Academic literature on the topic 'Consumer behavior Income'
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Journal articles on the topic "Consumer behavior Income"
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E. Mang’unyi, Eric, and Krishna K. Govender. "Antecedents to consumer buying behavior: the case of consumers in a developing country." Innovative Marketing 15, no. 3 (September 27, 2019): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/im.15(3).2019.08.
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While consumers play a very crucial role in the marketing strategies of companies, effective development of strategies must satisfy their needs and wants. Therefore, an evaluation and understanding of the underlying factors and/or dimensions influencing consumer buying behavior are critical for supermarkets to both retain and acquire new customers. The article reports on factors impacting the consumer buying behavior and the relationship among the factors. The study uses data from a cross-sectional survey conducted within a random sample of 699 customers at 17 supermarkets in Nairobi, Kenya. Reliability and factorial validity of the self-administered questionnaire were evaluated and considered satisfactory, while structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to test several hypotheses. Social characteristics were a good predictor of the consumers’ inclination to patronize a supermarket, thus directly influencing the buying behavior. A strong positive connection between psychological factors and buying behavior was ascertained based on income, which suggests that although psychological characteristics impact consumer attitudes towards the supermarket, income and education levels may well play a determining role in this regard. Retail marketers in general and in Kenya in particular are encouraged to be cognizant of the above when developing strategic marketing programs to increase the level of patronage. As a research paper, the study is limited to the data and prior empirical research. It offers the benefit of new research directions for marketing managers in understanding and satisfying the consumers. The main contribution of the present research, interdisciplinary in nature due to combining elements linked to both marketing and psychology, is its focus on consumer buying behavior towards supermarkets in a developing country, thus producing revealing insights.
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BROYAKA, Antonina. "CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR IN THE MODERN MARKET ECONOMY." "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT: Topical issues of science and practical activity", no. 4 (44) (April 2019): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2019-4-4.
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The article investigates the peculiarities of consumer behavior in modern market conditions. The theoretical and methodological approaches to the consumer behavior formation are highlighted; the exogenous and endogenous factors affecting it are identified. The various models of consumer behavior are characterized, depending on their income level. It has been found that lower-income consumers are more likely to behave more rationally; they buy those products that meet urgent needs and are more attractive in price. The middle class mainly chooses products on the criterion of "price-quality". The degree of rationality in their behavior will depend on the stability of the economy and consumer expectations regarding real future income. As for high-income consumers, their demand does not depend on price, since the higher cost of the goods they buy undermines their wealth and status. The level and dynamics of incomes of the population of Ukraine, including in urban and rural areas, are analyzed. The analysis shows an increase in the share of the population with high incomes (for comparison, in 2018, 27.4% of Ukrainians had incomes over UAH 5,160 against 12.6% in 2017), and this trend is observed as in cities (30.5% in 2018 compared with 13.6% in 2017) and in rural areas (21.2% in 2018 compared with 10.4% in 2017). However, rural residents predominantly have lower total incomes compared with urban residents: in 2016, according to surveys of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, urban households received an average of 5842 UAH per month (per capita 28080 UAH), rural - 5871 UAH (per capita 2,706 UAH) in 2017 - respectively 7,749 UAH (per capita 3,725 UAH) and 7,542 UAH (per capita 3,476 UAH) in 2018 - respectively 9,722.5 UAH and 9073.3 UAH. The increase in income is due to an increase in the minimum and average level of wages, the volume of transfer payments (in particular, subsidies and other types of social assistance), income from entrepreneurial activity, and etc. A significant part of the incomes of the Ukrainian population is occupied by wages, which increased from 40.8% in 2010 to 45.6% in 2017. However, this is a statement of nominal income growth, which is not enough to meet even the basic needs of consumers in the conditions of rapid price increase. Despite the actual increase in incomes, the purchasing power of consumers in Ukraine is quite low, which is caused by a decrease in real incomes of the population. The dynamics and cost structure of Ukrainian consumers is investigated. The imbalance of the budget of consumers, as well as the lack of actual income to meet the existing needs of the population, are revealed. The gap between the incomes of the population and its expenditures on the purchase of goods and services is quite small, meaning that Ukrainians spend almost all their money resources on current consumption, and thus the possibility of accumulating savings is low, which in turn reduces the prospect of increasing demand for more expensive goods, including long-term use, travel, real estate and more. The lowest share of expenditures on purchasing goods and services in the annual income in the period 2005-2017 was 76% in 2010 and the highest in 2017 was 89%. According to preliminary results of 2018, the share of expenses of Ukrainians in their income is on the average within 85%. Consumers spend more than half of their income on food, driven by low wages for most workers, high unemployment and underemployment, the disparity in current prices and real incomes of the population. The share of household expenditures on housing maintenance (including ongoing repairs), water, electricity, gas and other fuels is rising from 10.26% in 2010 to 18.3% in 2017. Consumers spend about 6% of their income on buying clothes and shoes (with 27.5% of the population having insufficient funds to upgrade their outerwear and shoes for the cold season once every 5 years). On average, only 4% of their budget is spent on healthcare. The GDP indicator and deflator indices, which are indicators of the real consumer purchasing power, are analyzed. Comparing the GDP deflator and the consumption deflator, we see that their dynamics in 2010-2014 have had a similar trend, but since the turning point of 2016, which is characterized by an increase in physical GDP, consumers are behaving more restrained about purchases, even as the pace of growth slows and the gradual signs of overcoming the negative effects of the crisis. The reason for this behavior of consumers is pessimistic expectations about the future economic situation in the country, reduction of accumulated savings, and an increase in the poverty level of the population. The happiness index is considered as a criterion that affects the propensity to consumption and saving. Analyzing the ranking of the countries of the world by the index of happiness, it should be noted that in 2018, Ukraine ranked 138th out of 156 countries, down 6 steps, compared to the previous year. The measures to increase the economic efficiency of consumer behavior and maximization of its utility are proposed. Under the conditions of insufficient financial and material security of the population of Ukraine, an important step of the state for maintaining the purchasing power of consumers is subsidizing public utilities, providing benefits and subsidies for obtaining health care services, transportation, recreation, catering and more. However, such a tool will not give the expected results without comprehensive treatment of the country's economy. It is necessary to reform the remuneration system, in particular to work out an organizational and economic mechanism for legalizing the shadow wage, collecting relevant social contributions and taxes from it; to improve the methodology for establishing a living minimum and bring it into line with the real needs of the consumer; systematically carry out proper indexation of income, especially in private business; increase targeted investment in capital expansion of the real sector of the economy, which will simultaneously increase jobs quantity, GDP and household incomes; to revise the regulation of prices for of essential commodities and many other measures.
