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Journal articles on the topic 'Construction of prepositions'
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1
De Penanros, Hélène. "'Cause' in question. About three ways of starving to death in Lithuanian." Baltic Linguistics 4 (December 31, 2013): 159–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32798/bl.412.
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The phrases mirti bad-u (‘to die hunger-ins.sg’), mirti iš bad-o (‘to die iš hunger-gen.sg’), mirti nuo bad-o (‘to die nuo hunger-gen.sg’) are generally considered to be synonymous ways to express a cause of death. Still, if the instrumental case, the preposition iš and the preposition nuo may be interchangeable without a difference of interpretation in this expression out of context, these three syntactic constructions cannot be considered equivalent: precise analysis of the contexts where these constructions occur shows that each construction corresponds to a specific semantic value, which distinguishes it from the other two. In sum, these the syntactic constructions provide three different representations of the event ‘die of hunger’, hence, in some contexts, the substitution of one construction for another is not possible. The analysis of this micro phenomenon will enable us to extend our study to other expressions involving a cause, to propose definitions of the semantics of the instrumental case and of the prepositions iš and nuo and finally to observe that ‘cause’ is a complex label covering very different situations which arise directly from the forms constructing them.
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Staps, Camil. "Prepositions and the Grammaticalization of Ancient Hebrew Bipartite Reciprocal Markers." Journal of Semitic Studies 65, no. 1 (2020): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jss/fgz050.
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Abstract Besides using the verbal niphal and hitpael stems, ancient Hebrew can indicate semantic reciprocity with bipartite reciprocal markers such as , literally ‘someone with his brother’. In contrast to the Western European counter-parts of these constructions (e.g. English each other), the ancient Hebrew variants are not fully grammaticalized into a single morphological unit like . This article considers one type of bipartite reciprocal marker (the one using ‘someone’ and a term denoting kinship or fellowship) in detail, to see whether the preposition in the construction (e.g., ‘with’) may have prevented further grammaticalization. Since no bleaching of the preposition can be observed in the corpus of Biblical and Qumran Hebrew, we conclude that prepositions continued to have a significant semantic value, which indeed suggests that their near-obligatory presence has prevented further grammaticalization.
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Mikulskas, Rolandas. "The expression of object location with perlative preposition PER in Lithuanian." Lietuvių kalba, no. 10 (December 15, 2016): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2016.22590.
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It is not unusual for a language to have one or several prepositions of originally perlative meaning that in certain pragmatic and syntactic contexts can designate location of some object (the trajector) on the other side of another, typically topographical, object (the landmark). In English such prepositions are across, through and over. In Lithuanian their sole counterpart is the preposition per.
In Cognitive Grammar the cases when motion verbs or prepositions that presuppose motion are applied to designate static spatial relations between two objects are accounted for by using the notion of ‘subjective motion’ which, in its turn, is based on the notion of ‘subjectification’ (Langacker 2000, 2002, 2006). In other words, the subjective motion is defined as a cognitive operation in the course of which the conceptualizer mentally scans through the route that is presupposed by applying a motion verb or a perlative preposition. Thus the use of the lexemes of originally dynamic meaning is motivated for the designation of static spatial situations.
The cases of the semantic extension mentioned above until now pose no problems for Lithuanian linguists, either lexicographers or grammarians. Thus the phenomenon of ‘locative’ use of the perlative preposition per in Lithuanian remains unidentified in dictionaries, and undescribed in grammars. No surprise, such uses of the preposition per are unattested in the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian, though in spoken everyday language and in the internet sources they are well attested. One may adduce structural and semantic arguments that the locative meaning ‘on the other side of’ of the perlative preposition under discussion is represented in the mental lexicon of the Lithuanian speaker and, thus, must be discerned as separate sense in dictionaries. To say more, without this sense unbridged semantic gap remains between the primary sense ‘through’ of the preposition per, representing ‘proto-scene’, and its derived senses of ‘distance’, ‘span of the time’, ‘more than’ and others − the fact of most relevance for the one who attempts to reconstruct the motivated semantic network (Tyler & Evans 2003) of this preposition.
The main concern of the article, though, is not lexicography, but similarities and differences between locative usage of originally perlative construction [per + NPacc] and inherently locative constructions [kitapus + NPgen] and [anapus + NPgen]. On the first look these constructions seem synonymous: they have the same meaning ‘on the other side of’ and are mainly used in locative vs. existential sentences. But the deeper insight into the data collected from the internet sources shows that what distinguishes the first construction from the other two is the additional functional component of the ‘trajector control’ in its meaning: the construction [per + NPacc] is predominantly selected in the situations when it is relevant to the speaker not only to say that the object pointed at is on the other side of some topographical object and exactly in front of the viewer but it is within potential reach of this viewer as well. On the other hand, the construction [kitapus + NPgen] and [anapus + NPgen] is selected in the situations when the proximity of the dislocated object is not relevant to the speaker. Thus, in terms of distribution, the construction [per + NPacc], in its locative usage, with respect to its inherently locative counterparts represents the (functionally) marked case in Lithuanian.
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Ordem, Eser. "Acquisition of Zero Relative Clauses in English by Adult Turkish Learners of English." Journal of Education and Training Studies 5, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v5i1.2056.
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Studies on acquisition of relative clauses by first and second language learners have evoked considerable interest in recent decades. In line with such studies, in this present study we aim to show the possible effect of first language (Turkish) on second language (English) in zero relative clause constructions. English uses certain stranded prepositions in zero relative clauses, whereas Turkish uses the same suffix in non-subject relative clause constructions. This observation in two typologically different languages led the study to claim that Turkish word order in non-subject relative clauses affects the acquisition of zero relative clauses in English. Fifty sentences in Turkish were prepared and composed of five categories. Each category consisted of ten sentences. Each category referred to one of the five cases in Turkish. These cases were accusative, locative, ablative, dative and instrumental. The participants (N=91) were asked to translate these Turkish sentences into English. The results showed that the participants tended to omit prepositions in English zero relative clauses except the construction that did not entail any preposition. Therefore, the study implies that Turkish language learners may be under the effect of their mother tongue while producing zero relative clauses in English.
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Knop, Sabine De. "The embodied teaching of complex verbal constructions with German placement verbs and spatial prepositions." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 18, no. 1 (August 17, 2020): 131–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00054.kno.
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Abstract In recent years, foreign language pedagogy has recognized the need to focus (i) on larger meaningful sequences of words (Nattinger & DeCarrico, 1992; Wray, 2002; Ellis & Cadierno, 2009; Gonzalez Rey, 2013) and (ii) further on communicative goals (Nunan, 1991; Widdowson, 1992; Savignon, 2000). Difficulties in the learning process of a foreign language result from the conceptual and constructional differences between expressions in the native and foreign language. Teaching materials often propose a lexical approach with an unstructured set of constructed examples. With the postulate of meaningful schematic templates, Construction Grammar (CxG) has a number of assets for foreign language teaching (FLT) and learning (FLL), it allows among others to establish a structured inventory of abstract constructions with prototypical exemplars and inheritance links between the constructions’ instantiations. To be proficient in a foreign language also means to use new words in constructions. Learners can be asked to extend the use of new lexical units as slot-fillers into constructional patterns. This is exemplified with the use of German posture and placement verbs in the caused motion construction and the corresponding intransitive locative construction. But having learned a vast number of constructional templates of a language does not automatically imply that learners can produce L2-constructions and their instantiations in a creative way. Therefore, CxG must be enriched with further insights from Cognitive Linguistics which claims that conceptual categories and their linguistic expressions are the result of embodied processes (Lakoff, 1987). This chapter makes some suggestions for interactive activities which can foster ‘embodied teaching and learning’.
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Zhang, Xinlu, and Jingxiang Cao. "A Corpus-Based Study on Construction of “Anger Adjectives + Prepositions” in World Englishes." English Language and Literature Studies 11, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v11n3p55.
