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1
Insole, Christopher J. Realism and Anti-realism. Edited by William J. Abraham and Frederick D. Aquino. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662241.013.21.
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The chapter argues that the search for a single construal of the realism/anti-realism distinction is misguided. There are more or less apt versions of the distinction, each framed with a specific set of interests. The terms of art, ‘realist’ and ‘anti-realist’, are not helpfully construed as applying across whole domains (‘science’, ‘religion’, ‘ethics’), or thinkers, but at the level of particular statements. As such, the distinction has less in common with categorizations such as ‘theist/atheist’, or ‘empiricist/rationalist’, and more in common with (contestable, but still useful for many) terms of art such as ‘a priori/a posteriori’ and ‘analytic/synthetic’. The chapter explores four alternative construals of the distinction: cognitivist, ontological, epistemological, and semantic. When we get to the more subtle construals of semantic anti-realism/realism, it is unclear what precisely (if anything) is at stake in the debate.
2
Dalal, Reeshad S., and Nichelle Carpenter. The Other Side of the Coin?: Similarities and Differences Between Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Counterproductive Work Behavior. Edited by Philip M. Podsakoff, Scott B. Mackenzie, and Nathan P. Podsakoff. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219000.013.4.
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This chapter examines the relationship between two important forms of job performance: organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior. There are several reasons (e.g., construct definitions, relationships with antecedents) to suspect that these two constructs are strongly negatively related, perhaps even opposite ends of a single behavioral continuum. However, empirical results demonstrate a relationship that is typically weakly to moderately negative and occasionally even positive. We discuss theory and empirical results (where possible, meta-analytic) at not just the traditional between-person level of analysis but also the within-person and between-unit levels. Our review suggests several important future research opportunities at the traditional between-person level (e.g., a pressing need for more and better theory). Yet, in our view, the most exciting research opportunities exist at the within-person level. Overall, the relationship between citizenship and counterproductive behavior promises to remain a vibrant and influential area of research for the foreseeable future.
3
Shea, Nicholas. Neural Mechanisms of Decision-Making and the Personal Level. Edited by K. W. M. Fulford, Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, George Graham, John Z. Sadler, Giovanni Stanghellini, and Tim Thornton. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579563.013.0062.
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Can findings from psychology and cognitive neuroscience about the neural mechanisms involved in decision-making tell us anything useful about the commonly-understood mental phenomenon of making voluntary choices? Two philosophical objections are considered. First, that the neural data is subpersonal, and so cannot enter into illuminating explanations of personal-level phenomena like voluntary action. Secondly, that mental properties are multiply realized in the brain in such a way as to make them insusceptible to neuroscientific study. The chapter argues that both objections would be weakened by the discovery of empirical generalizations connecting subpersonal properties with personal-level phenomena. It gives three case studies that furnish evidence to that effect. It argues that the existence of such interrelations is consistent with a plausible construal of the personal-subpersonal distinction. Furthermore, there is no reason to suppose that the notion of subpersonal representation relied on in cognitive neuroscience illicitly imports personal-level phenomena like consciousness or normativity, or is otherwise explanatorily problematic.
4
Clark, Nicola. ‘Trashe baguaige and many od endes’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198784814.003.0003.
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For elites, material culture told their dynastic story and was also used to construct, or re-construct, it. Women’s place in this remains complex. They were much more likely to own and control objects like jewels, clothes, and furniture than they were land or property. They were also involved in the production, design, and purchase of these objects, and there are definably female patterns of exchange throughout society. However, the use of material culture is often considered as a collective enterprise within families like the Howards. Though many scholars maintain that a woman’s primary role was to support their husband’s family, material evidence for the Howards shows that they were able to use objects to transmit their complex accumulation of familial identities. In doing so, they also used material culture to enhance their social standing, to secure political alliance, and to cement ties of familial affection and friendship, thereby revealing an intense level of direct agency.