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Purnama, Septian Maulana, Rudi Wibowo, and Ati Kusmiati. "FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PERMINTAAN DAN PERILAKU KONSUMEN RUMAH TANGGA TERHADAP DAGING SAPI DI KABUPATEN JEMBER." JSEP (Journal of Social and Agricultural Economics) 9, no. 3 (November 15, 2017): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jsep.v9i3.5813.
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Beef is one of the food requirements strategically in Indonesia. Consumption of beef each year has increased, while the price of beef also increased, it is contrary to the demand theory. The purpose of this research to know (1) what factors that influence the beef demand in Jember Regency; (2) what factors that influence the behavor of household consumer to consume in Jember Regency (3) preference of household consumer behavior for beef in Jember Regency The research method uses descriptive method and analytic method. The Data analysis use Multiple Linear Regression Analysis, Factor Analysis and Fishbein Multiatribut Analysis. Results from this study indicate (1) the factors affecting demand, namely, income level, chicken meat prices, and population (2) factors that influence the behavior of household consumers to consume in Jember: cultural factor, external character factors of consumers, social factors, the perception factor, privacy factor and motivation factors (3) Household consumer preferences for beef of three variables alternately; piece of meat, meat color and fat content.
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Yusuf, Yulfirah, A. Amrullah, and A. Nixia Tenriawaru. "PERILAKU KONSUMEN PADA PEMBELIAN BERAS DI KOTA MAKASSAR (Cunsomer Behavior on Purchasing Rice in Makassar City)." Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian 14, no. 2 (July 16, 2018): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jsep.v14i2.3695.
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One of the variables that cause differences in consumer behavior of rice is income. The purpose of this study is to identify the level of consumer income, rice attributes selected by consumers, and analyze the relationship between the level of consumer income with rice attributes. This research was conducted in Makassar City which is in traditional market of Pa'baeng-baeng and modern market of Lotte Mart. The object of research is the direct consumers who come shopping in the market Pa'baeng-baeng and Lotte Mart consists of 30 respondents respectively. The method of analysis is done by descriptive and Chi Square. The results show that the quality, packing, and price attributes are related to the income level. While the physical attributes of rice are not related to income levels.
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Joo, Hailey Hayeon, Minki Kim, Jungmin Lee, and Pradeep Chintagunta. "Drinking Through Good Times and Bad: The Role of Consumer Differences." Journal of Marketing Research 58, no. 4 (June 24, 2021): 721–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00222437211017460.
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The authors revisit the question of alcohol consumption and public health over business cycles by decomposing overall alcohol consumption into drinking frequency and intensity in relation to consumer heterogeneity. To study this question, they use consumer-level panel data on the reported consumption (not purchases) of beer, which is the most heavily consumed alcoholic beverage and accounts for the majority of binge drinking in the United States. Leveraging the panel nature of the data, the authors find a negative (positive) relationship between unemployment and drinking frequency (intensity). Total consumption, which is the product of drinking frequency and intensity, is procyclical. To uncover differences in behavior across consumers and to provide policy recommendations at a segment level, the authors present a structural model where consumers simultaneously choose the frequency and intensity of their alcohol consumption. They find differences across consumers in their behaviors, notably with respect to income and age. They conduct policy simulations to compare the effectiveness of alcohol-related policies to counter the adverse effects of recessions on the health of vulnerable groups such as low-income and elderly populations.
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Lao, Kefu. "Research on mechanism of consumer innovativeness influencing green consumption behavior." Nankai Business Review International 5, no. 2 (May 27, 2014): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nbri-11-2013-0041.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the mechanism of the influence of consumer innovativeness (CI) on consumer-reasoned green consumption (GC) behavior to understand more about this behavior and help improve the practice of green marketing. Design/methodology/approach – To understand more about GC behavior and help to improve the practice of green marketing, this paper tries to explore the mechanism of CI influences on consumer-reasoned GC behavior. Findings – This study shows that CI has a significant influence on GC behavior. Its mechanism is that CI directly influences consumer attitude, subjective norm (SN) and perceived behavioral control (PBC) of GC, and then further influences GC intention and behavior. The direct influence of GC attitude on intention is not significant, but GC intention is indirectly influenced via SN by attitude. Moreover, male, young, highly educated and high-income consumers have stronger CI; the influence of CI on GC behavior is more significant in male, old, less-educated and low-income consumers. Research limitations/implications – This research focuses on consumption behaviors which are reasoned and environment condition-constrained only, and its findings cannot be generalized to impulsive consumption behaviors. The influence of CI on impulsive consumption behaviors should be further researched. Practical implications – Company managers should utilize new technology and design to make green products more innovative and fashionable to attract more customers. Social implications – Instead of environment protection propaganda and education, society and market supervisors should lay the key point of GC incentive on the draft and implementation of law and regulation. Originality/value – This research is an initial attempt to establish the relationship between CI and GC behaviors and generate a news research area in green marketing.
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ZEMSKOVA, E. S. "SOCIO-ECONOMIC PORTRAIT OF THE CONSUMER IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 1, no. 10 (2020): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2020.10.01.005.
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The subject of this article is consumer behavior in the digital economy. The aim of the work is to build a portrait of a digital consumer. Based on data from open sources, the determinants of consumer behavior in the context of digital transformation were analyzed: values underlying consumer behavior, belonging to a certain generation, using the possibilities of the digital economy for consumption, place of residence, income level, consumed content, etc. made it possible to take into account the named institutional characteristics and draw up a portrait of a “digital consumer” that can be used to model the behavior of such a consumer.
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Repin, S. S. "Economic theory: patterns of consumer behavior." Entrepreneur’s Guide 14, no. 3 (July 7, 2021): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24182/2073-9885-2021-14-3-172-178.
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Mahendra, Mas’ud, and Wenny Mamilianti. "Persepsi konsumen dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan pembelian beras premium." Journal of Agricultural Socio-Economics (JASE) 1, no. 1 (July 28, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33474/jase.v1i1.7150.
