Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Constructivism (Architecture)'

Thesis (M.Arch)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1986.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH
Bibliography: leaves 100-102.
by Man-Hung Daniel Ng.
M.Arch

Many war memorials today face loss of relevant meaning to the members of their community over time, an inability to adapt to evolving historical perspectives, and a lack of ability to engage visitors in a deep and authentic way of creating meaning and understanding. New war memorials should provide opportunities for visitors to engage with them in an active, conscious, and dynamic relationship with the built site. Encouraging such a connection facilitates deep and authentic meaning making that continues beyond the site visit, and that allows the memorialâ s form to evolve over time in response to visitor interaction. The constructivist model for war memorial design incorporates ten strategies, and the Active Physical Interaction strategy in particular, that allow designers to create places that encourage visitors to have personalized interaction. These strategies are built on the constructivist philosophy that explains how individuals and groups of people understand the non-objective world through experience. This position was tested through the design of a Dutch World War Two memorial at Warm Hearth Village in Blacksburg, Virginia. This memorialâ s main features include community garden beds for cultivation by the Villageâ s elderly residents. The concept of sharp contrast reflected in three distinct areas of the memorial recall the oppression under five-years of Nazi occupation, the celebration of liberation in 1945, and the efforts of Allied and Resistance fighters in making this liberation possible.
Master of Landscape Architecture

This thesis explores how the landscape, or the physical environment in general, can play a more active, meaningful role in historical site interpretation for the public. It asserts that the landscape can serve not merely as a passive backdrop or stage set for interpretation but as an active tool for communicating important understandings about history. To accomplish this, a constructivist approach to designâ one that emphasizes the direct interaction between the individual visitor and the physical site as the origin of meaningâ is presented. The Constructivist Design Approach (CDA) emphasizes the manipulation of form, scale, materials, and path to facilitate visitorsâ physical, psychological, and emotional immersion in their environment. The CDA was developed from three research areas: an epistemological grounding in constructivism, ritual theory, and case studies of built works that promote the interaction of visitor and site. Application of the CDA to historical site interpretation is explored through a conceptual design proposal for an Appalachian slavery interpretive complex in Southwestern Virginia, which interprets mountain slavery from the slavesâ perspective. Through direct interaction with the landscape of the participatory living history complex, visitors deepen their understanding of how mountain slaves perceived, moved through, and appropriated the landscape for their survival. The design project indicates that the CDA can enhance the effectiveness of interpretive programs. It also reveals the importance of ongoing collaboration between landscape architects and historians throughout project development in order to achieve a physical site design that effectively incorporates and reflects interpretive content and objectives.
Master of Landscape Architecture

In this thesis I have explored some of the ways in which the contexts of epistemology, ethics and designing architecture are each concerned with undecidable questions (that is, with those questions that have no right answers). Drawing on design research, second‐order cybernetics and radical constructivism, I have understood this undecidability to follow in each case from our being part of the situation in which we are acting. This idea is primarily epistemological (being part of the world we observe, we cannot verify the relationship between our understanding and the world beyond our experience as it is impossible to observe the latter) but can also be interpreted spatially and ethically. From this starting point I have developed connections between questions in architecture, epistemology and ethics in two parallel investigations. In the first, I have proposed a connection between design and ethics where design is understood as an activity in which ethical questioning is implicit. Rather than the usual application of ethical theory to practice, I have instead proposed that design can inform ethical thinking, both in the context of designing architecture and also more generally, through (1) the ways designers approach what Rittel (1972) called “wicked problems” (which, I argue, have the same structure as ethical dilemmas) and (2) the implicit consideration of others in design’s core methodology. In parallel to this I have explored the spatial sense of the idea that we are part of the world through a series of design investigations comprising projects set in everyday situations and other speculative drawings. Through these I have proposed reformulating the architectural theme of place, which is usually associated with phenomenology, in constructivist terms as the spatiality of observing our own observing and so as where the self‐reference of epistemology (that we cannot experience the world beyond our experience) becomes manifest.

Надано результати дослідження сутності напряму деконструктивізм. Метою стало визначення особливостей деконструктивізму як течії нового мислення в світовій культурі кінця ХХ – початку ХХІ століття. Охарактеризовано метод, характерні риси, закони нового напряму в дизайні та архітектурі. На основі аналізу складових деконструктивізму виявлено внутрішньостильову структуру: підтечії раціонального та ірраціонального спрямувань.
Provided research results of the deconstructivism trend entity. The goal was to identify the features of deconstructivism as a new thinking flow in world culture of the end of the 20th - the beginning of the 21st century. Described method, features, rules of a new design and architecture trend. On the basis of analysis of the deconstructivism components revealed the structure of the internal style flow: branches of rational and irrational directions.

This thesis focuses on the Soviets after the October Revolution, between 1917 and 1932, in which architecture was seen as the crucial aparatus to transform the society. Within this framework it approaches to social condensers which were perceived as architectural foresights and buildings that aim to transform the society and promote a new, collective way of life and relocates the (social) structure and agency dichotomy in architecture. Furthermore the effort of the creative individual (agent) to preserve his inner-domain is searched through the workers'
club designs of two important architects Konstantin Melnikov and Ivan Leonidov, and furthermore trying to understand on which principles they established their architecture. Whereas the conclusion includes a critical evaluation on "
halkevleri"
(people'
s houses) as having similar social premises within the scope of the general framework of the study.

Thesis (Master of Architecture)--University of Cincinnati, 2008.
Advisors: Robert Burnham (Committee Chair), David Saile PhD (Committee Member). Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Apr. 19, 2010). Includes abstract. Keywords: Sustainability; USGBC; LEED; sustainable architecture; sustainable theory; architectural criticism. Includes bibliographic references.

As information becomes more widely available, the library finds itself in a position where new paths need to be explored on which to reach out to users. Learning Commons have developed internationally as a way to stimulate active learning and to prioritise social interaction over the material collection. By using Chalmers University of Technology as a case study, the aim of this study has been to clarify the concept of Learning Commons from a Swedish perspective and to contribute to the representation of diverse interpretations worldwide by so doing. Chalmers was the first Swedish library to institute a Learning Commons in 2016 and so the study has come to focus on organizational factors driving its establishment and on how the term is used locally. The library’s perspective has been point of departure with a rich material found in business plans, project plans and other officially drafted documents concerning its coming into existence and evaluation thereof. Complementary information was gathered from e-mail conversations with the prefect and a more informal perspective added through the library’s blog and some newspaper articles on the topic. All documents have been studied using a qualitative content-based analysis with a concept analytical angle. Theoretical premises were found in materiality and constructivism as concepts, in combination with an overarching starting point in organization theory. The analysis showed that the library and the Learning Commons were seen as two distinct concepts, where the main distinguishing characteristic was found in the focus on the collection and user respectively. The Learning Commons further functions as a testing ground for new ideas, which fit more easily in a new context. Related to these questions of organizational development, the physical structure has shown to be an efficient mediator of change, imprinted as it is with symbolism prompting certain behaviour. A closer collaboration with Chalmers University and a more perceptive way in relation to users has, together with adjustments to prevalent pedagogy, environmental thinking and strengthening of the profile internationally as well as socially formed the Learning Commons of Chalmers. It has shown to be an appreciated part of the present and future library.