5
Kucinskas, Jaime. Interventions’ Transformation from the Inside Out. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190881818.003.0006.
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This chapter examines what meditation is intended to do for practitioners at a micro-level in their “intervention” programs. Mindfulness educators carefully introduced meditation practices to new adopters through modeling and gradual exposure to religious ideology. Meditation practice was used to fundamentally change how participants construed themselves, their place in the world, and their interactions with others at work and in other parts of their lives. Participating in mindfulness programs changed many people’s individual worldviews, self-regulation, and interactions with others. However, there is not conclusive evidence suggesting that contemplative interventions have deep, lasting structural impacts on the organizations and institutional fields they are working in.
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Ward, Tony, and Anthony Beech. The explanation of sexual offending. Edited by Teela Sanders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213633.013.3.
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This essay focuses on four core issues and their normative implications associated with the “theory problem” as it relates to sexual offending. First, a critical task is to build multi-level and interfield theories that are directly responsive to the complex nature of human functioning and psychological architecture. Second, an important cognitive task is to take seriously the level of human agency and mental state psychological explanations of action. This requires accepting the significance of values and personal meanings, and appreciating that social and cultural practices causally influence a person’s sense of self and purpose in life. Third, we need to shift our attention from construct validity procedures and look to understand underlying causal processes. A preoccupation with measurement may trap us into surface-level explanations. Finally, some degree of integration should be attempted between research and conceptual work on dynamic risk factors and that on aetiological theories.
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Lee, Francis L. F., and Joseph M. Chan. Digital Media Activities and Connective Actions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190856779.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the role of digital media activities in the dynamics of the Umbrella Movement. It demonstrates how the participants of the movement engaged in a wide range of digital media activities, some of which were integral to the dynamics of the occupation. Digital media activities allowed participants to construct their own modes of participation. Digital media activities were found to relate to higher degrees of involvement in the Umbrella Movement at the individual level, but higher degrees of involvement were found to relate to lower levels of willingness to listen to the central organizers of the occupation. An analysis of social media contents also found a significant degree of decentralization of the protest campaign. Digital media activities therefore both empowered the movement and introduced forces of decentralization that constrained the organizers’ capability of negotiating with the targets.
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Jordan, Peter J., Neal M. Ashkanasy, and Catherine S. Daus. Emotional Intelligence: Rhetoric or Reality? Edited by Susan Cartwright and Cary L. Cooper. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234738.003.0003.
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The construct of emotional intelligence is confusing, and emotional intelligence researchers must “seem mad” to be embroiled in debate. To be sure, emotional intelligence has been one of the more controversial constructs to be considered in personnel psychology. There have been wide-ranging and substantial claims about the potential of emotional intelligence in predicting a broad range of workplace behavior. This article assesses the efficacy of the emotional intelligence construct by examining variables that have an impact at the organizational level. In particular, it examines the impact of emotional intelligence on prosocial behaviors, antisocial behaviors, and leadership. This article concludes with some recommendations for advancing research into emotional intelligence in the area of personnel psychology, and in particular, it comments on the need for emotional intelligence research to be extended to cover macro-organizational variables such as culture and climate.
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Isett, Philip. Main Lemma Implies the Main Theorem. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691174822.003.0011.
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This chapter shows that the Main Lemma implies the main theorem. It proves Theorem (10.1) by inductively applying the Main Lemma in order to construct a sequence of solutions of the Euler-Reynolds system. At each stage of the induction, an energy function is chosen along with a parameter whose choice determines the growth of the frequency parameter and the decay of the energy level. A base case lemma is then established, after which the proof of the Main Theorem (10.1) is presented so that the Main Lemma implies the Main Theorem. The Main Lemma is employed to approximately prescribe the energy increment of the correction. The solution obtained at the end of the process is nontrivial.
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Webb, Paul D., and Dan Keith. Assessing the Strength of Party Organizational Resources. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758631.003.0002.