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Anger as one of the basic emotions has attracted much attention. In the construction of “Anger adjectives + prepositions”, the temporal duration of the Anger adjectives is closely related to their prepositional collocates. Differences in the use of the Anger adjectives and their prepositional collocates might be captured in the world English varieties. The corpora used in this study cover eight varieties of English. The five varieties of English used in Canada, Philippines, Singapore, India and Nigeria are from the International Corpus of English (ICE). The China English corpus (ChiE) consists of news texts crawled from six Chinese English media. American English is taken from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and British English is taken from British National Corpus (BNC). By investigating the use of the Anger adjectives and their prepositional collocates in the eight varieties of English, this paper finds that, on the continuums of the temporal duration of Anger adjectives, most varieties of English are closer to American English, whereas only Singapore English is close to British English. The distribution of Anger adjectives in the English varieties is largely in accordance with the Concentric Circles of world Englishes whereas the continuums of the temporal duration of emotions present a new insight into their relations.
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Yáñez-Bouza, Nuria. "The ‘Glaring’ Place of Prepositions." Historiographia Linguistica 38, no. 3 (October 21, 2011): 255–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.38.3.01yan.
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Summary This paper offers new insights into the 18th-century normative tradition, with special reference to the stigmatisation of preposition stranding. It brings to light the role of Scottish codifiers in contrast to English codifiers: works written by Scots contain more critical comments on the use of end-placed prepositions both quantitatively (in terms of frequency) and qualitatively (more semantic nuances and more condemnatory epithets). The semantic analysis of the data rules out the hypothesis that Scottish authors might have been particularly sensible towards this construction because of its nature as ‘provincial English’ or as a ‘Scotticism’. Rather, the author suggests that it was the ‘New Rhetoric’ movement (1748–1793) in the context of the Scottish Enlightenment that played a vital role in its stigmatisation. The importance of rhetoric as a facet of 18th-century prescriptivism, complementary to grammar, is thus put under the spotlight.
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Krogh, Steffen. "Er hod gegeybm ales far de yi:dn ‘He gave the Jews everything’: On the emergence of prepositional dative marking with far in Transcarpathian Yiddish." Linguistics 57, no. 5 (September 25, 2019): 893–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2019-0026.
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Abstract Uriel Weinreich’s seminal study “Western Traits in Transcarpathian Yiddish” (in For Max Weinreich on his Seventieth Birthday: Studies in Jewish languages, literature, and society, 245–264. The Hague: Mouton) brought a feature into focus that is characteristic not only of Transcarpathian Yiddish, but also of the Haredi idioms descending from it. In the eyes of many representatives of secular Yiddish, it has become a hallmark of so-called Hungarian Yiddish, i.e. Haredi Yiddish derived from Central Yiddish subdialects spoken in Hungary with its 1914 borders. The feature in question is the consistent replacement of nominal dative objects by a prepositional phrase introduced by far ‘for, to’. It is tempting to ascribe the rise of the construction to contact-induced influence from Hungarian, which, for historical reasons, occupies an extraordinarily firm position among Jews living in the Transcarpathian area. A major obstacle to such an assumption is, however, that Hungarian itself does not employ prepositions at all. Being an agglutinative language, it expresses grammatical categories of the noun phrase by means of suffixation. In my paper, I will argue that a constructional borrowing from Hungarian can nevertheless be the source of the feature under scrutiny. To substantiate this assumption, another (more straightforward) example of the Hungarian impact on the prepositional system of Transcarpathian Yiddish – the employment of the preposition of (St Yid. oyf ‘on/onto’) to indicate movement in the direction of geographical locations – will be discussed as well.
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Borillo, Andrée. "Vers and Contre." Adpositions of Movement 18 (December 31, 2004): 225–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.18.12bor.
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Among their different uses, the prepositions vers ‘toward’ and contre ‘against’ can both express the spatial relation of orientation or direction between two entities (figure and ground), although they provide two different ways of presenting this relation. This study tries to show how these two prepositions operate in French and what differences they convey with regard to the interpretation of the spatial relation they encode. Vers and contre are found in similar types of syntactic construction involving the same subsets of verbs, mostly directional motion verbs. But it appears that contre involves a particular way of dealing with spatial direction as it generally expresses a physical tension between two forces (force and counterforce) opposing each other, sometimes with just a counterbalance effect but quite often resulting in rough contact (and even violent impact). Contre can then be taken as a more specialized preposition than vers, as it brings in some specific features concerning tension, opposition, and even aggressiveness.
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Nykiel, Joanna. "Constraints on ellipsis alternation: A view from the history of English." Language Variation and Change 27, no. 2 (June 8, 2015): 227–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394515000071.
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AbstractI offer a diachronic perspective on English ellipsis alternation, or the alternation between inclusion and omission of prepositions from remnants under sluicing and bare argument ellipsis. The relative freedom to omit prepositions from remnants has not been stable in English; this freedom is connected to the strength of semantic dependencies between prepositions and verbs. Remnants without prepositions are first attested, but remain less frequent than remnants with prepositions, as late as Early Modern English and gain in frequency following this period. I demonstrate that three constraints—correlate informativity, structural persistence, and construction type—predict ellipsis alternation in Early and Late Modern English. However, predicting ellipsis alternation in present-day English requires semantic dependencies in addition to the three constraints. The constraints can be subsumed under principles of language processing and production (considerations of accessibility, a tendency to reuse structure, and a conventionalized performance preference for efficiently accessing constituents that form processing domains), permitting a unified processing account of ellipsis alternation with cross-linguistic coverage.
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Chan, Brian Hok-Shing. "Single-word English prepositions in Hong Kong Cantonese." Chinese Language and Discourse 9, no. 1 (August 27, 2018): 46–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cld.17013.cha.
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Abstract This paper proposes a structural borrowing account for a lexicogrammatical phenomenon whereby, in on ongoing Cantonese discourse, the use of a single-word English preposition triggers and activates an English construction, specifically an NP COP P NP sequence, and brings it into that discourse. The borrowed structure eventually converges with Cantonese, with the English preposition reanalyzed as a verb or a coverb. It is further suggested that these processes of structural borrowing and convergence are semantically motivated. Drawing on Cognitive Grammar, the borrowed structure np cop p np profiles a location as a relationship (whereas in Cantonese it is profiled as a thing by a postposition), and the pp (i.e., p np ) is profiled as a property of the subject or trajector (whereas in Cantonese a coverb phrase is always associated with a process). The converged constructions – in which an English preposition is reanalyzed as a verb or coverb – profile more dynamic and specific processes.
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Виноградова, Е. Н. "RIGHT UP TO ADVERBIAL PREPOSITIONS (TOWARDS POLYFUNCTIONAL UNITS)." Russkii iazyk za rubezhom, no. 1(284) (March 18, 2021): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37632/pi.2021.284.1.005.
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В статье рассматриваются полифункциональные единицы предложного типа, образующие полевую структуру вокруг наречных предлогов как ядра подобных единиц. На основе анализа Большого толкового словаря и Словарей служебных слов и наречий Т. Ф. Ефремовой и В. В. Бурцевой было выделено три типа изучаемых единиц: «новые» наречные предлоги, предикативы и вводные словосочетания. На материале 129 выявленных «новых» наречных предлогов продемонстрирована специфика их представления в словарях, возможности семантического противопоставления вариантов, субъективизм и приоритет «наречного» значения при их лексикографической фиксации. Определяются и фиксируются главные тенденции развития данного фрагмента языка: основные продуктивные корни, рост вариативности, увеличение числа семантических расхождений и др. Два других класса обнаруженных полифункциональных единиц – управляющие предикативы и вводные словосочетания – охарактеризованы с позиций грамматики конструкций и распределены по «семействам», которые они формируют. The article deals with preposition-like polyfunctional units forming a field structure around adverbial prepositions as the core of the category. The analysis is based on the data of 3 dictionaries – the Great Defining dictionary and the Dictionaries of Auxiliary words and Adverbs. Three classes of the unit in question have been revealed, they are as follows: «new» adverbial prepositions, predicatives and parenthetical collocation. There have been selected 129 «new» adverbial prepositions. The author has shown the peculiarities of their dictionary representation, a possibility of semantic oppositions, subjective lexicographic fixation with preferred adverbial variant. The paper depicts the main the main trends of development of this language fragment: main productive roots, the boost of variability, the growth of semantic oppositions etc. The rest classes of espied polyfunctional units – the predicatives with actant structure and the parenthetical collocations – are characterized within the Construction Grammar principles and are divided into families.