L'architecture suisse alémanique des années 1981, 1990 et 2000 est reconnue pour la qualité de ses constructions et pour son attention à la matérialité des édifices, Les questionnements liés au construire n'y sont pas seulement une anticipation du chantier, Les choix constructifs (choix des matériaux, de leur mise en forme et de leur mise en œuvre) induisent les processus de conception, permettent de formaliser des concepts, concrétisent des valeurs, ; A partir de la thématique de la pensée constructive, c'est-à-dire de l'émergence du constructif dans le champ architectural et de l'influence des valeurs architecturales dans les choix constructifs, cette étude cherche à dégager les problématiques, les organes, les personnalités et les moments clefs qui structurent ce milieu spécifique. Elle s'attache à exprimer les principes communs sous-jacents au travail de quinze agences et architectes, d'un ingénieur et de deux critiques suisses allemands, mais aussi à faire apparaître les spécificités de leurs démarches personnelles, Elle articule trois hypothèses. Les formes architecturales du passé, au début des années 1980, précèdent et conditionnent ; les choix constructifs, Sur cette base se mettent progressivement en place de nouveaux intermédiaires entre les références : historiques et leur utilisation dans le projet, l'image et la « Gestalt », lui deviennent de nouveaux outils de projection, Par la , suite, certaines démarches tentent de traduire les données du projet en une solution constructive radicale, tentant ainsi d'échapper à la question du langage,

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern of relationships among three constructs: neighbourhood socio-physical environment, children’s social interactions and their social capital. The research also explored how country of residence, gender, social-economic status and ethnic background relate to the pattern of relationships. In addition, this study was based upon and tried to corroborate the interactional—constructivist world View and the theory of social capital. Three bodies of research literature formed the background of the current study: (1) the interactional—constructivist world View was the framework that shed lights on the research questions and the research methods; (2) the theory of social capital provided the basis for developing the scale of children’s social capital; and (3) previous studies on children and their neighbourhood socio-physical environment helped to develop the scale of neighbourhood socio—physical environment. The main research question was: what is the pattern of relationships among children’s assessment of their neighbourhood socio-physical environment, social interactions and social capital? Other research questions investigated the differences between children in Beijing and Sydney, boys and girls, and differences due to family’s socio-economic background and ethnic background. This research was carried out in two phases. Phase I included the qualitative studies to develop a scale of neighbourhood socio-physical environment, a scale of children’s social interactions and a scale of children’s social capital. Phase II was a cross-national survey that used these three scales to collect information from high school students in Beijing and Sydney. During phase I, qualitative techniques such as interviews, walking tours and photographs were used to collect information from the respondents. During phase II, the investigator used a self-administered questionnaire to collect data from 166 Australian students and 234 Chinese students. Exploratory factor analysis, analysis of variance and structural equation modeling were used to analyse the main study data. The main finding of the current study was that there were strong and significant correlations between each pair of the three constructs. Children’s assessment of their neighbourhood socio-physical environment was found to be positively related to their social interactions and social capital, which indicated that children who live in better neighbourhoods had more social interactions and larger volumes of social capital. Strong positive relationship was also found between children’s social interactions and social capital, which indicated that better—connected children interacted with their friends more. In addition, significant differences between students in Beijing and Sydney, differences due to gender, socio-economic status and ethnic background were revealed from the data. For example, students in Sydney rated their socio-physical environment higher than students in Beijing; girls assessed themselves as having smaller volumes of social capital than boys; children from better educated families had more social capital; and Australian children with European backgrounds exercised more often than Australian children from other ethnic backgrounds. This study has two theoretical implications. Firstly, as the findings of this research supported the main research hypothesis, this study corroborated the interactional—constructivist world view. Secondly, as the data supported the ecological model of children’s social capital, this study corroborated the theory of social capital. The results of this study provide important information to planners, designers, and policy makers: we can improve the socio-physical environments of neighbourhoods to support children’s social development. This study also provides information to help parents choose child-friendly neighbourhoods to live. It also suggests that parents should encourage their children to interact with friends more, so that their children may build wider and stronger friendship networks to increase their social capital.

This thesis re-conceptualizes Lazar Markovich (El) Lissitzky'
s (1890-1941) PROUN drawings as architectural representations. The study reframes the PROUNs within the intellectual climate of the Russian Avant-garde, circa 1920 when the compatibility of the two-dimensional form generative approach with industrial production was contested. The mentioned reframing is intended to serve as a tool for the principal argument of this thesis: the PROUNs as architectural representations, indicate an alternative and inspiring constructivist strategy. This condition might suggest an intellectual process for architectural design along with the contributions of individual skill and craftsmanship which were surpassed by the mainstream Constructivism.

La perception de l’environnement sonore au domicile dépend des liens entre sources de bruit (provenant de l’espace public, des espaces communs et l’espace privé), des performances acoustiques des systèmes constructifs et d’autres facteurs non acoustiques tels que les aspects sociaux démographiques, la sensibilité au bruit, etc.Ces travaux de recherche suivent une approche psycho-cognitive originale. En effet, alors qu’une méthode psycho-acoustique sollicite une écoute attentive et focalisée dans un contexte maîtrisé de laboratoire permettant d’établir plus facilement des corrélations entre grandeurs physiques contrôlées et sensations, la méthode cognitive repose sur une mise en conditions proches de conditions réelles (validité écologique) dans lesquelles l’expérience perceptive contextualisée permet de corriger le biais introduit par une situation d’écoute peu représentative de la réalité. L’approche proposée reposera ainsi sur des jugements d’agréments et de confort formulés dans un contexte d’écoute active ou passive en environnement écologiquement valide.Elle sera possible par la mise en place d’un simulateur d’environnement sonore spatialisé en laboratoire qui permettra d’étudier l’effet des performances acoustiques d’éléments de construction sur le confort acoustique perçu. L’étude proposée repose au préalable sur l’analyse de l’influence des facteurs non acoustiques. Un jury sélectionné sur critères sociaux démographiques sera l’objet de trois tests et vise à mieux connaitre leur goût et leur sensibilité au bruit. Plus précisément, le premier test a pour objectif de révéler les sources de bruit jugées agréables (ou désagréables), s’il existe des consensus dans l’évaluation perceptive du jury ou bien si des différences apparaissent en raison des facteurs non-acoustiques identifiés. Lors du second test, une tâche similaire de jugement d'agrément sera demandée, portant cette fois sur des combinaisons de sources de bruit aux provenances variées (voisin, extérieur, partie commune). Il permettra d'identifier individuellement les environnements sonores confortables et inconfortables de référence qui serviront au troisième test. Le dernier test s'intéressera à un contexte de rénovation acoustique d'un ancien bâtiment simulé des années 1920-1940. L'objectif sera de mesurer l'effet d'isolements plus ou moins performants sur la gêne ressentie par le panel
The perception of the sound environment in the dwelling depends on the relations between sources of noise (from public space, common spaces and private space), the acoustic performance of construction systems and other non-acoustic factors such as demographic social aspects, noise sensitivity, etc.This research follows an original psycho-cognitive approach. Indeed, while a psycho-acoustic method is intended for attentive and focused listening in a controlled laboratory context making it easier to establish correlations between controlled physical quantities and sensations, the cognitive method is based on a simulation as close as possible to the real conditions (ecological validity. The proposed approach will thus be based on pleasantness and comfort assessments formulated in the context of active or passive listening in an ecologically valid environment.A spatialized sound environment simulator in the laboratory has been designed and set up to study the effect of the acoustic performances of construction elements on the perceived acoustic comfort. The proposed study is based first on the analysis of the influence of non-acoustic factors. A jury selected on social demographic criteria has carried out three distinct listening tests aiming to better understand their preferences and their noise sensitivity. More specifically, the objective for the first test is to find out the sources of noise deemed pleasant (or unpleasant), if there is consensus in the jury's perceptual evaluation or if differences appear due to the identified non-acoustic factors. During the second test, a similar pleasantness evaluation task will be requested, this time relating to combinations of noise sources from various sources (neighbor, exterior, common area). Thanks to these two first listening tests, a final choice of reference sound environments that will be used for the third and last test. The last test will focus on the context of acoustic renovation of an old simulated building from the 1920s and 1940s. The objective will be to measure the effect of more or less effective isolations on the perceived comfort by the panel