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This chapter provides a survey of four types of party organizational resources in the PPDB: members, money, staff, and territorial units. Findings include that around 3 per cent of voters now join political parties across the democratic world; that German and Spanish parties seem to be the richest in terms of absolute levels of funding, but parties in countries such as Austria and Norway are even stronger relative to the size of their economies or electorates; that party staffing levels are generally quite modest; and that countries where there is an emphasis on what is local tend to have the highest relative concentrations of party branches. Moreover, country differences consistently seem to outweigh party family differences in explaining variation in party organizational resources. The chapter concludes by proposing a composite index of party strength which enables us to construct a rank-ordering of 112 parties according to their overall organizational strength.
11
Schwarz, Wolfgang. Semantic Possibility. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739548.003.0013.
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This chapter starts out from the idea that semantics is a “special science” whose aim, like that of chemistry or ecology, is to identify systematic, high-level patterns in a fundamentally physical world. I defend an approach to this task on which sentences are associated with sets of possible worlds (of some kind). These sets of worlds, however, are not postulated for the compositional treatment of intensional contexts; they are not meant to capture what is intuitively asserted or communicated by an utterance; nor are they supposed to shed light on the cognitive processes that underlie our linguistic competence. Instead, their job description is to capture certain regularities in the interactions between subjects using the relevant language. I also raise some questions about how the relevant worlds might be construed.
12
Cullen, Christopher. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733119.003.0001.
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The narrative I construct in this book lays emphasis on technical practice in observation, instrumentation and calculation, and the steady accumulation of data over many years—but it centres on the activity of the individual human beings who observed the heavens, recorded what they saw, and made calculations to analyse and eventually make predictions about the motions of the celestial bodies. Some of these people had official posts that gave them responsibility for work of this kind; others held official rank without such responsibilities, but still played a major role in technical discussions about celestial phenomena. A few others held no official rank at all, but showed themselves well capable of talking and writing about the heavens at an expert level. It is these individuals, their observations, their calculations and the words they left to us that provide the narrative thread that runs through this work....
13
Organ, Dennis W. The Roots of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Edited by Philip M. Podsakoff, Scott B. Mackenzie, and Nathan P. Podsakoff. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219000.013.2.
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This chapter traces the development of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) back to related constructs discussed by scholars, such as Weber, Barnard, Roethlisberger and Dickson, and Katz and Kahn, in management and organization theory from the early 20th century onward. We look at the pros and cons of the proposition that job satisfaction is a causal factor with respect to members’ contributions to organizational performance, what forms these contributions take, the rival hypotheses that could be consistent with the empirical data, the extent to which OCB has generalizability and meaning across cultures, and the issue of whether OCB at some levels and forms might have undesired effects on organizations and their members. We also take note of a closely related construct, “contextual performance,” which has emphasized the effects of personality on certain discretionary individual contributions to organizational effectiveness.
14
Suprun, Sergey P., Anatoly P. Suprun, and Victor F. Petrenko. Schrödinger's Cat Smile. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97898150496641220201.
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The book presents a multidisciplinary analysis of the context of quantum physics experiments and the function of the human mind that makes it possible to demonstrate that an object-based model of reality formed at the level of the unconscious is the basis of our worldview. The consciousness experiences a time flow because of the specific features of perception in the form of a model with a sequential fixation of events. Together with the need to relate objects in terms of the model, this generates a space-time representation of the world around us. Acceptance of a mental character of our construct of reality allows for resolution of the problems in quantum physics and its paradoxes, thereby opening the way to an insight into reality. The presented material is organized in a specific order to facilitate the reader`s understanding. First, the fact that if there are no objects in the area of quantum mechanics, then they belong to the corresponding model rather than the reality is proved by case studies of the most discussed and relevant paradoxes of quantum physics. The authors consider a topological variant in constructing an object-based space that describes the physical properties of an object that are the most verified in science and describable with mathematical relations. The functionality of the proposed construct is tested by deriving the laws of conservation of energy and momentum in a relativistic form. The book is oriented towards experts in physics and psychology, advanced students, and readers interested in state-of-the-art science and the philosophy connected to it.
