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de, Fatima Dias Jane. "Reuse of Construction Materials." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-30024.
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The building and construction sectors are one of the main contributors to the socio-economic development of a country. Globally, these sectors generate around 5% to 10% of national employment and around 5% to 15% of a country's gross domestic product during construction, use and demolition. On the other hand, the sectors consume around 40% of world primary energy, use 30% of raw materials, generate 25% of solid waste, consume 25% of water, and use 12% of land. Furthermore, the sectors account for up to 40% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, mainly from energy use during the life cycle of buildings. This study aims to assess the potential environmental benefits of reusing concrete and ceramic roof tile within the Swedish context in terms of their CO2 emission. Methodology used was a comparative LCA was to quantify the emissions. In order to calculate LCA, OpenLCA 1.7.0 software was used and to evaluate the emissions, LCIA method selected was ReCiPe, midpoint, Hierarchist model, climate change category expressed in GWP 100 years (in kg CO2eq). The FU of the study was a square meter of roof covering for a period of 40 years with potential to extent up to 80 years. A square meter of concrete roof tile weight 40 kg while ceramic 30 kg. The environment impact evaluation considered three product system, single use (cradle to grave), single use covering (cradle to user) and single reuse (user to cradle) within 40 years lifespan. In order to compare LCA of the roof tiles, two scenarios were created, Scenario 1 concrete RT in single use and single reuse whilst Scenario 2 evaluates ceramic RT. The outcomes of both scenarios were communicated through a model single family house. Dalarna’s Villa is located in Dalarna region in Sweden and a storage facility Ta Till Våra was to validate the benefits of reused materials. Comparative LCA revealed that concrete RT in single use released almost 80% more CO2 emissions than ceramic RT and generated 25% more disposable material by weight. The CO2 released by the single use vs. single reuse concrete RT showed higher emissions in the production of the concrete RT than the single reuse, the same occur with ceramic RT. The reuse of the tiles on the same site had an insignificant impact on the environment in both materials. The comparison shows that reuse reduces associated emissions by about 80% in both cases, reusing concrete is more beneficial, as emissions are reduced by 9.95 kg/m2 as opposed to 2.32 kg/m2 at the ceramics. This study reveals the benefit of reusing concrete and ceramic roof tile. In addition, the advantage of building a storage facility to reuse the disposable building materials, reducing the roofing materials ending at the landfill after 40 years. Furthermore, it demonstrated the reduction of CO2 emissions associated with the embodied energy.
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Sie, Jason. "An evaluation of manual materials handling of drywall materials using drywall carts at Tamarack Materials, Inc." Menomonie, WI : University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2006. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2006/2006siej.pdf.
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El-Turki, Adel Abdulrazag. "Environmental degradation of construction materials." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310656.
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Muguda, Viswanath Sravan. "Biopolymer Stabilised Earthen Construction Materials." Thesis, Pau, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PAUU3027.
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Les constructions en terre crue, soit fabriquées à partir de sol, sont considérées comme des constructions durables en raison de leur faible empreinte environnementale : les matériaux de construction à base de terre crue non stabilisée ont une faible énergie intrinsèque, d'excellentes propriétés hygroscopiques et un fort potentiel de recyclage. Cependant, sous cette forme, les matériaux sont susceptibles de se détériorer au contact de l’eau. Ainsi, les éléments de constructions modernes en terre crue utilisent du ciment pour améliorer leur durabilité, mais entachent de ce fait leurs propriétés hygroscopiques et leur potentiel de recyclable. Il est donc impératif de développer des solutions alternatives à l’incorporation de ciment, pouvant améliorer la résistance à l’eau sans pour autant compromettre les propriétés qui constituent les atouts de ces matériaux durables. Ces travaux de doctorat étudient l'utilisation de deux biopolymères, la gomme de guar et le xanthane, comme stabilisants naturels pour les matériaux de construction en terre crue. Dans un premier temps, une campagne expérimentale a été menée pour comprendre le mécanisme de stabilisation de la terre par ces biopolymères et optimiser cette technique. Les résultats révèlent que la nature intrinsèque des biopolymères induit la formation d’hydrogels qui participent à renforcer le matériau et à modifier les phénomènes de succion. L’addition d’environ 2,0 % de biopolymère en masse de sol sec est suffisant pour obtenir un comportement mécanique comparable à la stabilisation au ciment à un taux de 8,0 %. Afin de mieux caractériser l’influence des biopolymères, les propriétés hydrauliques et mécaniques des sols ainsi stabilisés ont été étudiées. Les tests de caractérisation prouvent que, pour une même gamme de teneur en eau, la succion des sols stabilisés par les biopolymères est supérieure à celle des sols non stabilisés. Les courbes de rétention d'eau sol démontrent que la valeur d'entrée d'air est augmentée en présence des biopolymères, ce qui affecte la distribution de la taille des vides. Les paramètres de résistance au cisaillement ont été obtenus par des essais triaxiaux à teneur d’eau constante. Les deux biopolymères ont un effet significatif, et pourtant différent, sur la cohésion du sol et l'angle de friction interne. Dans le temps, la modification de résistance des sols stabilisés à la gomme de guar est liée à la variation de la composante de friction, tandis que pour les sols stabilisés à la gomme de xanthane cette variation est pilotée par la cohésion du sol. L'analyse microstructurale par micro tomographie X-RCT montre que les biopolymères favorisent l’agglomération des particules de sol, ce qui modifie la porosité globale. Les courbes de distribution de la taille des vides obtenues par balayage XRCT confirment les résultats des essais de succion. Pour finir, les performances en termes de durabilité de ces matériaux de construction stabilisés aux biopolymères en présence d'eau ont été validées par différents tests ainsi que leur potentiel de recyclage. Il apparait donc que l'utilisation de ces biopolymères comme stabilisant améliore la résistance mécanique des matériaux en terre crue et leur durabilité ; et que contrairement à la stabilisation au ciment le comportement hygroscopique est conservé - voire amélioré-, ainsi que le potentiel de recyclageEarthen structures (i.e. structural units manufactured from soil) are often regarded as sustainable forms of construction due to their characteristically low carbon footprint. Unstabilised earthen construction materials have low embodied energy, excellent hygroscopic properties and recycling potential. However, in this form, the material is susceptible to deterioration against water ingress and most modern earthen construction materials rely on cement to improve their durability properties. Using cement leads to compromises in hygroscopicproperties and recyclability potential. In this situation, it is imperative to look for alternatives to cement, which can address these issues without compromising on the desired engineering properties of these materials. This thesis explores the use of biopolymers, namely guar and xanthan gum, as stabilisers for earthen construction materials. As an initial step, an experimental campaign was undertaken to understand biopolymer stabilisation and optimise their use to stabilise earthen construction materials. The results from this campaign reveal that biopolymer stabilised soils derive their strength through a combination of soil suction and hydrogel formation. The intrinsic chemical properties of the biopolymer affect the nature of hydrogel formation and in turn strength. In a subsequent campaign of experimental work, hydraulic and mechanical properties of these biopolymer stabilised soils were determined. The hydraulic properties of the biopolymer stabilised soils indicate that for the range of water contents, the suction values of biopolymer stabilised soils are higher than unamended soils. The soil water retention curves suggest that both biopolymers have increased the air entry value of the soil while affecting the void size distribution. Shear strength parameters of biopolymer stabilised soils were obtained through constant water triaxial tests, and it was noted that both biopolymers have a significant and yet different effect on soil cohesion and internal friction angle. With time, guar gum stabilised soils derive strength through the frictional component of the soil strength, while xanthan gum stabilised soil strength has a noticeable contribution from soil cohesion. Macrostructural analysis in the form of X-RCT scans indicate that both biopolymers form soil agglomerations and increase overall porosity. The void size distribution curves obtained from XRCT scanning complement the findings of the suction tests. As a final study, the performance of biopolymer stabilised earthen construction materials was assessed as a building material. Durability performance of these materials against water ingress was evaluated, and it was noted both biopolymers provide satisfactory stabilisation to improve the erosional resistance of the material. In conclusion, unlike cement, biopolymer stabilised earthen materials do not compromise on hygroscopic properties and have better mechanical performance than unamended earthen construction materials. Finally, recyclability tests suggest that apart from improving the strength, durability and hygroscopic properties of the material, biopolymer stabilised earthen construction materials have a better potential for recycling without any environmental concerns
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Ogwuda, Olisanwendu Ikechukwuka. "Materials science appraisal of recycled construction materials for roadways." Thesis, Abertay University, 2007. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/70d295b3-60d9-427e-a012-c9cc05ac83e1.