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Moro, Francesca, and Marian Klamer. "Give-Constructions in Heritage Ambon Malay in the Netherlands." Journal of Language Contact 8, no. 2 (February 27, 2015): 263–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00802004.
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The domains where languages show variable syntax are often vulnerable in language contact situations. This paper investigates one such domain in Ambon Malay: the variable encoding ofgive-events. We studygive-expressions in the Ambon Malay variety spoken by heritage speakers in the Netherlands, and compare the responses of heritage speakers with those of homeland speakers in Ambon, Indonesia. We report that heritage Ambon Malay shows an innovative higher incidence ofdoconstructions compared to the homeland variety, and a significant decrease in the frequency of ‘two predicate’ constructions. The change that heritage Ambon Malay is undergoing is thus not categorical, but rather involves a change in frequency of certain constructions. We argue that this ‘restructuring by changing frequency’ is due to a combination of factors: influence from Dutch, universal tendencies in language acquisition, and the language history of individual speakers. Apart from a quantitative difference, we also observe a qualitative difference between thegive-constructions of heritage and homeland speakers of Ambon Malay: both groups use different prepositions in the prepositional object construction, a reflection of their different social histories.
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Masrukhi, Moh. "Javanese Phrase Construction in Classical Books Translation." Register Journal 3, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v3i2.215-240.
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When the system or structure of language is used and influenced by other languages, it is called interference, and it may ruin the concept of structures. This research is about Arabic phrase construction that influenced Javanese phrase construction in classical books translation (TKK). This involvement appears when the concept of Arabic’s construction is translated literally into Javanese. The research was carried out by applying theories of interference and translation. It’s analysis approach with contrastive analysis which is allegedly enabled errors to be predicted from a comparison between Arabic’s and Javanese’s phrase construction. The data were found and collected from several classical books in Arabic language (KKbA) translated by different writers. The results show that Javanese phrase construction (as the target language), particularly, with noun phrases, with adjectival phrases, with numeral phrases, and with prepositional phrases was influenced by Arabic’s murakkab or Arabic phrase construction (as the source language). Arabic has its own concept of phrase construction. The phrase construction cannot be translated into Javanese directly through word-for-word translation or literal translation. Thus, Javanese in TKK became inconvenient and ungrammatical. Arabic phrase construction is flipped around (with noun phrases and adjectival phrases) and prepositions are used and translated improperly or in the wrong position (with prepositional phrases). This research has many implications for further use, such as: for the identification and description of the deviation of Javanese phrase construction which has been affected by direct translation from the Arabic language, and furthermore, to increase the knowledge of those who are learning by increasing the realization and awareness in writing and translating (especially from Arabic to Javanese) about the fact that Arabic and Javanese have their own regulations or patterns which are different then the other language. keywords;Influence; Literal Translation; Phrase Construction ; Murakkab
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Majeed Hadi, Afrah. "The passive of verbs constructed with prepositions (Das Passiv der mit Präpositionen konstruierten Verben )." Journal of the College of languages, no. 44 (June 1, 2021): 317–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36586/jcl.2.2021.0.44.0317.
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Verbs in German and Arabic are of two types: active and passive. Passive voice is a grammatical voice construction that is found in many languages. Out of grammatical perspective, each main verb has a form in the active and one in the passive known as a "genus verbi" (type of verb). In passive voice, both in German and in Arabic, the focus is on the action itself or on the result of the action; often the perpetrator is not mentioned. In German, to conjugate verbs in the passive voice, you must know the forms of werden (to become). German uses werden + the past participle and states it at the end of a sentence. In Arabic, the passive is formed by changing the vowels on the verb; the vowel series u-i-a occurs instead of the a-vowels. Transitive prepositional verbs originally are intransitive verb with a preposition added to the action of the sentence. In German, the prepositional group can be combined with the prepositions von or durch, while in Arabic, such a prepositional group occurs only in certain cases. In contrast to Arabic, the passive in German is impossible with reflexive verbs. In some cases, an impersonal passive in German corresponds with a personal passive in Arabic. The present paper discusses some of these verbs traced in a chart that shows the most important results when compared with their Arabic equivalents. In grammatischen Darstellung findet man für jedes Vollverb eine Form im Aktiv und eine im Passiv, es wird von „genus verbi“ (Art des Verbs) gesprochen. Im Passiv steht sowohl im Deutschen als auch im Arabischen das Geschehen selbst oder das Ergebnis der Handlung im Vordergrund; aus der Sicht der betroffenen Person oder Sache; oft wird der Täter nicht gennant. Im Deutschen wird die passivische Verbform mit dem Hilfsverb werden und dem Partizip II gebildet, während die Vokalreihe u-i-a anstelle der a- Vokale im Arabischen eintritt. Die im Aktiv mit Präpositionen verbundenen Verben bilden in beiden Sprachen ein unpersönliches Passiv. Im Deutschen kann die Präpositionalgruppe mit den Präpositionen von oder durch verbunden werden. Im Unterschied dazu tritt solche Präpositionalgruppe im Arabischen nur in bestimmten Fällen mit من قبل auf. Im Unterschied zum Arabischen ist das Passiv im Deutschen bei reflexiv Verben unmöglich. In einigen Fällen entspricht ein unpersönliches Passiv im Deutschen einem persönlichen Passiv im Arabischen.
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Łapa, Romana, and Agnieszka Słoboda. "Językowe wykładniki intencji prawodawcy w Kodeksie Działyńskich." LingVaria 31, no. 1 (May 10, 2021): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/lv.16.2021.31.08.
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Linguistic Exponents of the Legislator’s Intention in the Działyński Code
The article presents syntactic methods of expressing the legislator’s intentions in the medieval legal document called Kodeks Działyńskich (the Działyński code). The intention is understood by the authors as ‘the goal towards which the action of the legislator is directed’. This type of element of a legislative text does not appear in modern legal texts, apart from the Code of Canon Law. However, in the oldest texts, the purpose of which was to change a functioning custom into binding law, the justification for introducing certain regulations was very important. We also pay attention to the information about the legislator, which is included in the text. The information is expressed by pluralis maiestaticus forms of performative verbs. Three types of syntactic structures serve to express the intention of the legislator: subordinate clauses introduced by the conjunction: aby, participial sentence equivalents based on the verb chcieć, and prepositional phrases with prepositions: na, ku and dla. These structures usually occur in preposition to the superior predicate. The fragments excerpted from the text are characterized by a considerable degree of cohesiveness, not only in terms of meaning but also in structure. A sentence or a participal construction in the semantic relation of the goal functions in a broader context, therefore it becomes necessary to introduce reference indicators and anaphorical elements such as repetitions, pronouns and pronominalization.
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Toan, Ly Ngoc. "Lexical Expressions of Path Motion in Vietnamese: A Perspective from Cognitive Linguistics." International Journal of Language and Literary Studies 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 14–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v1i1.25.
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The aim of this paper is to study the semantics and syntax of lexical expressions of path motion in Vietnamese. This paper is conducted on theory of lexicalization patterns which is related to the conflation of semantic components into linguistic units. The data are the expressions of motion verbs and spatial prepositions which were taken from 12 Vietnamese stories and three novels in the 20th century onward. The result of this paper presents several lexicalization patterns of semantic components conflated into the path verbs and the spatial prepositions. Moreover, this paper takes into account the construction of the grammar of the lexical expressions of path motion in Vietnamese, which refers to speakers’ knowledge of motion utilized to express motion.