L’objectif de cette étude est de comprendre les relations entre les organisations constructives, formelles et spatiales et les modes d'appropriation de la façade des maisons dans un quartier résidentiel à Hanoi, au Vietnam. Elle présente les analyses et les caractéristiques des murs de la façade des maisons du point de vue morphologique et de l'appropriation des espaces. La recherche comporte quatre chapitres. Le premier chapitre présente d’abord une introduction générale de la ville de Hanoi et du quartier Bui Thi Xuan. Ce chapitre présente également la pertinence de l’étude des murs de façade des maisons du quartier Bui Thi Xuan, ainsi que les modes d’appropriation de la façade. Le deuxième et le troisième chapitre présentent le cadre conceptuel, théorique et méthodologique de la recherche. Ces chapitres contiennent les notions de mur et de façade, la structure du mur de façade, les modes d’appropriation de la façade et de ses espaces, et la méthodologie de recherche. Le quatrième chapitre fait état des résultats de la recherche, décrivant et interprétant les caractéristiques de la façade des maisons et les relations entre les organisations constructives, formelles et spatiales et les modes d’appropriation de la façade du quartier Bui Thi Xuan. La recherche permet de comprendre les caractéristiques principales de la façade des points de vue constructif, formel et spatial et de montrer l’influence de ces organisations sur les modes d’appropriation de la façade par le contrôle que les habitants ont sur les espaces, à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur, d'un bâtiment et les usages de ces espaces. Ce mémoire décrit également la relation entre les fonctions des espaces intérieurs et les organisations spatiales et formelles de la façade de maisons dans le quartier Bui Thi Xuan.
The researching purpose of the thesis is to understand relationships between structure, form, space organization and ways of using the housing's façade in the quarter Bui Thi Xuan, Hanoi. The thesis will make analysis and describe main characters of the housing's façade from the angle of morphology and space use. Researching contents include 4 chapters. Chapter I will state an overview on the situation of Hanoi and Bui Thi Xuan ward, as well as the necessity of the research on the wall of housing's facades in the quarter Bui Thi Xuan and ways of using the housing's façade. Chapters II and III will indicate scientific bases and methodologies of the research in the thesis. These two chapters will focus on clarifying basic concepts of the housing wall, housing's façade as well as its structure, ways of using the façade and researching methodologies. Chapter IV will mention researching results of the thesis by describing and explaining main characters of the housing's façade, the relationship among structure, forms, space organization and ways of using the housing's façade in the quarter Bui Thi Xuan. The thesis will make contributions to clarifying main characters of the architecture of the façade from the angles of structure, form and space as well as indicate the influence of the façade's architecture on ways of using the façade by managing and controlling the indoor and outdoor space of local residents. Finally, this thesis also describes the relation between the functions of interior spaces and the form-space organization of housing's façade in the quarter Bui Thi Xuan.

Dans les régions exposées à des aléas naturels, une large partie des bâtiments composant l'environnement construit sont réalisés presque exclusivement sur la base de l'expérience et de l'observation des bâtisseurs locaux, sans l'appui d'un architecte ou d'un ingénieur. Les communautés installées dans ces zones ont développé, au fil du temps, une multitude de stratégies pour co-habiter avec ces phénomènes, incluant des comportements sociaux et des approches de construction visant à prévenir et/ou à limiter l'exposition du bâti et de ses habitants. En fait, les constructeurs ont souvent intégré la présence et les caractéristiques locales des aléas naturels dans leurs pratiques quotidiennes, élaborant des détails et des dispositions constructives particulières pour réduire la vulnérabilité des artefacts et du milieu bâti. Le concept de culture constructive embrasse la dimension sociale et technique de l'acte de construire et du processus d'élaboration des savoirs et savoir-faire qui lui sont inhérents, reflétant intrinsèquement la multiplicité des sociétés humaines et leur enracinement indissoluble au territoire qu'elles habitent. Le vernaculaire en tant que caractérisation des modes de bâtir, d'habiter et de se protéger se révèle par ce fait une source précieuse de pratiques, techniques et mesures, testées au cours des siècles et des multiples aléas, pour la construction d'environnements bâtis durables, accessibles et sûrs. Ce travail de recherche explore le potentiel présenté par les cultures constructives vernaculaires dans le renforcement de la résilience locale. Et cela à partir des pratiques - constructives et comportementales - développées par les populations, groupes et individus habitant des contextes géographiquement exposés à des aléas naturels. Se fondant sur une forte interaction entre la théorie et la pratique, cette recherche entame une (re)découverte de l'ingéniosité intrinsèque à ces savoirs par le développement de deux axes thématiques. L'un investigue les dispositions et les dispositifs vernaculaires à caractère parasinistre ayant démontré leur efficacité à réduire la vulnérabilité de l'environnement construit envers différents types d'aléas naturels. L'autre axe questionne les modalités de leur identification et contribution directe au renforcement des capacités de populations et institutions dans la gestion des crises. À une analyse technique s'associe l'élaboration d'un outil méthodologique soutenant la mise en place d'une démarche de projet s'ancrant fortement aux spécificités contextuelles selon une logique de continuité, tant culturelle que de pratique, entre passé et futur, entre préparation et réponse aux catastrophes
In areas prone to natural hazards, many of the buildings that make up the built environment are constructed almost exclusively through the experience and the direct observation of local builders, without the support of any architect or engineer. In these regions, communities have developed over time a variety of strategies to cope with natural phenomena through patterns of social behaviours and building approaches intended to prevent and/or to reduce their exposure to local risks. Similarly, local builders have often integrated natural hazards into their daily practices, developing singular techniques, building details or devices aiming to reduce the vulnerability of the built environment. The concept of building culture embraces the social and technical aspects related to the construction process and to the development of corresponding knowledge and know-how, intrinsically reflecting the multiplicity of human societies and their indissoluble connection with the territories they inhabit. The vernacular as characterization of ways of building, living and protecting oneself proves to be a valuable source of practices, techniques and measures, tested over the years and during multiple hazards, for contemporary construction of sustainable, accessible and safe built-environments. This research explores the potential of vernacular building cultures in enhancing local resilience; and this starting from - constructive and behavioural – practices developed by individual people and groups living in contexts geographically exposed to natural hazards. Based on a strong interaction between theory and action, this research undertakes a (re)discovery of vernacular knowledge through two thematic focuses. One examines disaster resilient vernacular provisions and devices which have demonstrated their effectiveness to reduce vulnerability of the built environment to various types of natural hazards. The other one considers ways for their identification and direct contribution to strengthening capacities of communities and institutions for disaster risk management. This research combines a technical analysis with the development of a methodological tool, contributing to set up a project approach strongly rooted into contextual specificities, linking culture and practice, past experience and future needs, disaster response and preparedness