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Increasing rice consumption in Indonesia provides a great opportunity in the rice business. Rice's business development is marked by the emergence of rice producers with various brands and qualities. Improving the standard of living of the Indonesian people also affects consumer behavior in choosing rice to be consumed. This change in consumer behavior is responded by rice producers by producing super quality rice or often called premium rice. The rise of premium rice sales now needs a study of consumer behavior towards premium rice purchasing decisions. This study aims to analyze consumers' perceptions of premium rice and analyze the factors that influence consumer behavior in purchasing premium rice. The study's location was determined intentionally in the city of Pasuruan, and respondents were 100 rice consumers through convenience sampling. The method of data analysis uses tabulation description analysis and regression Logit models. The results showed consumers' perceptions of premium rice by 47% the price of premium rice is higher, 53% the color is perfect, 56% expressed better dexterity, 51% better aroma, 47% endurance as well as other rice, 78% uniformity of grain better, and 49% stated that cleanliness was the same as other rice. Consumer perception of the belief in premium rice that 47% of consumers stated that premium rice is better than medium rice. The factors that significantly influence the purchase of premium rice are education, income, and the number of household members.
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Gundala, Raghava R., and Anupam Singh. "What motivates consumers to buy organic foods? Results of an empirical study in the United States." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): e0257288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257288.
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Consumers perceive organic foods as more nutritious, natural, and environmentally friendly than non-organic or conventional foods. Since organic foods developed, studies on consumer behavior and organic foods have contributed significantly to its development. The presesent study aims to identify the factors affecting consumer buying behaviour toward organic foods in the United States. Survey data are collected from 770 consumers in the Midwest, United States. ANOVA, multiple linear regression, factor analysis, independent t-tests, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis are used to analyze the collected primary data. This research confirms health consciousness, consumer knowledge, perceived or subjective norms, and perception of price influence consumers’ attitudes toward buying organic foods. Availability is another factor that affected the purchase intentions of consumers. Age, education, and income are demographic factors that also impact consumers’ buying behavior. The findings help marketers of organic foods design strategies to succeed in the US’s fast-growing organic foods market.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Consumer behavior Income"
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Guo, Ting. "Differences in income and consumer expenditure patterns between foreign and American graduate students at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08142009-040421/.
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Seol, Youn Ni Shawn. "Empirical analysis of household consumption behavior." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/7187.
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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on March 3, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Professor Shawn Ni, Dissertation Supervisor. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Nakagawa, Shinobu. "Important roles of housing stock in consumer behaviors /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3096416.
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Figueroa, Adolfo. "Musgrove, Philip. Consumer Behavior in Latin America. Income and Spending of Families in Ten Andean Cities." Economía, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118045.
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Barat, Somjit Paswan Audhesh. "An empirical investigation of how perceived devaluation and income effects influence consumers' intended utilization of savings from coupon redemption." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-4007.
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Allan, Meredith Leigh. "Price versus brand : assessing the role of price and brand in low-income consumer decision-making." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86272.
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Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Growing competition, fuelled by globalisation, has increased the number of alternatives across almost all product categories, leaving consumers overloaded with information and overwhelmed for choice. Brand and price represent two cues that have been found to influence consumer decision-making and which can be used in marketing strategies to create value, and differentiate from competitors in this increasingly competitive climate. Responding to the misconceptions surrounding the decision-making of individuals classified in the low-income market segment, and in light of the significance of Bottom of Pyramid (BOP) supported by Prahalad (2002), this study was undertaken to assess the perceived importance of price and brand in low-income consumers’ decision-making process, and thereby examine the effect of different prices and brands on low-income consumers’ product preference. Primary causal research using a choice-based conjoint (CBC) analysis was conducted on a judgement sample of black female adults. A total of 209 questionnaires were completed through fieldwork of personal interviews in informal settlements in Gauteng. The study used a 5 price presentation (R18.99; R24.99; R28.99; R33.99; R42.99) by 5 brand presentation (Ace, Iwisa, White Star, Mnandi, Ritebrand) between-subjects design in the maize meal product category. The hierarchical Bayes procedure and multinomial logit model were used to analyse the primary data. Results of the descriptive and inferential analysis of the CBC showed that brand was perceived as more important, attributing to 65 per cent of low-income consumers’ decision-making process, opposed to the 35 per cent attributed to price, and that prices and brands had varying effects on low-income consumers’ purchase probabilities. Although lower prices did have higher perceived utilities, the price-sensitivity of low-income consumers was found to be less influential at lower price ranges, suggesting the stronger influence of brand and brand associations on their evaluation of alternatives. Familiar brands (White Star, Ace and Iwisa) were seen to positively influence low-income consumers’ purchase probability by reducing perceived risk, further enhanced by brand credibility as found with Iwisa (which indicated consistent quality) resulting in higher purchase probability. Unfamiliar brands (Mnandi and Ritebrand) were perceived as having low levels of utility, attributed to higher levels of perceived risk and unclear quality inferences. The research conclusions, drawing from secondary research, proposed a model of low-income consumer decision-making that is influenced by various factors, including aversion to loss, and the desire to satisfy aspirations. Varying levels of brand knowledge, brand quality and credibility as well as symbolic value attached to different brands as perceived by low-income consumers, are argued to influence both individuals’ aversion to loss, as well as their aspirational desires, and thus influence the decision-making process. Price and price–quality inferences, brand familiarity, brand–quality inferences, psychological factors and those surrounding the purchase context were found to have influence over the decision-making process of individuals within this market segment. Managerial recommendations emphasise the significance of the BOP as a viable market segment, warn marketers of low-cost pricing strategies, and discuss the importance of employing value-based strategies and leveraging brand to attract, satisfy and retain consumers in this market segment. Managers are challenged to find a balance between perceived quality and reliability and affordable price, in order to operate successfully in the low-income market and offer effective value propositions that provide customer satisfaction while allowing for sustained sales and profits for the firm.