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This thesis reports on a materials science appraisal for recycled construction materials in roadways, that supports engineering decision-making. Inconsistent performance criteria for roadway materials and the variable nature of material source have prompted the need for this research. The aim of the study is to investigate the application of a materials science appraisal to recycled construction materials for use in roadways. The investigation is undertaken through a literature review of roadways, conceptual development of the materials science appraisal methodology, and demonstration of the application of the materials science appraisal to recycled construction materials; and how this supports engineering decision-making. The literature review revealed that there are numerous and proven uses of recycled and secondary materials in roadway applications but there was a lack of necessary integration of materials into categories by material-type, which can better describe behaviour in an engineering situation. Three novel fundamental material types (ceramic, metallic, and polymeric) have been described. The conceptual development of the innovative and novel materials science appraisal, based on material-type, has defined how materials science through a systematic step-by-step procedure can be used to achieve engineering sustainability in roadways and provide support in engineering decision-making. The application of the novel concept of the materials science appraisal to recycled construction materials is shown through the essence of laboratory testing. The results from the materials science appraisal, together with sensitivity analysis, give an informed engineering decision on product choice. The appraisal is novel in that it is proposing a new theory on materials science and developed a paradigm shift in the evaluation of recycled construction materials. The appraisal overcomes the absence of materials science thinking in the field of roadway engineering. The materials science appraisal is of benefit to various stakeholders (client, consultant, supplier and contractor) as it provides a method for addressing material uncertainties. A system now exists for introducing into designs and any contract the principles of the materials science appraisal that will be of great benefit to industry.
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Magnusson, Simon. "Environmental Perspectives on Urban Material Stocks used in Construction : Granular Materials." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Geoteknologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-60305.
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The peoples demand of functions and services in cities is the driver for energy and material flows. Most people in the world are now living in urban areas. In order to achieve a sustainable development of cities, both resource use and environmental impact have to be reduced. For construction activities, an important aspect is to increase the reuse of construction materials. From a resource perspective, the urban demand for construction of buildings, infrastructure and other facilities results in materials accumulated in constructions but also in other applications and in landfills. The materials can be described as the urban material stock where some materials are used and others are not used, i.e. wasted. There are many cases where material stocks are used for construction purposes. For example, used concrete and bricks, excavated soil and rock from construction projects and other wasted materials such as rubber from tires can be crushed, shredded and sorted to granules and used in many different construction applications. Different perspectives can be applied when assessing the environmental impacts of using stocked material in construction. The overall aim of this thesis is to study the environmental impacts of using granular soil, rock and rubber in construction. For soil and rock, the aim is to study the environmental impact of material management in urban areas. For granular rubber, the aim is to study the environmental impact of artificial turf from a life cycle perspective and from different infill materials of recycled and new rubber and plastics. The literature of excavated soil and rock was reviewed in order to identify and quantify the material flows and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the management of soil and rock materials. For artificial turf and the different infill materials, a life cycle approach was used to quantify the energy use and GHG emissions. A chemical analysis of potential chemical leaching from the different infill materials to water was conducted in order to compare potential local emissions to water. Based on the results, it was concluded that the knowledge about the urban flows of excavated soil and rock is lacking in terms of patterns, quantities, qualities and its environmental performance. A resource perspective is missing in the literature. However, the recycling of soil and rock can reduce resource use and GHG emissions. It was suggested that models are developed that take into account future material demand and availability to soils and rock. From such information it would be able to assess sustainable management practices and the possibilities of sharing materials between urban construction projects in order to reduce resource use and environmental impact. It was concluded that for the life cycle of artificial turf, the production of construction materials contributes largely to energy use and GHG emissions. Differences in terms of energy use and GHG emissions for the production of infill materials are large. The production of new material required more energy and resulted in more GHG emissions than using recycled rubber. The potential release of substances from infill materials to water were shown to be possible for all infill materials analyzed. Previous assessments of local environmental impacts of using infills generally concludes that the impacts are small. These assessments are primarily focused on infill of recycled tires. It is therefore concluded that environmental assessments of local impact should include all infill types. Environmental assessments of using stocked materials in construction should take into consideration the material applications´ significance for the environmental impacts at a higher system level. Broader system boundaries in environmental assessments will reduce the risk for sub-optimizations when taking decisions on how materials should be used in construction.
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Florez, Laura. "Measuring sustainability perceptions of construction materials." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34845.
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As more owners seek to develop sustainable buildings, the construction industry is adapting to new requirements in order to meet owner's concerns. Material selection has been identified as an area where designers and contractors can have a significant impact on the sustainable performance of a building. Objective factors such as design considerations and cost constraints can play a role in the selection of materials. However, there may be subjective factors that could also impact the selection of materials. Building upon the potential impact of sustainability perceptions in an optimization model that can be used to help decision makers to select materials, this study defines and tests an instrument to identify and measure such perceptions. The purpose of this dissertation is to develop a conceptual instrument that measures the user-based assessment of product sustainability and validates decision-maker's perceptions in order to evaluate the contribution of subjective characteristics in materials selection. A survey of design and construction students and practitioners is carried out to capture the subjective factors included in the instrument. A Factor Analysis approach is used to refine and validate the measurement instrument and predict decision-makers' sustainability appraisal due to the factors considered.
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Lidelöw, Sofia. "Environmental assessment of secondary construction materials." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26261.
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Process industry, construction and other comparable activities produce large quantities of waste with potential use in geotechnical applications. Prior to utilisation, an acceptably low risk of contamination to humans and the environment must be demonstrated. This work focuses on the identification and evaluation of critical factors for environmental assessments of secondary construction materials. The market potential and the main barriers for usage of industrial wastes were analysed and showed a good potential especially in urban areas. The main obstacle is the long and complicated permit process involved. Further, the lack of a general procedure to investigate the suitability of intended usage leads to inconsistent assessments. An evaluation of leachate emissions from a large-scale test road demonstrated the importance of construction design and site-specific field conditions on the potential environmental impacts. It was also shown that pollutant concentrations in leachate from secondary construction materials tend to become comparable, or for some pollutants, even lower than from rock materials. Different assessment methods and criteria to judge the acceptability of an intended use were reviewed and various methods were identified. However, a generic method to evaluate materials under various environmental conditions is lacking.Godkänd; 2004; 20070109 (mlk)
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Lidelöw, Sofia. "Environmental assessment of secondary construction materials /." Luleå, 2004. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1757/2004/65.