Landbased Studies Foundation and Bachelor degrees (FD and BSc) are generally taught in specialist FE landbased colleges, with teachers typically teaching both FE (Ofqual RQF Levels 0–3) and HE (Ofqual RQF Levels 4–6). Such teachers are designated in the literature as being HE in FE (Higher Education in Further Education) or CBHE (College Based Higher Education) teachers. Using a single case study landbased college, this study adopts a qualitative, naturalistic methodology using intensive interviewing and classroom observations of six Animal, Equine and Veterinary Nursing Studies HE in FE teachers. Characterised as an under-represented group within UK education research, these teachers teach both HE and FE within a small, UK landbased college. The study examines the nature of HE teacher pedagogic practice enactments, and factors which enable and constrain them within an FE college environment. Conceived within a interpretivist socio-constructivist framework, this study is influenced by the anti-dualist social philosophy of Practice Theory (PT) whereby people, places and material objects all contribute to how practice is enacted. Rather than considering material artefacts to be merely background objects and a college being simply an inert container where teaching takes place, a sensitivity to Practice Theory considers the FE context, material aspects and teacher pedagogic practices as a whole, rather than from one or other side of the structure versus agency divide. Within this study a particular variant of Practice Theory, Practice Architectures (PA) (Kemmis and Grootenboer, 2008), has been used to sensitise the study. The study adopts a Constructivist Grounded Theory (CGT) approach as a means of exploring a neglected and under-theorised area of Post-Compulsory education. The CGT methodology influenced and guided the research design and interpretive data iv analysis. Using purposive sampling of teacher participants, theoretical sampling, and the iterative cycles of constant comparison associated with Grounded Theory (GT), the data was used to construct four key categories. From these categories three main theoretical themes were identified from the data; Surveillance and Control, Teacher Identity and Agency, and Pedagogic Risk Aversion. The interpretive analysis suggests that HE pedagogic practice enactments are influenced and constrained by the college as a site, by its management, and by the wider neoliberal landscape of surveillance and auditing, as well as by the teachers themselves, the HE students, and material, non-human physical spaces and artefacts. The resultant HE pedagogic practice enactments are risk averse, tending towards instrumentalism and teacher-centeredness. The final CGT theoretically accounts for the HE practice enactments of the HE in FE teachers at the college and is discussed in relation to HE in FE literature, and to a number of pertinent theories within and beyond education. The CGT contributes to an enhanced understanding of HE teacher pedagogic practice enactments, and has potential for generalisability beyond the specific college. The original contributions to knowledge consists of: devising a novel methodology whereby PT/PA and CGT are articulated; adding to the body of literature for HE in FE pedagogy; and adding to the pauce corpus of literature for landbased education.