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Groeiende mededinging, gedryf deur globalisering, het die aantal alternatiewe in byna alle produkkategorieë laat toeneem, wat verbruikers oorlaai met inligting en oorweldig met keuses. Handelsmerk en prys verteenwoordig twee leiseine wat verbruikersbesluitneming beïnvloed en wat gebruik kan word in bemarkingstrategieë om waarde te skep, en 'n produk van sy mededingers te onderskei in hierdie toenemend mededingende klimaat. In reaksie op die wanopvattings omtrent die besluitneming van individue wat in die lae-inkomste-marksegment geklassifiseer word, en in die lig van die betekenisvolheid van die Bodem van die Piramide (BOP) soos ondersteun deur Pralahad (2002), is hierdie studie onderneem om die waargenome belangrikheid van prys en handelsmerk in lae-inkomste-verbruikers se besluitnemingsproses te assesseer, en sodoende die effek van verskillende pryse en handelsmerke op lae-inkomste-verbruikers se produkvoorkeure te ondersoek. Primêre kousale navorsing deur 'n keusegebaseerde saamgevoegde analise ("choice-based conjoint analysis" of CBC) is uitgevoer op 'n oordeelsteekproef van swart, vroulike volwassenes. 'n Totaal van 209 vraelyste is voltooi deur middel van veldwerk in die vorm van uit persoonlike onderhoude in informele nedersettings in Gauteng. Die studie het 'n tussensubjekte-ontwerp gebruik met 'n 5-prys-aanbieding (R18.99; R24.99; R28.99; R33.99; R42.99) teenoor 'n 5-handelsmerk-aanbieding (Ace, Iwisa, White Star, Mnandi, Ritebrand) in die mieliemeel-produkkategorie. Die hiërargiese Bayes-prosedure en multinomiale logitmodel is gebruik om die primêre data te ontleed. Die resultate van die beskrywende en inferensiële analise van die CBC het gewys dat handelsmerk as meer belangrik waargeneem word, met 65 persent van lae-inkomste-verbruikers se besluitnemingsproses wat daaraan toegeskryf kan word, in vergelyking met 35 persent aan prys. Verder het pryse en handelsmerke wisselende effekte op lae-inkomste-verbruikers se aankoopwaarskynlikhede gehad. Alhoewel laer pryse hoër waargenome bruikbaarhede gehad het, is daar gevind dat die pryssensitiwiteit van lae-inkomste-verbruikers minder invloedryk is in laer prysklasse, wat dui op die sterker invloed van handelsmerke en handelsmerkassosiasies op hulle evaluering van die verskillende alternatiewe. Bekende handelsmerke (White Star, Ace en Iwisa) het lae-inkomste-verbruikers se aankoopwaarskynlikheid positief beïnvloed deur waargenome risiko te verlaag. Hierdie verskynsel is verder versterk deur handelsmerkgeloofwaardigheid, soos gesien by Iwisa (wat konsekwente gehalte aangedui het), wat lei tot hoër aankoopwaarskynlikheid. Onbekende handelsmerke (Mnandi en Ritebrand) is waargeneem as laag in terme van bruikbaarheidsvlakke, wat toegeskryf kan word aan hoër vlakke van waargenome risiko en onduidelike afleidings omtrent gehalte. Die navorsingsgevolgtrekking, wat op grond van sekondêre navorsing gemaak is, stel 'n model van lae-inkomste-verbruikersbesluitneming voor wat deur verskeie faktore beïnvloed word, insluitend 'n afkeer van verlies en die begeerte om aspirasies te bevredig. Wisselende vlakke van handelsmerkkennis, handelsmerkgehalte en -geloofwaardigheid, asook die simboliese waarde wat aan verskillende handelsmerke geheg word soos waargeneem deur lae-inkomste-verbruikers, beïnvloed sowel individue se afkeer van verlies as hulle aspirasionele behoeftes, en beïnvloed dus die besluitnemingsproses. Daar is gevind dat afleidings omtrent prys, prys teenoor gehalte en handelsmerk teenoor gehalte, handelsmerkbekendheid, sielkundige faktore en faktore vanuit die aankoopkonteks 'n invloed het op die besluitnemingsproses van individue binne hierdie marksegment. Bestuursaanbevelings beklemtoon die belangrikheid van die BOP as 'n lewensvatbare marksegment, waarsku bemarkers teen laekoste-prysingstrategieë, en bespreek die belang daarvan om waardegebaseerde strategieë te gebruik en handelsmerke te hefboom om verbruikers in hierdie marksegment te lok, te bevredig en te behou. Bestuurders word uitgedaag om 'n balans te vind tussen waargenome gehalte en betroubaarheid en bekostigbare pryse, ten einde suksesvol in die lae-inkomstemark te funksioneer en doeltreffende waardeproposisies te bied wat verbruikersbevrediging verskaf, maar steeds ruimte laat vir volgehoue verkope en winste vir die firma.
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Heckman, Stuart J. "A Comparison of Two Savings Measures: An Application of Institutional Theory Among Low-Income Households." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1343753078.
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Barat, Somjit. "An empirical investigation of how perceived devaluation and income effects influence consumers' intended utilization of savings from coupon redemption." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4007/.
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Coupons are one of the most popular and attractive tools of promotion. Redeeming coupons makes shoppers feel that they are doing something good for their family's budget, because coupons offer 'savings.' On the other hand, a coupon might have several negative effects on purchase behavior as well, which might 'devalue' the promoted product in the consumer's perception. But a review of the literature shows a lack of attention afforded to the above-mentioned aspects of coupon redemption. In addition, the consumer's coupon redemption behavior is moderated by several factors drawn from research in the fields of market pricing, economics and psychology, each of which have contributed to the current study in their own way. Finally, there does not exist any substantive research as to why coupon redemption rates have been on the decline, despite an increase in distribution of coupons. Therefore, this research not only fills existing gaps in the literature but also enriches it by synthesizing views from different academic disciplines. This dissertation concentrates on grocery products. Data is collected from about 2500 adults, primarily residing in the Dallas-Fort Worth area. The conceptual framework is based on the theory of reasoned action, which suggests that an individual's beliefs influence his/her attitude towards the consequences of actions, and attitudes, in turn, influence the individual's actions. Toward this end, the model incorporates intention to redeem coupons, intention to keep or spend savings and intention of how to spend savings from coupon redemption as the dependent variables, and several other independent variables. Behavioral independent variables are measured using items borrowed from established scales, as well as those developed exclusively for the current study. Standard statistical tools such as factor analysis and accepted measures of reliability and validity (Cronbach's alpha) are applied and reported, while structural equation modeling has been used to re-validate certain findings. Multivariate regression is applied for testing the hypotheses. Results indicate that several psychological (e.g. arousal-seeking, novelty-seeking tendency), socio-economic (e.g. income effect, opportunity cost) and behavioral factors (e.g. savings propensity, switching behavior) influence the individual's intention to redeem a coupon. The current research offers several academic and managerial implications, while providing promising prospects for further studies.
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Prado, Karen Perrotta Lopes de Almeida. "A preferência da marca no processo de decisão de compra: um estudo exploratório no segmento de baixa renda." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-19012009-104931/.
