. It explores the historical and literary Costa Rican context demonstrating how the narrative shade considerable light on the complex system of governance and its fragility in a democratic society.
Master of Arts

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Kouomou, Simo Landry. "Le changement de circonstances dans la jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D051.

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Le changement de circonstances est un instrument permettant au Conseil constitutionnel d'affermir l'autorité de ses décisions, tant par le dialogue, que par la cohérence. En tant qu'instrument d'autorité par le dialogue, la notion fait écho à la jurisprudence administrative du Conseil d'Etat. Le Conseil constitutionnel a transposé cette technique au contentieux constitutionnel, ce qui a pour effet de renforcer son caractère juridictionnel. Mais cette réception s'est faite progressivement, évolution consacrée par le législateur organique en 2009. La recherche d'une autorité par le dialogue se manifeste également dans la conception du phénomène du changement de circonstances. Une conception à la fois extensive des circonstances et restrictive du changement. La prise en compte de la notion permet aussi d'affermir l'autorité des décisions du Conseil constitutionnel par la cohérence. C'est d'abord la jurisprudence du Conseil qui gagne en cohérence, en ce que la notion a une fonction de dérogation, mais aussi de justification. Ce sont aussi les normes qui gagnent en cohérence, puisque le changement de circonstances de droit conduit à la cohérence des normes à leur environnement juridique, tandis que le changement de circonstances de fait, qui trouve sa justification dans le besoin d'adaptation du droit à son contexte factuel, renforce le caractère concret du contrôle de constitutionnalité, et renforce la participation du Conseil constitutionnel à la fonction législative
No English summary available

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Pedro, Alice Magdalene. "Guidelines for the training of teachers to promote constitutional values in schools / A.M. Pedro." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/3673.

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This study provides guidelines for teacher training to promote the constitutional values in schools. The purpose is not to question the constitutional values or develop a new set of values. For a meaningful analysis within the limitations of a Master's dissertation, the study focuses on the General Education and Training Band (Grades Reception to Nine). Compared to foreign countries, open debate regarding values in education is relatively new in South Africa. Values are usually abstract but sometimes also physical entities to which human beings attach worth. They are common in individuals or groups through physical exposure and genetic make-up. Teaching inevitably instils values in learners. Schools often adopt a values system, which should not be imposed upon any individual learner. Values, and in particular moral values, should be taught in schools because they influence attitudes, priorities, principles, norms, standards, morals and ethics, which in turn influence decision-making, learner performance and behaviour, which affect the future of learners. In the Manifesto on values, education and democracy, the National Department of Education promotes ten constitutional values - democracy, social justice and equity, equality, non-racism and non-sexism, ubuntu (human dignity), an open society, accountability (responsibility), the rule of law, respect and reconciliation - for teaching in South African schools. The ten constitutional values are not imposed but are intended to help learners develop into good citizens in line with the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996). The ten constitutional values should not be the only values taught in schools, as there are many other values that form an inherent part of education. At South African universities, values are included in teacher-training programmes in different forms and to varying degrees. The Higher Education HIV/Aids Programme, Revised National Curriculum Statement training, Advanced Certificate in Education and the normal curricula for pre-service teacher training are implemented at the different universities investigated. The ten constitutional and other values are integrated into all the learning areas of the Revised National Curriculum Statement. They should also therefore be integrated into teacher-training programmes. Programmes narrowly focused on the ten constitutional values should not be discouraged, as they strengthen the teaching of values in general. Values should be contextualised and purposefully infused in all teacher-training curricula. The dissertation concludes with the guidelines for the training of teachers to promote the ten constitutional values. The guidelines consider the sixteen strategies for the teaching of the ten constitutional values as outlined in the Manifesto on values, education and democracy. communication, role-modelling, literacy, human rights, arts and culture, history, religion, multilingualism, school sport, equality, anti-racism, anti-sexism, HIV/Aids, school safety, the environment and respect for diversity. The purpose of these guidelines is to guide teachers regarding which values to teach; they are thus not intended to be prescriptions on how to teach them.
Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

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Valls, Julien. "Cours constitutionnelles et normes législatives financières : les expériences espagnole et française." Toulouse 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOU10041.

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Cette recherche de droit comparé vise à mettre en perspective l' abondante jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel relative aux normes financières. Le Tribunal constitutionnel espagnol, doté des plus larges compétences et exemplaire du modèle européen de cour constitutionnelle, est un point de comparaison particulièrement significatif pour ce faire
This comparative law study aims at situating the numerous decisions taken by the French Conseil constitutionnel about financial law regarding international standards. The Spanish Tribunal Constitucional is an accurate counterpart for such a comparison, as its wide competence makes it a very significant example of european constitutional court

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'CONSTITUTIONAL NORMS'

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