Dissertations / Theses: 'Consumer behavior Income'

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Guo, Ting. "Differences in income and consumer expenditure patterns between foreign and American graduate students at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08142009-040421/.

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Seol, Youn Ni Shawn. "Empirical analysis of household consumption behavior." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/7187.

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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on March 3, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Professor Shawn Ni, Dissertation Supervisor. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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Nakagawa, Shinobu. "Important roles of housing stock in consumer behaviors /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3096416.

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Figueroa, Adolfo. "Musgrove, Philip. Consumer Behavior in Latin America. Income and Spending of Families in Ten Andean Cities." Economía, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118045.

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Barat, Somjit Paswan Audhesh. "An empirical investigation of how perceived devaluation and income effects influence consumers' intended utilization of savings from coupon redemption." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-4007.

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Allan, Meredith Leigh. "Price versus brand : assessing the role of price and brand in low-income consumer decision-making." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86272.

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Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Growing competition, fuelled by globalisation, has increased the number of alternatives across almost all product categories, leaving consumers overloaded with information and overwhelmed for choice. Brand and price represent two cues that have been found to influence consumer decision-making and which can be used in marketing strategies to create value, and differentiate from competitors in this increasingly competitive climate. Responding to the misconceptions surrounding the decision-making of individuals classified in the low-income market segment, and in light of the significance of Bottom of Pyramid (BOP) supported by Prahalad (2002), this study was undertaken to assess the perceived importance of price and brand in low-income consumers’ decision-making process, and thereby examine the effect of different prices and brands on low-income consumers’ product preference. Primary causal research using a choice-based conjoint (CBC) analysis was conducted on a judgement sample of black female adults. A total of 209 questionnaires were completed through fieldwork of personal interviews in informal settlements in Gauteng. The study used a 5 price presentation (R18.99; R24.99; R28.99; R33.99; R42.99) by 5 brand presentation (Ace, Iwisa, White Star, Mnandi, Ritebrand) between-subjects design in the maize meal product category. The hierarchical Bayes procedure and multinomial logit model were used to analyse the primary data. Results of the descriptive and inferential analysis of the CBC showed that brand was perceived as more important, attributing to 65 per cent of low-income consumers’ decision-making process, opposed to the 35 per cent attributed to price, and that prices and brands had varying effects on low-income consumers’ purchase probabilities. Although lower prices did have higher perceived utilities, the price-sensitivity of low-income consumers was found to be less influential at lower price ranges, suggesting the stronger influence of brand and brand associations on their evaluation of alternatives. Familiar brands (White Star, Ace and Iwisa) were seen to positively influence low-income consumers’ purchase probability by reducing perceived risk, further enhanced by brand credibility as found with Iwisa (which indicated consistent quality) resulting in higher purchase probability. Unfamiliar brands (Mnandi and Ritebrand) were perceived as having low levels of utility, attributed to higher levels of perceived risk and unclear quality inferences. The research conclusions, drawing from secondary research, proposed a model of low-income consumer decision-making that is influenced by various factors, including aversion to loss, and the desire to satisfy aspirations. Varying levels of brand knowledge, brand quality and credibility as well as symbolic value attached to different brands as perceived by low-income consumers, are argued to influence both individuals’ aversion to loss, as well as their aspirational desires, and thus influence the decision-making process. Price and price–quality inferences, brand familiarity, brand–quality inferences, psychological factors and those surrounding the purchase context were found to have influence over the decision-making process of individuals within this market segment. Managerial recommendations emphasise the significance of the BOP as a viable market segment, warn marketers of low-cost pricing strategies, and discuss the importance of employing value-based strategies and leveraging brand to attract, satisfy and retain consumers in this market segment. Managers are challenged to find a balance between perceived quality and reliability and affordable price, in order to operate successfully in the low-income market and offer effective value propositions that provide customer satisfaction while allowing for sustained sales and profits for the firm.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Groeiende mededinging, gedryf deur globalisering, het die aantal alternatiewe in byna alle produkkategorieë laat toeneem, wat verbruikers oorlaai met inligting en oorweldig met keuses. Handelsmerk en prys verteenwoordig twee leiseine wat verbruikersbesluitneming beïnvloed en wat gebruik kan word in bemarkingstrategieë om waarde te skep, en 'n produk van sy mededingers te onderskei in hierdie toenemend mededingende klimaat. In reaksie op die wanopvattings omtrent die besluitneming van individue wat in die lae-inkomste-marksegment geklassifiseer word, en in die lig van die betekenisvolheid van die Bodem van die Piramide (BOP) soos ondersteun deur Pralahad (2002), is hierdie studie onderneem om die waargenome belangrikheid van prys en handelsmerk in lae-inkomste-verbruikers se besluitnemingsproses te assesseer, en sodoende die effek van verskillende pryse en handelsmerke op lae-inkomste-verbruikers se produkvoorkeure te ondersoek. Primêre kousale navorsing deur 'n keusegebaseerde saamgevoegde analise ("choice-based conjoint analysis" of CBC) is uitgevoer op 'n oordeelsteekproef van swart, vroulike volwassenes. 'n Totaal van 209 vraelyste is voltooi deur middel van veldwerk in die vorm van uit persoonlike onderhoude in informele nedersettings in Gauteng. Die studie het 'n tussensubjekte-ontwerp gebruik met 'n 5-prys-aanbieding (R18.99; R24.99; R28.99; R33.99; R42.99) teenoor 'n 5-handelsmerk-aanbieding (Ace, Iwisa, White Star, Mnandi, Ritebrand) in die mieliemeel-produkkategorie. Die hiërargiese Bayes-prosedure en multinomiale logitmodel is gebruik om die primêre data te ontleed. Die resultate van die beskrywende en inferensiële analise van die CBC het gewys dat handelsmerk as meer belangrik waargeneem word, met 65 persent van lae-inkomste-verbruikers se besluitnemingsproses wat daaraan toegeskryf kan word, in vergelyking met 35 persent aan prys. Verder het pryse en handelsmerke wisselende effekte op lae-inkomste-verbruikers se aankoopwaarskynlikhede gehad. Alhoewel laer pryse hoër waargenome bruikbaarhede gehad het, is daar gevind dat die pryssensitiwiteit van lae-inkomste-verbruikers minder invloedryk is in laer prysklasse, wat dui op die sterker invloed van handelsmerke en handelsmerkassosiasies op hulle evaluering van die verskillende alternatiewe. Bekende handelsmerke (White Star, Ace en Iwisa) het lae-inkomste-verbruikers se aankoopwaarskynlikheid positief beïnvloed deur waargenome risiko te verlaag. Hierdie verskynsel is verder versterk deur handelsmerkgeloofwaardigheid, soos gesien by Iwisa (wat konsekwente gehalte aangedui het), wat lei tot hoër aankoopwaarskynlikheid. Onbekende handelsmerke (Mnandi en Ritebrand) is waargeneem as laag in terme van bruikbaarheidsvlakke, wat toegeskryf kan word aan hoër vlakke van waargenome risiko en onduidelike afleidings omtrent gehalte. Die navorsingsgevolgtrekking, wat op grond van sekondêre navorsing gemaak is, stel 'n model van lae-inkomste-verbruikersbesluitneming voor wat deur verskeie faktore beïnvloed word, insluitend 'n afkeer van verlies en die begeerte om aspirasies te bevredig. Wisselende vlakke van handelsmerkkennis, handelsmerkgehalte en -geloofwaardigheid, asook die simboliese waarde wat aan verskillende handelsmerke geheg word soos waargeneem deur lae-inkomste-verbruikers, beïnvloed sowel individue se afkeer van verlies as hulle aspirasionele behoeftes, en beïnvloed dus die besluitnemingsproses. Daar is gevind dat afleidings omtrent prys, prys teenoor gehalte en handelsmerk teenoor gehalte, handelsmerkbekendheid, sielkundige faktore en faktore vanuit die aankoopkonteks 'n invloed het op die besluitnemingsproses van individue binne hierdie marksegment. Bestuursaanbevelings beklemtoon die belangrikheid van die BOP as 'n lewensvatbare marksegment, waarsku bemarkers teen laekoste-prysingstrategieë, en bespreek die belang daarvan om waardegebaseerde strategieë te gebruik en handelsmerke te hefboom om verbruikers in hierdie marksegment te lok, te bevredig en te behou. Bestuurders word uitgedaag om 'n balans te vind tussen waargenome gehalte en betroubaarheid en bekostigbare pryse, ten einde suksesvol in die lae-inkomstemark te funksioneer en doeltreffende waardeproposisies te bied wat verbruikersbevrediging verskaf, maar steeds ruimte laat vir volgehoue verkope en winste vir die firma.