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Kasim, Narimah B. "Improving materials management on construction projects." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2008. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8028.
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An essential factor adversely affecting the performance of construction projects is the improper handling of materials during site activities. Materials management is made problematic by materials shortages, delays in supply, price fluctuations, damage and wastage, and lack of storages pace. In addition, paper-based reports are mostly used to record and exchange information related to the materials component within a supply chain which is problematic, error-prone, and inefficient. Generally, modem technologies are not being adequately used to overcome human error and are not well integrated with project management systems to make the tracking and management of materials easier and faster. Thus, this research focuses on the development of a mechanism to improve materials management on construction projects through the integration of materials tracking and resource modelling systems. A multi-facetted research approach was adopted. Initially, a literature review on materials management process in the construction project was conducted. This was followed by case studies involving six construction projects in order to investigate current practice in materials management to establish key problem areas and elements of good practice. The case studies also explored the requirements for integrating materials management and resource modelling in project management systems. The case study findings underpinned by literature results were used to develop a real-time framework for integrating RFID-based materials tracking and resource modelling. The framework was encapsulated in a computer-based prototype system based on Microsoft Visual Basic. NET. The prototype system was developed by amalgamation of all the software and hardware chosen such as MS Access (database system), MS Project (resource modelling) and RFID (automated materials tracking) to provide the mechanisms for integrating materials management and resource modelling in the construction industry. Evaluation of the prototype system was carried out by a series of interviews with industry practitioners to assess its appropriateness and functionality. It also established the skills and other requirements for the effective use of the real-time materials tracking system. The evaluation established that the prototype system demonstrated many benefits and is suitable for use in materials tracking and inventory management processes. It is concluded that the prototype system developed can improve materials management on construction projects, particularly with regard to materials tracking and integrating materials utilisation with the resource modelling subsystem in project management applications. Adoption of the approaches suggested in the thesis will enable the construction industry to improve the real-time management of materials on sites, and hence improve project performance.
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Corbin, Andrew John. "Fibre-reinforced soil based construction materials." Thesis, Durham University, 2017. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12138/.
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Soil based construction materials (SBCMs) are formed of a mixture of gravel, sand and clay which, when mixed with water, may be used for construction. They can be an environmentally-friendly alternative to more traditional construction materials such as concrete and fired brick. SBCMs commonly incorporate foreign material into the soil to enhance the material properties. Many guides on SBCM construction advocate the use of cement as a stabiliser to strengthen the material, which detracts from the environmental credentials that earthen construction materials possess. Alternatives methods to strengthen SBCMs are therefore needed. In this thesis, waste wool fibres from a carpet manufacture are investigated as a potential alternative fibrous reinforcement in rammed earth (RE), and its effect on the behaviour of stabilised and unstabilised RE is assessed. Compressive tests, shear tests and splitting tests are performed to study the effect of fibrous (wool) and chemical (cement) stabilisation on RE, and recommendations on further use of these materials are made. Tests are also performed to investigate the shrinkage of different clays (bentonite and kaolinite) used in RE when mixed with sand or wool, in order to determine the effects of these materials on shrinkage behaviour. Finally, advice is provided regarding the use of fibrous reinforcement in SBCMs, which is applicable to both the SBCM industry and research, and new and pre-existing research areas are identified to prompt further study.
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Wiklund, Ramona. ""Jag ska också göra chokladbollar" : En undersökning om hur tillgången till konstruktionsmaterial påverkar barn i förskolan." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för pedagogiska studier, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-32681.
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The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the availability of construction materials affect children's constructions and play. Observations were made when the children were allowed to play and build with very little and much of the material play-doh dough in preschool. The study is aimed at children aged 3 – 5 years. Interviews were also conducted with educators in departments where the children spent time to give support to this study. The result shows that the children create as many designs of any material amount. At smaller amount of the same material of construction results show that children vary more among different games.Syftet med det här examensarbetet var att undersöka och jämföra hur tillgången till konstruktionsmaterial påverkar barns konstruktioner och lek i förskolan. Undersökningen riktar sig mot barn i åldrarna 3 – 5 år. Observationer gjordes när barnen fick leka och konstruera med tillgång till mycket och lite av materialet play- doh deg. Även intervjuer gjordes med pedagoger på avdelningarna där barnen vistades för att ge stöd i arbetet. Resultatet visar att barnen skapar lika många konstruktioner oavsett materialmängd. Vid mindre mängd av samma konstruktionsmaterial visar resultatet att barnen skiftar mer mellan olika lekar.
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Trabulsi, Dana, and Milan Sofipour. "Reuse of construction materials. A study on how a strategic collaboration can facilitate the reuse of construction materials." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-276437.
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The world’s population alongside the general consumption and use of natural resources hasgrown immensely during the past decade. The construction sector is today one of the industriesthat has the highest impact on the environment. Therefore, the current linear economy has to bemoved towards a circular economy which aims for material- and resource efficiency. The concept of reverse logistics for reuse of construction material and the need for collaboration hasbeen identified as key areas for transitioning to a circular economy and thus has a decisive rolein reducing the construction waste. However, due to the construction industry beingfragmented, a lack of collaboration amongst real estate developers and other market actors hasbeen identified as a barrier for successfully implementing the reuse of construction materials.Furthermore, the real estate developer is seen as a key actor to utilise the potential of the reuseof construction materials by creating incentives and collaborations with other actors involved. The aim of this paper was therefore to investigate different actor’s perspectives in the realestate- and construction sector regarding reuse of construction materials and what the keybarriers and incentives are for them to implement it. Furthermore, by gaining an understandingof each actor's perspective the aim was to create a framework model for how a real estatedeveloper can achieve a strategic collaboration with different actors to make the process ofreusing construction materials in tenant adaptation projects more efficient. This was achievedby interviewing key actors within the real estate- and construction industry in order to get anoverall perspective on their views. Furthermore, a survey was conducted to obtain anunderstanding of the tenants view on having reused construction materials in their facilities. The results indicated that the main barriers were; a lack of incentives, lack of logistics &recovery facilities, an established procedure for quality assuring the material & warranty issuesas well as the tenants’ perception of it. Furthermore, the results show that the real estatedeveloper can create different types of incentives for the tenants and involved actors in order tofacilitate the implementation of material reuse and an established collaboration. Lastly, aframework model was presented to demonstrate how a real estate developer can collaboratewith different actors in order to get a deeper understanding of the dynamics of a potentialcollaboration.Världens befolkning har i samband med den generella konsumtionen samt vår användning av naturresurserna ökat avsevärt det senaste decenniet. Bygg- och fastighetssektorn är idag en av de industrier som har störst påverkan på vår miljö. Därav behövs en skiftning från den linjäraekonomin till en cirkulär ekonomi som grundar sig i material- och resurseffektivisering.Konceptet omvänd logistik för ett ökat återbruk av byggmaterial och behovet av samarbete har identifierats som viktiga verktyg för skiftet mot en cirkulär ekonomi och därmed en minimeringav byggavfall. Då byggbranschen idag är fragmenterad har bristen på samarbete mellan fastighetsägare och andra aktörer identifierats som en utmaning för att implementera återbrukav byggmaterial med framgång. Vidare ses fastighetsägare som en huvudaktör som kan utnyttja potentialen som finns kring återbruk av byggmaterial genom att skapa incitament ochsamarbeten med andra involverade aktörer. Därför var syftet med denna rapport att utreda olika aktörers perspektiv på återbruk avbyggmaterial inom bygg- och fastighetssektorn samt vad de främsta barriärer och incitament ärför att de ska implementera det. Vidare, genom att få en förståelse för samtliga aktörersperspektiv var målet att skapa en modell för hur fastighetsägarna kan uppnå ett strategiskt samarbete med olika aktörer för att effektivisera processen av återbruk av byggmaterial vid enhyresgästsanpassning. Detta uppnåddes genom att intervjua huvudaktörer inom bygg- och fastighetssektorn. Vidare gjordes en enkät för att erhålla en förståelse för hyresgästerna syn på att ha återbrukatbyggmaterial i deras lokaler.