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Kim, Agnes, and Katharina Korecky-Kröll. "Prepositional phrases in German in Austria – identifying patterns of variation." Open Linguistics 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 476–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2021-0024.
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Abstract German in Austria is claimed to be shaped by wide-spread dialect use and historical language contact. In this context, variation in prepositional phrases (PPs) is frequently cited, but still underresearched. Three linguistic variables are particularly interesting: (1) preposition choice (p-choice), (2) case marking in PPs and (3) preposition–determiner contractions. The present study aims at identifying linguistic and sociolinguistic – including regional – patterns of variation in the realization of PPs with two-way prepositions in German in Austria on the basis of natural production data including formal and informal registers from urban and rural adults of different age groups and different socioeconomic backgrounds living in Bavarian regions of Austria. The data were compared against the German standard variety from Germany to identify all constructions (possibly) specific for German in Austria. Results indicate that p-choice (particularly in directed motion constructions) shows mostly regional effects: South Bavarian varieties are characterized by preposition drop, whereas in the other regions, the preposition auf ‘on(to)’ seems overrepresented. However, case marking is more dependent on sociodemographic variables and accusative–dative syncretism appears more frequently in plural than in singular contexts. Finally, specific preposition–determiner contractions are widespread across all regions and groups investigated, even in (close-to-)standard registers.
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Schönefeld, Doris. "Friending someone into submission: Verbal cues for understanding." Word Structure 11, no. 2 (July 2018): 211–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2018.0125.
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This paper takes a usage-based, Construction Grammar perspective to consider how people interpret linguistic utterances containing novel converted denominal verbs in the pattern NP + V + NP + PP. As a novel expression, such verbs are not (yet) conventional signs, and their meanings must be constructed from prompts in the usage event. Candidates of these are i) their base nouns, ii) the context, that is, the surrounding words and phrases and the situation, and iii) the syntactic arrangement of the material used. A quantitative analysis of usage data suggests that these constructions are part of a speaker's linguistic knowledge and can, hence, be taken as available for the identification of the general scene the novel verb will name. The data also reveal strong associations between verbs and prepositions.
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Lucić, Luka, and Elizabeth Bridges. "Ecological landscape in narrative thought." Narrative Inquiry 28, no. 2 (October 19, 2018): 346–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.17076.luc.
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Abstract This study explores how 16 individuals who grew up during the four-year long military siege of the city employ language to make sense of their everyday experiences in Sarajevo following the conclusion of the Bosnian War. Narrative inquiry is employed in this work to study sense-making, a psychological process based in language and situated in interaction with extant social and physical landscapes. During the study, participants wrote responses across the three narrative contexts (1) the prewar, (2) the acute war, and (3) the postwar. Data analyses examine how participants enact ecological landscape in narrative construction through varied use of prepositions across the three narrative contexts. Significantly higher use of prepositions in the acute war narrative context indicates that growing up amidst urban destruction gives rise to thought processes that draw on spatial and temporal relations in order to make sense of radical environmental changes in the landscape of war.
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Martín, Javier Calle. "“When That Wounds Are Evil Healed”: Revisiting Pleonastic That in Early English Medical Writing." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 52, no. 1 (March 28, 2017): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stap-2017-0001.
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Abstract The origin of pleonastic that can be traced back to Old English, where it could appear in syntactic constructions consisting of a preposition + a demonstrative pronoun (i.e., for py pat, for pæm pe) or a subordinator (i.e., op pat). The diffusion of this pleonastic form is an Early Middle English development as a result of the standardization of that as the general subordinator in the period, which motivated its use as a pleonastic word in combination with many kinds of conjunctions (i.e., now that, if that, when that, etc.) and prepositions (i.e., before that, save that, in that) (Fischer 1992: 295). The phenomenon increased considerably in Late Middle English, declining rapidly in the 17th century to such an extent that it became virtually obliterated towards the end of that same century (Rissanen 1999: 303-304). The list of subordinating elements includes relativizers (i.e., this that), adverbial relatives (i.e., there that), and a number of subordinators (i.e., after, as, because, before, beside, for, if, since, sith, though, until, when, while, etc.). The present paper examines the status of pleonastic that in the history of English pursuing the following objectives: (a) to analyse its use and distribution in a corpus of early English medical writing (in the period 1375-1700); (b) to classify the construction in terms of genre, i.e., treatises and recipes; and (c) to assess its decline with the different conjunctive words. The data used as source of evidence come from The Corpus of Early English Medical Writing, i.e., Middle English Medical Texts (MEMT for the period 1375-1500) and Early Modern English Medical Texts (EMEMT for the period 1500-1700). The use of pleonastic that in medical writing allows us to reconsider the history of the construction in English, becoming in itself a Late Middle English phenomenon with its progressive decline throughout the 16th and 17th centuries.
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Краснощёков, Е. В. "EXPRESSION OF POSSESSIVE RELATIONS IN THE ARABIC LANGUAGE AND ITS DIALECTS USING PREPOSITIONS." НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЕ И МЕТОДИКО-ДИДАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ, no. 3(47) (October 24, 2020): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2020.69.10.001.
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Постановка задачи. В отличие от европейских языков в арабском языке выражение притяжательных отношений происходит иными способами, а именно приименными, в первую очередь это конструкции с идафой ( ´iḍāfah ), а также конструкции с предлогами. В данной работе мы рассматриваем конструкции с предлогами li - и min, как одно из средств выражения притяжательности в арабском языке. Результаты. Конструкции с предлогами li - и min наиболее часто используются в арабском языке для выражения поссессивных отношений, поскольку могут выражать различные случаи поссессивности. В функции предлогов для выражения притяжательных отношений, кроме этих предлогов, могут употребляться «несобственно предлоги», которые в качестве самостоятельных имен обычно не используются. Притяжательные отношения в арабском языке могут выражаться частицами, выполняющими роль предлогов ( inda ), также используются служебные слова ( siwa , gayra ). Подобная картина наблюдается и в арабских диалектах. В некоторых (мавританский) сохранились старые предлоги из литературного арабского языка. В других (марокканский) эту функцию выполняют служебные слова ( d, dyāl, mtāε ). Выводы. Предлоги принимают активное участие в выражении притяжательности в арабском языке и его диалектах. Функции предлогов в арабском языке перенимаются частицами. С помощью частиц и слов, выполняющих роль предлогов между компонентами словосочетаний, может осуществляться притяжательная связь. Синтаксически и семантически предлоги могут быть заменены родительным падежом или идафной конструкцией, но в некоторых случаях предложная группа предпочтительнее. Problem statement: In contrast to the European languages in Arabic, the expression of possessive relations occurs in other ways, namely, well-known, and in the first place these are constructions with idafa (´ iḍāfah ), as well as constructions with prepositions. In our work, we consider constructions with the preposition li- and the preposition min , as one of the means of expressing possession in the Arabic language. Results. In the function of prepositions to express possessive relations, in addition to the mentioned prepositions, “improper prepositions” can be used, which are usually not used as independent names. Possessive relations in the Arabic language can be expressed by particles playing the role of prepositions ( inda ), and official words ( siwa, gayra ) are also used. A similar pattern is observed in Arabic dialects. In some (Moorish) old prepositions from literary Arabic are preserved. In others (Moroccan), this function is performed by service words ( d, dyāl, mtāε ). Conclusion. Thus, prepositions take an active part in the expression of possession in the Arabic language and its dialects. The functions of prepositions in the Arabic language are taken over by particles. With the help of particles and words playing the role of prepositions between the components of phrases, a possessive connection can be made. Syntactically and semantically, prepositions can be replaced by the genitive or idafa construct, but in some cases the prepositional group is preferable.