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Heckman, Stuart J. "A Comparison of Two Savings Measures: An Application of Institutional Theory Among Low-Income Households." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1343753078.

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Barat, Somjit. "An empirical investigation of how perceived devaluation and income effects influence consumers' intended utilization of savings from coupon redemption." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4007/.

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Coupons are one of the most popular and attractive tools of promotion. Redeeming coupons makes shoppers feel that they are doing something good for their family's budget, because coupons offer 'savings.' On the other hand, a coupon might have several negative effects on purchase behavior as well, which might 'devalue' the promoted product in the consumer's perception. But a review of the literature shows a lack of attention afforded to the above-mentioned aspects of coupon redemption. In addition, the consumer's coupon redemption behavior is moderated by several factors drawn from research in the fields of market pricing, economics and psychology, each of which have contributed to the current study in their own way. Finally, there does not exist any substantive research as to why coupon redemption rates have been on the decline, despite an increase in distribution of coupons. Therefore, this research not only fills existing gaps in the literature but also enriches it by synthesizing views from different academic disciplines. This dissertation concentrates on grocery products. Data is collected from about 2500 adults, primarily residing in the Dallas-Fort Worth area. The conceptual framework is based on the theory of reasoned action, which suggests that an individual's beliefs influence his/her attitude towards the consequences of actions, and attitudes, in turn, influence the individual's actions. Toward this end, the model incorporates intention to redeem coupons, intention to keep or spend savings and intention of how to spend savings from coupon redemption as the dependent variables, and several other independent variables. Behavioral independent variables are measured using items borrowed from established scales, as well as those developed exclusively for the current study. Standard statistical tools such as factor analysis and accepted measures of reliability and validity (Cronbach's alpha) are applied and reported, while structural equation modeling has been used to re-validate certain findings. Multivariate regression is applied for testing the hypotheses. Results indicate that several psychological (e.g. arousal-seeking, novelty-seeking tendency), socio-economic (e.g. income effect, opportunity cost) and behavioral factors (e.g. savings propensity, switching behavior) influence the individual's intention to redeem a coupon. The current research offers several academic and managerial implications, while providing promising prospects for further studies.

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Prado, Karen Perrotta Lopes de Almeida. "A preferência da marca no processo de decisão de compra: um estudo exploratório no segmento de baixa renda." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-19012009-104931/.

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O aumento do poder aquisitivo das famílias de baixa renda no Brasil transformou esse público em um mercado atraente para as empresas de vários segmentos. Percebeu-se, contudo, que não está ainda refletida em conhecimento, na área de marketing, a relevância tanto econômica como social dessa parcela da população brasileira, uma vez que se verificou que há escassez de informações e de estudos sobre o tema. Nesse contexto, o objetivo nesta tese é investigar a preferência pela marca no processo de decisão de compra de mães de famílias de baixa renda no segmento alimentar. Para sua consecução, na fundamentação teórica, foram abordadas especificamente as teorias sobre o comportamento do consumidor, a marca e o valor. Além disso, apresentaram-se as características do consumidor de baixa renda brasileiro. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada em duas fases. Na primeira, que constitui um estudo qualitativo e exploratório, foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade com as mães, a fim de se verificarem os fatores que elas levam em consideração na hora da compra dos produtos achocolatado em pó; bebida láctea; biscoito recheado; cereal de milho açucarado; petit suisse e snacks (salgadinho de milho e batatinha frita ondulada). Os fatores encontrados nas entrevistas em profundidade com as mães de famílias de baixa renda foram: para achocolatado em pó: marca, preço, nutrição (com vitaminas e minerais ou sem vitaminas e minerais) e embalagem (tampa de rosquear ou tampa de puxar); para bebida láctea: marca, preço, nutrição (com vitaminas e minerais ou sem vitaminas e minerais) e presença de ilustração ou não; para biscoito recheado: marca, preço, nutrição (com vitaminas e minerais ou sem vitaminas e minerais) e presença de figurinha ou não; para cereal de milho açucarado: marca, preço, nutrição (com vitaminas e minerais ou sem vitaminas e minerais) e presença de brinde ou não; para petit suisse: marca, preço, nutrição (com vitaminas e minerais ou sem vitaminas e minerais) e presença de ilustração ou não; para batatinha frita ondulada: marca, preço, nutrição (com gordura trans ou sem gordura trans) e sabor (natural, churrasco e cebola e salsa) e, por fim, para salgadinho de milho: marca, preço, nutrição (com gordura trans ou sem gordura trans) e presença de brinde ou não. O processo analítico foi baseado na análise textual interpretativa e na técnica de templates. Na segunda fase da pesquisa de campo, um estudo quantitativo e exploratório, foram realizadas entrevistas cujo roteiro foi elaborado com base nos resultados da primeira fase. Buscou-se investigar a importância da marca durante o processo de decisão de compra, verificando-se se a preferência pela marca ocorria para todos os produtos ou apenas para alguns específicos. Utilizou-se sobre essas avaliações o método da análise conjunta separadamente para cada produto. As análises obtidas mostraram que as mães de famílias de baixa renda compram todos os produtos investigados pela marca. Realizada a análise conjunta, procedeu-se à análise de agrupamentos com o objetivo de reunir em grupos as mães com preferências semelhantes e de analisar a composição de tais grupos quanto às variáveis auxiliares inseridas no questionário. Para alguns dos produtos, foram construídos três clusters, enquanto, para outros, quatro. Com isso, verificou-se que as mães de família de baixa renda não são todas iguais, ou seja, as empresas devem elaborar estratégias de marketing específicas para cada tipo de mãe. No entanto, em razão de a amostra ser nãoprobabilística e das técnicas adotadas, não foram realizadas inferências para toda a população brasileira.
The growing purchasing power of low-income families in Brazil has made this segment an attractive market for companies in a range of areas. The economic and social relevance of this section of Brazils population still doesnt appear to be reflected in marketing knowledge, however, since there is little information available and few studies on the subject. As such, the aim of this thesis is to investigate brand preference among mothers of low-income families when deciding what food products to buy. To this end, our theoretical foundation involved the specific examination of consumer behavior, brand and price theories. We also considered the characteristics of low-income Brazilian consumers. Our field research was conducted in two phases. In the first a qualitative, exploratory study we conducted in-depth interviews with mothers to establish which factors came into play when purchasing powered-chocolate drinks; milk-based drinks; filled cookies; sugar-coated corn flakes; processed cheese, and snack foods (corn chips and potato chips). The factors identified in the in-depth interviews were: for powered-chocolate drinks: brand, price, nutrition (with or without vitamins and minerals), and packaging (screw-on or pull-off lids); for milk-based drinks: brand, price, nutrition (with or without vitamins and minerals), and illustrations; for filled cookies: brand, price, nutrition (with or without vitamins and minerals), and collectors cards; for sugarcoated corn flakes: brand, price, nutrition (with or without vitamins and minerals), and surprise at the bottom of the box; for processed cheese: brand, price, nutrition (with or without vitamins and minerals), and illustrations; for corn chips: brand, price, nutrition (with or without trans fatty acids), and surprise at the bottom of the packet; and, finally, for potato chips: brand, price, nutrition (with or without trans fatty acids), and flavor (natural, barbecue, and parsley and onion). The interviews were then given interpretative textual and template analyses. In the second phase of field research a quantitative, exploratory study we conducted interviews following a script developed from the results of the first phase. We sought to investigate brand importance when deciding which product to buy in order to determine if brand preference influenced the purchase of all products or only specific items. To assess these interviews a conjoint analysis was carried out for each individual product. The results obtained showed that mothers of low-income families bought all of the products studied according to brand. After the conjoint analysis, we conducted a cluster analysis in order to group mothers with similar preferences and analyze the composition of these groups with respect to the auxiliary variables included in the questionnaire. For some products, three clusters were established, while for others there were four. This revealed that the mothers of low-income families are not all alike; in other words, companies need to develop specific marketing strategies for each type of mother. However, because the sample was not probabilistic and the techniques were adopted, inferences were not made for the entire Brazilian population.