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Lidelöw, Sofia. "Environmental assessment of construction with recycled materials." Doctoral thesis, Luleå, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26269.
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The use of industrial residues as raw materials in construction raises concerns over the potential leaching and dispersal of hazardous constituents from them into the environment. Their leaching behaviour has been studied in laboratory assays, but leaching processes in the field over larger spatial and temporal scales are more complex due to variations in the conditions the materials are exposed to, and less well understood. Hence, estimates of the potential environmental loads associated with the use of such materials based on laboratory tests may be inaccurate. This thesis addresses the environmental implications of using recycled materials in road and landfill cover constructions. The focus is primarily on the leaching of inorganic constituents from six types of materials: incineration ashes, copper smelter slag, blast-furnace slag, recycled concrete, natural rock and contaminated soil. The leaching behaviour of constituents from these materials were assessed in both laboratory batch leaching tests and monitoring programs in which the water percolating through them in field applications were sampled over one to ten years. Leaching data were evaluated using statistical and geochemical modelling. In addition, assessment methods and criteria to judge the environmental suitability of substituting natural materials for recycled materials in construction were reviewed. It was found that leachates from recycled materials in the constructions contain higher concentrations of several constituents than natural water and leachates from conventional materials. However, the rates and extent of constituent leaching were affected by the application methods in various ways that are explored and discussed. The results of simplified leaching tests did not always reflect the leaching behaviour in the field, which highlight the importance of developing assessment methods that allow case-specific factors to be taken into account. The environmental impacts of leaching must also be considered in relation to the expected impacts of the default alternative, i.e. landfilling of industrial residues and exploitation of natural resources. Combinations of case-specific assessments and system analyses would be the ideal approaches to evaluate impacts at both local and regional scales.Användningen av industriella restprodukter som konstruktionsmaterial inom anläggningsbyggande väcker frågan om möjlig utlakning och spridning av förorenande ämnen från materialen till omgivande miljö. Materialens lakningspotential bestäms vanligen genom lakförsök utförda under kontrollerade förhållanden i laboratorium. Lakningsprocesser i fält sker dock över större rums- och tidskalor och är mer komplexa på grund av variationer i miljön som materialen exponeras för. Uppskattningar av materialens möjliga miljöpåverkan baserade på laboratorietester kan därför vara felaktiga. Den här avhandlingen handlar om den miljömässiga betydelsen av att använda återvunna material som konstruktionsmaterial i vägar och deponisluttäckningar. Fokus är i huvudsak på utlakningen av oorganiska ämnen från sex typer av material: förbränningsaskor, kopparslagg, hyttsten, återvunnen betong, naturligt berg och förorenad jord. Utlakningen från dessa material undersöktes med hjälp av både skakförsök i laboratorium och kontrollprogram där vatten som perkolerade materialen i fältapplikationer (sk. lakvatten) provtogs under ett till tio år. Lakvattendata utvärderades med hjälp av statistisk och geokemisk modellering. Dessutom granskades olika bedömningsmetoder och kriterier som kan användas för att bedöma den miljömässiga lämpligheten av att använda återvunna istället för naturliga material i anläggningskonstruktioner. Lakvatten från återvunna material i de undersökta konstruktionerna innehöll högre koncentrationer av flera ämnen än naturliga vatten och lakvatten från naturliga material. Dock var hastigheten och omfattningen av utlakningen beroende av hur materialet användes, vilket har undersökts och diskuteras i avhandlingen. Resultaten från förenklade skakförsök överensstämde inte alltid med observationerna i fält, vilket understryker vikten av att utveckla bedömningsmetoder där fallspecifika faktorer kan tas i beaktande. Miljöpåverkan orsakad av lakning måste också ses i relation till den påverkan som kan uppstå om restprodukterna istället deponeras och naturliga material exploateras. Kombinationer av fallspecifika och systemövergripande analyser skulle därför vara det ideala sättet att utvärdera både lokala och regionala effekter av en möjlig användning av återvunna material.
Godkänd; 2008; 20081003 (ysko)
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Zhou, Gang. "Penetration of fastener projectiles into construction materials." Thesis, Durham University, 1988. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6313/.
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The normal impact, penetration of both projectile and fastener into soils, rocks, and concrete at low velocities has been investigated using theoretical, experimental, and numerical approaches under axisymmetric conditions. The projectile penetration theory is developed on the basis of the existing cylindrical cavity expansion theory with target materials approximated by compressible locking behaviour in a hydrostatic state and elastic-plastic, linear strain- hardening behaviour in a shear state. This theory is one-dimensional with respect to wave propagation in a radial direction. Impact penetration experiments have been performed using a cartridge-operated tool firing the steel fasteners into sandstone and concrete targets. The associated pull-out problem has also been studied. Damage to both fastener and target caused by the impact penetration is assessed using an optical microscope. Finite element programs have been employed to investigate the penetration process of the projectile, and eventually to simulate the process of fastener penetration. The dependency of the penetration process on impact velocity, projectile nose shape, projectile-target interfacial friction, and target material properties have been studied for a variety of impact conditions. Comparisons of results obtained from all three approaches are made for cases in which data are available. Agreements reached are reasonably good.
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Al-Zarrad, Mohammad Ammar. "Materials price risk mitigation in construction projects." Thesis, The University of Alabama, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1566147.
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Construction materials cost estimation is considered one of the most important tasks in the development of project budget. Using material hedging to mitigate the risk of material price volatility is a new concept for construction companies.
This thesis matched material hedging with the fuel hedging application utilized by airlines. The weather hedging process was used as a precedent for material hedging application in the construction industry. This thesis developed a model to provide a step by step guidance to apply material hedging in the construction industry. Further, this thesis matched its model with the model presented by Macdonald (2013) and provided a lower level of detail to support actual implementation of material hedging.
Future work in this area could be the investigation of material hedging cost to decide if the hedging application is feasible. Also, validity and reliability of the model presented by this thesis should be investigated.
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Lorenzana, Chad. "Fiber reinforced polymer strengthening in construction materials." Thesis, Washington University of Washington, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2329.
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CIVINSThe United States has experienced an increase in the need for structural repair, especially in its public transportation infrastructure. At the same time, societal requirements to keep these structures open have placed pressure on facility engineers to perform rapid retrofits which entail minimal disruption to these systems. This need has brought the use of Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) to the forefront, as its properties have proven to be invaluable in other industries such as boating, aircraft, and recreation. Its high strength-to-weight ratio, non-corrosive nature, relatively simple application techniques, and non-invasive application procedures have moved FRPs to the top of the list compared to its strengthening contemporaries, mainly steel, in terms of structural retrofits.