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Nir, Bracha, and Ruth A. Berman. "Parts of speech as constructions." Constructions and Frames 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2010): 242–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.2.2.05nir.
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The paper re-appraises accepted classifications of linguistic elements into word-level constructions on the one hand and in terms of Parts-of-Speech systems on the other from the point of view of Construction Grammar (CxG). We focus on a particular adverbial construction in Hebrew, with the surface form PrepOC, where “Prep” is one of the four basic prepositions in the language and OC stands for fixed forms of a lexically restricted group of Nouns, Verbs, or Adjectives. We analyze these constructions as having an “intermediate” status, in terms of elements lying between those that express concrete conceptual content and those that activate an abstract grammatical schema. The special nature of these and other intermediate word-level constructions in Hebrew is demonstrated experimentally in sentential contexts, and their functional, structural, and distributional properties are analyzed in the discursive context of a large corpus of authentic texts, both oral and written. Evidence from on-line processing strategies and speaker judgments combines with discourse based usage to confirm the special status of Hebrew PrepOC expressions as word-level constructions occupying neither the atomic-substantive nor the complex-schematic end of the syntax-lexicon continuum. Furthermore, we propose that these constructions analyzed here as “pragmatically/discoursally motivated”, along with other “intermediate” constructions, function as textually motivated Parts-of-Discourse rather than as semantically autonomous or structurally dependent Parts-of-Speech.
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Peronard, Marianne. "Spanish prepositions introducing adverbial constructions." Journal of Child Language 12, no. 1 (February 1985): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900006255.
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ABSTRACTThis study investigates the development of prepositions used in the expression of circumstances as adverbial adjuncts in the speech of three Spanish-speaking middle-class children. The study begins with the first appearance of one of these prepositions and the children are followed until age 4. In spite of the differences among the children concerning other aspects of their language development, what predominates in the present case is similarity. Both the forms and the meanings expressed turned up in much the same sequence in the speech of the three children. Yet when both form and meaning were seen together the results showed great variability; that is, each child began expressing a given circumstance by means of a different preposition. On the other hand, the circumstance most commonly expressed by means of new prepositions was place. The amount of polysemy increased with age, usually starting with a single meaning for each preposition. Expressions were found which seemed to represent intermediate stages between an early general category (co-occurrence) and the more specific semantic categories of space, instrument and company.
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Bruening, Benjamin. "Double Object Constructions Disguised as Prepositional Datives." Linguistic Inquiry 41, no. 2 (April 2010): 287–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling.2010.41.2.287.
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Recent work by Bresnan and colleagues (Bresnan 2007, Bresnan et al. 2007, Bresnan and Nikitina 2007) has argued that double object and prepositional dative constructions are essentially identical, the choice between them being conditioned by various factors. I argue against this conclusion, showing that the grammar clearly distinguishes double object from prepositional dative constructions. Under certain circumstances, the first object of a double object construction can shift to the right, with the preposition to appearing, but the grammar still distinguishes this from a prepositional dative construction that looks identical on the surface. The phenomena that I investigate are scope interactions with quantifiers and locative inversion. In addition, the rightward reordering operations investigated here indicate that constraints on variable binding, including weak crossover, must be formulated in terms of linear order rather than hierarchy.
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Nykiel, Joanna. "Elliptical constructions and underlying clefts." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 2 (July 6, 2011): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.541.
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In this study, I argue that, contra previous accounts, the possibility of preposition omission in elliptical constructions, in particular under sluicing, is not syntactically motivated. Polish has no possibility of preposition stranding in non-elliptical interrogatives, and nor does it have acceptable cleft interrogatives that could underlie elided phrases without prepositions. However, manipulations of the complexity of elided phrases and/or their correlates influence the acceptability of preposition omission in three elliptical constructions. These results are not predicted on a transformational account, but are consistent with accounts appealing to the salience of the correlate available in the antecedent, including processing accounts.
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Maling, Joan, and Annie Zaenen. "Preposition-Stranding and Passive." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 8, no. 2 (December 1985): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500001335.
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Various linguists working within the theory of Government and Binding (e.g. Hornstein & Weinberg (1981), Kayne (1981)) have attempted to provide a unified account of preposition-stranding. This article uses evidence from Icelandic to show that preposition-stranding is not a unified phenomenon. Although Icelandic freely allows preposition-stranding in wh-movement constructions, it lacks prepositional passives in which the prepositional object of an active verb corresponds to the grammatical subject of a passive verb. Various syntactic tests which distinguish between grammatical subjects and topicalized NPs are used to demonstrate this. Our conclusion is that while lexical reanalysis is needed to account for prepositional passives, no such reanalysis is warranted for preposition-stranding due to wh-movement; hence, an adequate theory of preposition-stranding must allow for two separate parameters.
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Chen, Haimei. "On the Translation Strategies of Chinese Verbs in Aerial China: Jiangxi from the Perspective of Chinese-English Comparison." Journal of Education and Culture Studies 5, no. 4 (August 24, 2021): p40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jecs.v5n4p40.
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Chinese is a verb-dominated language, while English is a noun-dominated language. In Chinese-English translation, Translators must deal with Chinese verbs based on the characteristics of English. Through analyzing the subtitle of Aerial China: Jiangxi, it found that translators have used different translation strategies to translate Chinese verbs into English. When dealing with Chinese verbs, translators mainly adopt the following strategies: translating Chinese verbs into English nouns, Translating Chinese verbs into English prepositions, and translating part of verbs of serial verb construction into English non-predicate forms. It is hoped that this article can provide reference for the translation of Chinese verbs in Chinese-English translation.
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Zhang, Yabing. "A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF TIME-PREPOSITIONS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 18, no. 28 (July 2019): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2019-28-17.
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This article is devoted to the problem of using Russian time-prepositions by foreigners, especially by the Chinese. An analysis of modern literature allows the author to identify the main areas of the work aimed at foreign students’ development of the skills and abilities to correctly build the prepositional combinations and continuously improve the communication skills by means of the Russian language. In this paper, the time-prepositions in the Russian language have been analyzed in detail; some examples of polysemantic use of prepositions, their semantic and stylistic shades alongside with possible errors made by foreign students are presented. The results of the study are to help in developing a system of teaching Russian time-prepositions to a foreign language audience, taking into account their native language, on the basis of the systemic and functional, communicative and activity-centred basis. The role of Russian time-prepositions in constructing word combinations has been identified; the need for foreign students’ close attention to this secondary part of speech has been specified. It has been stated that prepositions are the most dynamic and open type of secondary language units within the quantitative and qualitative composition of which regular changes take place. The research substantiates the need that students should be aware of the function of time-preposition in speech; they are to get acquainted with the main time-prepositions and their meanings, to distinguish prepositions and other homonymous parts of speech as well as to learn stylistic shades of time-prepositions. Some recommendations related to the means of mastering time-prepositions have been given: to target speakers to assimilate modern literary norms and, therefore, to teach them how to choose and use them correctly by means of linguistic keys that are intended to fill the word with true meaning, to give it an organic structure, an inherent form and an easy combinability in the texts and oral speech.
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Monakhov, Sergei. "Russian prefixed verbs as constructional schemas." Russian Linguistics 45, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 45–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11185-021-09238-1.
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AbstractThis study tests the morphological gradience theory on Russian prefixed verbs. With the help of a specially designed experiment, in which participants were asked to evaluate the semantic transparency of a prefixed nonse verb given in minimal context, as well as to semanticise it by suggesting an existing Russian verb with the same prefix, we offer evidence that these verbs can be analysed as constructional schemas and that the degree of their morphological decomposition depends upon the different levels of activation of their sequential and lexical links. We prove that speakers of Russian are very sensitive to the etymological connection between verb prefixes and the prepositions they are related to. Thus, prefix-stem constructions with prefixes that correspond to prepositions are more likely to be morphologically decomposed, while prefix-stem constructions with prefixes that do not relate to prepositions tend to be regarded as single lexical units. Moreover, the general, highly abstract semantics of Russian prefix-stem constructions, especially of those that retain their ‘prepositional’ meaning, is undoubtedly accessible to language users, which is confirmed by the fact that the interpretability of these constructions is affected by priming.