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Santos, Sergio Antonio dos. "Lealdade às marcas de produtos e às marcas de lojas de varejo: um estudo comparativo entre consumidores de baixa e alta renda." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-18122009-105953/.

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O interesse em entender o comportamento do consumidor de Baixa Renda vem ganhando importância nos últimos anos. Este interesse crescente baseia-se no entendimento de que o crescimento futuro das economias e organizações empresariais dependem, cada vez mais, da inserção desses consumidores no processo de consumo. Esta dissertação teve como objetivo verificar se os consumidores de Baixa Renda apresentam diferenças no que se relaciona ao comportamento de lealdade à marca de produto em comparação à marca de varejo. Adicionalmente buscou comparar o comportamento de lealdade à marca de produto e marca de varejo entre os indivíduos de baixa renda e alta renda, e identificar as causas possíveis das diferenças encontradas. Para tanto foi realizada uma pesquisa tipo survey com consumidores de Baixa Renda e Alta Renda através de dois questionários estruturados, um para marcas de produtos (televisores) e outro para marcas de varejo. O processo de análise envolveu testes de proporção de diferenças, de médias e associação e de análise de variância múltipla.Os resultados indicaram que a posição na classe de renda não influenciou, de maneira estatisticamente significativa, o comportamento de lealdade, seja em relação às marcas de produto, seja em relação às marcas de lojas de varejo. Porém o estudo indicou a existência de diferenças significativas no processo de lealdade entre loja e produto, não associadas à renda, que indicam que o consumidor apresenta uma relação mais intensa com as marcas de produto do que com as marcas de loja. Neste sentido, os consumidores que responderam sobre marcas avaliaram melhor os construtos de Valor e Comprometimento, reconhecidos como antecedentes do comportamento de lealdade, do que aqueles que responderam sobre a marca de varejo. Ao final, são apresentadas as contribuições acadêmicas e gerenciais do estudo e sugestões para a realização de novos estudos.
Interest in understanding the behavior of Low Income consumer has been gaining importance lately. This increasing interest is based upon the understanding that the future growth of economies and enterprises depend more and more on the insertion of these consumers in consume process. The aim of this essay was to verify if Low Income consumers present differences concerning loyalty behavior towards the product brand and retail store brand. Moreover it tried to compare the loyalty behavior towards the product brand and retail store brand among people of Low Income and High Income and to identify the possible causes of the found differences . To reach this purpose it was performed a research type survey with Low Income and High Income consumers by means of two structured questionnaires, one concerned to product (television) brands and other concerned to retail stores brands. The analyses process dealt with tests of difference proportion , averages and association and analyses of multiple variance The results showed that the position in the income class had no influence, in a statistically significant way, on the loyalty behavior, either concerning product brands or retail store brands. However the study showed the existence of significant differences in the loyalty process between store and product not associated to income, which show that consumer has a more intense relationship with product brands than with store brands. In this way, the consumers that responded about brands evaluated better the constructs Value and Commitment, recognized as antecedents of the loyalty behavior, than the ones that responded about the retail store brand. At the end, the academic and managing contributions of the study as well the suggestions concerning further studies are presented.

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Filho, Neumayer de Sousa Maia. "AnÃlise descritiva dos hÃbitos de lazer do consumidor idoso de baixa renda." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2008. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=15545.

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Esta dissertaÃÃo analisa o comportamento do consumidor idoso de baixa renda em seus hÃbitos de lazer a partir da anÃlise de estudos realizados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e EstatÃstica - IBGE e pelo LaboratÃrio de Estudo da Pobreza da UFC - LEP. O exame parte de uma pesquisa bibliogrÃfica dos temas em questÃo, perpassando por uma pesquisa realizada com 100 pessoas idosas de baixa renda - residentes da zona metropolitana de Fortaleza/CE - para consolidaÃÃo da pesquisa teÃrica. A anÃlise dos dados primÃrios e secundÃrios extraÃdos destas pesquisas serviu para estabelecer uma reflexÃo entre os conceitos definidos cientificamente e o arquÃtipo de idoso compreendido pelo senso comum das pessoas. A principal suposiÃÃo deste trabalho sustenta-se na idÃia de que o idoso de modo geral possui uma forte necessidade de socializaÃÃo, influenciando fortemente seu comportamento de consumo. Quando visto na perspectiva do poder de compra â mais precisamente o de baixa renda â esta necessidade de socializaÃÃo os estimulando a se reunirem em grupos para realizarem suas atividades de lazer. De outro modo, o trabalho tambÃm se propÃe a produzir um discurso de valorizaÃÃo para este segmento e revelar algumas oportunidades mercadolÃgicas a serem exploradas pelas empresas que investem em sustentabilidade e responsabilidade social.
This dissertation analyzes the elderly consumer behavior of low-income their leisure habits from the analysis of studies conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics - IBGE and the Laboratory Study of Poverty UFC - LEP. O take part of a literature review of the issues involved, passing by a survey of 100 elderly low-income people - residents of the metropolitan area Fortaleza / CE - to the theoretical research consolidation. The analysis of the primary data, and side extracted from these surveys served to establish a reflection among the concepts defined scientifically and the archetype of old understood by common sense of people. The main assumption of this work is based on the idea that the old mode general has a strong need for socialization, strongly influencing their consumer behavior. When viewed in the purchasing power perspective - more precisely the low-income - this need for socialization encouraging them to meet in groups to perform their leisure activities. Otherwise, the work also intends to produce a valuation of speech for this segment and reveal some market opportunities to be exploited by companies that invest in sustainability and social responsibility.

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Bento, Antonio Ruy de Araujo. "Relação da promoção de vendas e da propaganda com as possíveis alterações nos hábitos de compra de produtos de higiene bucal das classes c e d, na cidade de salvador – Bahia." Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2011. http://www.adm.ufba.br/sites/default/files/publicacao/arquivo/antonio_ruy_de_a._bento.pdf.

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104 p.
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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar a relação existente entre a promoção de vendas e a propaganda, com os hábitos de compra de produtos de higiene bucal das classes C e D, na cidade de Salvador – Bahia, e quais são os efeitos da comunicação na geração de resultados esperados com a realização de promoções de vendas. Para tanto, foi considerada uma amostra não-probabilística por conveniência, tendo como base 217 indivíduos, composta por estudantes da UFBA - Universidade Federal da Bahia e da UNEB - Universidades do Estado da Bahia, por grupo de pessoas em processo de busca de emprego junto ao SINE - Sistema Nacional de Emprego e ao SIMM - Serviço Municipal de Intermediação de Mão-de-obra, e por outro grupo em processo de espera, para realização de exames médicos admissionais e demissionais em clínica de medicina do trabalho, CLIMEBA - Clínica Médica Bacellar. O referido grupo foi distribuído de forma aleatória, sem identificação prévia de grupo de alocação. Aplicou-se instrumento de pesquisa, composto por 33 questões com base em uma escala de 7(sete) pontos, variando de 1(um) discordo totalmente a 7(sete) concordo totalmente. Para tabulação e análise inicial dos resultados, foi usado o software SPSS. A análise teve como ponto de partida a associação de aspectos da promoção de vendas e da propaganda, presentes na teoria geral de marketing, com a mudança de atitude dos consumidores diante dos comerciais de televisão. Outra análise trata da intervenção da propaganda em TV e como este intervém na associação apresentada. Seu resultado apontou somente existir significância estatística na relação financeira entre a propaganda e a promoção de vendas, e para determinado grupo de pessoas definidas como influenciadores. Para as demais relações encontradas, não foi apresentada relevância estatística que justificasse, neste primeiro momento, uma análise mais aprofundada.
Salvador

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Lin, Shu-Chin. "Aggregation and time series implications of state-dependent consumption /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9737881.

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Junior, Eduardo Neder Issa. "Comportamento do consumidor de baixa renda: um estudo sobre o processo de compra de preservativos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-22042008-004526/.