Il arrive que l’architecture soit critiquée pour les usages qu’elle a « produits » ou ceux qu’elle a « interdits » (un certain désaveu des grands ensembles en est symptomatique). Parfois, la critique porte justement sur le décalage entre l’intention d’origine et l’effet réellement produit (les grands ensembles étaient à l’époque pétris d’humanisme). Mais la connaissance de cette intention fait défaut, et engage donc à un travail de recherche.Les théories de la conception ont pour objet une certaine intelligibilité de la conception. Mais il semble que l’activité de conception explicitée par ces théories, se concentre essentiellement sur l’artefact architectural pris dans ses dimensions tangibles et matérielles. S’intéressant au contraire à la « réception » imaginée par l’architecte, la question se pose de savoir si nous sommes en mesure de connaître la conception de modes de vie, l’invention d’usages et d’expériences… L’ancrage dans les sciences de la conception nous engage à nous détacher d’approches telles que celle de la sociologie des usages, puisque nous nous intéressons à des récepteurs qui n’existent pas encore et ne sont que représentés ou anticipés. Le concept de « conception de la réception » construit dans ce travail signifie cette appropriation de la réalité de la réception par la cognition des concepteurs. En effet, le phénomène dont l’explicitation est visée est un processus de pensée, une capacité mentale.Ce travail définit deux corpus imbriqués. D’une part l’architecturologie qui constitue un cas de théorie de la conception dont il est possible de faire l’étude épistémologique critique. D’autre part, les projets de Bernard Tschumi et de Rem Koolhaas pour le parc de La Villette en 1982 qui constituent des cas de processus de conception et un terrain d’application pour une étude architecturologique.— L’architecturologie est choisie comme cas de théorie de la conception pour les raisons qu’elle prend en compte la spécificité de l’architecture et qu’elle est caractérisée par une construction formelle, un potentiel de généralisation et une forte capacité modélisatrice. Elle constitue ainsi un terrain d’étude privilégié pour étudier la capacité d’une théorie à énoncer quelque chose de la « conception de la réception » architecturale. Toutefois, la méthode, construite d’une manière générique, est à même d’étudier d’autres théories de la conception.— Les parcs de la Villette de Bernard Tschumi et de Rem Koolhaas s’offrent comme une matière pertinente à l’étude, parce qu’ils proposent tout deux des usages particulièrement singuliers et répondent à un programme d’innovation sociétale.Le dispositif expérimental consiste alors à observer la théorie en la mettant en action sur ces cas de conception particuliers. La modélisation résultante permet d’évaluer la capacité de la théorie à décrire la « conception de la réception ». Le résultat de cette mise à l’épreuve ouvre ensuite à un travail de consolidation théorique
Architecture happens to be criticized for the uses it « produced » or it « forbid » (the general disapproval of the French « Grands ensembles » being one typical case). Sometimes the critic focuses fittingly on the gap between original intentions and the real effect (the « Grands Ensembles » were at their time supported by a humanistic enthusiasm). But the knowledge of such an intention is lacking and compels to lead this research.Design theories aim a certain intelligibility of the design process. However, it appears that the design explained by those theories is the one that designs the architectural artifact in its tangible and material aspects. But, taking interest in the “reception” of that artifact, the question to ask is whether we are able to know the design of ways of life, the inventions of uses and experiences… The frame of design sciences (H. A. Simon) imply to withdraw from approaches like usage studies and sociological points of view, since we focus on users that do not exist yet but are represented or anticipated. The concept of “conception of the reception” elaborated in this work means this uptake of the reality of the reception by designers’ cognition. Indeed, the phenomenon we aim to elucidate is a thinking process, a mind ability.This work defines two nested researches’ bodies: one being the French theory, “architecturology” (Ph. Boudon, Ph. Deshayes, C.Lecourtois), a case of a design theory which will be epistemologically and critically analyzed; the other one, the projects of Bernard Tschumi and Rem Koolhaas at for the La Villette park comptetition in 1982 which are cases of design processes. These design cases are the field where an architecturological study is applied.— The reason why architecturology is chosen, is that it takes the specificity of architecture into account, and that it is characterized by a formal construction, a generalization potential and a strong modelling capacity. Therefor it is taken as an advantageous field to study the capacity of a theory to state something about the architectural “conception of the reception”. Whatever, the methods is built in a generic way and could study other theories.— The park of La Villette projects are relevant to study as they both suggested particularly unexpected usages and met a social innovation program.The experimental device consists then in observing the theory by putting it in action on particular study cases. The modelling result of it allows evaluating the capacity of a theory to describe the “conception of the reception”. The result of this theoretical probation may open afterwards to a theoretical consolidation work
A volte l'architettura viene criticata per gli usi che ha "prodotto" o per quelli che ha "proibito" (un certo disconoscimento dei "grands ensembles" del dopo guerra francese è sintomatico). La critica riguarda spesso il divario tra l'intenzione originale e l'effetto realmente prodotto (i "grands ensembles" erano considerati all'epoca carichi di valori umanisti). La conoscenza diquesta intenzione è carente e richiede un lavoro di ricerca.Le teorie del design hanno lo scopo di fornire una certa intelligibilità del design stesso. Sembra però che l'attività progettuale spiegata da queste teorie si concentri essenzialmente sul prodotto architettonico nelle sue dimensioni tangibili e materiali. Quando invece ci si interessa alla Ŗricezioneŗ, è legittimo chiedersi se siamo in grado di conoscere la concezione degli stili di vita, l'invenzione degli usi e delle esperienze.... Il radicamento nelle scienze della progettazione (H. A. Simon) ci impone di distaccarci da approcci come la sociologia degli usi, poiché ci interessiamo a dei riceventi (o destinatari) che non esistono ancora e sono solo rappresentati o suggeriti. La nozione di "design della ricezione", elaborata in questo lavoro di ricerca, mette in luce la capacità dei progettisti di pensare la ricezione prima che accade. Il fenomeno che si cerca di spiegare è un processo del pensiero, una capacità mentale.Questo lavoro identifica due corpus intrecciati: da un lato, l' "architetturologia" (cf. Ph. Boudon, Ph. Deshayes, C. Lecourtois), un caso di teoria del design, di cui è possibile condurre uno studio epistemologico critico. Dall'altro, i progetti di Bernard Tschumi e Rem Koolhaas per il parco della Villette del 1982, inquanto esempi del processo di progettazione.Questi due esempi costituiscono un campo di applicazione per un'indagine architetturologica.- La scelta dell'architetturologia come esempio di teoria del design è motivata dal fatto che essa tiene conto delle specificità dell'architettura ed è caratterizzata da una costruzione formale, un potenziale di generalizzazione e una forte capacità di modellizzazione. Per queste caratteristiche essa ci offre la possibilità di studiare come una teoria possa esprimersi inmateria di "concezione architettonica della ricezione". Inoltre il metodo ha valore generale, tanto da permattere di analizzare altre teorie del design.- I parchi de La Villette di Bernard Tschumi e Rem Koolhaas sono rilevanti per lo studio poiché entrambi propongono funzioni singolari e rispondono a un programma di innovazione sociale.Il piano sperimentale consiste quindi nell'osservare la teoria, applicandola a dei casi particolari. Il modello che ne risulta viene utilizzata per valutare la capacità della teoria di descrivere il "design della ricezione". Il risultato di questo test apre quindi la strada a un lavoro di consolidamento teorico
Manchmal wird die Architektur für die Nutzungen kritisiert, die sie "produziert" oder "verboten" hat (eine gewisse Geringschätzung der "grands ensembles" der französischen Nachkriegszeit ist dafür symptomatisch). Manchmal geht es bei der Kritik gerade um die Kluft zwischen der ursprünglichen Absicht und der tatsächlich erzeugten Wirkung (die"grands ensembles" waren damals vom Humanismus inspiriert). Aber eine tiefere Erkenntnis dieser Zielsetzung fehlt und erfordert daher Forschungsarbeit.Gestaltungstheorien zielen darauf ab, eine gewisse Verständlichkeit des Entwurfprozess zu vermitteln. Aber es scheint, dass sich die durch diese Theorien erklärte Entwurfstätigkeit im Wesentlichen auf das architektonische Objekt in seinen konkreten und materiellen Dimensionen konzentriert. Wenn wir uns dagegen für die "Rezeption" interessieren, stellt sichdie Frage, ob wir den Entwurf von Lebensstilen sowie zukünftige Nutzungs - und Erfahrungsausgestaltungen erkennen können.... Die Verankerung in den Wwissenschaften vom Entwerfen (H. A. Simon) verpflichtet uns, uns von Ansätzen wie der Soziologie der Nutzungen zu lösen, da wir uns für Rezipienten interessieren, die noch nicht existieren und nur vorgestellt oder antizipiert werden. Das in dieser Arbeit entwickelte Konzept des "Entwurfs der Rezeption" bedeutet, dass sich die Architekten kognitiv die Realität der Rezeption zu eigen machen. In der Tat ist das Phänomen, das hier beleuchtet werden soll, ein Denkprozess, eine geistige Fähigkeit.Diese Arbeit definiert daher zwei miteinander verflochtene Korpusse: Einerseits ist die ŖArchitekturologieŗ (Ph. Boudon, Ph. Deshayes, C.Lecourtois) ein Fall der Gestaltungstheorie, die man einer kritischen epistemologischen Studie unterziehen kann. Andererseits sind Bernard Tschumis und Rem Koolhaas' Projekte für den Park von La Villette aus dem Jahr 1982 Beispiele für Entwurfsprozesse. Diese Entwurfsbeispiele sind ein Anwendungsgebiet für eine « Architekturologie-Studie ».- Die « Architekturologie » wird als Fallstudie in der Gestaltungstheorie gewählt, weil sie die Spezifität der Architektur berücksichtigt und sich durch eine formale Konstruktion, ein Verallgemeinerungspotential und eine starke Modellierungsfähigkeit auszeichnet. Sie stellt deshalb einen besonders geeigneten Studiengegenstand dar, um zu untersuchen, inwieweit eine Theorie in der Lage ist, etwas von dem architekturalen "Entwurf der Rezeption" zu vermitteln. Allerdings ist die Methode auf eine so allgemeine Weise konstruiert, dass man auch andere Gestaltungstheorien damit untersuchen kann. - Bernard Tschumis und Rem Koolhaasř Entwürfe für den Park von La Villette sind für die Studie relevant, da sie beide besonders originelle Nutzungsmöglichkeiten bieten und einem gesellschaftlichen Innovationsauftrag Rechnung tragen.Das experimentelle Design besteht dann darin, die Theorie zu beobachten, indem es sie auf bestimmte Entwurfsbeispiele anwendet. Die daraus resultierende Modellierung ermöglicht es zu beurteilen, inwieweit die Theorie den "Entwurf der Rezeption" beschreiben kann. Das Ergebnis dieser Prüfung öffnet dann den Weg zu einer theoretischen Konsolidierungsarbeit