Contract number: N62271-97-G-0075.
CIVINS
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Vu, Quoc Hung. "Modelling pollutants leaching from recycled construction materials." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/130795/1/Quoc%20Hung_Vu_Thesis.pdf.
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This research developed new models to replicate metal leaching characteristics from recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). Model development was supported by a comprehensive experimental and analytical program with multiple influential factors. New models were developed so that they are readily applicable in commercial models to replicate pollutant leaching and solute transport in soil environments. Outcomes of this study will enhance the sustainable use of waste products such as RCA and RAP in the construction industry and relieve the stresses on natural quarry products.
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Tossavainen, Mia. "Leaching results in the assessment of slag and rock materials as construction material /." Luleå, 2005. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1544/2005/44.
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Semmelink, C. J. (Christiaan Johan). "The effect of material properties on the compactabillty of some untreated roadbuilding materials." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40193.
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The proper densification of the separate pavement layers forms an integral part of road
construction. Many problems, are, however, experienced in this area. Because of a lack of
knowledge the compaction of untreated roadbuilding materials in problem situations is usually
approached on a ''trial and error'' basis rather than basing possible solutions on scientific
evidence of the collective influence of the material properties and site conditions.
The purpose of the study was to place the compaction of untreated roadbuilding materials on
a more scientific basis. An investigation was therefore launched to determine the effect of
measured material properties on their compactability. A non-standard vibratory compaction
test was used to compact the samples in one layer. New test parameters to quantify the
shape and texture of the material were also developed, namely the shakedown bulk density
and the shape factor. The CBR values of the materials at moulding moisture content were
determined for each material for a range of densities and moisture contents. The maximum
dry densities (MOD) (vibratory and mod. AASHTO) and optimum moisture content (OMC)
(vibratory and mod. AASHTO) were also determined.
The measured values were then evaluated in terms of the following physical properties of the
materials: grading, Atterberg limits, linear shrinkage, shakedown bulk density (SBD), loose
bulk density (LBO), shape factor (SF) and specific rugosity (Srv). In the extensive laboratory
study of 21 different untreated roadbuilding materials, varying from TAB classes A-7-6 to A-1,
it was found that both the maximum dry densities and moisture regimes can be quantified in
terms of the grading, liquid limit and linear shnnkage of the materials. These relations were modelled by means of regression analysis. Besides this a general bearing capacity model was found for all these materials where the
CBR is a function of the dry density and moisture content of the material. This model was
further refined to take account of the influence of shape and texture of the particles so that
it is possible to determine reasonable estimates of the bearing capacity for a range of
densities and moisture contents from the grading, Atterberg limits, linear shrinkage,
shakedown bulk density and shape factor.
This investigation has shown that physical laws govern both the compactability and bearing
capacity of untreated roadbuilding materials, irrespective of their composition or nature,
making it possible to approach the compaction of untreated roadbuilding materials in a more
generalised manner.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 1991.
gm2014
Civil Engineering
unrestricted
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Wong, Yat-hang Felix. "Sustainable construction and health : developing a quantitative assessment tool /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43085271.
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Carbone, Christopher M. (Christopher Martin) 1975. "Mainstreaming straw as a construction material : understanding the future of bio-based architectural materials." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/64914.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (p. 143-158).
There is a current trend in design and construction towards the use of distinct prefabricated components in the production of buildings. There is also a growing awareness by architects and builders of the environmental impact caused by the production, operation, and disposal of buildings. Since the industrial revolution, building materials have tended towards high-energy solutions, as materials of renewable origin are inherently difficult to manufacture to the tight tolerances demanded from modern design. Additionally, they are perceived as more susceptible to fire and rot than many synthetic materials. Yet, impending energy shortages as well as environmental concerns now force us to reconsider if there are ways to use renewable materials without compromising design. One such material worthy of reconsideration is straw; which has been used for thousands of years in architecture. Straw refers to the dried stems of grain bearing grasses, which are often burned or tilled back into the soil after the grain has been harvested. This paper will survey the current global production of straw and the environmental impact of straw use in construction. Further, it will identify future opportunities for the use of straw in modern design. Included is a design for a straw insulation system for commercial architecture. The system is comprised primarily of straw with a bio-based shell. This insulation system is designed for disassembly from the other building systems so that these organic materials can return to their natural cycles at the end of the use phase. A sample design is given to demonstrate its use in construction, and prototypes are built to test the feasibility of this design. Computer simulations are performed to demonstrate hygro-thermal response of this design to the climates of Boston, Massachusetts; Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Los Angeles, California. Preliminary thermal testing of the prototypes qualitatively indicates their effectiveness. The analysis is then expanded to a discussion of the link between global waste generation, resource consumption, and life spans of building systems. Finally, a simple method of classifying natural resources is presented which may help educate future generations to better understand the full ramifications of design and development, and a life cycle analysis of the designed component is performed using this new classification scheme.
by Christopher M. Carbone.
S.M.
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Viviani, Marco. "Monitoring and modelling of construction materials during hardening /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=3168.
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Thovichit, Pimsiri. "Green buildings defining sustainable construction materials in Thailand /." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.
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Muya, Mundia. "A systematic approach for improving construction materials logistics." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1999. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7076.
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In the 1990s, the UK construction industry directed considerable effort at improving productivity and reducing costs by harmonising relationships among clients, contractors, sub-contractors, specialist contractors and designers. Opportunities to accrue further benefits should be explored and capitalised upon from all areas of construction projects. Management of construction materials on well grounded logistics and supply chain management principles has the potential to yield results and augment efforts being made in other areas at making construction more efficient. The overall aim of this thesis was to develop a systematic supplier management decision-support process model that contractors can use for both short and long-term management of suppliers in the implementation of construction materials supply logistics. Such a process model would benefit construction companies by identifying essential elements that lead to improved supply of construction materials. The research findings were based upon a literature survey, two `minor-image' questionnaires (one sent to 71 UK contractors and the other to 76 UK construction materials suppliers); structured interviews with nine UK contractors and five UK construction materials suppliers; and a supplier management process model validation exercise with six UK contractors. From these, the research produced the following outcomes: systematic supplier management decision-support process map that contractors can use for short and long-term management of suppliers in the implementation of construction materials supply logistics; an understanding of the supply of construction materials into construction processes from the wider perspective of logistics and supply chain management as opposed to traditional materials management; the identification of the performance indicators against which the performance of suppliers can be evaluated and the quantification of the relative contribution of the performance indicators to improvements in customer service; the identification of factors which enable suppliers to improve levels of customer service and quantification of the relative extent to which the factors enable suppliers to contribute to improvements in their levels of customer service in the delivery of construction materials; identification of the extent to which both performance indicators and enablers were used in supplier evaluation and selection; evaluation and comparison of the extent to which contractors and suppliers used information and communication technologies in internal and external materials supply logistics processes; and evaluation of the nature of relationships between contractors and suppliers.
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Zhang, Baojian. "Template-directed construction of hierarchically ordered zeolite materials." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364867.
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Grist, Ellen. "The implementation of innovative and sustainable construction materials." Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619149.