15
Alexandrova, Anna. Is Well-Being Measurable? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199300518.003.0005.
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Among the scientists and policymakers, measurability of well-being is now almost uncontroversial—only the individual measures are. Philosopher Daniel Hausman, however, argues that well-being in the proper sense is too person-relative and hence heterogeneous. It is not a quantity that can be measured on the population level. This chapter agrees that there is a sense of well-being—the all-things-considered individual well-being—on which it is likely not measurable but disagrees that therefore well-being is not measurable in any sense. Crucial to measurement is the existence of generalisations between core components of well-being and observable indicators. Such generalisations are available if well-being is predicated of kinds of people, rather than of individual lives. Assuming this focus on well-being of kinds, validity of most existing measures of well-being is secured by the process of construct validation, whose logic relies on a plausible ideal of balancing all evidence.
16
Overman, Steven J. Living out of Bounds. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400680359.
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Despite some enormous differences in salary among professional athletes, most aspects of their daily lives remain surprisingly constant across sports and income levels. In Living out of Bounds author Steven J. Overman mines a wide array of sports biographies, autobiographies, memoirs, and diaries to construct a representative picture of the athlete's life. In the course of the work a portrait emerges that transcends the individual lives lived. The shared experiences of devoted training, of travel and hotels, and of tension within and beyond the clubhouse or gym, force us to appreciate the often oppressive reality of the sporting life, at the same time that the individual lives lived also provide us with a glimpse of the rewards that make sports so compelling to audiences and athletes across America.
17
Moore, A. W. Language, World, and Limits. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823643.001.0001.
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This is a collection of previously published essays that are all concerned, at some level, with the nature, scope, and limits of representation, where by representation is meant the act of representing, truly or falsely, how things are. The collection is divided into three parts. The essays in Part I deal with linguistic representation. One thesis that surfaces at various points in these essays is that some things are ineffable. The essays in Part II deal with representation more generally, and with the character of what is represented. They all touch more or less directly on the distinction between perspectival representation, that is representation from a point of view, and absolute representation, that is representation from no point of view. One thesis that surfaces at various points in these essays is that nothing is ineffable. The essays in Part III, deriving their inspiration from the early work of Wittgenstein, indicate how the resulting tension between Parts I and II is to be resolved. We can construe the first of these theses as a thesis about states of knowledge or understanding, and the second as a thesis about facts or truths.
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MacDonald, Raymond, David J. Hargreaves, and Dorothy Miell. Musical identities. Edited by Susan Hallam, Ian Cross, and Michael Thaut. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199298457.013.0043.
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This article presents a number of key themes relating to the concept of musical identities. It provides a definition of identity, with a discussion of why identity is a timely topic for consideration. The article then presents an overview of a series of studies investigating musical identities of jazz musicians. These highlight the utility of qualitative techniques, and in particular focus-group and semi-structured interview methods, for understanding how professional musicians construct their identities in relation to both their musical activities and wider psychological and cultural issues. The article looks next at how theories of motivation and the self can help to explain some of the behavioural aspects of musical identities. It provides evidence that children's self-concepts, and in particular their levels of confidence (both of which are related to musical identities), can influence the rate of musical development and musical achievement, drawing briefly on a study which compares the views of pupils, parents, and teachers about what it is to be ‘good at music’.
19
Einarsen, Ståle, Stig Berge Matthiesen, and Lars Johan Hauge. Bullying and Harassment at work. Edited by Susan Cartwright and Cary L. Cooper. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234738.003.0020.