El análisis de las fortalezas medievales debe tener en cuenta los diferentes aspectos que componen tanto las características físicas como simbólicas de una fortificación en su contexto histórico y territorial. No obstante, no siempre es posible hallar ejemplos que sinteticen en su historia y materialidad las tendencias generales de un territorio. En este caso se ciñe el trabajo a tres fortificaciones significativas dentro de la Baja Edad Media gallega pero analizando previamente todos aquellos aspectos pertinentes que condicionaron su historia constructiva. Así, se ubica el estudio en sus coordenadas historiográficas. Destacan a nivel metodológico los problemas existentes para conceptualizar el propio objeto de estudio a partir de las fuentes disponibles, sean de carácter arqueológico, territorial o escrito. Posteriormente, se procede a trazar una síntesis y análisis evolutivo del gran sistema de fortificaciones de la mitra compostelana desde su aparición hasta su decadencia, como principal elemento que condicionó la configuración de otros sistemas de fortalezas, dentro de los dominios de la sede, y estableció los diversos marcos de relación entre los diversos grupos sociales y la propia mitra. De tal manera, se procede a trazar la estructura política y territorial del señorío de la Casa de Moscoso, desglosando las diferentes fortalezas que lo compusieron haciendo hincapié en la descripción del entorno clientelar de los titulares de la casa y en los cambios suscitados en ella con la obtención del título del Condado de Altamira. Se finaliza la investigación con el análisis arqueológico, histórico y territorial de tres fortalezas que por sus características resultan paradigmáticas tanto de la influencia del sistema castral del arzobispado en la configuración de zonas de interés señorial como del establecimiento consciente por parte de la nobleza de fortificaciones a pesar de otras opciones posibles de control territorial. Tales ejemplos se analizan desde una perspectiva diacrónica de cara a explicar las causas de su desaparición o conservación.
The analysis of medieval fortresses implies different aspects related to the physical and symbolic characteristics of every fortification in his historical and territorial context. Nevertheless it is not always possible to find out examples demonstrating the general tendencies of a territory in its history and materiality. The present research deals with three relevant fortifications from the Galician Late Middle Ages considering a previous approach to all pertinent aspects that determine its building history. Therefore this study is located in its historiography context. The methodological difficulties appear related to the main object of study and its conceptualization coming from the different sources available, despite its archaeological, territorial or written nature. The evolution of the system of fortifications of the Archbishopric of Santiago, from its origins to its disappearance, is analysed as a first determining element for the configuration of other system in the dominions of the see, imposing different types of frameworks for the relations between social groups. In this way, we describe the political and territorial structure of the lordship of the Household of Moscoso, extracting the different fortresses that were part of it, pointing out the description of its affinity and the changes derived from the procurance and entitlement of County of Altamira. This research concludes with the archaeological, historical and territorial study of three fortifications, epitomes of the influence of the fortification system of the archbishopric in the configuration of areas of baronial interest as well as the conscious and planned establishment of fortifications despite other possible options of mastership. Such examples are being analysed from a diacronical perspective in order to explain the causes of its disappearance or preservation.

Pumapunku: Platforms and PortalsFor the architect, the most challenging area of Tiwanaku is the Platform area of the Pumapunku, so named for the enormous slabs of sandstone that are found there. The shear size of the slabs is simply amazing, and the chaotic scene of innumerable worked stones and their fragments littering the area challenges one's imagination. What might the site have looked like?Concentrating our investigations on the many construction details and design elements that can still be discerned on the slabs and on the stone fragments, we were able to identify some of the principles of architectural composition used by the builders of Tiwanaku, as well as to reconstruct various parts of the architecture of the Pumapunku.
Una de las áreas más desafiantes del complejo de Tiwanaku es la correspondiente a las plataformas de Pumapunku, así llamada por las enormes losas de arenisca que se encuentran allí, que recuerdan a la Portada del Sol (punku=puerta). Su solo tamaño abruma y la caótica escena de innumerables fragmentos de piedras finamente labradas, sembradas sobre toda el área, exalta la imaginación. ¿Qué vista ofreció este sitio cuando estaba en pleno funcionamiento?Los autores centraron sus investigaciones en los detalles de construcción y elementos de diseño que aún pueden verse en las losas y fragmentos de piedra presentes en el sitio, y pudieron identificar algunos de los principios de composición arquitectónica utilizados por los constructores tiwanakotas, reconstruyendo así elementos de lo que una vez fue la arquitectura de Pumapunku.

Le bâti ancien est aujourd’hui confronté à des enjeux normatifs, environnementaux et patrimoniaux qui favorisent sa réhabilitation et engagent une multiplicité d’acteurs dans cette activité. Ces engagements mettent en débat les savoirs, les mondes professionnels et les attachements que ces acteurs tissent autour des espaces édifiés. La thèse explore ces dynamiques autour du cas particulier du bâti ancien en pisé (bâtiments construits en terre crue damée dans des coffrages) dans le département de l’Isère. L’objectif de ce travail est de comprendre et de décrire comment et par qui ce bâti est mis en projet et réhabilité, dans un double sens d’amélioration physique et de revalorisation d’un objet aux significations multiples. Nous faisons l’hypothèse que les projets de réhabilitation, par les multiples formes d’engagement qu’ils construisent, participent à détacher l’expérience de ce bâti d’une expérience ordinaire. Ces projets mettent à l’épreuve les attachements que leurs porteurs développent autour du bâti existant et de la matière terre qui le constitue autant que les savoirs et les pratiques constructives qui s’y appliquent. Ces épreuves participent à l’émergence de collectifs qui tissent un maillage politique au sein duquel se composent des espaces de dialogue et d’appropriation des usages, de la pratique et du devenir du bâti existant.Pour explorer cette hypothèse, la recherche s’inscrit dans une perspective interdisciplinaire qui articule ressources théoriques et méthodes développées en architecture, en ethnologie et en sociologie. Elle développe une anthropologie pragmatique des cultures constructives qui compose une problématisation commune entre ces disciplines autour des questions soulevées par la réhabilitation du bâti ancien. L’exploration de ces questions se base sur un travail d’enquête qualitative multi-située. Il décrit les mondes de la réhabilitation en action, en suivant des parcours de projet portés par plusieurs catégories d’acteurs (habitants, professionnels, institutions). La thèse revient d’abord sur les différentes formes d’engagement qui participent à mettre le bâti ancien en projet, de l’intervention sur un bâtiment spécifique à sa mise en valeur de manière générale. Ces expériences de réhabilitation portent l’attention sur différentes qualités du bâti et contribuent à le faire sortir de l’ordinaire. Le bâti ancien en pisé est ainsi engagé – et engage lui-même – dans de multiples réalités. À la fois maison, lieu de vie, lieu de travail, patrimoine local ou architecture de terre, il fait agir, réagir et rentrer en relation les acteurs qui s’y intéressent. La deuxième partie de l’analyse décrit comment la difficulté d’appliquer des protocoles de réhabilitation entraine les porteurs de projet à s’engager dans des épreuves et à chercher des prises leurs permettant de mener à bien leurs projets. Ces épreuves entrainent les acteurs qui s’y investissent à ajuster leurs relations entre eux et avec le bâti au fur et à mesure du processus de projet. À mesure qu’ils s’approprient les savoirs de la réhabilitation, ils développent différentes formes d’attachement autour du bâti. Les projets de réhabilitation contribuent alors à l’émergence de collectifs plus ou moins pérennes qui se réapproprient les modalités d’intervention sur le bâti et les décisions qui le concernent. La thèse s’attache finalement à mieux comprendre les dimensions plurielles (matérielle, constructive, architecturale et interactionnelle) des cultures constructives du pisé et de sa réhabilitation et propose les éléments d’un dialogue à poursuivre avec les acteurs de terrain autour de l’intérêt et des conditions permettant de faire tenir un espace politique autour des usages et du devenir du bâti existant
Ancient buildings face today normative, environmental and patrimonial issues which foster their renovation and engage a great diversity of actors. This multiplicity initiates a debate around knowledge, professional worlds and attachments which are woven around existing buildings. This thesis delves into these dynamics focusing on the case of ancient rammed earth building (raw earth compressed into an external formwork) in the French department of Isere, France. It aims at describing how and by whom rammed earth buildings are involved in retrofitting projects, considering both their physical and representational improvement. We make the hypothesis that retrofitting projects, through the multiple ways of engagement they imply, help to free the experience of this buildings from an ordinary experience. Indeed, they put on trial the attachments developed by the actors around existing buildings and earthen material as much as the building knowledge and practices. These trials bring out collectives that weave a political meshwork. At different scales, this meshwork composes spaces for dialogue and appropriation of uses, practices and futures of existing buildings.The exploration of this hypothesis follows an interdisciplinary perspective that connect theoretical resources and methods developed in architecture, ethnology and sociology. It develops a pragmatic anthropology of building cultures composing a common problematic for these disciplines to discuss ancient building retrofitting. The investigation is based on multi-sited qualitative ethnography. Following projects paths carried by different actors (inhabitants, professionals, institutions), it describes the retrofitting worlds in action. First, the thesis describes the various forms of engagement in retrofitting projects, from the intervention on a specific building to its evaluation as heritage. These experience draw attention on different qualities of the buildings and bring them out of their ordinary status. Ancient rammed earth buildings are therefore engaged – and engage themselves – in multiple realities: house, place of life, workplace, local heritage, earthen architecture. It makes the actors act, react and interact. Then, the analysis shows how the difficulty of applying strict rehabilitation protocols leads the actors to engage in trials and to develop holds to carry out their projects. As the project progresses, these trials lead them to adjust their relations with each other and with existing buildings. As they grasp knowledge about retrofitting, they develop different attachments. Therefore, retrofitting projects contribute to the emergence of collectives, more or less durable. At their own scale, these collectives reclaim the methods of interventions on buildings and the decision that concern them. The thesis eventually aims to better understand the plural dimensions (material, constructive, architectural and interactional) of rammed earth building retrofitting and propose components for a dialogue to carry on with local stakeholders around the interests and conditions that would make possible to hold a political space around the uses and futures of existing buildings

