Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Constructive discipline'

Preservice teachers engaging in practicum experiences often express anxiety and uncertainty related to providing discipline and classroom management. This uncertainty seems to increase when the classroom environment, in which they are student teaching, functions in ways that are unfamiliar to them. For most student teachers, the Virginia Tech Child Development Lab School is an unfamiliar environment. The Lab School provides developmentally appropriate opportunities for young children based on a social constructivist, Reggio-inspired, inquiry-based philosophy. The Lab School values constructive guidance as a means of helping young children learn how to regulate their emotions, act in socially-acceptable ways, and become a caring classroom community. This study explores how preservice teachers make sense of and implement constructive guidance strategies within the Maroon Room at the Lab School. Specifically, this study explores the experiences and perceptions of eight undergraduate students who were junior child development majors focusing on early childhood education. Results indicate that although these student teachers had prior coursework in constructive guidance, many felt ill-prepared and uncertain as they entered the Maroon Room. They had difficulty seeing order within the Maroon Room, a classroom of fourteen four- and five-year old children. Through careful observation of the children, their fellow student teachers, and the Head and Supervising Teacher, the student teachers adjusted to the classroom. Regular, on-going conversations about the classroom, the children, and their own dilemmas and uncertainties also assisted in the student teachers negotiation of constructive guidance. Through developing an understanding of and relationships with the children, the student teachers were able to constructively guide the children s development, individually and as a group. Some of the student teachers remained uncertain about their ability to implement some of these strategies in an elementary school classroom. However, most of the student teachers expressed an increased value for and confidence in using the constructive guidance methods used at the Lab School. I offer suggestions for easing future student teachers transition from learning about constructive guidance theoretically to becoming skilled at using constructive guidance. I, further, offer additional ideas of how teacher educators could support student teachers negotiation of constructive guidance.<br>Ph. D.

Problem-solving and integration of knowledge are key objectives of the undergraduate dental curriculum of the School of Dentistry, University of Pretoria, which aims to develop the clinical reasoning skills of students. For practical reasons the School provides discipline-based teaching and learning, which, according to the literature, might limit a student’s ability to integrate knowledge during clinical reasoning processes. The literature suggests that problem-solving by means of case studies – an active teaching and learning strategy– might be a useful method to develop and integrate knowledge at undergraduate level, and that earlier exposure to clinical cases might assist in the attainment of clinical reasoning skills at an earlier stage. Hence, this action research study describes the planning, design, implementation and evaluation of a “new” Comprehensive Patient Care curriculum over a three-year period (2009 - 2011) based on Kern’s “six-step approach to curriculum development”. The new curriculum employs an adjunctive integrated case-based approach according to the principles described in the “Four Component Instructional Design Model” and a new variant of the so-called “progress test”, starting already in the preclinical (third) year of study, to develop and test students’ clinical reasoning skills over time. The exit-level progress test results of dental students who had been taught by following an adjunctive integrated case-based approach were statistically analysed, using mixed model statistics, and were compared with the clinical decision-making skills of cohorts who had been taught by following the traditional discipline-based approach. These analyses were complemented by bivariate and multivariate quantitative analyses and qualitative student feedback (mixed methods). The validity of the progress test results was also examined by comparing the results of different cohorts. The fifth-year cohort who had been exposed to integrated case-based teaching and learning from their preclinical year performed significantly better in the progress test at exit level than the cohorts who had received only discipline-based teaching and learning, even when controlling for previous academic performance. These findings were supported by the quantitative and qualitative feedback that students gave about the educational processes that were followed. The progress test performed reasonably well as a measurement tool and all the differences that were measured between the different cohorts could be explained logically. Case specificity posed the biggest threat to the reliability of the test. The results suggest that integrated case-based teaching and learning, commencing in the preclinical study years, might be a useful intervention to improve clinical reasoning ability at exit level in dental schools such as the School of Dentistry, University of Pretoria that follow a discipline-based approach. The results of this action research study provided particularly useful information, which will allow further improvements to the educational intervention. The results of this study require further research to substantiate the findings beyond doubt.<br>Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013.<br>gm2014<br>Dental Management Sciences<br>unrestricted

<p>The purpose of this text is to contribute to theunderstanding of a specific academic discipline (in Swedishcalled Ekonomistyrning). Another purpose is to contribute to arenewal of this field. Theoretical bases are theories from thesociological field like new institutional theory and theoriesof social constructions. The text consists of two parts. Thefirst part is about the academic discipline and the second isabout newer practices and a renewal of the discipline. In thefirst part twelve prominent academics give their views ofdifferent aspects of the discipline. The images are groupedtogether in different categories and also discussed from aninstitutional theory point of view. The second part puts focuson the pragmatic orientation in theory and on two kinds ofnewer production in practice. Two companies that producetelevision programmes and four biotech-companies are described.Interpretations are made regarding the nature of theirmanagement and control activities. Contributions from the firstpart are that (1) there are two aspects of the discipline. Thefield has first of all a strong pragmatic orientation but alsosmall and growing academic influence. The limit (2) for what isconsidered ekonomistyrning are wider and not so obvious asbefore. Traditional parts of the discipline (3) like budgetinghave been questioned and reconsidered. Consultants (4) havecreated room for new concepts like JIT, BPR, TQM, BSC and SCMinside the discipline. Contributions from the second part arethat (1) individuals are self managed and guided by theirknowledge and that these companies use (2) a "new" kind ofmanagement systems like e.g. milestones. These kinds of newpractices give vital contributions to the discussion about arenewal of the discipline. Arguments are given (3) forregarding management and control as human activities ratherthan technical questions. This calls for an extended use of newmodels, of a different language and of new images based onsocial sciences.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Ekonomistyrning, Management Accounting,Management Control, Social Construction, Institutional theory,Images taken-for-granted.</p>

Thesis (M.S.)--Worcester Polytechnic Institute.<br>Keywords: Discipline mapping; Construction engineering and management; Bibliometric study; JME; Research methods. Includes bibliographical references (p.88-91).

En appréhendant les éléments du droit international privé, en sa notion la plus large, pour les appliquer aux situations associées à l’activité sportive en général et au droit du sport en particulier, cette étude se propose de forger les piliers d’un droit international privé du sport. En effet, seront abordées premièrement des thématiques ayant trait à la nationalité, étatique comme sportive, des athlètes composant le le mouvement sportif. Dans un deuxième temps, ce travail se penchera sur l’identification et la détermination tant des autorités compétentes pour les situations juridico-sportives de dimension internationale, que sur le droit applicable à ces dernières<br>Through the examination of the elements of the private international law and their contrast to situations associated with sports practice in general, and to Sports Law in particular, this thesis intends to establish the pillars of the private international law on sport. In this regard, the topics related to the nationality of the athletes, either granted by the State Law or Sports Law, are initially addressed. Subsequently, this thesis aims to identify and to determine the competent authorities and the applicable law to rule over international legal issues related to sport<br>A partir do exame dos elementos do direito internacional privado e da contraposição dos mesmos a situações associadas à prática esportiva, de modo geral, e ao direito desportivo, em particular, este estudo pretende erigir os pilares do direito internacional privado do esporte. Com efeito, são abordadas, em um primeiro momento, temáticas relacionadas à nacionalidade, estatal e esportiva, dos atletas que integram o movimento esportivo. Na sequência, o objeto da tese repousa sobre a identificação e a determinação tanto das autoridades competentes para a apreciação das situações jurídico-desportivas de dimensão internacional, quanto do direito aplicável a estas últimas

Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o impacto da disciplina pedagógica como ferramenta para a formação específica, no caso, leitura e produção textual do futuro professor de língua materna enquanto em formação. Exercemos a função docente em uma universidade particular de Belém (PA), ministrando disciplinas da área pedagógica em cursos de formação de professores nas diversas licenciaturas e vimos percebendo a dificuldade dos alunos em ler com entendimento os textos acadêmico-científicos trabalhados na disciplina. Esse problema não é restrito aos acadêmicos em formação, como também, está presente nos demais níveis e nas modalidades de ensino da Educação Básica e Superior, como nos relata a mídia, ao falar do desempenho de alunos em diversos exames nacionais como o Exame Nacional de Ensino Médio (ENEM) e o Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), entre outros. O estudo foi realizado com alunos universitários que cursam o terceiro semestre do Curso de Língua Portuguesa de uma universidade particular do Pará, através de suas anotações em diários de aprendizagem, no decorrer das aulas da Gestão da Sala de Aula. Ancoramos a pesquisa no diálogo com alguns autores que abordam a temática sobre leitura, produção textual, letramento e uso do diário, como instrumento para o autoconhecimento e, também, nos pressupostos teóricos na construção do conhecimento dentro da perspectiva sócio-interacionista e discursiva. Apoiamo-nos também no conceito de reflexão crítica e no uso do diário como instrumento de pesquisa. A metodologia adotada na pesquisa foi do tipo qualitativa, de natureza etnográfica e de cunho interpretativista. Dessa maneira, os diários de aprendizagem foram instrumentos metodológicos bastante coerentes na formação dos futuros professores, pois foram eles, os grandes responsáveis pelo estudo em sala de aula, ou seja, o meu corpus de pesquisa. Analisamos as marcas lingüísticas reveladoras da construção identitária dos alunos, isto é, como os alunos relatam em seus diários o modo de apreensão da disciplina para sua formação profissional. Os resultados obtidos, por meio das análises dos enunciados elaborados pelos sujeitos em seus diários, evidenciam a mudança de crença dos alunos, a valoração, a assertividade, a transitividade, o jogo passado presente e futuro e, a interação dos alunos, por meio da realização das multiplicidades de vozes que apareceram no debate. A construção de novos saberes deu-se através de atividades individual e coletiva, levando os alunos a se apropriarem de novas descobertas, estimulando-os a pesquisar mais. Os alunos vivenciaram novas experiências e perceberam a importância do letramento, da leitura e produção de escrita, como uma grande contribuição positiva para o desenvolvimento e fortalecimento de identificação profissional atual e futura. Os diários serviram como uma ponte que conseguiu unir as teorias com as respectivas práticas pedagógicas, desenvolvidas no contexto do ensino da leitura e da produção escrita, foco do trabalho do futuro professor.<br>This study aims to assess the impact of educational discipline as a tool for specific training, particularly, reading and textual production, for the future professor of mother tongue while in training. We exercise the teacher function in a private university in Belém (PA), ministering disciplines in the educational area for training courses of teachers in different degrees, and we realized the students difficulty to read and understand the academic and scientific texts from the discipline. This problem is not restricted to academics in training, but also, is present in other forms of education, basic and higher, as reported by many students performance national examinations as the National High School Examination (ENEM) and the "Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), among others. The study was conducted with university students who study the third semester of Portuguese Language Course, in a private university in the state of Pará, through your personal notes in learning diaries, during the lessons of Classroom Management. The research was based in some authors that address the topics; reading, textual production, literacy and the daily use as a tool for self-knowledge and also in theoretical assumptions in the construction of knowledge within the socio-interactionist perspective and discursive. We also support the concept of critical thinking and the use of the learning diaries as a search tool. The methodology adopted in the research was qualitative, with ethnographic nature and based on interpretation. Therefore, the learning diaries were used as methodological tools of learning were fairly consistent in the training of future teachers because they were largely responsible for the study in the classroom, our object of research. We analyzed the revealing linguistic marks from the pupils identity construction that is, as the students reported in their learning diaries how to contain the discipline to their professional formation. The results obtained by the analysis of texts in the students diaries, highlight the change of belief, valuation, assertiveness, transitivity, the game past present and future, the interaction of students through the implementation of multiplicities of voices that appeared during the discussion. The construction of new knowledge happened through individual and collective activities, leading students to take ownership of new discoveries, encouraging them to research more. Students had new experiences and realized the importance of literacy, reading, writing production, as a great positive contribution to the development and strengthening of current and future professional identification. The diaries served as a bridge to unite the theories with their teaching practices, developed for teaching of reading and writing production, the focus of future work of these teachers.