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This research uses a novel construction material (lime-pozzolan concrete) and real-world project (a school) as a vehicle for investigating the implementation or applied-innovation process in construction. The implementation of new technologies at a product-level is recognised to be an antecedent of technological change in the construction industry. A ‘real world’ construction project aiming to implement a novel lime-pozzolan concrete in the field, has been used as a process-tracing case study. Rigorous analysis of this case study project, expressly focusing on project-level communication, has shown the implementation of innovative and sustainable materials to be a complex, socio-technical process. With the aim of identifying opportunities to improve project-level design processes in order to support the uptake of innovation and sustainable solutions, twelve high-level theories have been built on twenty-five emergent themes. Collectively these insights demonstrate that implementation processes, once initiated, are experiential, social, contextual, active, interactive, temporal, intentional and mutually constituted phenomena. On the strength of empirical findings this thesis argues for a radical shift in managerial attention from the outcome of the process to the process itself; specifically focused on the experience of the design team as process participants. Laboratory testing and initial field trials have demonstrated the technical feasibility of producing structural grade lime-pozzolan concretes with 28-day compressive strengths of up to 50MPa. The lime-pozzolan concretes were ternary combinations of hydraulic lime (NHL5), ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS) and silica fume (SF). The use of NHL5 in conjunction with pozzolanic materials has been shown to be a viable ‘low-carbon’ alternative to CEMI or CEMIII/A in certain circumstances, although this work has demonstrated that the potential savings in the embodied CO2 and energy of lime-pozzolan concretes are highly dependent on the boundaries of the analysis. Moreover the potential for lime-pozzolan concrete with a lower still CO2 and energy intensity than any concretes tested to date has been identified.
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Bohlén, Martin, and Kristina Laurila. "Biopolymers as protection during transport of construction materials." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-18670.
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Construction materials are exposed to different conditions along the way from the sawmill, during storage and handling, until the materials are a part of the completed construction. During this time the materials may be exposed to moisture and dirt that can cause an attack by moulds. This, in turn, can give rise to health problems for individuals staying in the building and can also be the cause of a bad smell in the building. It is therefore necessary to protect the materials during this limited period of transport, storage, and handling.In this study two construction materials were used; untreated wood and plasterboard. As a possible protection for the materials coatings based on biopolymers were made. Biopolymers are totally degradable and are relatively cheap raw materials. The biopolymers used in this study were starch from potato, protein from corn, and acetylated mono- and diglyceride. Also, fungicides that function as inhibitors for mould growth were added to the coatings.Samples of wood and plasterboard were covered with the coatings using a paint sprayer. The samples were then exposed to a spore suspension containing spores from four of the most common mould species found attacking building material. The samples were then placed in three different climates differing in temperature and humidity. The conditions were in all three cases favourable for mould growth. The samples were placed in these conditions for a month and analysis of the growth on the samples was made once a week and according to a scale with five grades.The results varied very much between the samples, even between samples treated with the same coating, but an obvious trend gave indications of that it is possible to use biopolymers as protection for construction materials. In this study the coating based on the acetylated monoglyceride showed the best properties.Uppsatsnivå: C
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Hansen, Maia A. (Maia Allis) 1968. "Building green : investment opportunities in sustainable construction materials." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/46198.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering; and, Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 1998.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-114).
by Maia A. Hansen.
M.B.A.
S.M.
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Brach, Ann M. (Ann Margaret) 1962. "The potential for advanced ceramic materials in construction." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44659.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 1987.Supervised by Michael J. Markow. Vita.
Includes bibliographical references.
by Ann Margaret Brach.
M.S.
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Meraghni, Leila. "An integrated information model for construction materials management." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1997. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5596/.
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Demertzi, Martha. "Environmental product declaration: a study of construction materials." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/9506.
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Mestrado em Estudos AmbientaisNowadays, the protection of the environment is getting more and more important both for the manufacturers and the consumers. There is a strong awareness in terms of environmental issues, discussions on this subject, questions about the role of citizens in this context and a turn towards a more aware way of consumption and a preference to environmental friendly products manufactured and marketed. This means that purchasing decisions have to be influenced by increasing environmental awareness and sustainable consumption by consumers. That also encourages companies to adopt an environmental orientation in their business strategies. As part of this growing environmental awareness, there is the need for clarification of concepts and the establishment of objective criteria, data collection, calculation methodology and objectives to justify the choice of materials used in the construction sector in order to optimize and to increase the sense of responsibility. The first part of the thesis presents and explains several concepts, methodologies and regulations that historically evolved and led to the present documents needed for the proof of the environmental impact of a product. These documents are called Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs). In this work is highlighted the importance of the EPDs, the standardization of criteria, the whole process of organization of an EPD to the stage of evaluation and publication and indicates all regulatory framework. After the explanation of the basic concepts, a case study on ceramic tiles is presented. In this part, the objective is to analyze the information that EPDs provide, how the values they provide can be read, the differences in the procedures used and finally the way that EPDs could help the construction industry. For this purpose, two official EPDs from different EPD systems (Catalonia and Germany) and one Portuguese study (unofficial EPD) are analyzed. At the end of this work it is concluded that EPDs are an essential tool of a product’s environmental information, which comes in response to environmental demands that the market gradually has imposed. Each organization must comply with regulatory procedures and establish procedures for the manufacturing of a product and its whole life cycle that are responsible and environmental friendly.
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Hong, Longjie. "Optimization and management of materials in earthwork construction." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.
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POLVERINO, SALVATORE. "Graphene-based construction materials: experimentation and application development." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1058131.
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The construction sector is entering the new era of production, construction and management of Industry 4.0. The development of smart and resilient technologies focused on the user and the environment has significant potential to improve the ways of experiencing indoor and outdoor spaces. This scenario generates new opportunities to exploit innovation to create the conditions for human well-being and to contribute to the future of the Earth.
The construction sector is in a period of transition. On the one hand, there is a demand for construction with high technological content, capable of incorporating innovations at low cost, low environmental impact, low energy consumption, safe and resilient, adaptable, convertible, transformable over time and personalised; on the other hand, there is a continued reliance on traditional building approaches/solutions that only partially meet the new requirements.
In this context, the research into new materials to produce innovative construction components capable of contributing to the achievement of the above-mentioned objectives is one of the areas of contemporary development. Among them are included two-dimensional materials that owe their name to their particular structure, consisting of a single atomic layer.
The event that enabled such a reduction in the size scale was the isolation of graphene, a material with unique properties and numerous possible applications. Its potential uses are currently being studied and tested, as demonstrated by the numerous research programmes on the subject, aimed at transferring technology from research laboratories to industry.
This PhD research aims to investigate the potential applications of graphene in the field of cementitious composites and polymer-based coatings. The activities carried out included: a critical analysis of the state of the art of the most recent applications in the field of construction; the consequent choice of possible composite materials graphene and graphene-related materials based; the design and development of an experimental campaign; the proposal and final verification of the applications in the construction sector. The activities were carried out in collaboration with the Graphene Labs of the Italian Institute of Technology (IIT).
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Fung, Wing-kun. "The use of recycled concrete in construction." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B30517643.
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Yu, Zhaohui Crocker Malcolm J. "Static, dynamic and acoustical properties of sandwich composite materials." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Fall/Dissertations/YU_ZHAOHUI_54.pdf.
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Solanke, Bukola Hannah. "Effective strategy for construction materials procurement during construction towards the enhancement of sustainable building production in Western Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2172.