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O aumento do poder aquisitivo das famílias de baixa renda no Brasil transformou esse público em um mercado atraente para as empresas de vários segmentos. Percebeu-se, contudo, que não está ainda refletida em conhecimento, na área de marketing, a relevância tanto econômica como social dessa parcela da população brasileira, uma vez que se verificou que há escassez de informações e de estudos sobre o tema. Nesse contexto, o objetivo nesta tese é investigar a preferência pela marca no processo de decisão de compra de mães de famílias de baixa renda no segmento alimentar. Para sua consecução, na fundamentação teórica, foram abordadas especificamente as teorias sobre o comportamento do consumidor, a marca e o valor. Além disso, apresentaram-se as características do consumidor de baixa renda brasileiro. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada em duas fases. Na primeira, que constitui um estudo qualitativo e exploratório, foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade com as mães, a fim de se verificarem os fatores que elas levam em consideração na hora da compra dos produtos achocolatado em pó; bebida láctea; biscoito recheado; cereal de milho açucarado; petit suisse e snacks (salgadinho de milho e batatinha frita ondulada). Os fatores encontrados nas entrevistas em profundidade com as mães de famílias de baixa renda foram: para achocolatado em pó: marca, preço, nutrição (com vitaminas e minerais ou sem vitaminas e minerais) e embalagem (tampa de rosquear ou tampa de puxar); para bebida láctea: marca, preço, nutrição (com vitaminas e minerais ou sem vitaminas e minerais) e presença de ilustração ou não; para biscoito recheado: marca, preço, nutrição (com vitaminas e minerais ou sem vitaminas e minerais) e presença de figurinha ou não; para cereal de milho açucarado: marca, preço, nutrição (com vitaminas e minerais ou sem vitaminas e minerais) e presença de brinde ou não; para petit suisse: marca, preço, nutrição (com vitaminas e minerais ou sem vitaminas e minerais) e presença de ilustração ou não; para batatinha frita ondulada: marca, preço, nutrição (com gordura trans ou sem gordura trans) e sabor (natural, churrasco e cebola e salsa) e, por fim, para salgadinho de milho: marca, preço, nutrição (com gordura trans ou sem gordura trans) e presença de brinde ou não. O processo analítico foi baseado na análise textual interpretativa e na técnica de templates. Na segunda fase da pesquisa de campo, um estudo quantitativo e exploratório, foram realizadas entrevistas cujo roteiro foi elaborado com base nos resultados da primeira fase. Buscou-se investigar a importância da marca durante o processo de decisão de compra, verificando-se se a preferência pela marca ocorria para todos os produtos ou apenas para alguns específicos. Utilizou-se sobre essas avaliações o método da análise conjunta separadamente para cada produto. As análises obtidas mostraram que as mães de famílias de baixa renda compram todos os produtos investigados pela marca. Realizada a análise conjunta, procedeu-se à análise de agrupamentos com o objetivo de reunir em grupos as mães com preferências semelhantes e de analisar a composição de tais grupos quanto às variáveis auxiliares inseridas no questionário. Para alguns dos produtos, foram construídos três clusters, enquanto, para outros, quatro. Com isso, verificou-se que as mães de família de baixa renda não são todas iguais, ou seja, as empresas devem elaborar estratégias de marketing específicas para cada tipo de mãe. No entanto, em razão de a amostra ser nãoprobabilística e das técnicas adotadas, não foram realizadas inferências para toda a população brasileira.The growing purchasing power of low-income families in Brazil has made this segment an attractive market for companies in a range of areas. The economic and social relevance of this section of Brazils population still doesnt appear to be reflected in marketing knowledge, however, since there is little information available and few studies on the subject. As such, the aim of this thesis is to investigate brand preference among mothers of low-income families when deciding what food products to buy. To this end, our theoretical foundation involved the specific examination of consumer behavior, brand and price theories. We also considered the characteristics of low-income Brazilian consumers. Our field research was conducted in two phases. In the first a qualitative, exploratory study we conducted in-depth interviews with mothers to establish which factors came into play when purchasing powered-chocolate drinks; milk-based drinks; filled cookies; sugar-coated corn flakes; processed cheese, and snack foods (corn chips and potato chips). The factors identified in the in-depth interviews were: for powered-chocolate drinks: brand, price, nutrition (with or without vitamins and minerals), and packaging (screw-on or pull-off lids); for milk-based drinks: brand, price, nutrition (with or without vitamins and minerals), and illustrations; for filled cookies: brand, price, nutrition (with or without vitamins and minerals), and collectors cards; for sugarcoated corn flakes: brand, price, nutrition (with or without vitamins and minerals), and surprise at the bottom of the box; for processed cheese: brand, price, nutrition (with or without vitamins and minerals), and illustrations; for corn chips: brand, price, nutrition (with or without trans fatty acids), and surprise at the bottom of the packet; and, finally, for potato chips: brand, price, nutrition (with or without trans fatty acids), and flavor (natural, barbecue, and parsley and onion). The interviews were then given interpretative textual and template analyses. In the second phase of field research a quantitative, exploratory study we conducted interviews following a script developed from the results of the first phase. We sought to investigate brand importance when deciding which product to buy in order to determine if brand preference influenced the purchase of all products or only specific items. To assess these interviews a conjoint analysis was carried out for each individual product. The results obtained showed that mothers of low-income families bought all of the products studied according to brand. After the conjoint analysis, we conducted a cluster analysis in order to group mothers with similar preferences and analyze the composition of these groups with respect to the auxiliary variables included in the questionnaire. For some products, three clusters were established, while for others there were four. This revealed that the mothers of low-income families are not all alike; in other words, companies need to develop specific marketing strategies for each type of mother. However, because the sample was not probabilistic and the techniques were adopted, inferences were not made for the entire Brazilian population.
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Santos, Sergio Antonio dos. "Lealdade às marcas de produtos e às marcas de lojas de varejo: um estudo comparativo entre consumidores de baixa e alta renda." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-18122009-105953/.