This thesis project examines changes to building documents during the product development in the construction process, which is referred as revision memos in this report. The study is made in cooperation with Serneke and is therefore limited to project within this company. Furthermore, the information in this study is based on relevant literature as well as interviews, a poll and material from three of Serneke´s projects. The results show that the examined projects have exceeded the estimated design cost due to changes made during production. By investigating the revision memos, the conclusion was that performing construction, commercial projects and rebuilding projects generate more revision memos as well as the architect and constructor had the greatest number and most expensive revision memos. It also appears that the number of revision memos of other disciplines varies between projects. Furthermore, the design process seems to generate many mistakes that appear in the production, which means that an improved design process with experience feedback and collision control should detect mistakes at an earlier stage. Recommendation for future projects is to make use of the contractors knowledge of production early in the design stage, to use experience feedback and collision control, to introduce a date for last additions, to use Swedish standard when establishing revision memos and to not execute changes before a revision memo is published. In conclusion of this project follows a few recommendations for continued investigation of this field of study.<br>Detta arbete undersöker ändringar av handlingar som sker vid produktframtagningen i byggprocessen, vilket benämns ändrings-PM i denna rapport. Syftet är att kartlägga problematiken kring ändrings- och tilläggsarbeten i ett sent skede och målet är att öka medvetenheten gällande ändrings-PM och dess konsekvenser. Arbetet genomförs under 10 veckor och begränsas därför till att undersöka projekt inom Serneke. Vidare kommer olika entreprenadformer och olika projekttyper att jämföras detta då de olika förutsättningarna i projekten förväntas generera olika mängder ändrings-PM. Metoden för detta arbete är dels en litteraturstudie, som förklarar olika begrepp och tillvägagångssätt, samt intervjuer och enkät som kompletteras med underlag från tre av Sernekes projekt. I resultatet framgår det att de undersökta projektens bedömda projekterings-kostnad överstigits på grund av ändringar som skett under produktionen. Sammanställningen av ändrings-PM från projekten samt enkätsvaren visar också att arkitekten och konstruktören har flest antal samt dyrast ändrings-PM. Vidare framgår det att övriga discipliners ändrings-PM varierar i antal mellan projekt. Vad gäller entreprenadform och projekttyp framgick det av enkäten och intervjuerna att utförandeentreprenader, kommersiella projekt och ROT-projekt rimligtvis genererar mer ändrings-PM dock kunde detta inte stärkas av något ytterligare material. Däremot kunde kommunikationsverktyget Byggnet undersökas med slutsatsen att det är ett väl fungerande informationssystem vid korrekt användning. Vidare anses projekteringen generera många fel som dyker upp i produktionen, vilket medför att en förbättrad projektering med erfarenhetsåterföring och kollisionskontroll borde upptäcka misstag i ett tidigare skede. För framtida projekt rekommenderas att nyttja entreprenörens erfarenhet av produktionen i projekteringen, att använda sig av erfarenhetsåterföring och kollisionskontroll, att införa ett datum för sista tillägg, att använda svensk standard vid upprättande av ändrings-PM samt att utföra ändringar efter ett publicerat ändrings-PM. Genom att vidare undersöka flera projekt med olika entreprenadformer och projekttyper skulle en kartläggning kunde göras för antalet ändrings-PM och hur de påverkar projektets kostnad och tidplan.

Aquesta Tesi uneix tres diferents estudis realitzats al voltant del concepte de coneixement estratègic, aplicat al procés d’aprenentatge universitari d’una disciplina orientada a l’acció com és Màrqueting Estratègic. Els estudis es realitzaren en la fase Experimentació Activa del procès d’aprenentatge d’estudiants de ESADE Business School, en els 4 anys acadèmics del 2003/04 al 2006/07, en els programes de la Llicenciatura i Màster en Administració i Direcció d’Empreses, i en el Màster en Direcció de Màrqueting i Comercialització. El primer estudi estava dirigit a contrastar: a) com avaluàvem a la Universitat els Plans Estratègics de Màrqueting (PEM) que els nostres estudiants realitzaven per a empreses reals que teníen un problema estratègic o una inquietut estratègica, en comparació amb b) com les empreses reals avaluàven els mateixos PEM. A la Universitat utilitzem diversos paràmetres per avaluar els treballs que fan els nostres alumnes. Depenent de la disciplina, s’avalúen coneixements, habilitats i/o actituts. Seguint un Model d’Universitat Oberta (en contrast amb un Model Humboldtià), vam voler estudiar com les empreses (els nostres clients finals) que contraten als nostres estudiants (els nostres clients intermitjos) avaluàven aquests PEM que els nostres alumnes feien per a elles. Els resultats d’aquest primer estudi ens van indicar cinc línees de treball per a seguir millorant el aprenentatge dels nostres alumnes. Dos d’aquestes línees estaven relacionades amb les empreses per les que es feien els PEM. Primer de tot, la seva selecció tenía que asegurar una bona interacció amb els alumnes al llarg del treball. Seguidament, les empreses teníen que ser sensibles a la seva funció social. Les altres tres línees de treball estaven en la vessant dels estudiants. Primerament, els estudiants teníen que ser formats en la diferència entre el fi i els mitjans. Seguidament, els alumnes teníen que desenvolopar una serie d’habilitats, entre les que l’optimizació de la utilització del temps mereixía un lloc apart (el temps sempre ha estat limitat, però cada día sembla encara més limitat). El segon estudi estava focalizat en les relacions entre les motivacions humanes i l’adquisició de competències, aplicat al procés d’aprenentatge Màrqueting Estratègic. El raonament d’aquesta focalització radicaba en la nostra percepció de l’evolució dels perfils d’estudiants que rebíem a la Universitat, diguem que comparat amb els de fa 20 anys. Veiem evident que aquests perfils havíen evolucionat, igual que les seves motivacions. Vam voler una aproximació científica a aquestes evolucions i a les diferències resultants. Aquest desitg nostre estava reforçat per estudis anteriors tant en procesos d’aprenentatge com en resultats d’aprenentatge que clarament mostraven la importància de factors no cognitius com les actituts, les motivacions i els valors. Quan aquests factors s’involucren en un treball acadèmic, els estudiants no solçament aprenen millor si no que a més a més recorden més el que han aprés. Aquesta vessant de memorabilitat és crucial quan els alumnes deixen la Universitat, apropant-nos al desitgat long-life-learning. Els resultats obtinguts en aquest segon estudi ens van permetre construir un model tridimensional de vectors motivacionals. Primerament estava la perspectiva de la Activitat. Aquí va resultar evident que teniem que apalancar les vessants Intrínseques del procés d’aprenentatge (els alumnes teníen que gaudir-ne) vs. les vertents Extrínseques (els alumnes teníen que estudiar per que teníen que aprobar un examen). Seguidament, desde la perspectiva Psicològica vam trobar una doble línea de treball. Certament vam detectar possibilitats de motivació en la perspectiva Intrapsicològica, que conceptualitzàrem com hedonista (plaentera per als alumnes). Però també vam detectar que la vessant reptadora tenía que ser paral.lela a la perspectiva Interpsicològica (bo per a la societat). Finalment dins del àmbit dels alumnes, detectàrem una tercera línea de treball en la Perspectiva Temporal que els alumnes prenen quan afronten un procés d’aprenentatge. Certament molts alumnes tenen propensió a tenir una Perspectiva de Temps Inmediat. Detectàrem que quan els alumnes assoleixen una Perspectiva de Temps Futur, aixó augmenta les seves motivacions. El tercer estudi comparava el procés d’aprenentatge d’alumnes de llicenciatura i d’alumnes de postgrau. En l’estudi dut a terme es trobàren diferències significatives en 6 variables llur Chi-quadrat era vàlida. Els resultats identificaven quatre línees principals de treball, que debíen ser abordades de forma diferent depenent del perfil dels alumnes. Primerament, s’identificàren diferències en les motivacions d’ambdós grups. La segona gran diferència radicava en la Perspectiva Temporal, que és va veure diferent en les dos tipologíes d’alumnes. La tercera línea de treball es va trobar en la comprensió de com es la vida dels nostres estudiants i per qué és així, i no solament adaptant-nos-hi sino que a més a més evidenciant als alumnes que ho feiem. Finalment, la quarta línea de treball radicava en treballar les diferències de percepcions dels alumnes en diversos temes (des de la llibertat fins a la càrrega de treball).<br>Esta Tesis une tres distintos estudios realizados alrededor del concepto de conocimiento estratégico, aplicado al proceso de aprendizaje universitario de una disciplina orientada a la acción como es Márketing Estratégico. Los estudios se realizaron en la fase Experimentación Activa del proceso de aprendizaje de estudiantes de ESADE Business School, en los 4 años académicos del 2003/04 al 2006/07, en los programas de la Licenciatura y Máster en Administración y Dirección de Empresas, y en el Máster en Dirección de Márketing y Comercialización. El primer estudio estaba dirigido a contrastar: a) cómo evaluábamos en la Universidad los Planes Estratégicos de Márketing (PEM) que nuestros estudiantes realizaban para empresas reales que tenían un problema estratégico o una inquietud estratégica, en comparación con b) cómo las empresas reales evaluaban los mismos PEM. En la Universidad utilizamos varios parámetros para evaluar los trabajos que nuestros alumnos llevan a cabo. Dependiendo de la disciplina, se evalúan conocimientos, habilidades y/o actitudes. Siguiendo un Modelo de Universidad Abierta (en contraste con un Modelo Humboldtiano), quisimos estudiar cómo las empresas (nuestros clientes finales) que contratan a nuestros estudiantes (nuestros clientes intermedios) evaluaban dichos PEM que nuestros alumnos realizaban para ellas. Los resultados de este primer estudio nos indicaron cinco líneas de trabajo para seguir mejorando el aprendizaje de nuestros alumnos. Dos de estas líneas estaban relacionadas con las empresas para la cuales se realizaban los PEM. Ante todo, su selección tenía que asegurar una buena interacción con los alumnos a lo largo del trabajo. Seguidamente, las empresas tenían que ser sensibles a su función social. Las otras tres líneas de trabajo estaban en la vertiente de los estudiantes. Primeramente, los estudiantes tenían que ser formados en la diferencia entre el fin y los medios. Seguidamente, los alumnos tenían que desarrollar una serie de habilidades, entre las que la optimización del uso del tiempo merecía un espacio aparte (el tiempo siempre ha sido limitado, pero cada día parece aún más limitado). El segundo estudio estaba focalizado en las relaciones entre las motivaciones humanas y la adquisición de competencias, aplicado al proceso de aprendizaje de Márketing Estratégico. El razonamiento de dicha focalización radicaba en nuestra percepción de la evolución de los perfiles de estudiantes que recibíamos en la Universidad, digamos que comparado a los de 20 años atrás. Vimos evidente que dichos perfiles habían evolucionado, lo mismo que sus motivaciones. Quisimos una aproximación científica a esas evoluciones y a las diferencias resultantes. Ese deseo nuestro estaba reforzado por estudios anteriores tanto en procesos de aprendizaje como en resultados de aprendizaje que claramente mostraban la importancia de factores no cognitivos como las actitudes, las motivaciones y los valores. Cuando estos factores se involucran en un trabajo académico, no solo los estudiantes aprenden mejor si no que además recuerdan más lo que han aprendido. Esta vertiente de memorabilidad es crucial cuando los alumnos dejan la Universidad, acercándonos al deseado long-life-learning. Los resultados obtenidos en este segundo estudio nos permitieron construir un modelo tridimensional de vectores motivacionales. Primeramente estaba la perspectiva de la Actividad. Aquí resultó evidente que teníamos que apalancar las vertientes Intrínsecas del proceso de aprendizaje (los alumnos tenían que disfrutarlo) vs. las vertientes Extrínsecas (los alumnos tenían que estudiar por que tenían que aprobar un examen). Seguidamente, desde la perspectiva Psicológica encontramos una doble línea de trabajo. Ciertamente detectamos posibilidades de motivación en la perspectiva Intrapsicológica, que conceptualizamos como hedonista (placentera para los alumnos). Pero también detectamos que la vertiente retadora tenía que ser paralela a la perspectiva Interpsicológica (bueno para la sociedad). Finalmente dentro del ámbito de los alumnos, detectamos una tercera línea de trabajo en la Perspectiva Temporal que los alumnos toman cuando afrontan un proceso de aprendizaje. Ciertamente muchos alumnos tienen propensión a tener una Perspectiva de Tiempo Inmediato. Detectamos que cuando los alumnos logran una Perspectiva de Tiempo Futuro, esto aumenta sus motivaciones. El tercer estudio comparaba el proceso de aprendizaje de alumnos de licenciatura y de alumnos de postgrado. En el estudio llevado a cabo se encontraron diferencias significativas en 6 variables cuya Chi-cuadrado era válida. Los resultados identificaban cuatro líneas principales de trabajo, que debían ser abordadas de forma diferente dependiendo del perfil de los alumnos. Primeramente, se identificaron diferencias en las motivaciones de ambos grupos. La segunda gran diferencia radicaba en la Perspectiva Temporal, que se vio es distinta en ambas tipologías de alumnos. La tercera línea de trabajo se encontró en la comprensión de cómo es la vida de nuestros estudiantes y porqué es así, y no solo adaptándonos a ello sino que además evidenciando a los alumnos que lo hacemos. Finalmente, la cuarta línea de trabajo radicaba en trabajar las diferencias de percepciones de los alumnos en varios temas (desde la libertad hasta la carga de trabajo).<br>Present Thesis gathers three different studies made around the concept of Strategic Knowledge, applied to the university learning process of an action-oriented discipline such as it is Strategic Marketing. Studies were done in the Active Experimentation phase of the learning process of students of ESADE Business School, in the 4 academic years from 2003/04 to 2006/07, in Undergraduate/MBA Program of Business Administration and Management (Lic & ADE IV) and in the Master in Marketing Direction and Commercialization (MDMC). First study it was directed to contrast: a) how we evaluated in the University the Strategic Marketing Plans (SMP) that our students made for real companies that had either an strategic problem or an strategic concern, by report to b) how real companies evaluated the same SMP. In University we use several paramethers to evaluate the works that our students perform. Depending on discipline, knowledges, abilities and/or attitudes are evaluated. Under a Model of Open University (in contrast with a Humboldtian Model), we wanted to study how the companies (our final customers) that hire our students (our intermediate customers) evaluated these SMP that our students made for them. Main findings of that first study showed us five main lines of work to keep improving the learning outcomes of our students. Two of them were related with the companies that the SMP are made for. First of all, their selection should ensure good interaction with students along work. Secondly, companies must have a sensibility for their social function. The other three findings of that first study were on the students’ side. First of all, students should be taught on the distinction between the ends and the means. Secondly, students should develop a series of abilities, among which it merited space apart the optimization of use of time (that always has been limited, but every day seems to be still more limited). Second study it was focused in the relationships between human motivations and competences' achievement, applied to the learning process of Strategic Marketing. The rationale of such focus it was our perception of the evolution of the profiles of the students that we receive in the University, say compared with 20 years ago. We found evident that they profiles of students have evolved, as so did their motivations. We wanted scientific approach to these evolutions and resulting differences. That desire of ours it was reinforced by previous studies in learning processes and learning outcomes that clearly indicate the importance of noncognitive factors such as attitudes, motivations and values. When these factors get involved in an assignment, students not only learn better but also they remember more what they learned. That memorability edge is crucial for when students leave University, getting closer to the desired long-life-learning. Results obtained in that second study allowed us to construct a threedimensional motivational-vectors model. First of all, it came the perspective of the Activity. Here it came evident that we must leverage the Intrinsic edges of learning process (students must enjoy it) vs. the Extrinsic ones (students had to study because they had to pass an exam). Secondly, from the Psychological perspective we found a twofold line of work. Indeed, we detected possibilities of motivation from Intrapsychological perspective, which we conceptualized as hedonistic (pleasant for students). But we also detected that the challenging edge had to be parallel to Interpsychological perspective (good for society). Finally still in students’ side, we detected a third line of work on the Time Perspective that the students take when they are facing a learning process. Indeed, most students have a propensity to have an Immediate Time Perspective. We detected that when students get a Future Time Perspective, their motivations get enhanced. Third study it compared the learning process of undergraduate students and of postgraduate students. In the study performed it was found significant difference in 6 variables which in addition their Chi-square it was valid. Results identified four main lines of work, that should be faced differently depending on each students’ profile. First of all, differences of Motivations were found between both groups. The second big difference it was the Time Perspective, which also it was found to be different in both groups of students. The third line of work it was found in the line of understanding how was the life of our students & why it is like that, and not only adapting to it but evidencing students we do so. Finally, the fourth main line of work it was working on the differences of students’ perceptions in relation with several edges (from freedom to workload).