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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology:
Construction Management, Department of Construction Management and Quantity Surveying In the Faculty of Engineering, At the Cape Peninsula University of TechnologySustainable buildings are structures produced to meet the present housing needs of a society without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their future needs. Based on the findings derived from the reviewed literature, the production process and the operational lifecycle of sustainable buildings promote a healthy well-being for the inhabitants and environmental balance through the effective management of energy, water, land and materials resources at every stage of construction. However, ineffective construction materials procurement strategy was found in literature as a major factor that constrains the production of sustainable buildings; leading to project failures or production cost and time overrun. Thus, the production cost of sustainable buildings is influenced by the total cost of construction materials acquisition, which amounts to about 65% of the total cost of building production. This factor on cost has over the years been a significant barrier to the adoption of sustainable building principles in the construction industry. This prompted the need to establish an effective strategy for construction materials procurement towards the enhancement of sustainable building production in Western Cape, South Africa. The research study adopted a mixed methodological approach, which involved the use of semi-structured qualitative interviews and closed-ended quantitative questionnaires administered to construction stakeholders (contractors and consultants) in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. SPSS version 23 software was used to analyse the quantitative data collected and ‘content analysis’ method was used to analyse the information collected through qualitative interview conducted.
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Abo, Madyan Omar. "Functionalisation of clay aerogel composites for applications in construction." Thesis, Brunel University, 2018. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/17455.
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Clay aerogels are relatively a new class of materials with number of merits suitable for many applications in various industrial sectors. With the current mandate to utilise environmentally friendly materials to produce functional materials, clay aerogels provide an attractive potential green solution to overcome thermal issues in construction. However for it to be effectively used as an insulation material, research work is required to address several critical issues and setbacks: the first of these is poor mechanical properties highlighted in the literature as its main weakness; the second is there extremely high hydrophilic and hygroscopic nature identified as the main research gap, which not only can cause a significant increase in thermal conductivity but also can disintegrate the aerogels. This thesis investigates and develops novel methodologies to overcome the associated setbacks through comprehensive characterisation and better understanding of mechanisms of formulation, architecture, behaviour and corresponding performance of clay aerogel constituents and composites: (I) The anisotropic structure of the aerogel was thoroughly investigated and its influence on properties was established; (II) By adjusting and tuning the mixing temperatures, the compressive modulus was enhanced by more than 7 folds; (III) Ultrasonic technologies were used to prepare organoclay- polyvinyl alcohol aerogel composites with 40% less moisture absorption in addition to lower thermal conductivity; (IV) Implementing organosilanes and isocyanates to prepare clay-PVA aerogels resulted in an effective method to reduce the moisture absorption by more than 40% with a 6 fold increase in compressive modulus; (VI) soluble water repellent was incorporated to prepare hydrophobic aerogel composites with contact angles of 140°; and (VII) Organosilanes and isocyanates are combined with a water repellent to generate highly functional clay aerogel composites. Overall this thesis paves the way for the industrialisation of functional clay-aerogel insulation materials for construction and other sectors.
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Salado, Gerusa de Cássia. "Construíndo com tubos de papelão: um estudo da tecnologia desenvolvida por Shigeru Ban." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18141/tde-05122006-154315/.
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Diante do contexto atual de grande preocupação com a preservação do meio ambiente e, ao mesmo tempo, milhares de pessoas desabrigadas devido à pobreza e às catástrofes ambientais, surge a necessidade de se estudar materiais de construção alternativos, que possam contribuir para amenizar essas questões. Com base nisso, este trabalho enfoca o emprego de tubos de papelão na construção civil pelo arquiteto japonês Shigeru Ban. Estudou-se os sistemas construtivos criados pelo referido arquiteto e as características técnicas dos tubos de papelão que este utiliza em suas obras. Foram realizados alguns ensaios técnicos preliminares para a caracterização de tubos de papelão fabricados por uma indústria brasileira, e também para se chegar à conclusão se suas características técnicas possibilitariam gerar sistemas construtivos como os das obras japonesas. Este estudo, porém, é apenas o início de muitas pesquisas que devem ser feitas até que se identifique a viabilidade de aplicação desta tecnologia no Brasil.According to the actual context of great concern with the environment preservation and, at the same time, millions of homeless people due poverty and environmental catastrophes, arises the necessity of studying alternative construction materials, which can contribute to soften these issues. Based in this, this work focuses the use of paper tubes in the construction by the japanese architect Shigeru Ban. The construction systems created by the referenced architect and the technical characteristics of paper tubes that he uses in his works have been studied in this research. Preliminary technical tests have been done to characterize paper tubes made by a brazilian industry and to check if their technical characteristics would become possible the production of construction systems as the japanese works. This study, however, is only the beginning of several researches that will made until identify the viability of application this technology in Brazil.
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Beckett, Christopher Thomas Stone. "The role of material structure in compacted earthen building materials : implications for design and construction." Thesis, Durham University, 2011. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3313/.
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Rammed earth is an earthen construction material and an ancient construction technique. It is formed by compacting layers of moist sandy loam subsoil into formwork which is then removed, exposing the material and creating a freestanding, monolithic structure. In this thesis, the behaviour of rammed earth is investigated in terms of unsaturated soil mechanics of compacted earthen materials. Basic unsaturated soil mechanics theory is discussed and a method for linking the behaviour and material structure of an unsaturated soil is presented through the development of a model for predicting a soil's water retention curve using the soil pore size distribution and capillary and adsorption phenomena. A series of experiments is then performed in order to explain the behaviour of rammed earth in tension and compression under varying conditions in terms of the material micro-- and macrostructures. An analysis of the sample manufacturing process is presented in order to understand formation of rammed earth's structure in both natural and laboratory-prepared materials. The effects of temperature and humidity, related to a number of sites around the world, on the compressive strength and of changing water content and clay flocculation on the tensile strength of rammed earth are then investigated and combined in order to determine the sources of strength in rammed earth. The pore networks of several rammed earth samples under compression and those of rammed earth samples comprising multiple compacted layers are then investigated using X-Ray computed tomography in order to determine the effects of loading and layering on the material macrostructure and to support results presented in previous chapters. In the final chapter, implications for the design, construction and conservation of rammed earth structures are discussed based on the findings of investigations presented in the preceding chapters.
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Hu, Bo. "Bio-based composite sandwich panel for residential construction." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 5.24 Mb., 265 p, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3221055.
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Liu, Tong. "Construction of Supramolecular Structures by Mimicking Metallurgy." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron160370390740064.
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Roth, Liselott. "Reuse of construction materials : Environmental performance and assessment methodology." Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Univ, 2005. http://www.ep.liu.se/diss/science_technology/09/28/index.html.
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Leppard, Claire Louise. "Mathematical modelling of some mechanical properties of construction materials." Thesis, Coventry University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313143.
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Yalley, Peter Paa-Kofi. "Use of waste and low energy materials for construction." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2008. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54741/.