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Bullying is a complex and multi-causal phenomenon seldom sufficiently explained by one factor alone. A wide range of factors at different explanatory levels may influence why bullying develops and who will be targeted. This article reviews the literature and research findings in this field, which has blossomed during the last ten years. Here, the terms “harassment” and “bullying” are used interchangeably to refer to both these phenomena, namely as the systematic exhibition of aggressive behavior at work directed towards a subordinate, a superior or a co-worker, as well as the perception of being systematically exposed to such mistreatment while at work. The construct of social undermining bears close resemblance to bullying and harassment, involving behavior over time that is intended to hinder someone in their ability to establish and maintain positive interpersonal relationships, as well as damage their work-related success or favorable reputation.
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Trinh, Nhi-Ha T., and Justin A. Chen, eds. Sociocultural Issues in Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190849986.001.0001.
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This book explains fundamental concepts in cultural psychiatry using a case-based format and is geared toward clinicians and educators in the mental health fields. Whereas similar books have focused on providing guidelines for working clinically with specific populations, such as racial/ethnic or sexual/gender minorities, this book aims to expand the concept of culture as both multifactorial and dynamic, and to enhance knowledge and skills for translating theory into practice across diverse patient populations and clinical contexts. Chapters cover culture as a multidimensional construct; the way cultural issues have been treated in successive editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; global psychiatric epidemiology; social determinants of psychiatric illness; the checkered past of psychiatry as a profession; minority stress theory; explanatory models of mental illness; the roles that religion, spirituality, gender, and sexuality play in the psychiatric encounter; implicit bias; how to respond to patients who request a provider of a specific race or gender; handling cultural challenges; and teaching sociocultural psychiatry across the lifespan. The goal of the book is to educate mental health clinicians at all levels, whether trainees, junior faculty, or senior faculty engaged in lifelong learning.
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Miller, David, Claire Harkins, Matthias Schlögl, and Brendan Montague. The global political economy of the addictive industries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198753261.003.0001.
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The chapter examines the varying ways ‘addiction’ has been conceived and the impact of this on both corporate strategy and government policy. It examines the profit-oriented strategies of addiction related industries, the networks they construct to manage policy questions and the varying levels of governance at which corporations operate in the contemporary world. It is argued that the legal status of a particular addictive substance or behaviour has crucial though sometimes unrecognized effects on the ways in which it is traded and consumed. The chapter then includes case studies of the status of alcohol under prohibition and the Opium Wars before going on to examine the role of the US and UK governments in relation to the opium trade in contemporary Afghanistan. The chapter concludes by pointing to similar issues that are faced in policy terms in relation to both legal and illegal addictive substances and behaviours.
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Aligica, Paul Dragos, Peter J. Boettke, and Vlad Tarko. Public Governance and the Classical-Liberal Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190267032.001.0001.
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Classical liberalism entails not only a view about the proper scope of government and its relationship with the market but also a distinct theory about how government should operate within its proper area. This book presents the basic governance theory and political economy principles underpinning this vision. Building upon the works of diverse authors such as Friedrich Hayek, James Buchanan, and Vincent and Elinor Ostrom, the book offers a profound challenge to how public governance is commonly understood, by shifting the focus along several dimensions. First, it challenges the technocratic-epistocratic perspective in which social goals are set and experts simply provide the means to attain them. Instead, the focus is on the diversity of opinions in any society regarding “what should be done,” and on the design of democratic and polycentric institutions capable of limiting social conflicts and satisfying the preferences of as many people as possible. Second, the book explains the knowledge and incentive problems associated with technocratic-epistocratic governance. This has deep implications for how public governance itself should be construed. The book’s three parts reconstruct the theoretical foundations of the position, then explore its nature and development at the interface between public choice and public administration, and finally illustrate via a set of concrete governance issues how it operates at the applied level. The book thus fills a large gap in the academic literature, as well as the public discourse, about the ways decision makers understand the nature and administration of the public sector.
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Eichner, Maxine. The Free-Market Family. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190055479.001.0001.