Cette thèse inscrit sa réflexion sur la pédagogie et la didactique du chinois langue étrangère (LE) dans une perspective historico-épistémologique. S’appuyant sur le processus de disciplinarisation comme fil directeur, elle comprend deux axes principaux : l’histoire de l’enseignement et l’épistémologie des savoirs à enseigner. Notre questionnement porte sur les conditions qui ont rendu possible la construction disciplinaire du chinois comme LE dans le système éducatif français. Il s’agit non seulement des conditions externes (économiques, politiques, sociales) qui ont permis l’émergence et l’institutionnalisation de l’enseignement du chinois dans le contexte précis de la France ; mais aussi et surtout des conditions de possibilité internes que sont la construction des savoirs enseignables, la transposition didactique, les continuités et les ruptures épistémologiques, ainsi que le fonctionnement intrinsèque du système éducatif. Notre enquête s’étend du début du XIXe siècle à nos jours. Elle porte sur quatre institutions dans lesquelles les cours de langue chinoise se sont introduits de façon graduelle : le Collège de France, l’Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales, l’université et enfin l’enseignement primaire et secondaire. L’objectif de cette recherche est de monter que le chinois enseigné comme LE n’est pas un objet « donné », préétabli, mais un objet construit et toujours à reconstruire en fonction de finalités pédagogiques et didactiques. Ainsi le chinois langue vivante étrangère (LVE) défini comme discipline scolaire se distingue fondamentalement d’une formation universitaire par une plus grande normalisation et homogénéisation de ses savoirs. C’est d’ailleurs du fait de sa tradition de centralisation et de planification éducative que la France a joué un rôle précurseur dans le processus de disciplinarisation du chinois LVE<br>This thesis focuses on the pedagogy and didactics of the Chinese language from a historical and epistemological perspective. Using the concept of “disciplinarisation” as its main focus, it explores two main aspects: the history of the teaching of Chinese and the epistemology of the knowledge to be transmitted. It analyzes the conditions that have made it possible for the Chinese language to become a subject taught in the French educational system. It addresses both the external conditions - economical, political and social conditions - that have made the emergence and institutionalization of the teaching of Chinese in France possible, but also - and more importantly - the internal conditions: the construction of teachable content, didactic transposition, the epistemological continuum and epistemological ruptures as well as the inner workings of the French educational system. This investigation focuses on a period that ranges from the beginning of the nineteenth century to today. It focuses on four different institutions in which teaching Chinese gradually appeared: the Collège de France, the National Institute of Oriental Languages and Civilizations, French universities and finally French primary and secondary schools. The goal objective of this research is to show that Chinese, as a foreign language, is not a fixed object but rather an object that was constructed and is still being constructed according to various pedagogical and didactic goals. Thus, Chinese as a subject taught in primary and secondary school is fundamentally different from Chinese as a university discipline in that the former is more normalized and more homogenous. Indeed, the pioneering role played by France’s national education system in establishing “Chinese as a foreign language” as a school subject can be attributed in large part to its long-held traditions of centralization and academic planning

Les Systèmes d’Informations Géographiques (SIG) nécessitent plusieurs modèles pour résoudre les difficultés liées à la planification et la gestion urbaine. Ces modèles géométriques peuvent être en 2D ou en 3D. L’intégration des informations 3D dans un SIG soulève certaines difficultés comme celles rencontrées dans la modélisation, l’acquisition et la représentation des données 3D. Le processus d’acquisition se base sur deux questionnements différents, d’une part, comment peut-on extraire suffisamment d’information de l’environnement, sous forme d’une série d’images et de vidéos? Ce processus comprend également la localisation de l’information (connue sous le nom de géo-référencement). D’autre part, comment intégrer les informations 3D dans les SIG dans un contexte de réalité augmentée? Nous présentons une méthode qui permet d’insérer ces informations 3D dans l’objectif d’enrichir les SIG-3D. La première étape consiste en une extraction des informations. Une fois l’enregistrement d’une séquence vidéo de la rue est fait, nous passons à l’extraction des points caractéristiques des géométries en utilisant une technique de "Structure-From-Motion" ainsi qu'une technique de filtrage des données erronées à partir des données SIG. La deuxième étape consiste à reconstruire les bâtiments avec des techniques de vision par ordinateur. Nous proposons premièrement un algorithme de reconstruction automatique des façades, y compris les fractionnements de façade, le calcul de la hauteur des façades et leur rendu (affichage). Nous y ajoutons ensuite des interactions afin d’améliorer les résultats de la reconstruction automatique. La dernière étape est la mise à jour du SIG. Les données existantes sur les emprises au sol du bâti sont corrigées par l’utilisateur ou par des nouvelles données générées. Enfin, nous insérons ou nous mettons à jour les informations 3D contenues dans le SIG<br>GIS (Geographical Information Systems) need several models to solve urban planning and management issues, among them are 2D and 3D geometric models. Integration of 3D information in GIS raises usual database challenges like 3D data modeling, acquisition and representation of the 3D information. The acquisition process confronts two different problems: first, how to extract enough information from the environment, such as a series of images or a video, this process also includes the localization of the information (known as geo-referencing); secondly, how to insert the 3D information into the GIS in an Augmented-Reality context. We present a method to insert 3D information aiming at enriching 3D-GIS. The first step is 3D structure information extraction. A street-view video sequence is captured. Then we extract 3D original feature points from the input video data by using Structure-from-Motion (SfM) technique and filter the outliers making benefit of GIS data. The second step is to reconstruct the buildings with computer vision techniques. We propose an automatic facades reconstruction algorithm, including splitting facades, computing the height of facades and facades rendering. Then we design the interactions to improve the results of automatic reconstruction. The last step is GIS updating. The existing old footprints are corrected by user knowledge or new footprints are generated. Finally, we insert or update 3D information into the GIS

Large infrastructure projects are seldom completed on time or on budget. Unlike many other projects of this type, the construction of the Øresund Bridge was considered to be a successful infrastructure project. Since no plan can foresee all events, deviations from plans arise, and these have to be managed as they appear during construction. How deviations are managed is of strategic importance. This dissertation investigates the ability of the contractor organization, constructing the Øresund Bridge, to manage deviations from prescribed requirements. Deviations can be detected and corrected through formal routines (ISO 9000, a quality standard), or informal groups (communities of practice). The findings show that deviations were managed through both communities of practice as well as through formal routines. The development of communities of practice was both impeded and enhanced by the built-in surveillance and disciplining processes embedded in ISO 9000, as well as the ability to communicate using rich media. The performance of the communities studied was variable, and moreover, it can be concluded that some communities of practice are more important than others. The implications of this dissertation is that when knowledge-based capability of managing deviations is included as a metric of project performance several actions could have been taken to enhance the management of deviations.<br>Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2002

L'expérience d'Aimé Bonpland invite à réfléchir sur les conditions nécessaires au transfert d'une science et sur l'idéologie qui le porte. Partisan de l'indépendance du Río de la Plata, imprégné d'une culture politique mettant au premier plan la nécessité d'un Etat fort permettant la stabilité et le rayonnement d'une nation, Bonpland se heurte à l'instabilité qui caractérise la construction politique de cette région. En suivant son parcours on assiste à la rencontre manquée entre un naturaliste porteur d'un projet fondé sur le modèle universaliste du centre scientifique européen et des élites qui, à la périphérie, souhaitent mettre en place une politique spécifique basée sur l'utilisation des ressources naturelles à des fins de développement interne. Cette expérience permet de mettre en évidence différents moments de la construction des nations rioplatenses et de les insérer dans une grille de lecture américaniste. La notion d'américanisme, abordée comme un ensemble d'idéologies en action ayant comme propriété essentielle le développement d'interactions culturelles, soulève le problème de la convergence des idéologies et de leur adaptation transatlantique. En effet, il faut attendre la mise en place de projets politiques et scientifiques rioplatenses fondés sur la production externalisée des connaissances pour que l'action scientifique menée par Bonpland, elle-même basée sur la recherche appliquée, devienne opératoire. L'expérience de Bonpland est à replacer dans cette continuité, depuis l'inadéquation entre l'offre et la demande scientifique jusqu'à la convergence des projets américanistes.