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Este estudo versa sobre o comportamento de um grupo específico de consumidores brasileiros, classificados como de baixa renda, e busca avaliar como se dá o processo de tomada de decisão na compra de preservativos. Basicamente dois fatores justificam a importância do tema: o primeiro é o fato de que um dos segmentos que mais têm sido afetados pelo aumento da incidência da Aids é a população de baixa renda; o segundo, é a constatação de que crescem as taxas de fecundidade entre mulheres dessa mesma classe. As conseqüências socioeconômicas desses fatos podem ser graves. O uso de métodos contraceptivos e de prevenção contra a doença parece ser, portanto, o caminho para se amenizar o problema. O preservativo tem papel de destaque nessa luta. Tendo isso em vista, o trabalho procura lançar luz à compreensão do perfil das classes populares, seus estilos de vida e de compra, dando foco ao produto preservativo. A revisão da literatura trata da teoria do comportamento do consumidor, associando-a a estudos sobre hábitos de uso do preservativo e a considerações sobre atributos do mesmo. A pesquisa de campo procura identificar quais atributos do preservativo são considerados mais importantes pelos consumidores de baixa renda e qual o peso relativo dessa importância. Para tanto, faz uso de um estudo exploratório-descritivo, apoiado no método de análise da Conjoint Analysis, próprio para avaliação relativa entre atributos. Os principais resultados apresentados mostram que esses consumidores consideram fortemente a importância da marca e do preço, mas não desprezam fatores como formato e textura. Para concluir, as considerações finais destacam que os resultados apresentados sugerem oportunidades de ações de marketing que chamem a atenção dos atributos identificados como de maior importância relativa e permitam o maior acesso do indivíduo de baixa renda ao preservativo.
This thesis is about the behavior of a specific group of brazilian consumers who are classified as low income people. It aims to evaluate how they choose and buy condoms. There are mainly two factors that make this research important: the first one is related to the fact that the number of low income people with Aids is increasing; the second one is related to the growing birth rate in the low income group. The social and economical consequences of these factors are really serious. Using condom can be one of the ways to prevent Aids and pregnancy. Because of this, condom has an important role in this situation. This research intends to understand the profile of the low income groups, their way of living and buying, especially condoms. The theoretical review is based on the consumer behavior, relating it to the searches about the condom using habits and their attributes. The marketing research aims to identify which condom attributes are considered more important by the low income consumers and how such attributes are important or not to these consumers. The main results show that the consumers really consider the condom brand and price, but they also consider the format and texture. Finally, we conclude that there are marketing opportunities related to the condom attributes identified as the most important ones to the low income consumers.

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Forléo, Carolina Araujo. "Afinidade ou aspiração? : grupos de referência valorizados por consumidoras de baixa renda." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/165591.

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Considerando-se a importância das relações sociais e da influência interpessoal no comportamento dos indivíduos de baixa renda, este estudo apresenta como objetivo identificar e analisar os grupos de referência valorizados pelas consumidoras de baixa renda em seu processo de decisão de compra. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se uma abordagem multimétodo fundamentada, primeiro, em entrevistas em profundidade com 12 mulheres e, depois, na técnica de Análise Conjunta com uma amostra de 53 entrevistadas pertencentes a esse segmento. Devido à crise econômica vivida atualmente, mostrou-se necessário delimitar o contexto da pesquisa a um bem que permanecesse atrativo nessas circunstâncias: o batom. Trata-se de uma categoria de produto de alto envolvimento, capaz de representar o segmento de cosméticos como um todo, associando-se à autoestima, à sensação de bem-estar e ao reconhecimento social. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que as consumidoras de baixa renda valorizam a presença de diferentes grupos de referência em seu processo de decisão. Especificamente, identificaram-se dois grupos de respondentes com preferências distintas quanto aos grupos de referência. Diante disso, ressalta-se que as principais contribuições desta pesquisa foram a observação de perfis diferentes dentro do segmento de baixa renda, o desenvolvimento do conhecimento sobre o processo de decisão de compra dessas mulheres e a identificação de apelos de grupos de referência que as empresas podem usar para atrair consumidoras de baixa renda.
Considering the importance of social relations and interpersonal influence on the behavior of low-income individuals, this study aims to identify and analyze the reference groups valued by low-income female consumers in their decision-making process. A multimethod approach was employed. First, the data were collected through in-depth interviews with 12 low-income women. Subsequently, a conjoint analysis technique was applied with a sample of 53 female interviewees belonging to this segment. Due to the current economic crisis, it was necessary to delimit the research context to a product that remained attractive in these circumstances: lipstick. It is a high involvement product category, capable of representing the segment of cosmetics as a whole, being related to self-esteem, a sense of well-being and recognition. Results showed that low-income female consumers value the presence of different reference groups in their decision-making process. Specifically, it was possible to identify two groups of respondents with distinct preferences regarding the reference groups. Therefore, the main contributions of this research were the observation of different profiles within the low-income segment, the development of knowledge about the decision-making process of these women, and the identification of reference group appeals that companies can use to attract low-income female consumers.

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Ximenes, Loreta Maria Cunha. "A influÃncia da marca na decisÃo de compra de clientes de baixa renda." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2008. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=15650.

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Neste trabalho, Ã apresentada uma investigaÃÃo sobre a influÃncia da marca no processo de decisÃo de compra do consumidor de baixa renda da cidade de Fortaleza. Para tanto, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa quantitativa, com 291 pessoas em 27 bairros do MunicÃpio. Nesta investigaÃÃo, fez-se uso de um questionÃrio estruturado, aplicado por meio de entrevista direta e domiciliar. A base teÃrica explorou a temÃtica do comportamento do consumidor, especificamente seu processo de decisÃo de compra, bem como a marca e o mercado de baixa renda. Em sÃntese, as conclusÃes extraÃdas deste trabalho mostram que, como era de se esperar, o preÃo Ã o elemento que, na maioria das vezes, mais influencia a decisÃo de compra desse consumidor, contudo, para alguns produtos, como alimentos e de higiene pessoal, a marca prevalece na escolha, embora isto implique pagar preÃo mais caro. Este estudo fornece informaÃÃes que podem auxiliar as empresas no desenvolvimento de estratÃgias mercadolÃgicas, objetivando atingir a satisfaÃÃo das necessidades desse mercado especifico de forma mais eficaz. Nas conclusÃes e consideraÃÃes finais, sugerem-se propostas para trabalhos futuros, com novas abordagens das teorias discutidas e outros mercados.
In this paper, an investigation is presented on the brand influence in the process of consumer buying decision low-income city of Fortaleza. Thus, it was developed a quantitative survey with 291 people in 27 districts of the municipality. In this investigation was made using a structured questionnaire, applied through direct interview and home. The theoretical basis explored the theme of consumer behavior, specifically their purchase decision process as well as the make and bearish market income. In summary, the conclusions drawn from this study show that, as might be wait, the price is the element that most of the time, most influences the buying decision that consumer, however, for some products such as food and personal hygiene, brand prevails in choice, although this involves paying higher price. This study provides information that can assist companies in developing strategies marketing, aiming to achieve the satisfaction of the needs of this specific market more effectively. The conclusions and final considerations are suggested proposals for future work with new approaches to other markets and discussed theories.

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Nogami, Vitor Koki da Costa. "Adoção da inovação pelo consumidor de baixa renda." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-10022017-122927/.