La recherche, qui se situe dans le champ de l’histoire culturelle des techniques, vise à observer des pratiques constructives expérimentales menées à la campagne au tournant du XIXe et du XXe siècle et leurs diffusions à l’échelle du territoire rurale et de la ville. Au cours du XIXe siècle, suite aux évolutions de l’agronomie, l’architecture agricole devient un réel champ d’investigation. Les fermes modèles sont l’expression la plus visible de l’ambition des élites urbaines de diffuser le progrès dans les campagnes. Ces exploitations qui se veulent exemplaires, sont souvent sophistiquées et à caractère ostentatoire, parfois au détriment de réelles innovations techniques. Dans ce cas, l’architecture est utilisée par les « Capitaines d’agriculture » comme un instrument politique et sociale. Parallèlement à ces pratiques, des entrepreneurs bâtisseurs innovent à la campagne avec un certain pragmatisme. En effet, l’architecture agricole se prête à des expérimentations constructives testées grandeur nature, dont rendent compte des publications précoces au début du XIXe siècle comme celles de François Cointeraux ou de Menjot d’Elbenne sur des maçonneries de terre crue ou des charpentes. Le cas méconnu des frères Métayer, qui constitue l’objet central de la recherche, s’inscrit dans cette lignée. Installées dans l’Ouest de la France, ils conduisent un domaine agricole de 600 hectares environ, entre la campagne et la ville. Les bâtiments agricoles conservés et le fonds d’archives privées de plus de 2500 documents que nous avons découvert retracent la production écrite et graphique d’Octave Métayer entre 1850 et 1915 (dessins, plans, métrés, devis, échanges avec fermiers et entreprises…). Ils révèlent un processus de conception et d’innovation constructive et sa concrétisation sur le terrain. Entrepreneurs agricoles du Pays rennais, les frères Métayer, à partir du domaine d’une vingtaine de fermes reçues en héritage, élaborent de nouveaux dispositifs constructifs. Ils conçoivent des fermes modernes, conjuguant la technique traditionnelle de maçonnerie de terre crue en bauge à des modèles de charpentes semi-industrielles bois-métal : une hybridation constructive qui fait l’objet de manipulations. La richesse du fonds d’archives Métayer révèle la personnalité hors norme et inventive d’Octave Métayer. Elle met en lumière un contexte socio-économique plus général et très mal documenté, notamment le rôle d’acteurs comme les fermiers dans le processus de conception et de réalisation au côté des concepteurs et des artisans. Enfin, l’épaisseur sociale mise en lumière permet d’identifier les modalités de diffusion des innovations techniques, de la campagne vers la ville. Par le biais de fêtes populaires comme les comices agricoles ou de moments plus informels comme le chantier, des nouveaux dispositifs constructifs se répandent par les fermiers ou les artisans qui transforment à leur tour l’architecture et le paysage rural mais également urbain dans les quartiers de faubourgs qui s’industrialisent autour des gares et des halles d’approvisionnement
The study, that belongs to the domain of cultural history of techniques, aims at observing the experimental practices of construction work in the countryside at the end of the XIXth and beginning of the XXth century and their development in rural and urban zones. During the XIXth century, as a result of the evolution of agronomy, agricultural architecture became a vast field of research. Model farms are the clearest example of the urban elite’s ambition to bring progress to the countryside. These farms that served as a model were often sophisticated and ostentatious thereby sometimes running counter to real technical innovations. In such case, architecture was used by the “Capitaines agricoles” as a social and political instrument.At the same time, developers were innovating in the countryside with much pragmatism. Indeed, agricultural architecture was leading real-size tests, described in early publications, at the beginning of the XIXth century, by François Cointeraux or Menjot d’Elbenne about raw-earth masonry or framework.The unknown case of the Métayer brothers, which is the main object of my research, is in keeping with the previous experiments. Working in the West of France, in between the countryside and the town, they managed an agricultural domain of circa 600 acres. The agricultural buildings that are conserved and the private archive of more than 2500 documents that I discovered are Octave Métayer’s written and graphic productions between 1850 and 1915 (drawings, blueprints, bills of quantities, cost estimates, correspondences with farmers and companies, etc.) They testify to a process of conception and constructive innovation and their concrete realisations. As agricultural entrepreneurs of the county of Rennes, the Métayer brothers, thanks to a domain of twenty farms that they inherited, elaborated new constructive frameworks. They imagined modern farms, conflating the traditional technique of unburned clay masonry using cob and semi-industrial framework using metal and wood, which produced a redesigned hybrid construction.The abundant Métayer archive highlights the extraordinary and inventive personality of Octave Métayer. It sheds light on the general socio-economic context that is as yet not well documented, especially the role of players such as farmers in the process of conception and realisation alongside the engineers and artisans. Lastly, the social environment thrown into relief serves to identify the modalities of distribution of technical innovations from the countryside to the city. Circulating via popular festivities such as agricultural shows or more informal moments on the construction sites, new construction frameworks were shared by farmers and artisans who then transformed the architecture and rural landscapes as well as the urban sites in the faubourgs that were progressively being industrialised in the areas around the train stations and the supply centres

These final reflections stress the relevance of this substantial collection of papers presented in both volumes of the Boletín. Monumental architecture is particularly important with early beginnings, long construction sequences, and, as such, testimony of local histories, identities and memories. It transmits cosmological and cosmogonic ideas as ceremonial centers and organizes the landscape, and thus can be defined as central places in an economic, political and social sense. As such, it is of major relevance to the establishment of interaction spheres.
Las reflexiones finales enfatizan la relevancia de esta colección sustancial de contribuciones. De particular importancia es la arquitectura monumental, que se inicia de manera muy temprana y se presenta en forma de secuencias. Esta arquitectura, por lo tanto, define historias locales, transmite identidad, memoria, así como ideas cosmológicas y cosmogónicas en su calidad de centro ceremonial, organiza el paisaje y se establece como lugar central en un sentido económico, social y político. Como tal desempeña un papel sustancial en las esferas de interacción.