Après l'Indépendance la géographie scolaire au Mozambique, devenue post-coloniale s'était fixée deux priorités : la construction de l'unité nationale et le développement du pays. Paradoxalement pour atteindre ces finalités qu'on voulait révolutionnaires, on est allé chercher les références de la discipline dans la géographie métropolitaine : découpage du monde en morceaux, territoires toujours ramenés aux Etats, espaces toujours étudiés selon un plan articulé autour du thème des ressources naturelles et présentations des parties du monde en partant des espaces d'appartenance ; d'autre part, la géographie scolaire s'est organisée selon le découpage entre géographie physique et géographie économique, dichotomie qui demeure encore prégnante ; ce découpage rythme également le contenu des programmes en répartissant d'une année à l'autre l'enseignement de la géographie physique et de la géographie économique. Ce type de lecture du monde justifie la permanence de certaines figures dont le graphique ombrothermique et la pyramide des âges ; Ces deux graphiques, sont bel et bien source de difficultés à la fois pour les élèves et les enseignants<br>After by the Mozambique's independence the «geography« subject taught in school became in the context «post colonial geography», and bas fixed as main targets two priorities: the build up of the national unit and the country's development. In order to attain those finalities -said revolutionary- they went, as a paradox, looking for references of the subject, in the «metropolitan geography» as follows: separating the world in parts; territories always related to the country (nation); the space often studied through a plan articulated throughout the natural resources theme, and the presentation of the parts of the world, having as starting point the spaces of origin we belong to. On the other hand the school geography has been organized with a dichotomy between «physic geography» and «economic geography», actually it remaining up to date. This type of reading of the world (through geographical demonstration) has been imprinted on the school subject justifying the remaining of certain figures as the Climate graphic and the Age pyramid. Those two graphics are real sources of difficulty as much for the student as for the teachers at once

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>A presente Tese de Doutorado tem como objetivo investigar como os sujeitos do contexto escolar constroem discursivamente o conceito de (in)disciplina, compreendendo a linguagem como prática social, onde os indivíduos, situados sócio-historicamente, negociam significados (Fairclough, 1989; Moita Lopes, 1996 e 1998). Partindo da perspectiva bakhtiniana de linguagem (Bakhtin, 1992[1929]), busco reconhecer as vozes que ecoam nos enunciados construídos pelos participantes do contexto escolar - professores, funcionários técnico-administirativos e alunos, bem como a construção da alteridade na escola, isto é, como o outro é representado no discurso dos participantes da instituição analisada. O estudo das diferentes teorias sobre (in)disciplina baseou-se, principalmente, em Foucault (2000[1975]), Aquino (1996), De La Taille (1996) e Vasconcellos (2000 e 2003). Uma descrição da instituição escolar ao longo do tempo é apresentada (Dussel e Caruso, 2002; Hilsdorf, 2006; Bauman, 1998; Sennet, 2004), situando a escola em uma dimensão sócio-histórica, no sentido de melhor compreendê-la, e perceber como certos padrões da vida escolar foram sendo construídos social, cultural e politicamente. A pesquisa baseia-se em um estudo de caso de um colégio público federal de Ensino Fundamental e Médio do Rio de Janeiro e faz um recorte profundo na realidade social desta escola, buscando as diferentes visões dos participantes do contexto escolar sobre questões disciplinares. Entrevistas semiestruturadas e documentos institucionais foram os instrumentos utilizados para gerar os dados da pesquisa. Foram entrevistados professores de diferentes idades, áreas de conhecimento e experiência docente; alunos de diferentes séries; funcionários técnico-administrativos; a diretora adjunta e o diretor da unidade escolar na qual a pesquisa foi desenvolvida. A análise dos dados mostrou que existe na escola analisada uma crise de paradigmas em relação à questão disciplinar, uma vez que esta é uma instituição onde predomina uma visão moderna de educação, embora esteja inserida em um contexto sócio-histórico pósmoderno. Além disso, o discurso documental da escola ecoa a disciplina tradicional, que associa a disciplina à obediência e submissão. Contudo, acompanhando as características da sociedade pós-moderna - fluidez, velocidade, reorganização do tempo e do espaço, adaptabilidade, coexistem atualmente nas escolas a disciplina tradicional e outras visões de (in)disciplina, a saber: liberal, psicologizante e consciente/interativa. A análise dos dados mostrou também que existem diferentes discursos acerca da (in)disciplina no contexto escolar analisado, dentre os quais estão: o discurso dos acordos, que compreende a disciplina como o estabelecimento de contratos negociados entre os participantes da sala de aula; o discurso único, que busca uma consonância monológica, inviável em um mundo polifônico; e o discurso acusatório, através do qual o eu da relação pedagógica é geralmente representado de forma positiva, enquanto o outro, em muitos casos considerado como a família, é representado de forma negativa e responsabilizado pelos problemas disciplinares que ocorrem na escola. Alguns outros temas emergiram nas entrevistas e nortearam o trabalho de análise dos dados: as vozes sociais, que demonstram haver um agitado balaio de vozes no discurso de cada indivíduo (Bakhtin, 1992[1929]), bem como uma multissonância de vozes no discurso dos diferentes participantes do contexto escolar, estando, por exemplo, os alunos satisfeitos com a disciplina da escola, ao passo que os professores demonstram o oposto. As consonâncias, dissonâncias e multissonâncias discursivas observadas no contexto escolar indicam a urgência de uma reflexão ampla, por parte de todos os seus participantes, sobre as questões envolvidas no discurso disciplinas.<br>This thesis aims at investigating how subjects in the school context discursively construct the concept of (in)discipline. In this research, language is viewed as social practice through which socio-historically situated individuals negotiate meaning (Fairclough, 1989; Moita Lopes, 1996 e 1998). Using the Bakhtinian language perspective (Bakhtin, 1992[1929]), this study aims at recognizing the voices that echo in the discourses constructed by teachers, administrative staff and students. The construction of otherness at school, i.e., how the other is represented in the discourse of different participants of the analyzed school context, is also observed. The discussion of the different theories about (in)discipline was mainly based on Foucault (2000 [1975]), Aquino (1996), De La Taille (1996) and Vasconcellos (2000 and 2003). A historical description of the school institution in different moments is presented (Dussel and Caruso, 2002; Hilsdorf, 2006; Bauman, 1998; Sennet, 2004), situating it in a socio-historical dimension, so as to better understand it and to observe how certain characteristics of school life have been constructed socially, culturally and politically. The research is a case study with focus on a public federal school in Rio de Janeiro, which allows for a deep perspective on the social reality of this specific school through the analysis of different subjects` views about (in)discipline matters. Semi-structured interviews and institutional documents were the research instruments used to gather data for the analysis. Teachers of different ages, areas of knowledge and with different working experience were interviewed, as well as students from different grades, administrative staff, the school principal and a vice-director. The analysis of the data showed that there is a paradigm crisis concerning (in)discipline in the observed school, since this institution reflects a modern view of education, although socio-historically pertaining to a post-modern context. Besides that, the documental school discourse echoes the traditional discipline, which associates discipline with obedience and submission. However, in present day schools, there are also other views of (in)discipline, such as liberal, psychological and interactive, which accompany society`s post-modern characteristics - fluidity, speed, reorganization of time and space. Data analysis also showed that different discourses about (in)discipline are represented in the analyzed context, such as: the discourse of agreements, which considers discipline as the establishment of agreements negotiated by the subjects in the classroom; the uniform discourse, which searches for a monological consonance, impossible in a polyphonic world; and the accusatory discourse, through which the I in the pedagogical relation is constructed positively, while the other, in many cases taken as the family, is represented in a negative way and blamed for the discipline problems. Some other themes appeared in the interviews and guided the data analysis: the social voices, that demonstrate there is a mix of voices in each subject`s discourse (Bakhtin, 1992[1929]), as well as a multissonance of voices among the discourses of the different participants in the school context, showing, for instance, that students are satisfied with the discipline of the school, while teachers demonstrate the opposite. Discursive consonances, dissonances and multissonances observed in the school setting point towards the need for an urgent, comprehensive and reflexive discussion on disciplinary discourse issues, involving all those participating in the educational context.

Créé en 1926, le Syndicat National de l'Education Physique (SNEP) est encore, à la Libération, un syndicat confidentiel qui ne dispose que de peu d'influence vis-à-vis des Pouvoirs Publics et des autres acteurs du microcosme syndical. L'Education Physique (EP) reste, durant cette période, une discipline marginale en quête d'une reconnaissance scolaire. Or, le SNEP acquiert une légitimité certaine et s'affirme comme un acteur incontournable en matière d'EP. Ainsi, dans les années 90, il occupe un rôle actif dans la rédaction des nouveaux programmes en EP, rénovation rendue nécessaire par l'intégration de la discipline au ministère de l'Education Nationale. Ce travail s'intéresse donc à l'évolution de l'organisation syndicale et à ses orientations concernant la discipline. Il s'agit d'identifier et de décrypter les motivations et stratégies mises en œuvre par les syndicalistes qui se sont succédés à la direction du SNEP. L'hypothèse retenue est que l'activité syndicale, tout comme les revendications en matière d'EP, sont en fait motivées et influencées par des enjeux, officiels ou non, qui dépassent le simple cadre de la défense corporative. Trois périodes définissent les rapports entretenus entre le syndicat et l'EP : " Les luttes pour la tutelle d'une discipline " (1944-1969), " L'élan UA ou la défense d'une discipline dans la tourmente " (1969-1981) et " Le SNEP après les changements : mobiliser ou disparaître " (1981-1992)<br>Created in 1926, the National Trade union of Physical Education (SNEP) is stall, with the Release, a confidential trade union which has only little influence towards the Authorities and other actors of the trad-union microcosm. Physical Education (EP) remains, during this period, a marginal discipline in search of school recognition. However, the SNEP acquires an indisputable legitimacy and became an actor that cannot be ignored as regards EP. Thus, in the Nineties, it occupies an active role in the drawing up of the new programs in EP, updating made necessary by the integration of the discipline in the ministry of National Education. This work is interested in the evolution of the trade-union organization and its orientations concerning the discipline. The purpose is to identify and decipher the motivations and strategies uses by the trade unionists who followed one another at direction of the SNEP. The hypothesis selected is that the trade-union activity, like the claims in EP, are, in fact, justified and influenced by stakes, official or not, which exceed the simple framework of corporative defence. Three periods define the relationship maintained between the trade union and EP : “The fights for the supervision of a discipline” (1944-1969), “The UA boost or the defence of a discipline in the upheaval” (1969-1981) and “the SNEP after the changes : to mobilize or disappear” (1981-1992)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:40:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nivaldo Pereira de Morais Junior.pdf: 5984103 bytes, checksum: 3f61228afee9e7a089b878498fbfd064 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-11<br>Este trabalho tem o intuito de avaliar o uso do Gerenciamento de Processos de Negócio (BPM) para melhoria dos processos da construção civil. Inicialmente é apresentado um estudo do panorama da construção civil e da gestão de processos construtivos no Brasil. Em seguida o trabalho ressalta a importância dos processos de negócio para as organizações e apresenta a disciplina BPM com suas principais características. Posteriormente, são discutidos conceitos e métodos que são fundamentais para aplicação do BPM como: gestão de indicadores, redução de desperdícios com a produção e construção enxuta e notação de modelagem. Com base na metodologia de Design Science Research, estes conceitos são utilizados para propor um método de intervenção. O método proposto é aplicado por meio de intervenção em uma empresa que atua na construção de casas populares no estado de Goiás dentro do programa do governo federal minha casa minha vida. Os resultados obtidos são confrontados com os fatores críticos de sucessos para iniciativas de BPM e apontam para a viabilidade do uso do método proposto possibilitando constatar a aplicação da gestão de processos de negócio em um ambiente real de negócios da construção civil, envolvendo a liderança da organização e os atores dos processos.

Les genres littéraires et textuels en usage dans la discipline français sont des contructions disciplinaires, qui servent différentes finalités selon les configurations disciplinaires. Ce sont donc à l'école des notions instables, dans leur définition, dans les corpus qui les actualisent ou dans les usages (scripturaux et lecturaux, par exemple) que l'on peut en faire. Telle est la thèse de cette recherche, qui s'intéresse à la scolarisation des genres (par transposition, secondarisation, reconfiguration et/ou création) dans l'enseignement secondaire français, de 1802 à nos jours. Une première partie envisage historiquement les "formes scolaires" des genres, articulées à différents paradigmes (rhétorique, poétique, histoire littéraire et théories linguistiques). Une deuxième partie met en perspective les classements génériques, en les articulant avec d'autres modes de classement, dans la discipline et, aux frontières de la discipline, dans les CDI. Une troisième partie s'organise autour de trois études de cas : la tragédie classique, le "biographique" en classe de première et les textes fondateurs en sixième, et décrit notamment une forme particulière de contextualité, amphitextualité, qui désigne les relations qu'un texte entretient avec les autres textes posés à côté de lui, dans les manuels, les groupements de textes, et plus généralement dans les pratiques disciplinaires. La dernière partie analyse des pratiques disciplinaires de lecture et d'écriture de genres : à travers une étude de la scolarisation des romans de Balzac, dans un ensemble de près de 400 manuels scolaires depuis 1880 ; à travers l'écriture d'invention et un ensemble de copies de baccalauréat