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Pesquisas sobre inovação e o mercado de baixa renda focam eminentemente no desenvolvimento de produtos e gestão de marketing, assumindo uma postura top-down, das empresas para os consumidores. Esta postura sugere textos prescritivos sobre gestão de empresas multinacionais, tanto em mercados desenvolvidos quanto em mercados emergentes. Do ponto de vista individual, tem se dada pouca atenção para compreender a adoção da inovação pelos consumidores de baixa renda. A presente tese busca investigar o conceito de inovação por esta perspectiva, assumindo uma postura bottom-up, focando principalmente nos consumidores. Desta forma, o objetivo da tese consiste em analisar os fatores que influenciam a adoção da inovação de produtos por consumidores de baixa renda. O recorte empírico da tese consiste no mercado de smartphones que é um produto com atributos inovadores e acessíveis aos consumidores de baixa renda. Os pressupostos teóricos que embasam a tese consistem nas restrições encontradas pelos consumidores do mercado da base da pirâmide, que englobam a baixa renda, falta de informação e conhecimento e falta de confiança. Essas restrições individuais causadas por problemas estruturais (transporte, educação, saúde, moradia, saneamento e etc.) afetam negativamente a adoção de inovação por consumidores. Essa relação sustenta o efeito principal do modelo da tese que consiste na hipótese 1. A literatura e conceitos utilizados para subsidiar a pesquisa foram Antecedentes do UTAUT 2, 4 As de Anderson e Billou, 12 Princípios de Prahalad, Inovação Disruptiva, Inovação Reversa e Inovação Inclusiva. A revisão destas teorias resultou em quatro conceitos que consideramos fatores influenciadores da adoção da inovação no mercado de baixa renda, que são as Características e Benefícios, Facilidade de Uso, Simplicidade e Preço Acessível dos produtos. Esses conceitos resultantes da revisão da literatura sustentaram as hipóteses 2, 3, 4 e 5 que analisam o efeito moderador dessas variáveis sobre a adoção da inovação. Para atingir cada um dos dois objetivos específicos da tese, dois estudos foram realizados. O estudo 1, fase exploratória, consistiu em seis grupos de foco realizados na Favela de Paraisópolis em São Paulo e uma pesquisa complementar com 11 entrevistas realizadas em regiões rurais do Sul da Índia. O estudo 1 objetivou identificar os fatores que influenciam a adoção da inovação por consumidores de baixa renda. O estudo 2, fase descritiva, consistiu em uma pesquisa de levantamento realizada em 3 regiões de baixa renda na cidade de São Paulo que objetivou analisar a relação direta entre as restrições dos consumidores de baixa renda e a adoção da inovação (H1) e o efeito moderador de Características e Benefícios (H2), Facilidade de Uso (H3), Simplicidade (H4) e Preço Acessível (H5) desta relação. O estudo 2 também contemplou uma pesquisa complementar de levantamento, realizada com consumidores de alta renda. Os principais resultados do estudo 1 (fase exploratória) revelam que as restrições de renda, informação, conhecimento e confiança afetam a taxa de adoção da inovação. Além disso, mais do que o aquisição e compra dos produtos, a adoção está diretamente relacionada ao uso dos smartphones. Por fim, identificamos que há uma sobreposição de agentes no mercado de smartphones que gera confusão para os consumidores. Diferentes empresas fabricantes, varejistas, operadoras e desenvolvedoras dos sistemas operacionais se posicionam no mercado concomitantemente e acabam confundindo os consumidores acerca da real responsabilidade e atividade de cada um deles. Os principais resultados do estudo 2 (fase descritiva) confirmam as hipóteses 1 (efeito principal), 3, 4 e 5 (efeito moderador de FU, SI e PA), indicando estatisticamente que as restrições da baixa renda afetam negativamente a adoção da inovação e que a facilidade de uso, simplicidade e preço acessível moderam positivamente essa relação.
Research on innovation and the low-income market usually focus on product development and marketing management, taking a top-down approach, from companies to consumers. This approach suggests prescriptive texts on management of multinational companies in both developed markets and emerging markets. From an individual point of view, it has given little attention to understanding the adoption of innovation by low-income consumers. This PhD dissertation aimed to investigate the concept of innovation from this perspective, taking a bottom-up approach, mainly focusing on consumers rather than companies. Therefore, the aim of the dissertation is to analyze the factors influencing the innovation adoption of products for low-income consumers. The empirical object of the dissertation consists in the smartphone market since is a product with innovative features and affordable to low-income consumers. The theoretical assumptions that support the dissertation consists of the constraints faced by consumers in the market of the base of the pyramid, which include low income, lack of information and knowledge and lack of confidence. These individual constraints caused by infrastructural problems affect negatively the adoption of innovation by consumers. This relationship supports the main effect of the dissertation model, the hypothesis 1. The literature and concepts used to support the research were the Antecedents of UTAUT 2, 4A\'s of Anderson and Billou, 12 Principles of Prahalad, Disruptive Innovation, Innovation Reverse, and Inclusive innovation. A review of these theories resulted in four concepts that we consider factors that influence adoption of innovation in low-income market, which are the Features and Benefits (CB), Ease of Use (FU), Simplicity (SI), and Affordability (PA) of products. These concepts resulting from the literature review supported the hypotheses 2, 3, 4 and 5 that analyze the moderating effect of these variables on the adoption of innovation. To achieve each of the two specific objectives of the dissertation, two studies were conducted. Study 1, exploratory phase, consisted of six focus groups conducted in Favela of Paraisópolis in Sao Paulo and a complementary inquiry of 11 in-depth interviews conducted in rural areas of South India. The study 1 aimed to identify the factors that influence adoption of innovation by low-income consumers. Study 2, descriptive phase, consisted of a survey carried out in three low-income areas in São Paulo city that aimed to analyze the direct relationship between the constraints of low-income consumers and the adoption of innovation (H1) and moderating effect of Features and Benefits (H2), Ease of Use (H3) Simplicity (H4) and Affordable Price (H5) of this relationship. Study 2 also included an additional research involving a survey carried out with high-income consumers. The main results of the study 1 (exploratory phase) show that the income constraints, lack of information, knowledge and confidence really affect the rate of adoption of innovation. In addition, more than the acquisition and purchase of products, adoption is directly related to the use of smartphones. Finally, we identified that there is an overlap of agents in the smartphone market that creates confusion for consumers. Different manufacturers, retailers, operators and developers of systems are positioned in the market concurrently and end up confusing consumers about the real responsibility and activity of each of them. The main results of the study 2 (descriptive phase) confirm the hypotheses 1 (main effect), 3, 4 and 5 (moderating effect of FU, SI, and PA), indicating statistically that the restrictions on low-income negatively affect the adoption of innovation and the ease of use, simplicity and affordability positively moderate this relationship.

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Hollanda, Alexandre Pinho Pessoa de. "A influÃncia da internet no processo de decisÃo de compra de produtos eletrÃnicos do consumidor de baixa renda na grande Fortaleza." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=14454.