Au croisement de la sociologie urbaine, de la sociologie de la famille et de l'analyse architecturale, cette thèse traite des transformations qu'apportent les habitants à leur espace domestique, au cours de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle à Tozeur (Jérid, Tunisie). Basée sur une cinquantaine de monographies de maisons, combinant relevés architecturaux et entretiens semi-directifs, l'analyse menée selon une démarche issue de la méthode indiciaire est centrée sur l'évolution de l'habitation et son articulation avec celle de la maisonnée. L'interprétation circonstanciée des traces et des indices révèle les étapes successives de l'occupation domestique. L'évolution du sens des différents termes relevés (ḥûš, dâr. . . ) renseignent sur la définition des espaces et sur l'emprise de la maison. S'ils sont concomitants à l'avènement de nouveaux espaces, les changements technologiques attestent d'une évolution de la notion de confort, de l'apparition de nouveaux acteurs et de transferts de savoir-faire. Les négociations relevées lors des sédentarisations et des rénovations mettent au jour l'influence des procédures réglementaires et des stratégies de contournement différenciées. L'emploi préférentiel de certains matériaux de construction, de modénatures esthétiques et de nouvelles typologies architecturales indique une recherche de positionnement social et sa légitimité. L'enquête renseigne qu'aménager la maison et ordonner la famille sont deux actions simultanées, tout en faisant chacune appel à des discours et des représentations différents. L'examen des dynamiques de transformation de l'habitation, une manifestation d'individus en famille, livre une analyse du corps social
In the crossing of the urban sociology, the sociology of the family and the architectural analysis, this thesis deals with the changes brought by residents to their domestic space in Tozeur (Jerid, Tunisia), during the second half of the twentieth century. Based on about fifty sets of house's monographs, combining architectural statements and interviews, the analysis (lead according to the clue method) focuses on the evolution of the dwelling and its relationship with the household. The elaborate interpretation of traces and clues, detectable through detailed observation of the built environment, reveals the successive steps of the home occupation. The changing meaning of various terms identified (ḥûš, dâr. . . ) and their use, inform about the definition of areas of the house. If they are concurrent with the advent of new spaces, technological changes are evidence of an evolution of the concept of comfort, the emergence of new actors and transfers of know-how. The negotiations, identified during the settlements and the renovations shed light on the influence of statutory procedures and the differentiated strategies of bypassing. The preferential use of building materials, aesthetic treatments and new architectural styles indicates a search for social positioning and legitimacy. The investigation informs that adjusting the house and ordering the family are two simultaneous actions, while each appeal for different speeches and representations. The house is a manifestation of individuals living in family. A review of its dynamic transformation provides an analysis of the society

Nos travaux portent sur la scénarisation dans les environnements virtuels pour la formation. Nous nous intéressons particulièrement à la formation dans des environnements sociotechniques complexes comme par exemple la gestion des risques. Dans ces environnements, la variabilité des situations que les opérateurs peuvent rencontrer rend difficile la mise en place d'une formation exhaustive. Il est pourtant crucial d'offrir les moyens permettant l'entrainement à ces situations et les environnements virtuels peuvent apporter des solutions efficaces. En effet, ils peuvent offrir une grande liberté d'action et permettre un apprentissage de type essai-erreur. Le contrôle pédagogique de ces environnements peut alors permettre de personnaliser et d’adapter les contenus à chaque apprenant. Cependant, il est difficile pour les concepteurs d'environnements virtuels d'imaginer, de concevoir et décrire toutes les séquences d'actions et d'événements menant aux situations d'intérêt tout en autorisant une grande liberté d'action pour les apprenants. L'approche de description exhaustive se révèle trop coûteuse, voire vouée à l'échec. Pour palier au goulet d'étranglement de l'écriture et du codage des contenus, nous proposons de générer dynamiquement l'enchainement des situations d'apprentissage au sein d'une simulation. L'architecture TAILOR que nous proposons permet la scénarisation dynamique de chaque session d'apprentissage, en accord avec un modèle du parcours d'apprentissage, en utilisant des modèles à base de connaissances. Pour cela, nous avons tout d'abord proposé le langage \textsc{World-DL} permettant de produire du contenu scénaristique reconfigurable, adaptable et générique pour des environnements virtuels pour la formation. Ce langage permet à la fois de décrire le modèle du monde, les objectifs scénaristiques ainsi que de maintenir la base de connaissances liée à la simulation.Afin de ne pas s'appuyer sur une élicitation du domaine d'apprentissage, nous avons proposé un modèle de l'apprenant opérationnalisant la théorie de la Zone Proximale de Développement. Celui-ci repose sur un espace vectoriel de classes de situation auxquelles sont associées des valeurs de croyance sur la capacité de l'apprenant à gérer les situations qu'elles décrivent. La scénarisation que nous proposons est essentiellement intra-diégétique : elle s'intègre au monde simulé par l'environnement virtuel. Pour cela, nous proposons une méthode de génération dynamique et adaptative de situations d'apprentissage s'appuyant sur des modèles de l'activité et de la causalité inspirés d'analyses ergonomiques. Par ailleurs, les situations d'apprentissage générées sont articulées sous la forme d'une fiction grâce au processus de diégétisation inspiré du courant structuraliste de la sémiologie. Les travaux sur l'architecture TAILOR ont donné naissance au moteur du même nom au sein de la plateforme logicielle HUMANS. L'approche a été appliquée dans un environnement virtuel pour la formation des assembleurs en aéronautique
This work addresses the issues of the specification of the scenario in virtual environment for training. We especially address adult lifelong training in complex domains where technical systems are difficult to apprehend and human factors are critical. Workers have to be trained to react to a wide range of situations. Virtual environment can provide this kind of training by offering them the possibility to experiment different behavior in a situation. Yet to foster learning, such environment should provide a wide range of appealing scenarios adapted to learners’ need. The design and the production of all possible scenarios and of all their adaptations is a tedious task. It requires designers to imagine and describe every possible sequence of events which leads to interesting learning situation. Such a descriptive approach conflicts with the need for a smoother production process.To tackle the authoring bottleneck, we propose the TAILOR architecture to dynamically generate sequences of learning situations in a simulation. It takes into account a learner profile and expert knowledge informed in semantic models. We used a space of classes of situations coupled with a belief model to represent the Zone of Proximal Development of a learner. Each point of the space images the ability of the learner to handle a kind of situation. As we are essentially dealing with intra-diegetic orchestration, i.e. what is happening in the world depicted by the simulation, we propose to use expert model of the domain. We distinguished three kind of knowledge: world knowledge, activity knowledge and causality knowledge. They are used at runtime to procedurally generate a learning situation which will enlarge the Zone of Proximal Development of the learner.To this end, we design the WORLD-DL language to author scenario content for virtual environment for training in a reconfigurable, adaptable and generic way through an ontological representation. This language is used both to describe scenario objectives and to maintain a knowledge-based world state. Moreover, we operationalize structuralist view of narrative to build a story upon generated learning situation through an automated diegetization process. This process relies on abstract story model describe in the ontological metamodel DIEGETIC.This work have been implemented in the TAILOR engine used in the HUMANS platform. It was used both for aeronautic assembly virtual training and for baby sitter virtual training