À partir d’une approche documentaire, éditoriale et historique du périodique musicologique est interrogée la participation des revues académiques à la construction d’une discipline.Composé de 122 titres américains, français et allemands du 20e siècle ainsi que de l’Archiv für Musikwissenschaft, de la Revue de Musicologie et du Musical Quarterly, le corpus est soumis à une double observation, macroscopique et microscopique, sur le temps long, ainsi qu’à une analyse des sommaires. Partant de l’idée que la musicologie est une forme d’écriture sur la musique, cette investigation a pour objectif d’éclairer les ambiguïtés et l’historicité du périodique savant sur la musique ainsi que de repérer la manière dont l’articulation entre science, écriture et musique agit sur la revue musicologique. Instrument rhétorique et de captation du lecteur, cette dernière régule, hiérarchise et contrôle un territoire disciplinaire qu’elle délimite. Espace de représentation, le périodique musicologique fabrique l’histoire et l’identité d’un collectif qu’il fédère et dont il constitue le support de communication. La capacité de la revue à accepter la différence et à relier, à laisser place aux polémiques et aux prises de position, ainsi qu’à faire circuler le discours en font un objet hétérogène en perpétuelle transformation que l’on envisage comme un objet culturel<br>Basing on a documentary, editorial and historical approach of the musicological periodical and considering musicology as a form of writing about music, we examine the contribution of journals to the construction of a discipline. Consisting of 122 american, french and german titles, as well as of three leading journals in musicology, the Archiv für Musikwissenschaft, the Revue de Musicologie and The Musical Quarterly, the corpus is submitted to a macroscopical and microscopical observation and to a content analysis. The aim of this investigation is to shed light on the ambiguities and the historicity of learned journals about music. As a rhetorical instrument, the periodical circumscribes a disciplinary territory. This medium of communication federates a collective of which it writes the story, elaborates the history and constructs the identity. By its faculty to accept differences, to link, to leave room to controversy as well as to put discourses into circulation, it can be viewed as a cultural and a heterogeneous object. The articulation between science, writing and music acts on the musicological periodical which is in perpetual transformation

Depuis son adoption en géographie dans les années 1990, le méta-formalisme Agent pour la simulation est mobilisé avec succès et de façon croissante dans l’étude des systèmes dynamiques complexes que sont les villes. Peu de solutions techniques ont été avancées ces dernières années dans la littérature pour encadrer la construction et l’évaluation plus systématique de ces modèles de simulation. Au regard de cette insuffisance, et grâce au soutien d’un projet ERC et la formation d’une équipe pluridisciplinaire, ce sont deux objectifs simultanés qui sont avancés pour aborder et tenter de solutionner cette problématique. En s’appuyant sur la plateforme OpenMOLE développe ces dernières années à l’Institut des Systèmes complexes Paris-Ile-de-France et conçue pour démocratiser l’accès à des ressources de calculs distribués, il s’agit d’identifier, d’utiliser, ou de construire des outils et des méthodes innovantes pour la construction et l’exploration des modèles de simulation. Afin d’ancrer cette étude dans une réalité de pratiques, le choix est fait d’associer à ces développements la construction et l’exploration d’un tout nouveau modèle de simulation et des moyens de la simulation en géographie. Cette remise en contexte permet de réinterroger, et d’anticiper par la mise en œuvre d’outils et de méthodes que l’on espère plus adaptées, le rapport historique entretenu entre cette problématique ancienne de la « Validation » des modèles de simulation, centrale dans la justification des connaissances, avec la construction et l’exploration de modèle de simulation<br>Since 1990’s, Agent Based Modelling are commonly used by geographers to study complex systems like cities. However, very few technical platforms are advanced by searchers to assist in the construction of an expert interdisciplinary team, we try to solve these problematic following thwo objectives. Relying on the support of OpenMOLE platform developed at the Institute of Complex System Paris-Ile-de-France in order to make it simple the distribution of simulation on distributed computing environments, we identify, use or build new tools and methodology to construct and explore model of simulation. To anchor this work in practice, we use this platform to build and explore a new model of simulation : SimpopLocal. This very practical work is accompanied by an historical and epistemological reading of simulation, and the means of simulation in geography. These contextualisation permits us to examine, and perhaps to anticipate, the historical link between the old problematic of “Validation”, very important to consider for knowledge justification, and the the building and exploration of models of simulation

Em atendimento às determinações legais decorrentes da LDB, reestruturações foram introduzidas nos currículos de Química, em especial na disciplina de Química Analítica Qualitativa (QAQ). Tal fato, atrelado à vigente concepção dos estudantes acerca da disciplina de QAQ: a memorização de um grande número de reações químicas; leva à imperativa necessidade de mudanças didático-metodológicas para tornar o processo de ensino e aprendizagem mais efetivo. É importante salientar que as metodologias de ensino, bem como as avaliações do processo de ensino e aprendizagem, sejam adequadas à maneira como ocorre o processo de construção de conhecimentos dos estudantes. Destarte, a contribuição desta pesquisa consiste no estudo do processo de construção do conhecimento na disciplina de Química Analítica Qualitativa. Para tanto, uma Atividade Orientadora de Ensino (AOE) (MOURA) voltada à temática equilíbrio químico em soluções aquosas foi organizada e desenvolvida com os estudantes do terceiro semestre do curso de Licenciatura em Química do Departamento de Química (DQ) da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP). A pesquisa foi baseada na pesquisa-ação (EL ANDALOUSSI). Os encontros foram videogravados e analisados pautando-se no enfoque Histórico-Cultural (VIGOTSKI) e na Teoria da Atividade (LEONTIEV) considerando, sobretudo, a linguagem. A apresentação da análise foi realizada por meio de episódios (MOURA), nos quais se explicitam a organização do ensino, bem como o movimento de aprendizagem dos estudantes. O princípio geral de separação da marcha analítica a partir da especificidade do teste de ferro(III) com tiocianato e do conceito de solubilidade foram apropriados pelos estudantes. Reagentes de grupo, controle das condições reacionais e o fenômeno de interferência foram igualmente discutidos, possibilitando a internalização destes conceitos pelos estudantes. Foi possível identificar que o processo de construção do conhecimento ocorre por meio de nexos cognitivos, em um constante movimento dialético, propiciado pelas interações estudante-estudante e estudante-professor, de uma dimensão interpsíquica para intrapsíquica. Observou-se que o papel do professor enquanto mediador deste processo foi fundamental. Além disso, a AOE configura-se como uma ferramenta metodológica em potencial para ser utilizada na disciplina de QAQ. O estudo do processo de construção de conhecimento na disciplina de QAQ foi o tema predominante nesta pesquisa e está apresentado na Parte A desta dissertação. Por outro lado, em decorrência do destaque conferido às Terras Raras (TR) no atual cenário socioeconômico mundial, surge uma oportunidade para se trabalhar na construção de conhecimento químico, no caso a inserção do estudo das propriedades destes elementos no currículo de graduação em Química. Dessa forma, parte desta pesquisa destinou-se à investigação da inclusão dos íons de TR (Nd3+ e Pr3+) na marcha analítica e está apresentado na Parte B desta dissertação. Foi possível separá-los junto ao grupo III e posteriormente identificá-los como oxalato de neodímio e oxalato de praseodímio Nd2(C2O4)3 e Pr2(C2O4)3, respectivamente.<br>In compliance with legal requirements arising from the LDB, restructurings have been introduced in the Chemistry curricula, especially in the Qualitative Analytical Chemistry (QAC) discipline. This fact, together with current concepts of the students about the QAC discipline, mainly the memorization of a large number of chemical reactions, leads to the imperative necessity of didactic and methodological changes in order to make more effective the teaching and learning processes. It is also important to mention that the teaching methodologies, as well as the evaluation of teaching and learning, must be adequate to way in which the construction of the students knowledge takes place. Thus, the contribution of this research is to study the process of knowledge construction in the QAC discipline. Therefore, a Teaching Guiding Activity (TGA) (MOURA) focused on the \"chemical equilibrium in aqueous solutions\" theme was organized and developed with students of the third semester of a Chemistry graduation course, at the Department of Chemistry (DC), of the Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (School of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature of Ribeirão Preto- FFCLRP) of the University of São Paulo. The research was based on action research (ANDALOUSSI EL). The meetings were videotaped and analyzed based on the Historical-Cultural approach (VIGOTSKI) and Activity Theory (LEONTIEV), by considering especially the language. The presentation of the analysis was performed by means of episodes (MOURA), in which they explain the organization of teaching, as well as the movement of the students learning. The general principle of systematic separation of inorganic ions, based on the specificity of the iron(III) test with thiocyanate and on the concept of solubility, have been appropriated for the students. The group reagents, the control of the reaction conditions and the phenomenon of interference have also been discussed, thus allowing for the internalization of these concepts by the students. It has been possible to identify that the process of knowledge construction occurs by means of a cognitive nexus, in a constant dialectical movement, caused by student-student and student-teacher interactions, in an interpsychic-to-intrapsychic dimension. It has also been observed that the teacher´s role as a mediator of this process was essential. In addition, the TGA is configured as a potential methodological tool to be applied in the QAC discipline. The study of the knowledge construction in the QAC discipline was the predominant theme in this research and it is presented in the Part A of this dissertation. Nevertheless, due to the emphasis which is currently placed on Rare Earth elements (RE) in the global socioeconomic scenario, there is an opportunity to work with the construction of the chemical knowledge, for instance, with the inclusion of the study of the properties of these elements in the undergraduate Chemistry courses. Thus, the Part B of this research is devoted to the investigation of the inclusion of RE ions (Nd3+ and Pr3+) in the systematic analysis of inorganic ions. It has been possible to separate the two RE ions along with the Group III, with their further identification as praseodymium(III) and neodymium(III) oxalates Nd2(C2O4)3 and Pr2(C2O4)3, respectively.

Cette thèse vise à expérimenter une démarche collective et interdisciplinaire d’analyse de dynamiques spatiales sur le temps long, en se fondant sur la co-construction et l’exploration visuelle d’un modèle de simulation des transitions des systèmes de peuplements. Il s’agit de simuler les transformations du système de peuplement Nord-Ouest européen entre 800 et 1100, période de transition d’un système majoritairement dispersé à un système hiérarchisé et polarisé. L’objectif est de modéliser et d’analyser les interactions à différentes échelles qui ont provoqué ces transformations et engendré les dynamiques de polarisation, de hiérarchisation et de fixation de l’habitat. Pour répondre à cet objectif, la thèse déploie une démarche méthodologique de co-construction d’un modèle de simulation avec des modélisateurs et des experts thématiciens archéologues, historiens et géographes. Cette démarche permet d’accompagner les thématiciens dans la modélisation conceptuelle et informatique du système étudié, via le développement du modèle à base d’agents SimFeodal. Le modèle est collectivement évalué, paramétré et exploré grâce à la mise en œuvre d’une méthode d’évaluation visuelle. On peut alors tester les hypothèses sous-jacentes aux processus mobilisés pour décrire les dynamiques spatiales modélisées en comparant systématiquement les sorties du modèle. La comparaison est rendue possible par l’utilisation d’un environnement d’exploration, la plateforme SimEDB. Cet outil interactif conçu spécifiquement pour cet usage permet l’exploration des données spatio-temporelles massives issues du modèle, et facilite ainsi l’analyse collective et interdisciplinaire des hypothèses thématiques<br>This thesis experiments a collaborative and interdisciplinary approach for the analysis of long-term spatial dynamics, based on the collective construction and visual exploration of a model which simulates the transitions of a settlement system. The case study is the Northwest European settlement system which between 800 and 1100 transitioned from a mostly dispersed settlement system to a hierarchical and polarized one : the objective of this research is to model and analyse the multiscalar interactions that resulted in these transformations and generated the dynamics of polarisation, hierarchisation and settlement fixation. To this end, this thesis proposes a methodological approach based on the co-construction of a simulation model involving experts from various disciplines (archaeology, history and geography). This approach proposes to support the domain experts for conceptualizing and modelling the system under study, through the development of SimFeodal, an agent-based model. This model is collectively evaluated, parameterized and explored through methods of visual evaluation. The methods rely on the systematic comparison of the model’s outputs to test the thematic hypothesis underlying the choice and selection of processes which simulates the settlement system’s spatial dynamics. The SimEDB platform, specifically designed for this use, provides an interactive tool to explore the massive spatio-temporal datasets of the model, and thus facilitates the collective and interdisciplinary analysis of the thematic hypotheses