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nÃo hÃ
O estudo teve como objetivo geral analisar a influÃncia da Internet no processo de decisÃo de compra de produtos eletroeletrÃnicos do consumidor de baixa renda na Grande Fortaleza. Os objetivos especÃficos buscaram levantar o perfil do consumidor de baixa renda no processo de decisÃo de compra, investigar qual perfil seria mais influenciado pela Internet em cada fase e identificar em qual (is) fase(s) a Internet influenciava mais esse consumidor. A escolha do tema foi motivada pela importÃncia que o mercado de baixa renda tem tido nos Ãltimos anos na economia brasileira e a influÃncia cada vez maior que a Internet exerce no processo de decisÃo de compra desses consumidores, principalmente relacionada Ã compra de produtos eletroeletrÃnicos. O referencial teÃrico foi organizado com os principais conceitos sobre o comportamento do consumidor, os modelos de decisÃo de compra, com foco no modelo de Blackwell et al. (2011) que foi utilizado como base do estudo, sendo simplificado e adaptado a realidade da Internet, o mercado de baixa renda brasileiro e o seu relacionamento com a Internet e com as compras de produtos eletroeletrÃnicos. No que diz respeito Ã metodologia do estudo, pode ser classificada como de carÃter exploratÃrio e descritivo com natureza quantitativa atravÃs do mÃtodo survey com utilizaÃÃo de um questionÃrio aplicado a uma amostra nÃo probabilÃstica acidental constituÃda por 517 respondentes. O tratamento dos dados foi realizado por meio de tÃcnicas estatÃsticas de anÃlise multivariada como a anÃlise fatorial exploratÃria e confirmatÃria, testes de hipÃteses e modelagem de Ãrvores de regressÃo com o uso dos softwares estatÃsticos SPSS e Amos. Os resultados encontrados permitiram comprovar as hipÃteses de que os jovens de baixa renda sÃo mais influenciados pela Internet em seu processo de compra; de que quanto maior a frequÃncia de uso da Internet, maior a influÃncia que a mesma tem no processo de decisÃo de compra e de que a fase de busca de informaÃÃes aliada a fase de avaliaÃÃo de alternativas, sÃo as fases mais influenciadas pela Internet no processo de compra. As informaÃÃes obtidas com o estudo, podem ser Ãteis para organizaÃÃes, estudiosos da Ãrea e demais interessados no mercado de baixa renda. Por fim, o estudo tem suas limitaÃÃes, quanto ao tamanho e tipo de amostra adotado e quanto Ã regiÃo geogrÃfica trabalhada. O estudo pode ser ampliado, no intuito de compreender o comportamento do consumidor em outras capitais brasileiras ou a partir de outras variÃveis.
The study aimed to analyze the influence of the Internet in the purchasing decision process for electronic products the low-income consumers in the Greater Fortaleza. The specific objectives sought to raise the low-income consumer profile in the purchase decision process, investigate which profile would be influenced by the Internet in each phase and identify which one (s) phase (s) the Internet more influenced this consumer. The choice of subject was motivated by the importance of the low-income market has had in recent years in the Brazilian economy and the growing influence that the Internet plays in the purchase decision process for these consumers, mainly related to the purchase of electronic products. The theoretical framework was organized with the main concepts on consumer behavior, models of purchasing decisions, focusing on the model of Blackwell et al. (2011) that was used as the basis of the study being simplified and adapted to the reality of the Internet, the low-income Brazilian market and its relationship with the Internet and the electronic product purchases. With regard to the methodology of the study can be classified as exploratory and descriptive with quantitative through the survey method using a questionnaire applied to a non-probabilistic sample consisting of 517 respondents accidental. Data analysis was performed using statistical techniques of multivariate analysis as exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, hypothesis testing and regression tree modeling using statistical software SPSS and Amos. Findings allowed to prove the hypothesis that low-income young people are more influenced by the Internet in their purchase process; that the higher the frequency of Internet use, the more influence it has in the purchasing decision process and that the search phase information together with the evaluation phase of alternatives, are the most influenced by the Internet stages in the process purchase. Information obtained from the study can be useful for organizations, area scholars and others interested in the low-income market. Finally, the study has its limitations as to the size and type of sample adopted and on the geographic region worked. The study may be expanded in order to understand consumer behavior in other state capitals or from other variables

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Franceschini, Ana Carolina Trousdell. "Propensão a consumir no laboratório comportamental: um estudo dos efeitos da renda sobre consumo e poupança usando ratos como sujeitos experimentais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-12092012-113725/.

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A Economia Comportamental sob a orientação da Análise do Comportamento consiste em uma área de pesquisa que aplica princípios econômicos para exame de questões comportamentais. Uma de suas concentrações temáticas está voltada ao comportamento de consumir. Nas Ciências Econômicas, uma das principais variáveis identificadas como controladoras do consumo é a renda pessoal. Uma das ferramentas econômicas usadas para descrever esta relação de controle é a Propensão Marginal a Consumir, e o presente experimento propõe um procedimento para reproduzir esta ferramenta com sujeitos não-humanos. Neste intento, oito ratos Wistar foram expostos a uma contingência na qual o número de leds acesos em um painel sinalizava o total de reforçadores disponíveis por sessão (supostamente, uma analogia a renda pessoal). O consumo foi medido pelo volume de reforços liberados em FR10 e pelo número de leds apagados por sessão, uma vez que a liberação de p reforços apagava um led do painel. Os leds do painel que eventualmente não fossem apagados em uma sessão eram preservados para sessões posteriores, permitindo o aumento da renda pessoal dos sujeitos por sessão (supostamente, uma analogia a poupança). Além do acúmulo de poupança, a renda pessoal dos sujeitos variou neste procedimento por manipulações diretas do experimentador, consistindo assim a variável independente. Foram usados dois tipos de reforços, em duas etapas experimentais diferentes: água, um reforço essencial (Etapa 1) e uma solução de 10% sacarose, um reforço supérfluo (Etapa 2). Os resultados mostraram que a variação do número de leds acesos no painel (variações da renda pessoal) produziu variações lineares no consumo, compatíveis com as previsões da Propensão Marginal a Consumir. As principais variáveis foram o nível de privação, o tipo de reforço e o número de sujeitos. Discute-se a adição de novas variáveis experimentais para aprofundar-se no exame da relação entre renda pessoal e consumo
Behavioral Economics under the behavior analysis orientation is an area of research that applies economic principles to analytical-behavioral issues. One of its main research topics are consumption behaviors. In Economics, one of the main controlling variables of consumption is personal income. One of the economic tools used to describe this controlling relation is the Marginal Propensity to Consume, and the present study proposes an experimental procedure to reproduce this tool with non-human subjects. To this purpose, eight rats were exposed to a contingency in which the number of lit LEDs in a panel signaled the total number of reinforcers available per session (supposedly an analogy to personal income). Consumption was measured by the volume of liquids released under FR10 and the number of LEDs switched off per session (since the release of \"p\" reinforcements switched one LED off in the panel). The LEDs that were still lit after the session ended were preserved for later sessions, allowing the increase of personal income per session (supposedly, an analogy to savings). Besides the accumulation of savings, personal income varied by direct manipulation, and was the independent variable of this experiment. Two types of reinforcements were used in two different experimental phases: water, an essential good (Phase 1) and a 10% sucrose solution, a superfluous good (Phase 2). The results showed that the variation in the number of LEDs lit in the panel (changes in personal income) produced linear increases in consumption, consistent with the predictions of the Marginal Propensity to Consume. The main variables were the level of deprivation, the type of reinforcement and the number of subjects of each group. New experimental variables should be added to deepen the examination of this relationship between personal income and consumption

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ROCHA, THIAGO PEREIRA MATTOS. "FOOD PURCHASING BY LOW-INCOME CONSUMERS: BEHAVIORS IN THE SUPERMARKET." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=19268@1.

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Alguns trabalhos já foram realizados sobre a compra de alimentos por consumidores de baixa renda (Grossi, Motta e Hor-Meyll, 2008; Parente, Barki e Kato, 2005). Entretanto, tais trabalhos foram conduzidos com base em relatos feitos a posteriori pelos consumidores. Este estudo, de caráter exploratório, procurou melhor conhecer o comportamento desses consumidores no ponto de venda. Inicialmente, foi feita observação dos trajetos e comportamentos dos consumidores em mercados localizados em quatro bairros de baixa renda per capita na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. O comportamento dos consumidores, incluindo reações durante a compra, comparações entre opções disponíveis, hesitações, demora para escolher e trocas realizadas, foi observado. Em seguida, esses consumidores foram entrevistados, com temas envolvendo a formulação de sua lista de compras e sobre os comportamentos observados durante a compra. O estudo revelou que, apesar da forte influência que a restrição de renda impõe ao processo de compra de alimentos, outros fatores também parecem ajudar a explicar sua tomada de decisão no ponto de venda. Das observações realizadas e do discurso dos informantes sobressaíram influências ligadas ao ambiente do mercado, à relação dos consumidores com as marcas disponíveis e ao risco percebido por esses consumidores.
Some studies focused on food purchase by low-income consumers have been published in the last years (Grossi, Motta e Hor-Meyll, 2008; Parente, Barki and Kato, 2005). However, these studies were based in data collected after the purchase and provided by consumers. This exploratory study aimed to increase understanding of low-income consumers behavior at the point of sale. Initially, consumer routes and behaviors in four supermarkets located in low-income areas in Rio de Janeiro were observed and noted. Then, those consumers whose purchase paths had been observed answered questions about shopping list formulation, behavior in store, decisions made in store, hesitation in making some choices. The results show that, beside the fact that income constraint played an important role in food purchasing, other factors help to understand decision making in supermarkets by low-income consumers. From observation and interviews emerged influences related to store environment, to how available brands are perceived and to the risk perceived by consumers at the bottom of the economic pyramid.

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Saisekar, Avantika. "Did Consumers Really Change Their Consumption Habits After the 2008 Recession? A Look into Consumer Expenditure Using Milton Friedman's Permanent Income Hypothesis." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/508.