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Considerable work has been done on the mechanical properties of coconut-fibre enhanced concrete. The primary test variables were the fibres weight fraction, and fibres aspect ratio. The addition of coconut-fibres significantly improved many of the engineering properties of concrete, notably torsion, toughness and tensile strength. The ability to resist cracking and spalling were also enhanced. However, the addition of fibres did not improve the compressive strength, as expected, due to difficulties in compaction which consequently lead in increase of voids. When coconut fibre was added to plain concrete, the torsional strength increased (by up to about 25%) as well as the energy-absorbing capacity, but there is an optimum weight fraction (0.5% by weight of cement) beyond which the torsional strength started to decrease again. Similar results were also obtained for different fibre aspect ratios, where again results showed there was an optimum aspect ratio (125). An increase in fibre weight fraction provided a consistent increase in ductility up to the optimum content (0.5%) with corresponding fibre aspect ratio of 125. The second part of this research, reports on the investigation on cement stabilised soil block. A local soil was stabilised chemically by cement. A better compressive strength at the dry state and after two hours of immersion in water was obtained with chemical stabilisation at cement content of 5%. Blocks stabilised with 5% cement content by weight of soil has a dry and wet compressive strength of 6.64 and 2.27MPa respectively, and dry density of 1910 kg/m3 at an optimal water content of 12% by weight of cement. The highly decreased compressive strength after two hours of immersion in water, even with higher cement content, indicated that appropriate building design that would prevent stabilised soil blocks from coming into direct contact with rainwater was important. A newly proposed concept of a plastic carton soil blocks as masonry units for low-cost environmentally friendly construction is proposed in the final part of the thesis. A test system was designed to perform rigorous and comprehensive measurements on seven types of soil block specimens encased in thermoplastic cartons. The cartons were similar to "ice cream tubs" of dimensions 165x60x120mm, thus making a building block/brick of reasonable handling size. Some of the test specimens also had soil mixed with palm or plastic fibres. Thermoplastic carton soil blocks without the addition of fibres as an enhancement were measured with a minimum compressive strength of 17.5MPa. Even so it should be noted that 17.5MPa is still a very reasonable strength and over half that of a typical concrete block. In the case of the fibre enhanced soil block, the compressive strength increased with increase in fibre content. With fibre addition of 1.5% (by weight), the compressive strength of the thermoplastic cartons increased by 28.5% and 38% respectively for palm and plastic fibres, over the plain thermoplastic carton soil block without fibres. For increase in fibres content from 0.75% to 1.5% (i.e. a doubling of fibre content) the compressive strength increased by only about 20% to 23%. Additionally, stiffness is also greatly improved. A finite element model was constructed for the thermoplastic carton soil block geometry and input files were generated for non-linear static analyses in MSC Patran. Very good agreement was achieved between the numerical predictions and experimentally measured results in both size and shape of the stress-strain graphs.
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Nunes, Manuel Clemente Mendonça. "Enabling the use of alternative materials in road construction." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13522/.
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Alternative materials represent an important potential source of aggregates for road construction. At present, their use remains limited owing to the abundance and low cost of high quality natural aggregates, low costs of landfill disposal and generally restrictive specifications for pavement materials. Nevertheless, their influence in relation to the primary aggregates is likely to increase in the future with the enforcement of more strict environmental regulations at national and European levels. The objective of this research project was to investigate a wide range of alternative materials and provide a practical framework for their assessment enabling pavement engineers to deal with most applications in road construction. Initially secondary materials were assessed according to the present UK specifications and were found to fail the requirements in most cases. However, the current approach does not assess fundamental properties such as stiffness, resistance to permanent deformation, tensile strength, resistance to fatigue and the development of these with time, leading to an inadequate assessment of these materials. To advance towards the development of performance-based specifications repeated load triaxial and indirect tensile tests were used. For their performance the Nottingham 150x300 mm triaxial apparatus was used and an indirect tensile apparatus developed which evolved from the Nottingham Asphalt Tester used for bituminous materials. In triaxial testing, models used to study the resilient behaviour of granular materials were found to give good results for unbound but not for lightly-treated secondary materials. For these, a new resilient model was developed. Testing and specimen preparation techniques together with performance classification systems were developed for both tests and recommendations for an overall methodology for the evaluation of secondary materials are presented. An application of this methodology was made to the study of thirteen mixtures to be considered for full-scale trials. The application of secondary materials in pavements was evaluated using analytical methods of pavement design which demonstrated the potential of these at levels in the pavement as high as the roadbase and the overall thickness reduction that may result.
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Wilson, M. A. "A study of water flow in porous construction materials." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1992. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.654991.
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Wang, Qingguo. "Measurement and modelling of moisture transport processes within porous construction materials." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/622114.
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Moisture is one of the primary factors connected with the damage observed on the envelope of buildings. The moisture states are normally dominated by moisture transport processes within and between porous building materials from rain penetration, rising damp or infiltration of water vapour that is normally accompanied with heat transfer. The research into moisture transport behaviour of building materials is extremely important for the characterisation of behaviour in connection with durability, waterproofing, degradation of appearance and thermal performance ofbuilding elements. In the first stage of this research, commercial gypsum plasters were experimentally investigated with their moisture transport specifications. The hydraulic parameters including sorptivity, saturated conductivity and permeability of water vapour were determined with new findings related with the dependence of hydraulic parameters on water/plaster ratios, wetting-drying cycles and additives. The results obtained were compared with other porous building materials and recommendations for their manufacture and selection in building construction were made. Secondly, on the basis of comprehensive investigations of the dielectric properties of gypsum plasters, an integrated automatic real-time monitoring system for moisture transport processes was designed and successfully developed utilising a pin-type resistance sensor and sensor array. The data acquisition, data analysis, result display and saving are all integrated with the computer controlled interface. The polarisation effects and temperature effects for various gypsum plaster materials were compensated and realised by control options. The monitoring system developed for moisture monitoring was directly applied in 1-dimension moisture transport processes and can easily be extended to the monitoring of 2 or 3 dimension moisture transport processes by embedding an appropriate sensor array into materials. In the third part of the research, on the basis of experimental investigation of water absorption processes of uniform materials and two-layer composites, the water diffusivity as functions of moisture content were determined from experimental moisture profiles for various gypsum plaster materials. The models governing the moisture transport processes were formed based on extended Darcy's law and experimental diffusivity functions. By applying the finite element method and developed software, the non-linear partial differential equations were numerically solved under specified boundary and initial conditions in absorption processes. The simulation results achieved satisfactory agreement with experimental moisture profiles for various materials and for two-layered composites.
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Lim, Chim Chai. "Analysis, design, and construction of tilt-up wall panel." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45801.
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The idea of tilt-up construction started in America in the early I900’s. In the beginning, this technique was mainly used on structures such as industrial warehouses and factories. However, recent developments and improvements in tilt-up construction technique and accessories have enabled this building method to be applied to many architecturally appealing offices and residential structures.
There are many details the design-build team must consider to ensure the success of a tilt-up project. The floor slab must be designed for panel casting and to withstand the loading of the mobile crane which will be used to lift the panel. The crane capacity affects the panel size and weight. Proper curing and bondbreaker application are very important to reduce bonding and to ensure clear cleavage between concrete surfaces. Changing rigging configuration consumes expensive crane time and must be reduced to minimum possible. The availability of ground-release quick connect/disconnect tilt—up hardware improves workers safety and speeds up the erection process substantially.
Although the stress analysis of simple wall panels during erection can be done by hand, panels with more complicated geometry or with openings, are more efficiently analysed with a computer. Many manufacturers have technical services to help in the design of insert layout so that the concrete will not be over stressed when the panel is tilted into position. After the panel is plumbed, it is braced temporarily before the final connection is made. For in-place loading there are now design aids available which ease the design process. When properly designed and built, tilt—up has proved to be a fast, efficient, and economical building construction technique.Master of Science
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Platten, A. K. "A study of evaporation and drying in porous building materials." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373625.
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