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This book critiques the expectation embodied in American public policy today that families will privately provide the resources and circumstances they and their members need through the market and without the help of government. This expectation, it argues, is eroding the well-being of American families across the economic spectrum. Free-market family policy, it asserts, is undermining the promise of the American Dream, which envisions a social order that helps all people reach their full potential and that supports the opportunity for all to lead rich, fulfilling lives. Without thriving families, children can’t reach their full promise; nor can most adults live happy lives without strong family ties. Despite this, under free-market family policy, market forces are decimating the well-being of families. Part I demonstrates how the rising economic inequality and insecurity of the past several decades are making it increasingly difficult for family members to reconcile work and family, are destabilizing marriages and cohabiting relationships among poor and working-class adults, and are making it impossible for families at all income levels to secure for their children the circumstances they need to flourish. Part II shows that, for much of our nation’s history, government’s responsibility to buffer families from market forces was considered a key part of the social contract. It is only in recent decades that free-market family policy has supplanted this social contract. Part III considers how the United States can construct an economy that supports families and truly enables them to thrive.
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Sanetti, Lisa, Melissa A. Collier-Meek, and Lindsay Fallon. Fidelity with Flexibility. Edited by Sara Maltzman. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199739134.013.25.
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Research has linked the use of evidence-supported treatments to effective, efficient therapeutic outcomes. Questions related to the best way to disseminate and implement evidence-supported treatments in the field has led to discussions about transportability of treatments from controlled to applied settings. Specifically, scholars have focused on issues related to treatment fidelity, acceptability, and adoption versus adaptation of evidence-based treatments in practice. Treatment fidelity, a multidimensional construct, pertains to how extensively a treatment is delivered to a client, and it may be affected by several variables. Although the relationship is complex, treatment fidelity is considered an important moderator of client outcomes. Furthermore, the acceptability of a treatment appears to be of importance. Simply, if a treatment is perceived to be acceptable, it is more likely to be implemented with high levels of fidelity, increasing the chances that successful therapeutic outcomes will result. Nevertheless data indicate that some clinicians are wary of using evidence-supported treatments; their chief concern is feasibility of implementation, which could affect treatment fidelity and acceptability. Thus, there is a debate about whether evidence-supported treatments should be adopted strictly as developed or whether they might be adapted to improve implementation and acceptability. In adaptation of a treatment, relevant clinician variables (e.g., training received, availability of resources) and client factors (e.g., cultural fit) might be considered to promote therapeutic outcomes. This chapter describes how the key to treatment success may be to strike a balance between fidelity and adaptation of evidence-based treatments and fidelity with flexibility.
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Benedict, Cathy. Music and Social Justice. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190062125.001.0001.
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This book challenges and reframes traditional ways of addressing many of the topics we have come to think of as social justice. Offering practical suggestions for helping both teachers and students think philosophically (and thus critically) about the world around them, each chapter engages with important themes through music making and learning as it presents scenarios, examples of dialogue with students, unit ideas, and lesson plans geared toward elementary students (ages 6–14). Taken-for-granted subjects often considered sacrosanct or beyond the understanding of elementary students, such as friendship, racism, poverty, religion, and class, are addressed and interrogated in a way that honors the voice and critical thinking of the elementary student. Suggestions are given that help both teachers and students to pause, reflect, and redirect dialogue with questions that uncover bias, misinformation, and misunderstandings that too often stand in the way of coming to know and embracing difference. Guiding questions, which anchor many curricular mandates, are used throughout in order to scaffold critical and reflective thinking beginning in the earliest grades of elementary music education. Where does social justice reside? Whose voice is being heard, and whose is being silenced? How do we come to think of and construct poverty? How is it that musics become used the way they are used? What happens to songs initially intended for socially driven purposes when their significance is undermined? These questions and more are explored, encouraging music teachers to embrace a path toward socially just engagements at the elementary level.