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This paper focuses on the consumer expenditure habits in the years following the 2008 recession as compared to Milton Freidman’s Permanent Income Hypothesis. Panel data collected at the household level from the Consumer Expenditure Survey was used to analyze the change in consumption based on the change in income for the years 2009, 2010 and 2011. To achieve a greater understanding of expenditure patterns, this essay also analyzes the income elasticity of demand for elastic goods including expenditure on apparel, food eaten at restaurants, entertainment and transportation. With the use of panel and time series regressions we find that the Permanent Income Hypothesis holds true and consumers only marginally responded to a change in income in their consumption patterns. We hypothesize that the large spike in savings that was seen in May of 2008 resulted because of low consumer confidence, which in turn lead to a change in transitory consumption. Furthermore, we find that older adults spent more money on elastic goods than younger adults. This may be because older adults tend to have other assets that can financially support them in the case of a drastic change in income.

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Starkey, Simone. "An investigation of low-income consumer-buying behaviour in the personal-care industry in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27488.

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South African companies are said to be mining the so-called "Black Diamond", the emerging middle-class segment that is driving economic growth within the country (Mahajan, 2009:9). The focus on the emerging Middle Class in South Africa (SA) has left a knowledge gap on Low-Income consumers - even though they are still the largest consumer group in SA (Connecting with Survivors, 2014). The Unilever "Connecting with Survivors Report" (2014) highlights the fact that 70% of the SA Market earn less than R6000 per month, while together they have a spending power of R300 Billion per annum. According to Martin (2012:71), 5.8% of Low-Income Consumer Households (HH) spending is prioritised for the purchase of personal care products, while 64.2% of their HH income is prioritised for food and housing expenses. Given the trivial proportion allocated to personal care products, this research has been guided by the problem statement that Low-Income consumers are forced to make trade-offs, when purchasing personal care products, which fall outside their realm of affordability. The primary objective of this study was to investigate Low-Income consumers' buying behaviour in the Personal Care Industry in South Africa. The Theory of Buyer Behaviour was used as a theoretical framework to assist in the understanding of Low-Income consumer behaviour in the Personal Care industry. The phenomenological research paradigm was used in this study, utilising interviews to collect the data from respondents in the Western Cape Province. Inductive reasoning was practised to draw a conclusion on the investigation of Low-Income consumer buying behaviour in the personal care industry in South Africa. The findings from the study indicate that Low-Income consumers do indeed make trade-offs when personal care products fall outside their realm of affordability. The extent to which they do so varies, based on necessity. This research stands to contribute to the body of knowledge by narrowing the knowledge gap on the Low-Income Consumer market in South Africa with the focus on the Personal Care Industry, thereby allowing marketers to develop and implement effective marketing strategies.

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Opacic, Sofija. "The low-income consumer in Greater Reading : an analysis of constrained food shopping behaviour." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262097.

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This thesis is set within the general context of retailing geography. It discusses the salient structural and locational changes that have occurred within the post-war urban retailing environment, and attempts to assess their impact on the inner-city low-income consumer. The first part provides a review of the major findings of past studies of post-war retail change and consumer behaviour, and illustrates that a major deficiency of this literature is the tendency to briefly introduce, but inadequately consider, the implications of recent retail change on the low-income consumer. The essential problem which is addressed in the second part of the thesis is to assess the extent to which post-war retail change has affected the quantity and quality of inner-city shopping opportunities within the chosen study area, Greater Reading. This assessment is largely based on information obtained from surveys conducted by the author, namely a general retail inventory and detailed quality and price surveys. A comprehensive up-to-date description of the inner-city low-income consumer's food shopping behaviour does not exist within the present geographical literature. Accordingly, the third section specifically aims to provide a detailed description of this group's food shopping behaviour at a time of rapid retail change. A repertory grid survey was completed to identify the factors of importance to the low-income consumer, and these formed the focus of a major survey of consumer behaviour. The results of this research highlight both a number of salient similarities and differences amongst the low-income consumer population. The importance of ethnic status and age on the spatial and non-spatial aspects of food shopping behaviour are clearly evidenced. It is argued that such contrasts have major implications for the future planning of inner-city retailing opportunities. In the final part, positive directives for the planning of future inner-city food shopping facilities are discussed, which should help improve the low-income consumer's access to high quality opportunities. This is achieved by the reintroduction of relevant results obtained from the empirical research, and a detailed analysis of the present retail planning process via secondary sources of information including government policy notes and documents, structure plans and local newspapers.

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Madikiza, Sandi. "Cellphone banking adoption and its impact on the transactional behaviour of low income consumers." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24690.

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This aim of this study was to establish if individual characteristics have an impact on the adoption of cellphone banking amongst low-income (Mzansi) consumers. The second component of the study then set out to assess the impact that cellphone banking adoption has on the financial behaviour of these consumers. This data was obtained using the data mining technique. Data from one of the local banks was extracted and analysed. In addition to using descriptive statistics, the ANOVA was used. The ANOVA is an inferential statistical method. It establishes whether there is a relationship with the defined variable and the adoption of cellphone banking. Race, age, income, gender, number of bank products and channel of registration where the variables that were analysed. With the exception of age, no other variable had an impact on adoption for both Mzansi customers as well as the entire base. The subsequent post adoption behaviour analysis that was conducted identified some key behaviour changes. Consumers who adopted cellphone banking significantly increased (>300%) their demand of prepaid products. Secondly, the demand for cash amongst adopters was lower than the demand from non-adopters which could signal a shift towards cashless solutions. And finally, the cellphone banking adopters were found to perform more transactions prior to adoption when compared to non adopters thereby demonstrating a higher need for a mobile banking solution. Copyright
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted

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Koonce, Joan Carol. "Selected financial management attitudes and behaviors of low income elderly consumers : an exploratory study /." The Ohio State University, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487594970650291.

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Brandão, Fernanda Scharnberg. "Tendências para o consumo de carne bovina no brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/71583.

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A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar as tendências para o consumo de carne bovina no Brasil para o ano de 2022, a partir da proposta de um modelo conceitual que engloba os fatores influentes para o consumo resultando no EDC (Escore de Determinante de Consumo). Como procedimentos metodológicos adotaram-se dois eixos investigativos. O primeiro, de caráter exploratório, por meio de uma revisão sistemática sobre as tendências e fatores influentes no consumo de alimentos. O segundo eixo, de caráter descritivo, por meio de uma pesquisa survey com 32 especialistas representantes de todos os elos da cadeia produtiva da carne bovina no Brasil (produção, indústria, varejo, órgãos institucionais e instituições de ensino/pesquisa). Foram definidos critérios para a inclusão dos especialistas de modo a nivelar a amostra que é considerada intencional. O questionário, composto por seis questões abertas e 28 questões fechadas, foi enviado via on-line para os especialistas. Para apreciação das informações obtidas foi realizada a análise de conteúdo, distribuição de freqüência, teste Qui-quadrado, Tukey e análise de cluster, por meio do Software SPSS. Os resultados revelam que o modelo proposto para avaliar as tendências do consumo de carne bovina no Brasil é composto pelas dimensões sociocultural, econômica, saúde/alimento e ambiente e 28 fatores influentes associados a elas. A partir da aplicação do modelo, verificou-se que as principais tendências do consumo de carne bovina no Brasil para os próximos dez anos apontam para uma segmentação do comportamento em função da renda. Nesse sentido, as classes com menor poder aquisitivo, que priorizam preço, tendem a aumentar o consumo de cortes pouco diferenciados. Já as classes com maior poder aquisitivo direcionam-se ao consumo de um conceito, priorizando qualidade, certificação e segurança do alimento. Essa parcela da população tende a buscar produtos com maior valor agregado, podendo manter ou mesmo reduzir o consumo de carne bovina para os próximos dez anos. Ademais, é preponderante a influência dos fatores econômicos (preço dos substitutos da carne bovina, distribuição de renda, preço da carne bovina, ascensão das classes C e D, renda no Brasil e poder aquisitivo) além da busca pela conveniência, praticidade e exigência do alimento seguro. Contudo, as questões ambientais ainda não serão prioridade para o consumidor brasileiro de carne bovina no período prospectado. O EDC proposto permitiu identificar as tendências de consumo para o Brasil, pois possibilitou a priorização de dimensões adaptadas a esse contexto. As dimensões de maior importância são, em ordem decrescente, econômica, sociocultural, saúde/alimento e ambiente.
This research aims to identify beef consumption trends in Brazil (2022) based on a conceptual model that encompasses the consumption influential factors, resulting on Determinant of Consumption Index (DCI). As methodological approach two axes investigative were adopted: The first, exploratory, through a systematic review about trends and influential factors in food consumption. The second axis, descriptive, through a survey of 32 experts representing the beef chain in Brazil (production, manufacturing, retail, institutional and educational institutions / research). Experts were defined by inclusion criteria in order to make even the sample, being considered intentional. The questionnaire was composed of six open questions and 28 closed questions, sent by e-mail. The analysis consisted in documents, frequency distribution, chi-square, Tukey test and cluster analysis, with SPSS software. The results show that the proposed model is composed by four main dimensions (sociocultural, economic, health / food and environment) and twenty-eight influential factors. For the next decade, the main trends of beef consumption in Brazil indicate segmentation by income. In this way, people with lower purchasing power that prioritize prices tend to increase consumption of less differentiated. However, people with higher purchasing power, which prioritize quality, certification and food safety, tend to seek the value-added products. For this group of consumers the beef consumption can remain or even reduce. Moreover, is predominant the influence of economic factors (price of beef substitutes, income distribution, beef prices, rising class C and D, income and purchasing power in Brazil) as well as search for convenience, practicality and safe food requirement. Low environmental impact products were not identified as a trend. Consumers are concerned about certifications, natural products, sustainable, with indication of origin, among other things. However for Brazilian consumers the factors related to environment or health / food will not be prioritized. The greatest relevance dimensions for consumer of Brazilian beef were rated by the Determinant of Consumption Index (DCI) proposed, in descending order: economic, sociocultural, health / food and environment.