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Luraghi, Silvia, Chiara Naccarato, and Erica Pinelli. "The u+gen construction in Modern Standard Russian." Cognitive Linguistics 31, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 149–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2018-0001.
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AbstractIn Modern Standard Russian (MSR), the prefix/preposition pair u-/u is peculiar with respect to other similar pairs, due to the meaning mismatch between the two. While the prefix u- has an ablative meaning, as shown when it is prefixed to motion verbs, the prepositional phrase u+gen occurs in locative constructions, and other related constructions, such as predicative possession that is expressed via the cross-linguistically common Locative Schema. Etymological considerations show that the meaning preserved by the prefix is older. The only type of occurrence which, according to the literature, preserves the ablative meaning for the u+gen construction is found with verbs of requesting, removing, and buying. Notably, however, in other Slavic languages putative ablative contexts are limited to verbs of requesting. Data from MSR, Old Church Slavic, Polish and Czech lead to the conclusion that the extension of the u+gen construction to verbs of removing in MSR is based on its use for the encoding of predicative possession. Extension to verbs of buying is better explained through the locative meaning of the construction. As a result of different developments, the u+gen construction has become part of the argument structure of a group of verbs including verbs of asking and requesting, verbs of removing, and verbs of buying, which are characterized by the common feature of taking human non-recipient third arguments. We argue that the different usages of the u+gen construction in MSR constitute an instance of constructionalization based on the merger of originally different constructions. We further argue that accounting for this development in constructional terms offers better insights in the relation among the various different usages of u+gen than simply focusing on the meaning of the preposition and its polysemy pattern.
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Bosnjakovic, Zarko. "Towards a Serbian urban dialectology: Linguistic notes to a Dorcol idiolect." Juznoslovenski filolog 72, no. 3-4 (2016): 111–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1604111b.
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On the basis of a limited corpus, the author concludes that the idiolect of a woman from Belgrade, born in Dorcol in 1916, generally corresponds with descriptions of the Belgrade idiom from the first half of the twentieth century. The paper asserts: (a) that it has a four-accent system, but with optional preservation of falling accents after the first syllable (zap?mti, zami?sli), (b) that in the two-syllable words metataxis is present (ze?na, co?vek), (c) that there is no transmission of accents to the prepositions (na groblje, kod vas; na grob), whereas there is the optional shift to the verb negation (ne volite, ali i: ne la?zem, ne vi?dite, ne p?tam), (d) that a postaccentual length can generally appear after a short rising accent in the position s?sir, d?v?jka, although optional shortening (raz?mes, p?kazem) can also occur in this position, (e) that there is an optional shortening of long accented syllables (bo?lovi, na?meru), but no lenghtening of the short ones, except in emphasis (d?go, d?go), (f) that the non-discrimination of two pairs of affricates is preserved, i.e. that the pronunciation of [djdz] gospodjdza appears somewhat harder and there is also a slightly softened articulation of [c?] ve?c?e, c?e?kaj; (e) that the accusative suppresses the locative with the prepositions na and u (on ne moze da dubi na glavu), in addition to the proper use of the locative (jos uvek sam bila sva u groznici). Our corpus has not confirmed: (a) the Balkan model of the future tense I (ce kaze), but analytically one (ja cu da kleknem; a ona ce da kaze), as well as the simple and the complex one (dacu pa cu napisati treci), (b) the use of the preposition with with the instrumental of agency (strugala nozem). Although the earlier works have not referred to the use of the infinitive, we can conclude that it, along with various semantic groups of verbs, is completely suppressed by the da + present construction (ona nema obicaj da prica; ja treba da odnesem; svi hoce da mi pomognu; nemojte da dolazite; obicno volim da idem za Zadusnice, etc.). In addition, there are examples of postpositive use of the congruent future tense. (Ja nikad nisam rekla: tata, u zivotu mom, ni ja ni braca moja).
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POPLACK, SHANA, LAUREN ZENTZ, and NATHALIE DION. "Phrase-final prepositions in Quebec French: An empirical study of contact, code-switching and resistance to convergence." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 15, no. 2 (August 11, 2011): 203–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728911000204.
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In this study, we investigate whether preposition stranding, a stereotypical non-standard feature of North American French, results from convergence with English, and the role of bilingual code-switchers in its adoption and diffusion. Establishing strict criteria for the validation of contact-induced change, we make use of the comparative variationist framework, first to situate stranding with respect to the other options for preposition placement with which it coexists in the host language grammar, and then to confront the variable constraints on stranding across source and host languages, contact and pre-contact stages of the host language, mainstream and “bilingual” varieties of the source language, and copious and sparse code-switchers. Detailed comparison with a superficially similar pre-existing native language construction also enables us to assess the possibility of a language-internal model for preposition stranding. Systematic quantitative analyses turned up several lines of evidence militating against the interpretation of convergence. Most compelling are the findings that the conditions giving rise to stranding in French are the same as those operating to produce the native strategy, while none of them are operative in the presumed source. Explicit comparison of copious vs. sparse code-switchers revealed no difference between them, refuting claims that the former are agents of convergence. Results confirm that surface similarities may mask deeper differences, a crucial finding for the study of contact-induced change.
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Lönngren, Lennart. "О первом актанте русского предлога(On the First Actant of the Russian Preposition)." Poljarnyj vestnik 10 (January 1, 2007): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/6.1308.
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n the typical case, semantic (i.e., valency-carrying) prepositions are two- place predicates. The noun governed by the preposition can be regarded as its second actant. This is the actant together with which the preposition forms a syntactic preposition phrase. The first actant often, but not always, precedes the preposition. Unlike the second actant, the form of the first actant is not determined by the preposition.In the article, the inventory of possible forms of the first actant is established. Moreover, special attention is paid to ambiguous constructions. For example, the preposition together with its second actant can function as an attribute of the first actant. Under certain circumstances, however, the preposition phrase may become detached, so that it is no longer syntac- tically, only semantically, connected with the first actant.
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Kim, Hyunwoo, Gyu-Ho Shin, and Haerim Hwang. "INTEGRATION OF VERBAL AND CONSTRUCTIONAL INFORMATION IN THE SECOND LANGUAGE PROCESSING OF ENGLISH DATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 42, no. 4 (March 18, 2020): 825–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263119000743.
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AbstractThis study investigated the effects of construction types on Korean-L1 English-L2 learners’ verb–construction integration in online processing by presenting the ditransitive and prepositional dative constructions and manipulating the verb’s association strength within these constructions. Results of a self-paced reading experiment showed that the L2 group spent longer times in the verb–construction integration in the postverbal complement region when processing the ditransitive construction, which is less canonical and highly avoided in the learners’ L1, than when processing the prepositional dative construction, which is more canonical and shares similar structural features with the L1 counterpart. In the following spillover region, L2 learners showed faster reading times as proficiency increased when the verb was strongly associated with the prepositional dative construction. Our findings expand the scope of current models on L2 sentence processing by suggesting that construction types and L2 proficiency may affect the L2 integration of verbal and constructional information.
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Rondal, Jean A., and Anne Cession. "Input evidence regarding the semantic bootstrapping hypothesis." Journal of Child Language 17, no. 3 (October 1990): 711–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900010965.
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ABSTRACTThe input language addressed to 18 language-learning children (MLU 1.00–3.00) was analysed so as to assess the quality of the semanticsyntactic correspondence posited by the semantic bootstrapping hypothesis. The correspondence appears to be quite satisfactory with little variation from the lower to the higher MLUs. All the persons and things referred to in the corpora were labelled by the mothers using nouns. All the actions referred to were labelled using verbs. Most of the attributive information was conveyed by adjectives. Spatial information was expressed through the use of spatial prepositions. As to the functional categories, all agents of actions and causes of events were encoded as subjects of sentences. All patients, themes, sources, goals, locations, and instruments were encoded as objects of sentences (either direct or oblique). This good semantic-syntactic correspondence may make the child's construction of grammatical categories easier.