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O interesse em entender o comportamento do consumidor de Baixa Renda vem ganhando importância nos últimos anos. Este interesse crescente baseia-se no entendimento de que o crescimento futuro das economias e organizações empresariais dependem, cada vez mais, da inserção desses consumidores no processo de consumo. Esta dissertação teve como objetivo verificar se os consumidores de Baixa Renda apresentam diferenças no que se relaciona ao comportamento de lealdade à marca de produto em comparação à marca de varejo. Adicionalmente buscou comparar o comportamento de lealdade à marca de produto e marca de varejo entre os indivíduos de baixa renda e alta renda, e identificar as causas possíveis das diferenças encontradas. Para tanto foi realizada uma pesquisa tipo survey com consumidores de Baixa Renda e Alta Renda através de dois questionários estruturados, um para marcas de produtos (televisores) e outro para marcas de varejo. O processo de análise envolveu testes de proporção de diferenças, de médias e associação e de análise de variância múltipla.Os resultados indicaram que a posição na classe de renda não influenciou, de maneira estatisticamente significativa, o comportamento de lealdade, seja em relação às marcas de produto, seja em relação às marcas de lojas de varejo. Porém o estudo indicou a existência de diferenças significativas no processo de lealdade entre loja e produto, não associadas à renda, que indicam que o consumidor apresenta uma relação mais intensa com as marcas de produto do que com as marcas de loja. Neste sentido, os consumidores que responderam sobre marcas avaliaram melhor os construtos de Valor e Comprometimento, reconhecidos como antecedentes do comportamento de lealdade, do que aqueles que responderam sobre a marca de varejo. Ao final, são apresentadas as contribuições acadêmicas e gerenciais do estudo e sugestões para a realização de novos estudos.Interest in understanding the behavior of Low Income consumer has been gaining importance lately. This increasing interest is based upon the understanding that the future growth of economies and enterprises depend more and more on the insertion of these consumers in consume process. The aim of this essay was to verify if Low Income consumers present differences concerning loyalty behavior towards the product brand and retail store brand. Moreover it tried to compare the loyalty behavior towards the product brand and retail store brand among people of Low Income and High Income and to identify the possible causes of the found differences . To reach this purpose it was performed a research type survey with Low Income and High Income consumers by means of two structured questionnaires, one concerned to product (television) brands and other concerned to retail stores brands. The analyses process dealt with tests of difference proportion , averages and association and analyses of multiple variance The results showed that the position in the income class had no influence, in a statistically significant way, on the loyalty behavior, either concerning product brands or retail store brands. However the study showed the existence of significant differences in the loyalty process between store and product not associated to income, which show that consumer has a more intense relationship with product brands than with store brands. In this way, the consumers that responded about brands evaluated better the constructs Value and Commitment, recognized as antecedents of the loyalty behavior, than the ones that responded about the retail store brand. At the end, the academic and managing contributions of the study as well the suggestions concerning further studies are presented.
Books on the topic "Consumer behavior Income"
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Chukalev, Georgi. Consumption, income and household wealth. Sofia: Agency for Economic Analysis and Forecasting, 2010.
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Azevedo, Marcelo da Rocha. O consumidor de baixa renda. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil: Elsevier, 2009.
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Ulgū-yi takhṣīṣ-i darʹāmad va naẓarīyah-yi raftār-i maṣrafʹkunandah-yi Musalmān. Tihrān: Pizhūhishgāh-i Farhang va Andīshah-i Islāmī, 2000.
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A, Black Dan, ed. Consumer behavior, cost of living measures, and the income tax. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986.
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Baye, Michael R., and Dan A. Black. Consumer Behavior, Cost of Living Measures, and the Income Tax. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46587-1.
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S, Houthakker Hendrik, and Houthakker Hendrik S, eds. Consumer demand in the United States: Prices, income, and consumption behavior. 3rd ed. New York: Springer, 2010.
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Pemberton, James. The extent of departures from debt neutrality when future income is uncertain. Reading, England: University of Reading, Dept. of Economics, 1993.
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Pemberton, James. Consumption mysteries and solutions. Reading, England: University of Reading, Dept. of Economics, 1992.
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Pemberton, James. Consumption mysteries and solutions. Reading: University of Reading, 1992.
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Pemberton, James. The extent of departures from debt neutrality when future income is uncertain. Reading: University of Reading, 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Consumer behavior Income"
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Baye, Michael R., and Dan A. Black. "Consumer Behavior in the Absence of an Income Tax." In Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, 29–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46587-1_3.
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Baye, Michael R., and Dan A. Black. "Consumer Behavior in the Presence of an Income Tax." In Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, 43–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46587-1_4.
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Martins, Jo M., Farhat Yusuf, and David A. Swanson. "Market Segmentation and Income Distribution." In Consumer Demographics and Behaviour, 111–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1855-5_8.
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Martins, Jo M., Farhat Yusuf, and David A. Swanson. "Life Cycle: Consumption, Consumer Income and Savings." In Consumer Demographics and Behaviour, 83–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1855-5_6.
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"Lifestyles and Values." In Utilizing Consumer Psychology in Business Strategy, 301–22. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3448-8.ch010.
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Lifestyle captures not only work but also leisure behavior patterns, activities, attitudes, interests, opinions, values, and allocation of income. So, consumers consume based on their lifestyles and values. This chapter explains lifestyles and values and their role in consumer decisions.
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Peneda de Oliveira, Catarina, and Bruno Miguel Sousa. "Green Consumer Behavior and Its Implications on Brand Marketing Strategy." In Green Marketing as a Positive Driver Toward Business Sustainability, 69–95. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9558-8.ch004.
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The current pollution and possible depletion of earth's natural resources combined with the growing concern in choosing healthier and environmentally friendly foods and gives origin to a new way of consumption: green consumption. Therefore, organizations have identified this business opportunity leading to the emergence of several brands related to the commerce of these kinds of products. Through a qualitative methodology of five semi-structured interviews, an attempt was made to understand how the strategy of product, price, communication, and distribution of these brands seek to influence consumer behavior and educate consumers to act in a sustainable way. The results show that clients are largely young-adult, female, with small children and above-average education and income. In terms of strategy, the brands currently bet on the sale in bulk as a way to avoid waste of product and packaging. The main concepts addressed in this chapter are consumer behavior, green consumer, and green marketing, and also by marketing compound strategy.
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Duțu, Amalia. "Understanding Individuals' Behavior Under Uncertainty." In Handbook of Research on Retailing Techniques for Optimal Consumer Engagement and Experiences, 57–85. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1412-2.ch004.
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An economic crisis is an uncertain situation with negative economic evolutions like unemployment, inflation rate increase, freezing or decreasing of the wages, purchasing power decrease, etc. All of these represent economic shocks. The individual well-being is determined by many things like level, secure income, job stability, health, social relationships, and economic household security. In order to understand How and Why people behave in certain patterns in such an uncertain situation, a comprehensive analysis of situational consequences should be considered. All of these dimensions of analysis are correlated in some way and explain the consumers' behavior alteration during turbulent times. History's crises showed surviving companies were those characterized by high-speed reaction, strategic flexibility and a very good understanding of market mood. Thus, this chapter explains the consumer's behavior change in recession conditions and the panic mechanism that shapes people reactions in such conditions.