Cette recherche, menée par un enseignant d'histoire et de géographie - formateur de l'IUFM (institut universitaire de formation des maîtres) dans ces deux disciplines, a pour sujet la place importante que peut revêtir le film de fiction dans l'enseignement au lycée de l'histoire et de la géographie. La thèse s'appuie sur des enquêtes et des études de cas menées dans l'académie de Caen, auprès d'enseignants d'histoire - géographie, auprès d'élèves de lycée qui ont suivi ou non des enseignements avec le film de fiction dans ces disciplines. Nous démontrons la nécessité d'un renforcement et d'une amélioration de ces pratiques en histoire et en géographie afin de contribuer à l'éducation aux images, notamment avec les images de fictions filmiques connues ou non des élèves. Cette éducation aux images renouvelée permet de constituer une culture communes aux élèves et aux professeurs autour du film de fiction. La thèse montre que les situations d'enseignement et d'apprentissage en histoire et en géographie conçues ainsi, présentent des fondements et une légitimité issus des épistémologies de l'histoire, de la géographie, au regard des questions soulevées par la nature même du film de fiction. La recherche démontre encore qu'une didactique de l'histoire, qu'une didactique de la géographie, s'appuyant sur les oeuvres de fiction provenant du cinéma participent à la réflexion et à la construction des savoirs sur le monde et son histoire tout en restant en prise avec l'environnement des élèves d'aujourd'hui. Les formes de ces situations d'enseignement produisent des plaisirs capables de faciliter et de renforcer les apprentissages à une époque où la mise en activité des élèves du secondaire présente des difficultés nouvelles. Enfin cette recherche propose une réflexion sur le caractère innovant de ces situations d'enseignement et d'apprentissage. Elle recense et mesure les difficultés potentielles à leur diffusion et à leur application dans l'enseignement de l'histoire et de la géographie, elle fait des propositions en terme de formation afin de lever certains des obstacles évoqués et améliorer l'enseignement de l'histoire, de la géographie, avec le film de fiction

À travers l'exemple du baccalauréat Sciences et Technologies industrielles spécialité Arts Appliqués, la thèse interroge les rapports aux savoirs transmis par l'école posant la question des identités professionnelles à partir des rapports aux savoirs scolaires des enseignants, ici les savoirs scientifiques. L'étude curriculaire montre comment les savoirs scientifiques et les rapports aux savoirs scientifiques transmis restent disciplinaires, elle conduit à s'interroger sur la place de la discipline. Par ailleurs, les identités professionnelles interviennent dans la pratique quotidienne de l'enseignant et agissent dans le sens qu'il donne à son enseignement. Se pose alors la question du rapport aux savoirs des enseignants et de celui véhiculé par les programmes. La dimension identitaire du rapport aux savoirs permet de comprendre les différences entre les identités professionnelles des enseignants leur donnant ainsi un aspect moins disciplinaire<br>This thesis questions the relation of the academic knowledge taught at school with a specific focus on the baccalaureat Sciences et Technologies Industrielles which specialism is Applied Arts, asking the question of the professionals identities through the relation of the teachers to the academic knowledge, that is to say to the scientific knowledge. The study of the curriculum points out how scientific knowledge and the relation to the teaching of this scientific knowledge remain an academic discipline, asking the question of the position of an academic discipline Besides, the professional identities involved in the daily practice of the teacher and interact in the sense that it gives his teaching. The question of their relation to knowledge and of that conveyed by the curriculum then emerges. What erases the aspect of a specific discipline is understanding the differences between the professional identities of the teachers through the dimension of the identity and its relation to knowledge

Notre thèse s’inscrit dans le domaine de la didactique des langues étrangères et a pour objet la construction de la discipline scolaire de Lingua e cultura cinese et le développement de la didactique de la culture chinoise dans l’enseignement secondaire du deuxième cycle italien. S’appuyant sur les notions de construction disciplinaire et de transposition didactique, elle se développe avec l’observation du parcours analogue de disciplinarisation de l’enseignement de la langue et de la culture chinoises en France. L’objectif de l’enquête est d’exposer la constitution particulière de la discipline scolaire italienne par rapport aux autres langues et au contexte français, en montrant l’écart entre le processus de transposition didactique des objets à enseigner-enseignables relatifs à la langue, largement développés, et ceux concernant la culture, pour lesquels les objets à enseigner ont été identifiés mais où la réflexion sur la méthode pour les rendre enseignables est encore à un stade initial. La représentation de distance culturelle associée à la culture chinoise renforce ce processus, rendant plus complexe l’intégration des composantes de la didactique. Cette intégration concerne notamment les thèmes culturels, proposés de manière compartimentée, et la didactique de la langue et de la culture, encore insuffisamment mises en communication. Enfin, tout cela montre que l’intégration des champs de référence et de réflexion de la discipline dans son ensemble est encore en cours d’élaboration<br>Our thesis places itself in the domain of foreign language teaching. Its object is the construction of the scholastic discipline of Lingua e cultura cinese and the development of the teaching of Chinese culture in Italian upper secondary school. Based on the concepts of discipline construction and didactic transposition, the thesis develops from the observation of disciplinarisation process of Chinese language and culture teaching completed in France. The goal of the research is twofold. First, we want to show how the Italian discipline took unique shape compared to other languages and to the French context, and secondly, to show how there is a divide between the process of didactic transposition of objects to teach-teachable related to Chinese language and the corresponding one related to Chinese culture. While the former is widely developed, the objects to be taught have been identified for the latter but a reflection on how to make them teachable is still at an early stage. This process is influenced by the representation of cultural distance associated with Chinese culture, which makes the integration of the teaching components more complex. Specifically, this integration concerns cultural themes, proposed in a compartmentalized way, and the teaching of language and culture, which are not yet sufficiently connected. Finally, this shows how the integration of reference components and conceptual issues of the discipline as a whole are yet being defined<br>La nostra tesi si iscrive nel dominio della didattica delle lingue straniere e ha per oggetto la costruzione della disciplina scolastica di Lingua e cultura cinese e lo sviluppo della didattica della cultura nella scuola secondaria di secondo grado italiana. Basandosi sulle nozioni di costruzione disciplinare e trasposizione didattica, essa si sviluppa a partire dall’osservazione del percorso di disciplinarizzazione dell’insegnamento della lingua e della cultura cinese compiuto in Francia. Obiettivo dell’indagine è mostrare come la disciplina scolastica italiana si sia costituita secondo una forma peculiare rispetto alle altre lingue e al contesto francese, e mostrare come esista un divario tra il processo di trasposizione didattica degli oggetti da insegnare-insegnabili relativi alla lingua, ampiamente sviluppati, e quelli relativi alla cultura, rispetto a cui sono stati individuati gli oggetti da insegnare ma la riflessione su come renderli insegnabili è ancora agli inizi. Influisce su questo processo la rappresentazione di distanza culturale associata alla cultura cinese, che rende più complesso integrare le componenti della didattica. Nello specifico, tale integrazione riguarda i temi culturali, che sono proposti in modo compartimentalizzato, e la didattica della lingua e della cultura, che non sono sufficientemente poste in comunicazione. Tutto questo, infine, mostra come l’integrazione dei campi di riferimento e di riflessione della disciplina nel suo complesso sia ancora in corso di definizione

The need to define notions in one and a concrete way is actually a tendency to remove the contradictions that could blur their meanings. However, in the architectural discourse the different definitions and interpretations of a notion lead sometimes to an interesting and productive paradox through which a dual situation can emerge. The notion of type as one of these instances gained such a duality in time throughout the accumulated thoughts that were studied in different times and conditions since the eighteenth century by scholars like Marc-Antoine Laugier, Quatrem&eacute<br>re de Quincy, Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand, Le Courbusier, Giulio Carlo Argan, Aldo Rossi, and Peter Eisenman. These conditions which occurred between the relations type-nature, type-machine and type-city have a common point in that type was seen as a principle, to explain the architectural attitude in a particular period. And in these periodical conditions it can be said that type has, actually, a visual (in Leandro Madrazo&amp<br>#8217<br>s terms) and non-visual (in Leandro Madrazo&amp<br>#8217<br>s terms) aspect which leads to a discrepant problem in that it is sometimes defined as sensible in the sense of a physical construction and sometimes defined as conceptual in the sense of a conceptual construct. Therefore, in using the outline of Anthony Vidler&amp<br>#8217<br>s essay the third typology as a loose framework in the context of a historical point of view from the eighteenth century to the twentieth century, the main problem of this thesis will be to expose this dual situation between the visual (sensible) and non-visual (conceptual) aspects of type. In addition, it is actually said that the visual aspect of type appeared in the sense how its non-visual aspect is re-constructed. Moreover, within its double-nature (in Leandro Madrazo&amp<br>#8217<br>s terms) type seems to have a potential and power for its transformation towards a key for reading the architectural process in a re-constructed continuity. And because of this re-construction it is possible to follow the continuity of architectural knowledge, which designates the changing boundaries of the architectural discipline and gives the means for a tendency to define it as autonomous.

[Truncated abstract] This thesis develops an understanding of how, historically, Education as an area of study (Education) has been constructed at each of the five universities in the State of Western Australia. The motivation for the study was the claim made by some academics that historically Education has been marginalised in certain universities in the UK, the USA and Australia, and that this marginalisation was intensified by a negative attitude towards its association with teacher preparation. Very little evidence, however, has been put forward to support this claim, thus highlighting a major neglected area of research. This thesis is a response to such neglect in relation to the situation in one state in Australia. The focus of the thesis is on the 'preactive curriculum' as represented in the plans and syllabi that outline what was included in programs and courses. An 'internal' analysis of relevant documents was conducted along with an 'external' analysis which considered the broader social, economic and political context. It was recognised that a study of the 'interactive curriculum' also needs to be conducted to gain insights into how the 'preactive curriculum' was mediated by lecturers and students. From the outset, however, it was deemed that this would constitute a further major study in itself. ... The most prominent were the 'academic', 'integrated', 'vocational', 'technical', 'pragmatic' and 'professional' orientations. The content of Education at the five universities also varied. Such variation offered breadth of opportunity for students. It also meant that, collectively, the universities served the needs of the State and their students by providing relevant and flexible curricula beyond what would have been possible in a 'one size fits all' model. Furthermore the claim that there was tension regarding the inclusion of 'Education' as an area of study within Australian universities generally, is not upheld for the Western Australian context. While this thesis contributes to an understanding of how, historically, Education as an area of study has been constructed in one State in Australia, much further research remains to be done in this field of curriculum history. In particular, future research could focus on the way in which Education, along with other areas of university study, have been constructed in the other states of Australia and overseas. The identification of areas of contestation and omissions from courses are also worthy of consideration. Finegrained studies of this nature could collectively make an important contribution to the understanding of the history of developments in the university curriculum at a macro level. Such work would, in the fullness of time, contribute to new understandings about institutionalised learning at tertiary level and provide historical insights to inform current practice as universities continue to try to find their way in a global society.

This thesis takes as its point of departure the question "is there a connection between ordinary Swedish Christianity and the extreme forms of various examples?". As a way of concidering possible connections, a "normal" spiritual context in the Swedish setting is studied: the Christian magazine "Pilgrim. A magazine for spiritual guidance". The book presents an investigation of the magazine and its notion of spirituality over a period of twelve years (1994-2006). Questions that guide the investigation are: Which are the fundamental notions of spirituality in the magazine? How can someone be spiritual due to the magazine? Which are the bodily norms which are assumed when it comes to gender, sexuality, ethnicity and class? Which connections between the normal and the extreme in contemporary Swedish spirituality can an investigation of Pilgrim as an example of "ordinary" spirituality reveal? The work is carried out as a discursive reading of Pilgrim with the help of Michel Foucault and his notion of "discourse". Furthermore some of the insights from the feminist discussion on so called "intersectionality" are used to widen the methodological scope. More specifically, the magazine is approached as a single textual surface. After qualification of the rules of the discourse, they are applied to identify the discursive formation of Pilgrim. By analyzing the strategies which constitute spiritual guidance, the forms of spirituality (subject positions) that the magazine constructs are revealed. The way that social categories - gender, sexuality, ethinicity, class - are characterized in the magazine reinforce heteronormativity, orientalism and a class-structure. Through the magazine social categories function together with other vital categories in a way that the outcome is one and only construction of the ordinary subject: i.e. the western rich man as a spiritual subject. In conclusion this study suggest that ideas about spiritual growth that flourish in an ordinary Christian cultural and intellectual environment (exemplified by the magazine Pilgrim), like ideas of resistance against the postmodern world and society's superficiality, might have a structure that can be found also in more extreme Christian contexts, and, more importantly, as a part of the problematic of these extreme examples. The extreme resides in the ordinary, and the ordinary resides in the extreme. There seems to be an order of notions, of subjects and of bodies: the Order of Spirituality.

@Sachant que les instructions officielles relatives à l'enseignement des arts plastiques insistent sur l'ancrage des démarches pédagogiques dans le champ artistique, en particulier contemporain, nous avons été amenés à nous interroger sur la manière dont se sont renouvelés les objets de cet enseignement et sur leur statut épistémologique. Nous avons essayé de comprendre leurs modes de construction en nous appuyant sur l'élucidation apportée par l'approche didactique. Ceci nous a permis de voir comment l'ancrage dans le champ artistique contemporain a modifié la conception de la discipline et, à cette occasion, de mieux en appréhender les spécificités.