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Rech, Núbia. "A formação de construções resultativas no português brasileiro." Cadernos de Estudos Lingüísticos 49, no. 1 (July 15, 2011): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/cel.v49i1.8637248.
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This paper aims mainly at investigating if there is the formation of resultative constructions with simple adjective in Brazilian Portuguese, since researchers disagree on the existence of these constructions in Romance Languages. To start this discussion, first I make a distinction between resultative, depictive and circumstantial constructions. Then, I relate some of their main characteristics, testing how they appear in sentences written in Brazilian Portuguese. Afterwards, I propose an extension of Folli and Ramchand (2001)’s analysis on the Portuguese. These authors use a structure of verb phrase that consists of three different projections, each one consisting in a subpart of the event: Cause, Process and Result. My hypothesis about the Brazilian Portuguese is that the verbs of causative alternation – as they imply change of state – are the head of Result projection and have as their complement an adjective small clause (SC), whose predicate indicates the telic aspect of event, forming a resultative construction. Following this perspective of analysis, I study the possibility of formation of adjective resultatives with atelic and telic verbs that admit causative alternation. I also approach – although briefly – other types of constructions that express results, whose secondary predicates are, respectively, a complex adjective phrase, a PP or a DP. In this paper, only the constructions resulting from verbal actions are considered. Thus, goal of motion constructions – in which prepositions indicate the following of movement and its ending – and resultative constructions with causative verbs are not considered. The results show that there are not resultative constructions in the Brazilian Portuguese equivalent to those found in Germanic Languages, in which an atelic verb becomes a telic verb by adding a resultative secondary predicate to the sentence.
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Jiménez-Fernández, Angel. "What information structure tells us about individual/stage-level predicates." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 1, no. 1 (July 30, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.1.1.2293.
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<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 32.85pt; margin-left: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="EN-GB">The goal of this paper is to explore the lexical-syntactic structure of copulative constructions and argument small clauses within the framework proposed by Gallego & Uriagereka (2011) for the Individual-Level/Stage-Level distinction (Carlson 1988, Kratzer 1995) and implement their theory by claiming that there is a crucial correlation between IL/SL constructions and their information structure. I argue that IL subjects are topics (and hence this is a categorical construction, following Kuroda 1972, Milsark 1977 and Raposo & Uriagereka 1995), whereas in SL constructions the topic may either be the subject or a silent spatiotemporal argument (their construction being thetic). I show the topic nature of IL subjects in contexts of specificity and subextraction. I ultimately derive the IS of IL/SL constructions from their lexical-syntactic structure and identify the type of topic here as an Aboutness-Topic (in the sense of Frascarelli & Hinterhölzl 2007, Lambrecht 1994, Erteschik-Shir 1997).</span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 32.85pt; margin-left: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 32.85pt; margin-left: 1cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";" lang="EN-GB"><strong>Keywords:</strong> individual-level/stage-level predicates, copulas, small clause, central-coincidence/terminal coincidence prepositions, topic, specificity, subextraction</span></p>
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Pandeangan, Marwan, Jangkontua Siburian, Livia Olga Indah Sari, and Novita Sari. "ANALISIS KESALAHAN BERBAHASA INDONESIA DI SEKOLAH DASAR." SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED 10, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/sejpgsd.v10i2.18801.
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This study aims to describe the mistakes in Indonesian language made by students in elementary schools in general. The focus of the study was conducted on language errors in writing skills in elementary school. This type of research is descriptive research. The data source in this research is searching relevant journals. The analysis technique used in analyzing language errors is qualitative data analysis techniques. The results showed that there were student errors in writing including: spelling mistakes (errors in writing basic words, mistakes in using capital letters, mistakes in writing prefixes, mistakes in writing prepositions, mistakes in abbreviated writing, and errors in punctuation), errors in word selection (use of words speech), and mistakes in sentence construction (incomplete sentences, ineffective sentences, and sentences containing interference). Thus, students 'mistakes in writing must be minimized as an effort to improve students' writing skills in elementary school.Keywords: Language errors, spelling, word selection, sentence organization
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Aksarina, Natalja A., and Larisa V. Basova. "On the Lexicographic Description of the Preposition Putyom in Modern Discourse." Voprosy leksikografii, no. 19 (2021): 5–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22274200/19/1.
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This article analyzes the system of meanings of the preposition putyom in modern discourse, describes the features of the semantic composition in each meaning, traces semantic links of the selected meanings with the productive name and provides their lexicographic description. The analyzed material included 609 documents of the main corpus of the Russian National Corpus for 2009–2019. The search was performed on a user subcorpus of 6,555 documents which amounted to 13,596,479 words. The complex study of 330 usage samples of the preposition putyom by means of contextual and component analyses has revealed that 167 of them were substantive, 13 adverbial and 150 prepositional ones. The lexicographic identifiers used were as follows: 1) recurrent links with the context, determining the lexico-semantic valence of the preposition putyom; 2) grammatical valence, implemented in specific syntactic links; 3) the possibility of lexical and grammatical replacement of constructions with the preposition putyom by an adverbial participle and a noun in the instrumental case; 4) possible partial synonymy relations; 5) data from lexicographic sources. The range of partial synonyms was established in accordance with the definitions in explanatory dictionaries. The analysis has shown seven meanings of the preposition putyom,grammarticalized in varying degrees, with differentiable semantic and compatibility features. Characteristic valences as well as semantic functions have been determined for each meaning and a dictionary entry proposed. It has been established that the “left” component of the preposition putyom in any implementation is a verb form or a verbal noun with procedural or productive semantics, while the “right” one is a verbal noun with procedural or effective semantics. The polysemy of the preposition putyom is predetermined by a change in hierarchy when contextual conditions change. All the meanings of the preposition putyom have a common motivating base, i.e. the 6th meaning of the noun put’ (way). The polysemy of the preposition putyom is caused by the initial semantic potential of the motivating meaning. The preposition putyom is motivated by both explicit and implicit semes of the meaning-generating noun put’ and in implication inherits the semes of its primary meaning. In all the meanings it retains this “mode of action” inherited from the motivating meaning of the noun put’. In six of seven meanings, it enters into a partial synonymy only with derivative prepositions of the genitive and dative cases and is semantically identified in these relations. The partial nature of synonymy indicates the insufficiency of a synonymous definition and requires a descriptive component inclusion.
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Pessoa, Rebeca Rodrigues, Selma Mie Isotani, Jacy Perissinoto, and Rosana Fiorini Puccini. "School children with low birth weight inserted in system of Embu's education: construction of sentences." CoDAS 26, no. 4 (July 2014): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/201420130068.
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PURPOSE: To characterize the construction of sentences in schoolchildren born with low weight.METHODS: We selected 413 students from Embu das Artes (SP), Brazil. Application of Recreating Speech Acts of Test of Language Competence sub-test. We analyzed the number of words and the holistic score. Age group of 6-10 years old, female/male, with low birth weight (<2,500 g) in Study Group (SG; n=238), and birth weight above or equal to 2,500 g composing the Control Group (CG; n=175). Children with anomalies were excluded. The both groups' responses were considered as well as the association of the responses with variables birth weight, gender, age of child and maternal age and education, through Student's t-test, χ2test and linear regression.RESULTS: The SG scored less on the total number of words and had worst performance in items that involved prepositions with a sense of temporality and place, with adverb functions. There was no difference between groups regarding the holistic score. It was found positive impact of the variables birth weight (p=0.002), age of child, age of mother and maternal education on standard test scores in both groups.CONCLUSION: The SG had fewer words compared to CG. The higher the birth weight, the higher the score test pattern. It was evident the age-related changes in morpho-syntactic skills addressed in the study, and protection factors mother's schooling and age had a positive impact on language performance.