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Hamlett, Jane, Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, Katherine L. French, Amanda Flather, Clive Edwards, Jane Hamlett, Despina Stratigakos, and Joanne Berry, eds. A Cultural History of the Home in the Age of Empire. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474207157.
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During the nineteenth century the home, as both a cultural construct and a set of lived practices, became more powerful in the Western world than ever before. The West saw an unprecedented period of imperial expansion, industrialisation and commercialization that transformed both where and how people made their homes. Scientific advances and increasing mass production also changed homes materially, bringing in domestic technologies and new goods. This volume explores how homes and homemaking were imagined and practiced across the globe in the nineteenth century. For instance, not only did the acquisition of empires lead to the establishment of Western European homes in new terrains, but it also buttressed the way in which Europeans saw themselves, as the guardians of superior cultures, patriarchal relationships and living practices. During this period a powerful shared cultural idea of home emerged – championed by a growing urban middle class – that constructed home as a refuge from a chaotic and noisy industrialised world. Gender was an essential part of this idea. Both masculine and feminine virtues were expected to underpin the ideal home: a greater emphasis was placed on an ideal of the male breadwinner and the need for women to maintain the domestic material fabric and emotional environment was stressed. While these ideas were shared and propagated in print culture across Western Europe and North America there were huge differences in how they were realised and practiced. Home was experienced differently according to class and race; different forms of identity and levels of socio-economic resource fashioned a variety of home-making practices. While demonstrating the cultural importance of home, this book reveals the various ways in which home was lived in the nineteenth century.
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Lodge, Martin, Edward C. Page, and Steven J. Balla, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Classics in Public Policy and Administration. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646135.001.0001.
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This handbook presents assessments of classic works in public policy and administration by an international collection of contemporary scholars. These classic works include books written by such illustrious intellectuals as Mancur Olson, Elinor Ostrom, and Herbert Simon. The list of contributors offering assessments of these classic works is impressive as well, featuring scholars such as Peter John, David Lowery, and Laurence E. Lynn, Jr. Each chapter of the handbook presents a classic work, lays out its treatment in the years and decades since its publication, and comes to an assessment of its place in the field of public policy and administration. The collection of classic works demonstrates the breadth of the field of public policy and administration, touching on topics ranging from mobilization and political participation to decision-making across types of organizations and levels of government. Although public policy and administration may not in some respects constitute a well-defined area of inquiry, this collection demonstrates that there is a core of classic works that have had a seminal impact in the field, broadly construed, over time and across national and continental boundaries. The collection also elucidates enduring interactions between public policy and administration and other social scientific disciplines, such as economics, sociology, and especially political science.
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Sonuga-Barke, Edmund J. S. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Edited by Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0022.
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In this chapter I review the literature on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with the aim of providing a developmental synthesis. In the first section I ask: What is ADHD? I conclude that it is a relatively broad construct that, although having validity as a mental disorder dimension and utility as diagnostic category, is frequently comorbid with, but can be distinguished from, other disorders, and is highly heterogeneous. In the second section I ask: What causes ADHD? I conclude that ADHD has a complex set of causes implicating multiple genetic and environmental risks (and their interaction) reflected in alterations in diverse brain systems. The causal structure of ADHD is heterogeneous, with different children displaying different etiological and pathophysiological profiles. In the third section I reflect on developmental considerations. I conclude that ADHD-type problems present in different forms throughout the lifespan from the preschool period to adulthood and that existing data suggest patterns of continuity and discontinuity that support a lifespan perspective both at the level of clinical phenotype and underlying pathophysiology. In the light of this I argue for a developmental reconceptualization of the disorder, grounded in a biopsychosocial framework that would allow the complexity and heterogeneity of the condition to be understood in terms of risk, resilience, and protective factors, as well as mediating and moderating processes. I review the implications of the developmental perspective for nosological and diagnostic formulations of the condition. In the last section I set out priorities for future research in the genetics, imaging, neuropsychology, and treatment of the condition.