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Nawaz, Imad Yasir. "Characteristics of Millennials and Technology Adoption in the Digital Age." In Handbook of Research on Innovations in Technology and Marketing for the Connected Consumer, 241–62. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0131-3.ch012.
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This chapter explores the attitude and behaviour of Millennials towards digital platforms. Millennial or Generation Y is the much talked about generation among business circles at the moment, and considering their ways of thinking, behaving, and preferences, organisations are altering their practices as they are the active workforce at the moment. In this chapter, the authors have tried to explore various aspects of Millennial life, preferences, practices, and attitudes including their behavior towards work practices, corporate social responsibility, cultural variations, education, buying patterns and technology, technological devices, and social/digital platforms. Millennial consumers' behaviours are affected many personal factors such as gender identity, income level, education, geography, political affiliations, and religion and non-personal factors, such as organisational effort, brand, technological factors, social pressures, and so on.
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Vajjhala, Narasimha Rao, and Kenneth D. Strang. "What Motivates Young Technology-Literate Consumers in Densely Populated Areas?" In Strategies and Tools for Managing Connected Consumers, 20–33. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9697-4.ch002.
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In this chapter, the authors analyze the cultural, technological, and psychological factors that influence online young technology-literate consumer behavior in a densely populated urban area. This chapter starts with a literature review of factors that can explain the online behavior of people from various demographic and cultural backgrounds including education, occupation, income level, gender, ethnicity, and age (as a control). The authors also reviewed several empirical studies that examine online consumer behavior in India, where the population is the second highest in the world and a leader in global technology services. The purpose of the study is to develop a multi-cultural model that could predict the emerging shopping pattern of young and highly connected consumers in the high technology use metropolitan area, specifically in Northern India. The results can be used to generalize other online consumer behavior in other similar highly populated communities where internet technology use is high.
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Bhardwaj, Ashish, Monica Bakshi, and Sanjeev Dham. "Increasing the Relevance of Masti Condoms for Consumers." In Dynamics of Competitive Advantage and Consumer Perception in Social Marketing, 169–80. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4430-4.ch007.
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Population Services International (PSI) uses social marketing as a tool to deliver health impact among vulnerable and low-income populations. This approach encompasses the use of commercial marketing techniques to motivate the target audience to voluntarily adopt healthy behaviors and offers and promotes linkages between existing products and services to sustain their behavior. PSI measures accomplishments in terms of Couple Years of Protection (CYPs), a measurement unit widely used by bilateral agencies and governments. One CYP provided can be thought of as one year of protection against an unintended pregnancy. PSI socially markets contraceptives, including condoms, in order to positively impact the reproductive health of low income populations. Masti is a leading condom brand, which has been socially marketed by PSI since 1989. In recent years, the market share has stagnated at approximately 10%. This chapter discusses the evidence-based approach used by PSI to understand the reasons for stagnation in a growing market and the steps that PSI took to make Masti contemporary and relevant to today’s lower income consumers.
Conference papers on the topic "Consumer behavior Income"
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"The Impact of Chinese Urban Household Income Structure on Consumer Behavior." In 2018 4th International Conference on Economics, Management and Humanities Science. Francis Academic Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25236/ecomhs.2018.063.
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Laís Novaes Pillar de Oliveira Castro, Laís Novaes Pillar de Oliveira Castro, Túlio Baita dos Reis Túlio Baita dos Reis, Laylla Alves Rodrigues Manhães Laylla Alves Rodrigues Manhães, and Marco Aurélio da Cunha Soares Neto Marco Aurélio da Cunha Soares Neto. "Model for investigation of the new consumption normal caused by the COVID-19 pandemic –a perspective of the Campos dos Goytacazes market." In 7th International Congress on Scientific Knowledge. Perspectivas Online: Humanas e Sociais Aplicadas, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25242/8876113220212423.
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The population's consumption behavior in general has been changing over the years, as a result of several factors, such as increased market competitiveness, high supply of products and services, technological advances and macro-environmental factors. Considering that the factors caused by the macro environment are uncontrollable variables and exert force on the entire micro environment such as companies, consumers, suppliers and competitors. This reality requires companies to be constantly aware of all changes in the market to adapt and promote new strategies in order to meet consumer demands. The pandemic, caused by COVID-19, has directly impacted the entire micro environment, from the way companies can operate to the way the market will consume, whether this change is caused by a government decree or by a new need for behavior of the consumer. With the population inserted in what is called the “new normal”, it becomes evident that consumption habits have undergone great changes. Given the current scenario and the restrictions on the functioning of activities caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, it is considered that such a change in the economic pattern and in the offer of products/services directly affects the way society is consumed, generating new needs and desire to consumption. Therefore, the question is how to identify the new post-pandemic retail consumption pattern? From this questioning, this research aimed to develop an investigation model on the new pattern of retail consumption in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes after the changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. For the methodological construction of the research model of the new pattern of consumption caused by the pandemic, a bibliographic survey was carried out based on five articlesfrom 2014 to 2020, classified into 4 dimensions: Market and Economy; Social and Cultural Aspects; Life Stage; and Needs and Desires. From the definitions of dimensions, criteria for investigating the new consumption pattern were developed. In addition, tocompose the model and identify the consumer and their perception of the changes in their behavior caused by the pandemic, two more dimensions were established. The first is called the Consumer Profile, which asks questions about age, gender, income, occupation, education, etc. and the second, Changes caused by COVID-19, in which the consumer is asked about the purchase frequency, purchase volume, purchase channel, etc. However, the application of this model seeks to identify the new consumption pattern of consumers in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes from the changes caused by COVID-19
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Makkonen, Markus, Lauri Frank, and Tiina Kemppainen. "The Effects of Consumer Demographics and Payment Method Preference on Product Return Frequency and Reasons in Online ShoppingEffects of Consumer Demographics and Payment Method Preference on Product Return Frequency and Reasons in Online Shopping." In Digital Support from Crisis to Progressive Change. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-485-9.40.
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In online shopping, product returns are very common. In order to reduce them, one must first understand who are making them and why are they being made. In this study, we aim to address these questions by examining product return behaviour from a consumer-centric rather than the more traditional product-centric, retailer-centric, and order-centric perspectives. More specifically, we focus on the effects of four demographic characteristics of consumers (i.e., gender, age, education, and income) as well as their payment method preference on their product return frequency and product return reasons. As the data, we use the responses from 560 Finnish online consumers, which were collected with an online survey and are analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively. We find gender, age, payment method preference, and average online shopping frequency to affect average product return frequency, whereas product return reasons were found to be affected by only gender and average product return frequency.