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Biggs, Alison. "Locating variation in the dative alternation." Linguistic Variation 16, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 151–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.16.2.01big.
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This paper investigates the structure of the dative alternation in dialects of Northwest British English. This includes theme passivization of apparent Double Object Constructions (It was given her). Detailed investigation shows that different dialects use distinct licensing strategies to derive the Theme passive structure. The main variety discussed is Liverpool English, where Theme passivisation is shown to derive from a prepositional dative with a null preposition. In contrast, Manchester English, a neighbouring variety, derives Theme passives of the Double Object Construction, via an Applicative configuration (Haddican 2010, Haddican and Holmberg 2012). The study shows that a range of syntactic properties and restrictions on a structure can be traced back to variation in the functional lexicon.
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Moustaki, Argyro. "Analyse Contrastive des Formes Être Prép X en Grec Moderne et en Français." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 29–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.21.1.03mou.
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Taking as a starting point one of Maurice Gross's work on the construction be Prep X, we present the classes we have established for the Greek language. We have retained the classes established by M. Gross for French. For the Greek study, our point of departure is a selection of 2200 frozen expressions. But we have gone beyond this to study not only frozen expression but also productive phrases. The aim of this analysis was to establish the similarities or differences which exist between Greek and French. By studying the elements of these syntactic strings in both languages, we observe that the area of greatest difference occurs in the selection of prepositions, We have also studied the relationship between the support verb to be in Modern Greek and French and its relations with other support verbs. This study will serve as a basis for future comparative studies which will ultimately serve to support automatic translation.
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陈, 功. "The Study of Complex Prepositions in the Writings of EFL Learners under the View of Grammaticalization—Take PNP Construction as an Example." Modern Linguistics 07, no. 03 (2019): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ml.2019.73038.
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De Clerck, Bernard, Martine Delorge, and Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen. "Semantic and Pragmatic Motivations for Constructional Preferences." Journal of English Linguistics 39, no. 4 (November 14, 2011): 359–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0075424211421346.
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A select group of transfer verbs can enter into four different constructions: the ditransitive construction ( He provided John the money), the prepositional-dative construction ( He provided the money to John), a construction with a prepositional theme ( He provided John with the money), and a construction with a recipient realized by a for-phrase ( He provided the money for John). In this article, the authors take a close look at three such verbs: provide, supply, and present. Corpus analysis shows that these three verbs display different structural preferences with respect to the for-, to-, and with-patterns. To explain these preferences, the study investigates pragmatic principles (following Mukherjee on provide) and the role played by semantic factors. An examination of the semantics of the verbs and the lexically motivated constructional semantics of the to, for, and with-patterns shows (a) that the three constructions are not interchangeable and (b) that the preferential differences among the three verbs find an explanation in the compatibility between lexical and constructional semantics. The description is mainly based on data from the British National Corpus.
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Zeddari, Ikbal. "A Comparative Analysis of Locative and Directional Motion Events in English and Arabic." International Journal of Linguistics 8, no. 4 (August 20, 2016): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v8i4.9725.
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<p>This paper provides a contrastive analysis of locative and directional motion events in English and Arabic. Within a micro‑parametric approach to crosslinguistic variation, it argues that both languages encode the distinction between manner and direction in their inventory of motion verbs. In the prepositional domain, purely locative and directional prepositions are shown to exist in the two languages; they respectively derive locative and directional interpretations with manner of motion verbs. The class of ambiguous prepositions, which gives rise to both locative and directional interpretations, is shown to be distinctive of English. Implications of this contrastive analysis to the bidirectional acquisition of English and Arabic locative and directional motion constructions are discussed.</p>
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Stefanowitsch, Anatol. "The goal bias revisited: A collostructional approach." Yearbook of the German Cognitive Linguistics Association 6, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 143–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gcla-2018-0007.
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Abstract There is a goal bias in the description of motion events: adverbials specifying goals are preferred over adverbials specifying source. Two broad explanations have been suggested to account for this: first, a general cognitive bias towards the aims of human actions, and second, the higher information value of goal adverbials in conceptualizing a motion event in its entirety. The second explanation predicts that the goal bias should be verb-specific. In particular, verbs whose lexical semantics focus on trajectories or sources of motion events (such as stroll and escape respectively), should not display a goal bias but instead prefer adverbials corresponding to this focus. Stefanowitsch and Rohde (2004) present case studies of ten English motion verbs that confirm this prediction. The current study takes up this research and complements it with a collostructional analysis over a large sample of 248 English motion verbs. The study shows, first, that goal adverbials dominate among strongly-associated pairs of motion verbs and prepositions in the English Intransitive Motion Construction, confirming a general goal bias for this construction; and second, that while goal adverbials are significantly associated with generic motion verbs as well as motion verbs specifying trajectories, trajectory adverbials and goal adverbials are significantly associated with trajectory- and goal-oriented verbs respectively, adding largescale quantitative confirmation to the previous study.
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Aarts, Bas. "Verb-preposition constructions and small clauses in English." Journal of Linguistics 25, no. 2 (September 1989): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700014109.
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The analysis of verb-particle constructions, or verb-preposition constructions, as I will call them, has-given rise to much debate in the linguistic literature over a long period of time. Traditionally, a bipartite classification of these structures has been assumed consisting of a class of ‘phrasal verbs’, such as those in (1) and (2), and a class of ‘prepositional verbs’, such as those in (3):(1) I switched the light off.(2) I looked the information up.(3) Look at the prospectus: it clearly states that your admission depends on your examination results.
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LYKOVA, Nadezhda N. "EXPRESSION OF PURPOSE IN OLD FRENCH LEGAL DOCUMENTS." Tyumen State University Herald. Humanities Research. Humanitates 7, no. 1 (2021): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-197x-2021-7-1-6-19.
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The article examines the ways of expressing purpose in the early texts of laws written in Old French. The analysis is carried out using the text interpretation method, context-situational method and the method of actual division. It is found that, if in the works of art of this period, subordinate ends are used quite rarely, then in old French legal documents the semantic relation of the goal is often conveyed and not only by subordinate goals, but much more often with the help of equivalent prepositional-infinitive and prepositional-substantive constructions. The emerging system of alliances, introducing a clause of purpose, and their features (variability, polysemy) are revealed. The appearance time of the target union “pour que” is specified. The use of moods in subordinate purposes is explained by the anticipation in the speaker’s mind of the action result, presenting it as desired. The article analyzes the cases of preposition and postposition of a subordinate goal, due to the structure of a complex sentence, the rhythm of the phrase, the logical-communicative division specifics of the sentence. Equivalent means of expressing the goal — prepositional constructions with an infinitive and a noun — are used when the subjects of two actions coincide. In these constructions, the preposition “pour” is mainly used, as a part of the subordinate unions expressing the goal. Analyzing the goals that are guided by different subjects of law, there is found a connection which is established between the spheres of the emotional and moral, social.
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Matos, Gabriela, and Inês Catarino. "Sluicing e Pseudosluicing em português europeu e brasileiro." Revista da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística, no. 3 (September 29, 2017): 191–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.26334/2183-9077/rapln3ano2017a12.
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Sluicing and Pseudosluicing are elliptical constructions that differ in Portuguese regarding the (im)possibility of preposition omission. Rodrigues et al. (2009) and Rodrigues (2016) claim that in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), and Spanish, this omission is apparent in Pseudosluicing, because the prepositional phrase occurs inside the elided cleft sentence that affects the overt wh-phrase (whP). European Portuguese (EP) shows that this apparent omission only occurs with whPs that are D-linked and the linguistic context permits the recovering of the nominal that expresses the kind of entities that are under inquire. When free relatives are involved in the cleft sentences, the omission of preposition is required, and the differences in acceptability between PE and PB are due to the narrow extension of the Preposition Drop phenomenon in EP.