Cette recherche longitudinale s’intéresse à la construction des «postures» disciplinaires, en français et en sciences, par les élèves au début de la scolarité élémentaire. Elle se positionne dans le cadre de la théorie historique et culturelle et des approches dialogique, énonciative et pragmatique du langage, nous amenant à considérer que, pour apprendre, les élèves doivent s'inscrire dans les contextes disciplinaires (finalités, valeurs, pratiques) et adopter les positions énonciatives pertinentes par rapport aux savoirs en jeu en situation d'enseignement. Ainsi, elle croise les concepts de «posture» (Bautier1995, Bucheton1998, Rebière2000 &amp; 2001) et de « communauté discursive disciplinaire scolaire » (CDDS) (Bernié, Jaubert, &amp; Rebière, 2003), et s’intéresse à la façon dont les jeunes élèves en apprenant à se projeter et à s’inscrire dans les CDDS différentes que constitue la classe en sciences et en français, peuvent potentiellement modifier leurs postures initiales en chaque discipline et les différencier entre chacune. En effet, entre le maître, les élèves, les objets culturels mis en jeu dans les situations d’apprentissage, les pratiques et valeurs convoquées, les usages du langage, le texte du savoir, etc. se construit un espace social et discursif d’intercompréhension spécifique à chacune des deux disciplines, susceptible de rétroagir sur les postures et de les autonomiser. Nous cherchons ainsi à identifier des changements de position énonciative chez les élèves, qui signaleraient la réorganisation de leur activité et de leurs modes d’agir-penser-parler au sein de chaque discipline et lorsqu’ils changent de contexte disciplinaire, indiquant un changement de posture, potentiellement différenciateur dans l’accès aux apprentissages. À cette fin, nous étudions sur 3 ans le processus de construction et d’évolution des postures de 11 élèves en français et en sciences entre la fin de l’école maternelle (5ans) et la deuxième année de l’école élémentaire (7ans). Nous nous appuyons sur des transcriptions d’entretiens (enseignants et élèves) et de séances de classe qui témoignent de l'activité langagière des élèves et de l'action conjointe maître-élève(s) dans le cadre de pratiques « ordinaires » d’enseignement dans les deux disciplines. L’analyse vise à mettre en évidence les relations possibles entre la construction de ces postures, leur rigidification ou leur évolution et la construction de difficultés scolaires. Elle cherche à caractériser la CDDS qui se construit dans chacune des deux disciplines dont nous postulons qu’elle joue un rôle important dans la construction des postures<br>This longitudinal research concerns the emergence of pupils learning attitudes in school disciplines (French and sciences) at the beginning of primary school education. It lays on the Vygotski’s Theory of human development and on the dialogic, enunciative and pragmatic approach of language which consider that pupils should be part of different disciplinary contexts (with specific purposes, values and practicies) and adjust their utterance status to be relevant in relation to the knowledge involved in classroom situations. It is based on didactic concepts as learning enunciation attitudes and school discourse communities specialized in academic fields. It focuses on the description of how young people learn to adapt to different communities like school discourse community for french or science subject, and how they can possibly change their initial enunciation attitude in each discipline to differentiate them. For a social and discursive space of mutual linguistic understandin happens to develop between teacher, pupils, cultural objects, practicies, values, uses of language, hnowledge wording etc. It may have a retroactive effect on learning enunciation attitudes and empower them. The purpose is to identify how pupils adjust their utterance status, that would mean they can sucessfully adapt the way to do, think and speak when they enter the field from another discipline. It would also mean that they manage to change and adapt their enunciation learning attitude, which is necessary for accessing knowledge. It is a three years study that seeks to highlight the construction process of learning attitudes in scientific and french disciplines and its progression for pupils between 5 and 7 years old. It aims to show the incidence of learning attitudes and their emergence, stiffening or évolution on learning difficulties. Corpus analysis is based on transcriptions of recorded interviews and learning sessions concerning 11 pupils and their three teachers during three years so as to reveal pupils activity as well as teachers and pupils joint action in standard teaching practicies throughout french class and science class. Data has been collected then analyzed to determine the relationship between the setting of school discourse communities specialized in academic fields and the emergence of learning enunciation attitudes

Avsikten med denna studie är att problematisera och ge en djupare förståelse för tre utbildade specialpedagogers tankar och reflektioner, beträffande hur makt, konstruktioner och diskurser kan komma till uttryck kring barn med autismspektrumtillstånd (AST) i förskolan. Forskningsområdet utgår från en förståelse som hävdar att det finns otillräckliga kunskaper om maktrelationer, sociala konstruktioner och diskurser som präglar dessa barn. Studiens forskningsfrågor berör hur barn med AST skildras och förstås, blir socialt konstruerade samt vilka förhållningssätt som kan finnas gentemot dem i förskolan. De teoretiska utgångspunkter som denna studie grundas på, är socialkonstruktionism, diskursteori och Michel Foucaults maktperspektiv. För att samla in och analysera data, tillämpades den kvalitativa forskningsintervjun och diskursanalys. Resultaten visar att barn med AST betraktas som socialt avvikande och att de på olika sätt blir föremål för korrigering.

The subject of this study is student writing in its institutional setting, examining students’ texts, professional discourse and educational practices. Fieldwork for the study was conducted at the departments of History and Economics of Stockholm University. The general aim of the study is to increase our understanding of the relationships between student writing, educational settings and professional discourse. The theoretical framework is the sociocultural approach as outlined by Wertsch from Bakhtin and Vygotsky, and applied on writing research by above all Dysthe. The theoretical-methodological attempts are an operationalisation of the concept of dialogicity in different aspects and an application of the concept of mediational means at the linguistic level of text type or speech act. The type of dialogicity and epistemology of a setting is shown to have major influences on students’ writing. The epistemology of economics is defined as rationalistic, and that of history as critical-pluralistic. In economics, linear logical reasoning with clear-cut solutions is a key mediational means, while reasoning with a multitude of perspectives is given precedence in history. Students adjust their texts to the kind of dialogicity in the setting. However, in interviews, some students, mainly in economics, exhibit a resistance to the epistemology and mediational means of their discipline. This resistance seems not to influence their texts, but in all probability the depth of their learning. In addition, the socialisation seems to be a more prolonged process in economics. The reasons may be that the mediational means have a weak connection to students’ previous knowledge and that they are not collectively applied in economics to the same extent as in history. Thus, a pedagogical conclusion is that the important mediational means of a discipline should be collectively applied during study. Moreover, student writing should be considered in relation to students’ previous knowledge, their course of study and their future professional activity.

Submitted by Dilene Paulo (dilene.fatima@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-01-26T12:31:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ANDRESSA BARBOSA DE FARIAS LEANDRO – DISSERATAÇÃO PPGH 2014.pdf: 6317371 bytes, checksum: 3e67250e7bed6b958831bfad5d66be6b (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-26T12:31:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ANDRESSA BARBOSA DE FARIAS LEANDRO – DISSERATAÇÃO PPGH 2014.pdf: 6317371 bytes, checksum: 3e67250e7bed6b958831bfad5d66be6b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014<br>O presente estudo tem como objetivo problematizar as práticas escoteiras vivenciadas, na cidade de Campina Grande-PB, nas décadas de 1980-1990, refletindo sobre o disciplinamento dos corpos e a construção de identidades nos Grupos de Escoteiros (General Sampaio, Santos Dumont e Baturité). Deste modo, com base, na análise de fontes orais, na documentação dos arquivos dos referidos Grupos de Escoteiros, nos registros da União dos Escoteiros do Brasil, fotografias e jornais, buscamos refletir como um movimento educativo pensado para a realidade dos jovens ingleses do início do século XX, conseguiu atrair tantas crianças para as suas fileiras na cidade de Campina Grande, na década de 1980-1990, quase cem anos depois de sua criação? Partindo da premissa de que os Grupos de Escoteiros são espaços disciplinares, cujo objetivo é a formação do jovem educado, cumpridor dos seus deveres e útil para a sociedade, refletimos sobre a aplicação do Método Escoteiro, entendido em nosso trabalho como um mecanismo que cumpre a função de disciplinar o corpo, a mente e as emoções dos escoteiros. Analisamos ainda as práticas simbólicas que perpassam o escotismo, responsáveis por estabelecerem a coesão e o sentimento de pertença entre os membros escoteiros, buscando a construção de uma identidade comum. Para a concretização desta pesquisa dialogou-se como alguns autores, a exemplo de FOUCAULT (1987) e suas reflexões teóricas sobre o poder disciplinar, BOSI (1994) e HALBWACHS (1990) acerca da memória, HALL (2005) que nos deu subsídio para discutir a produção de identidades, CHARTIER (1990) e sua análise sobre as representações sociais, CERTEAU (1994) sobre as táticas de resistência, dentre outros.<br>The following study has as objective to problematize the scouts practices lived, in the city of Campina Grande - PB, in the decades of 1980-1990, reflecting about the discipline of the bodies and the building of identities in the scout groups (General Sampaio, Santos Dumont and Batiruté). Thus, based on the analysis of oral sources, in the files documentation of the referred scout groups, in the records of the Union of Scouts Brazil, photographs and newspapers, we reflect as an educational movement thought to the reality of young Englishmen of the early twentieth century, has attracted many children to their ranks in the city of Campina Grande, in the decade of 1980-1990, nearly a hundred years after its creation? Assuming that the Scout Groups are disciplinary spaces, whose goal is the formation of an educated young, aware of their duties and availabilities to society, we reflected on the implementation of the Scout Method, seen in our work as a mechanism whose function is to discipline the body, mind and emotions of the scouts. We also analyzed the symbolic practices that pervade the scouting, responsible for establishing cohesion and sense of belonging among scouts members seeking the construction of a common identity. To achieve this research, it was discussed as some authors, like FOUCALT (1987) and his theoretical reflections on disciplinary power, BOSI (1994) and HALBWACHS (1990) on the memory, HALL (2005) who gave us allowance to discuss the production of identities, Chartier (1990) and his analysis of the social representations, Certeau (1994) on resistance tactics, among others.

Entre 1780 et 1860 en Europe, la géographie se structure peu à peu en champ scientifique et académique indépendant, et particulièrement en France, Prusse et Grande-Bretagne. Au même moment dans ces trois pays européens, des géographes travaillent à ce que leur champ soit enfin considéré comme une science à part entière, au même titre par exemple que l'histoire ou les mathématiques. Ils construisent leur champ à la faveur d'un renouvellement profond de ses principes institutionnels et épistémologiques, selon un processus similaire dans ces trois sphères. Ils organisent progressivement les connaissances géographiques selon une exigence de scientificité, dont ils discutent les modalités. Ce processus de construction à la fois scientifique et disciplinaire est profondément marqué par l'héritage des Lumières et l'esprit universaliste, mais, parallèlement, il se trouve également influencé et informé par le contexte politique. Entre 1785 et 1860, les savoirs géographiques sont en effet investis d'une valeur stratégique grandissante : ils jouent un rôle majeur dans les idéologies politiques des États et également dans les actions politiques menées. En interrogeant conjointement les champs du politique et des savoirs géographiques, cette thèse ainsi à mettre en évidence en quoi le processus de montée en discipline des savoirs géographiques engagé simultanément en France, en Prusse et en Grande-Bretagne se trouve fondamentalement en tension entre, d'une part, une exigence universaliste portée à l'échelle européenne par le champ scientifique et, d'autre part, la nationalisation progressive des savoirs géographiques<br>Between 1780 et 1860, geography tends to become a full scientific field in Europe, built thanks to renewed institutional and academic principles, especially in France, Prussia and Great Britain. t the same time in these three European countries, geographers expect that their field will be finally considered as a proper science, compared for instance to history or mathematics. In order to complete this aim, they gradually organise geographical knowledge according to scientific patterns. The French, Prussian and British spheres are affected by a similar process. This scientific and academic construction of a proper geographical field is influenced by a universalistic spirit, inherited from the European Enlightenment, but also deeply affected by the political context. Between 1785 and 1860, geographical knowledge is recognised as strategic : it plays a major role in the politics of the states and, therefore, in the organisation of the different policies developed in this period. By questionning at the same time the field of geography and the field of politics and policy, this thesis intends to highlight how the process of academic and scientific construction of geography engaged at the same time in France, Prussia and Great-Britain is essentially in a position of tension between a demand of universalism and the progressiv nationalisation of geographical knowledge

The aim of this study was to investigate the management strategies conducive to establishing constructive discipline for optimal learning. The study represented a case study conducted in a primary school in the Empangeni district of KwaZulu-Natal. An in-depth literature study was followed by an empirical investigation based on a qualitative research design employing focus group and individual interviews. The research findings revealed that optimal learning is achieved through effective classroom management practices promoting constructive discipline. A classroom environment in which constructive discipline prevails includes the organisation of the physical environment in a functional way, the consideration of instructional strategies such as teachers being well-prepared for the lesson, as well as class routines and procedures being well communicated. Based on the findings of the empirical investigation, and concurring with the findings from literature, recommendations were made regarding classroom management strategies for constructive discipline in order to arrange for optimal learning.<br>Educational Leadership and Management<br>M. Ed.