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Yurtseven, Çağlar. "The Causes of Electricity Theft: An Econometric Analysis for the Case of Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00657.
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Every year, especially in developing countries, electricity theft causes billions of dollars of loss. Since the consumers who pay their bills legally, bear the burden of this loss, it disturbs the social justice. In addition by affecting the investment decisions, it distorts the economic growth hence the future of the nations as well. Authorities try to prevent electricity theft with different engineering techniques and devices designed especially for detecting purposes. However, there are ways to prevent this behavior before it took place. For this reason, energy theft equation is estimated with different techniques to understand the socio-economic background of this illegal behavior. Education, income and political ideologies are found to be the important electricity theft determinants. Policy suggestions, to prevent this illegal behavior before it took place, are discussed.
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Mazur, Zdzislaw, Alberto Luna-Rami´rez, and Julio A. Jua´rez-Islas. "Metallurgical Assessment of Degradation of a Gas Turbine Bucket Made of Inconel 738LC Alloy After 24000 H in Service." In ASME 2004 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2004-52127.
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The assessment of service induced degradation of nickel-base alloy Inconel 738LC of the gas turbine blade airfoil hot section, after 24000 hours of operation at high temperature is presented. The assessment include the blade coating degradation, changes of the gamma prime (γ′) phase (aging and coarsening), carbides and brittle phases precipitation, grain type and size characterization, and evaluation of interface coating/base alloy and cracks. The results of blade hot section (airfoil) microstructural assessment are compared to the cold reference zone (bucket root) to show the degradation degree of the alloy and its lifetime consumed. Finally, conclusions are presented indicating the alloy main microstructure elements which influence of blade behavior and the factors that can be used to determine the grade of material deterioration and lifetime consumed.
Reports on the topic "Consumer behavior Income"
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Bachas, Natalie, Peter Ganong, Pascal Noel, Joseph Vavra, Arlene Wong, Diana Farrell, and Fiona Greig. Initial Impacts of the Pandemic on Consumer Behavior: Evidence from Linked Income, Spending, and Savings Data. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27617.
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Financial Stability Report - September 2015. Banco de la República, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2015.
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From this edition, the Financial Stability Report will have fewer pages with some changes in its structure. The purpose of this change is to present the most relevant facts of the financial system and their implications on the financial stability. This allows displaying the analysis more concisely and clearly, as it will focus on describing the evolution of the variables that have the greatest impact on the performance of the financial system, for estimating then the effect of a possible materialization of these risks on the financial health of the institutions. The changing dynamics of the risks faced by the financial system implies that the content of the Report adopts this new structure; therefore, some analyses and series that were regularly included will not necessarily be in each issue. However, the statistical annex that accompanies the publication of the Report will continue to present the series that were traditionally included, regardless of whether or not they are part of the content of the Report. In this way we expect to contribute in a more comprehensive way to the study and analysis of the stability of the Colombian financial system. Executive Summary During the first half of 2015, the main advanced economies showed a slow recovery on their growth, while emerging economies continued with their slowdown trend. Domestic demand in the United States allowed for stabilization on its average growth for the first half of the year, while other developed economies such as the United Kingdom, the euro zone, and Japan showed a more gradual recovery. On the other hand, the Chinese economy exhibited the lowest growth rate in five years, which has resulted in lower global dynamism. This has led to a fall in prices of the main export goods of some Latin American economies, especially oil, whose price has also responded to a larger global supply. The decrease in the terms of trade of the Latin American economies has had an impact on national income, domestic demand, and growth. This scenario has been reflected in increases in sovereign risk spreads, devaluations of stock indices, and depreciation of the exchange rates of most countries in the region. For Colombia, the fall in oil prices has also led to a decline in the terms of trade, resulting in pressure on the dynamics of national income. Additionally, the lower demand for exports helped to widen the current account deficit. This affected the prospects and economic growth of the country during the first half of 2015. This economic context could have an impact on the payment capacity of debtors and on the valuation of investments, affecting the soundness of the financial system. However, the results of the analysis featured in this edition of the Report show that, facing an adverse scenario, the vulnerability of the financial system in terms of solvency and liquidity is low. The analysis of the current situation of credit institutions (CI) shows that growth of the gross loan portfolio remained relatively stable, as well as the loan portfolio quality indicators, except for microcredit, which showed a decrease in these indicators. Regarding liabilities, traditional sources of funding have lost market share versus non-traditional ones (bonds, money market operations and in the interbank market), but still represent more than 70%. Moreover, the solvency indicator remained relatively stable. As for non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the slowdown observed during the first six months of 2015 in the real annual growth of the assets total, both in the proprietary and third party position, stands out. The analysis of the main debtors of the financial system shows that indebtedness of the private corporate sector has increased in the last year, mostly driven by an increase in the debt balance with domestic and foreign financial institutions. However, the increase in this latter source of funding has been influenced by the depreciation of the Colombian peso vis-à-vis the US dollar since mid-2014. The financial indicators reflected a favorable behavior with respect to the historical average, except for the profitability indicators; although they were below the average, they have shown improvement in the last year. By economic sector, it is noted that the firms focused on farming, mining and transportation activities recorded the highest levels of risk perception by credit institutions, and the largest increases in default levels with respect to those observed in December 2014. Meanwhile, households have shown an increase in the financial burden, mainly due to growth in the consumer loan portfolio, in which the modalities of credit card, payroll deductible loan, revolving and vehicle loan are those that have reported greater increases in risk indicators. On the side of investments that could be affected by the devaluation in the portfolio of credit institutions and non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the largest share of public debt securities, variable-yield securities and domestic private debt securities is highlighted. The value of these portfolios fell between February and August 2015, driven by the devaluation in the market of these investments throughout the year. Furthermore, the analysis of the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) shows that all intermediaries showed adequate levels and exhibit a stable behavior. Likewise, the fragility analysis of the financial system associated with the increase in the use of non-traditional funding sources does not evidence a greater exposure to liquidity risk. Stress tests assess the impact of the possible joint materialization of credit and market risks, and reveal that neither the aggregate solvency indicator, nor the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) of the system would be below the established legal limits. The entities that result more individually affected have a low share in the total assets of the credit institutions; therefore, a risk to the financial system as a whole is not observed. José Darío Uribe Governor