碩士<br>國立屏東師範學院<br>教育行政研究所<br>93<br>A study of the implementation of 「an integrated assistance system for instruction, discipline and guidance（3- in-1 policy）」in universities and colleges-- the constructive criteria of the CIPP evaluation model Abstract Li-ching Tsai This research aims to construct the evaluation criteria in association with 「the university and college implementation『an integrated assistance system for instruction, discipline and guidance（3- in- 1 policy）』」. It is hoped to bring up a reference for the university and college to appraise the performance posterior to the implementation of 3-in-1 policy. To reach this aim, this research is conducted by using literature review together with the Delphi Technique. For starters, I begin to explore the origin, the content, the theoretical background, and some relevant studies. Shortly after this, I discuss about the notions related to the 3-in-1 policy. Besides, the relationship between 3-in-1 policy and CIPP evaluation model will be underway. Finally, I make use of the evaluation criteria to develop a framework, based on which the Delphi-Technique questionnaire is taken into effect. In the process of my research, I use the questionnaire three times. By dint of the 12 research experts and all CIPP dimension indices, an agreement is reached after many-a-time revisions. According to the 3-time Delphi Technique questionnaire, the number of questions is narrowed down from 105 to 76. I obtain four dimensions of the questionnaire. The conclusions are presented as follows. 1. The context evaluation is categorized into 2 index named “school background” and “agreement of instruction，discipline and guidance” respectively. These 2 index are used by the school to design an appropriate project in correspondence to the students’ needs and characteristics. The index can show whether the 3-in-1 policy lives up to the goal. 7 items are eligible for the evaluation criteria. 2. The input evaluation is categorized into 4 schemas, which are administrative measures, primary preventions, secondary interventions, and tertiary interventions. This is used to explain the school’s worksheet to carry out the administrative affairs. 26 items are eligible for the evaluation criteria. 3. The process evaluation is categorized into 3 index named “advocate procedures” and “teacher-student interaction” to elaborate on whether good relationship is generated between students and teachers. The index can show the coordination among different administrative departments. 20 items are eligible for the evaluation criteria. 4. The product evaluation is categorized into 4 dimensions (organizational culture changes, consultant teachers’ promotion, students’ access to consultant resource, administrative efficiency & service) to assess the performance during the implementation of the 3-in-1 policy. 20 items are eligible for the evaluation criteria. Last but far from least, I raise my personal opinions as well as feasible suggestions to the educational authorities concerned, and a few constructive afterthoughts to the follow-up researchers who might continue to study on the area of this 3-in-1 policy. Key words：an integrated assistance system for instruction，discipline and guidance（3-in-1 policy）, Delphi Technique , evaluation criteria ,CIPP evaluation model

碩士<br>國立雲林科技大學<br>技術及職業教育研究所碩士班<br>100<br>The purpose of this study is to construct the positive discipline fit for elementary schools. To achieve this purpose, firstly, literatures relevant to positive discipline, such as the theory and related studies, have been illustrated. Secondly, by way of probing, analyzing and organizing the literatures, “questionnaire of the positive discipline for Elementary schools” were developed. Finally, via the Delphi technique, 17 experts were invited to join the research. Moreover, SPSS 12.0 was used to analyze the results of questionnaires, including mean, mode, standard deviation, and quartile deviation. The findings are that the positive discipline for elementary schools should involve 6 dimensions, 23 items and 75 indicators. The proper order of dimensions and items is very high.The six dimensions and proper order are as follows. In concern, there are three items. In encouragement, there are four items. In respect, there are four items. In sympathy, there are five items. In discipline, there are four items. In empowerment, there are three items. Finally, according to research results, conclusions and suggestions are recommended as references to the educational administration authorities and instructors in elementary schools for implementing positive discipline.

碩士<br>國立雲林科技大學<br>技術及職業教育研究所碩士班<br>101<br>The purpose of this study is to construct the positive disciplines fit for junior high schools. To achieve this purpose, firstly, literatures relevant to positive disciplines, such as the theory and related studies, have been illustrated. Secondly, by way of probing the current situation and the problem of positive disciplines for junior high schools,“the positive disciplines for junior high schools”were developed. Via the Delphi technique, 16 experts were invited to join the research. Moreover, SPSS 10.0 was used to analyze the results of questionnaires, including mean, mode, standard deviation, and quartile deviation. The findings are that the positive disciplines for junior high schools should involve 5 dimensions, 23 items and 73 indicators. The five dimensions are as follows. In emotional management, there are two items. In positive attitude, there are four items. In suitable discipline, there are ten items. In support system, there are four items. In continual learning, there are two items. Finally, according to research results, conclusions and suggestions are recommended as references to the educational administration authorities and instructors in junior high schools for implementing positive disciplines.

碩士<br>國立政治大學<br>行政管理碩士學程<br>94<br>In this essay the author looks from the theoretical inquiry about the military discipline to construct the R.O.C. Navy discipline indicators. The construction is to be the base that establishing academically the system of Navy discipline examination further. There are five purposes of this research. Firstly, the purpose is to explore that the military discipline contains which dimensions and each dimension of military discipline contains which indicators, serves to develop further the system of Navy discipline examination. Secondly, the purpose is to explore those indicators if estimate accurately actual condition of army discipline. Thirdly, the purpose is to explore those indicators if estimate appropriately effects on the army that caused by discipline disobey. Fourthly, the purpose is to explore those indicators if distinguish incident from non-incident about the essentiality of causes of discipline disobey. Fifthly, in accordance with major findings to provide suggestions for improving the military discipline policy and academic investigation. For achieving the five purposes aforementioned, after reviewing some relevant references, completes the theoretical construction of the military discipline indicator. Meanwhile, after reviewing the regulations and rules of R.O.C. military discipline, deduces that military discipline contains four dimensions of life discipline、work discipline、training discipline and combat discipline. In short, there are 96 R.O.C. Navy discipline indicators deduced by theoretical construction and existing regulations. Then, expert panel constituted that consists of 10 experts whose specialty are about military discipline. Applying Modified Delphi Technique processes two times questionnaire anonymously answered by expert panel. Verifying the propriety of the constructions is based on interaction and feedback of the expert’s opinion through the two times questionnaire anonymously. After the estimation of importance、consensus and stability of 96 Navy discipline indicators, finds out that 4 indicators are irrelevant, the others are relevant. Some of the relevant indicators, including 47 indicators are first grade indicators, 45 indicators are second grade indicators. According as statistical results indicated that：(1)Those two extreme kinds of full marks indicators and irrelevant indicators are few in the constructions. Also, the percentage of the first grade indicators and the second grade indicators are high in the construction that consists of 96 indicators. Both of the indicators distribute symmetrically. (2)The findings have served to establish academically the system of Navy discipline examination further. (3)Military indicator in constructing should consider after both sides of qualitative assessment and quantitative assessment that will enable the system of Navy discipline examination to practice reasonably and equitably. (4)Academic research will contribute to revolution in military affairs of discipline examination further.

碩士<br>臺北市立教育大學<br>教育行政與評鑑研究所碩士班<br>100<br>The purpose of this study is to construct the indicators of Research Evaluation in Educational Disciplines, and explore the importance among those indicators. The Fuzzy Delphi Method was used in this study as main research methods. This research invited 19 scholars to form the team of Fuzzy Delphi Method in order to obtain the relative opinions toward the indicators of Research Evaluation in Educational Disciplines. Then, this research used double triangle fuzzy technique to select the indicators. The findings are as follows: 1.The indicator system of Research Evaluation in Educational Disciplines consists of 4 dimensions, and 52 indicators. 2.The 4 dimensions in the indicator system of Research Evaluation in Educational Disciplines include books, thesis, academic service , academic honor ,and academic honor is the most important among all other dimensions. 3.There are 2 indicators in the books dimension ,and ”A-1 Book” is the most important indicator in the dimension. 4.There are 7 indicators in the thesis dimension, and ” B-6 Publishes the paper in SCI、SSCI、TSSCI” is the most important indicator in the dimension. 5.There are 5 indicators in the academic service dimension. and ” C-5 Instructs the Ph D. student to complete the paper number” is the most important indicator in the dimension. 6.There are 7 indicators in the academic honor dimension, and ” D-4 Wins the Ministry of Education scholarly research prize” is the most important indicator in the dimension 7.The indicator ” B-6 Publishes the paper in SCI、SSCI、TSSCI” is the most important indicator in the system of Research Evaluation in Educational Disciplines. Based on the above conclusions, this study presents some suggestions for research evaluation in the practice, and future studies.

BDSM (bondage, discipline/dominance, submission/sadism and masochism) has recently gained greater visibility in dominant discourses around sexuality. However, these depictions are often constructed in rigid ways to typically exclude experiences of sexual intimacy. Despite this apparent exclusion, constructions of subspace (an altered mental state induced through BDSM encounters) on online blogs intrigued me to consider it as an alternative to widely accepted notions of sexual intimacy. Using a poststructuralist theoretical framework, I conducted an online ethnographic study in which I explored the varied ways in which self-identified South African BDSM individuals construct meaning around sexual intimacy. Through a Foucauldian discourse analysis, I consider how constructions of intimacy in the BDSM community might have been silenced through exclusionary definitions in dominant discourses. I identified four discourses in the text: A discourse of romantic vulnerability, a discourse of knowledge, a discourse of difference/sameness and a discourse of role differentiation. The findings suggest that BDSM practitioners, in constructing meaning around intimacy, at times comply with dominant discourses and at other times subvert normative ideas around sexuality, gender and sexual intimacy. I conclude with implications for gender and sexuality studies as well as the discipline of psychology in its engagement with BDSM identities and practices.<br>Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2014.<br>Psychology<br>Unrestricted

碩士<br>國立臺灣師範大學<br>教育學系在職進修碩士班<br>95<br>The purpose of this paper is to clarify of the scope and the category of military disciplines, analyze to the present situation of military discipline development in Taiwan, and suggest strategy for constructing military to discipline policy-makers. The major findings of this paper are as follows: The definitions of military disciplines should have two kinds: the broad sense and the narrow one. So-called military disciplines in the broad sense refer to the study of war knowledge system, which would change, permeate, and expand, when science and technology were improved. In the narrow sense, military disciplines refer to the study the combat knowledge system, namely the military sciences. The level for inquiring military disciplines will not change according to the evolution. The construction of military disciplines has many limits, so government should play the leading role. Both civil servants and scholars must positively participate in order to promote this idea besides officers. In ancient times, the military disciplines study were the accumulation of experience and whose variables were simple. Its process was from practices to the theory. In modern ages, with the help of artificial wisdoms and the computer assistance, there are more abilities to control the variables, make more precise predictions, and increase the processes of putting theory into practice. Nowadays, because of international Military interchanges, military disciplines had become more abundant and plentiful. The establishment of military sciences is similar to that of educational sciences, in the initial period divided disciplines will progress and be classified according to the present knowledge framework, when it matures, it will form a system of military disciplines. The system of military disciplines should be constructed under the following necessary conditions: having teachers with he professional military education, providing master and/or doctorate degree programs, having profession units which are dedicated to the research and development of Military Disciplines, publishing professional periodicals, forming the professional society or study groups, providing the professional curriculum in civil and military university, and being supported by the high level officers sterilely as well as. The division of labor is as follows: academic degrees of military disciplines should be accredited by Ministry of National Defense and the Ministry of Education, or the related educational organizations authoring by the Ministry of Education. The National Defense University should take the certain responsibility to promote the research and development of military disciplines; as to the practical work, it should be undertaken by those specialized military colleges and national defense education departments in each civil university. Higher degrees in Military Disciplines could be granted by those specific institutions above-mentioned. Although the research and development of military disciplines depend on those universities, the strategy for developing military disciplines should take the bottom-up one, not the top-down one. The necessary supports for promoting the military disciplines are obvious insufficient. Those colleges or universities should design the developing plans, strive for budgets, set up a self-evaluation mechanics and realize it. The majority of participants of this survey have the willingness to take part in the construction of military disciplines, hope a good working environment, obtain the encouragements from the senior officers and are supported by the continuing policy, the determinations and the motivation and the financial support as well.