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Bouton, Laurent. "Essays in game theory applied to political and market institutions." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210325.

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My thesis contains essays on voting theory, market structures and fiscal federalism: (i) One Person, Many Votes: Divided Majority and Information Aggregation, (ii) Runoff Elections and the Condorcet Loser, (iii) On the Influence of Rankings when Product Quality Depends on Buyer Characteristics, and (iv) Redistributing Income under Fiscal Vertical Imbalance.

(i) One Person, Many Votes: Divided Majority and Information Aggregation (joint with Micael Castanheira)

In elections, majority divisions pave the way to focal manipulations and coordination failures, which can lead to the victory of the wrong candidate. This paper shows how this flaw can be addressed if voter preferences over candidates are sensitive to information. We consider two potential sources of divisions: majority voters may have similar preferences but opposite information about the candidates, or opposite preferences. We show that when information is the source of majority divisions, Approval Voting features a unique equilibrium with full information and coordination equivalence. That is, it produces the same outcome as if both information and coordination problems could be resolved. Other electoral systems, such as Plurality and Two-Round elections, do not satisfy this equivalence. The second source of division is opposite preferences. Whenever the fraction of voters with such preferences is not too large, Approval Voting still satisfies full information and coordination equivalence.

(ii) Runoff Elections and the Condorcet Loser

A crucial component of Runoff electoral systems is the threshold fraction of votes above which a candidate wins outright in the first round. I analyze the influence of this threshold on the voting equilibria in three-candidate Runoff elections. I demonstrate the existence of an Ortega Effect which may unduly favor dominated candidates and thus lead to the election of the Condorcet Loser in equilibrium. The reason is that, contrarily to commonly held beliefs, lowering the threshold for first-round victory may actually induce voters to express their preferences excessively. I also extend Duverger's Law to Runoff elections with any threshold below, equal or above 50%. Therefore, Runoff elections are plagued with inferior equilibria that induce either too high or too low expression of preferences.

(iii) On the Influence of Rankings when Product Quality Depends on Buyer Characteristics

Information on product quality is crucial for buyers to make sound choices. For "experience products", this information is not available at the time of the purchase: it is only acquired through consumption. For much experience products, there exist institutions that provide buyers with information about quality. It is commonly believed that such institutions help consumers to make better choices and are thus welfare improving.

The quality of various experience products depends on the characteristics of buyers. For instance, conversely to the quality of cars, business school quality depends on buyers (i.e. students) characteristics. Indeed, one of the main inputs of a business school is enrolled students. The choice of buyers for such products has then some features of a coordination problem: ceteris paribus, a buyer prefers to buy a product consumed by buyers with "good" characteristics. This coordination dimension leads to inefficiencies when buyers coordinate on products of lower "intrinsic" quality. When the quality of products depends on buyer characteristics, information about product quality can reinforce such a coordination problem. Indeed, even though information of high quality need not mean high intrinsic quality, rational buyers pay attention to this information because they prefer high quality products, no matter the reason of the high quality. Information about product quality may then induce buyers to coordinate on products of low intrinsic quality.

In this paper, I show that, for experience products which quality depends on the characteristics of buyers, more information is not necessarily better. More precisely, I prove that more information about product quality may lead to a Pareto deterioration, i.e. all buyers may be worse off due.

(iv) Redistributing Income under Fiscal Vertical Imbalance (joint with Marjorie Gassner and Vincenzo Verardi)

From the literature on decentralization, it appears that the fiscal vertical imbalance (i.e. the dependence of subnational governments on national government revenues to support their expenditures) is somehow inherent to multi-level governments. Using a stylized model we show that this leads to a reduction of the extent of redistributive fiscal policies if the maximal size of government has been reached. To test for this empirically, we use some high quality data from the LIS dataset on individual incomes. The results are highly significant and point in the direction of our theoretical predictions.

Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Francischelli, Paulo. "A importância da marca no processo de decisão de compra de calçados esportivos para a população de baixa renda." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/4228.

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Submitted by paulo junior (paulo.jr@fgv.br) on 2010-03-09T20:50:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Francischelli.pdf: 580919 bytes, checksum: a23cf561e9c36298d69c32318b69865c (MD5)
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Made available in DSpace on 2010-03-10T13:56:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Francischelli.pdf: 580919 bytes, checksum: a23cf561e9c36298d69c32318b69865c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-11
Desde a estabilidade econômica que ocorreu no Brasil em 1994 até os dias atuais, o mercado brasileiro vem crescendo aceleradamente, atraindo a entrada de marcas internacionais e estimulando a indústria nacional com o surgimento de fortes marcas locais. Este movimento incentiva o surgimento de novos consumidores com importante poder de compra, como as classes mais baixas da sociedade, antes vista como a parte neste processo. As empresas começam então a desenvolver estratégias para atrair tal público, estudando seu comportamento de consumo. O uso de marcas fortes passa a se destacar. O segmento de calçado esportivos, em especial o tênis, com um crescimento anual de 8% e uma produção de 80 milhões de pares/ano, é um forte exemplo. Com base nesse cenário, a presente dissertação teve como objetivo compreender a importância da marca no processo de decisão de compra dos produtos da categoria de calçados esportivos para os consumidores da classe C e D. Para tanto, foram analisadas bibliografias referentes ao comportamento do consumidor e o os atributos considerados no processo de decisão de compra, em especial a importância da marca. Foram levantados dados sobre a população de baixa renda no Brasil e seu comportamento de compra, e sobre o mercado de calçados esportivos. Foram realizadas entrevistas com dez consumidores pertencentes a este público com o intuito de conhecer seus hábitos de consumo e uso de tênis, e a participação da marca no seu processo de decisão de compra. Dessa forma, pode-se perceber que este público tem preferência pelo tênis como sapato que pode ser usado em todas as ocasiões. A marca é o principal atributo para a compra desse produto, sendo mais importante que o preço ou local de compra. Ela é a garantia de qualidade, mas, em uma análise mais profunda, também é usada como um forte fator de distinção social intraclasse, recebendo uma forte influência da mídia e de celebridades, que são vistas como heróis, dentro de um processo de projeção de sua identidade.

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Sen, Saga. "Brand and programme loyalty consequences towards preference, intention and purchase behaviour outcomes among low-income consumers in emerging markets." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/80515.

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The research article proposed constitutes original empirical research and investigates the effects of brand loyalty and programme loyalty in low-income consumer groups. This research fundamentally replicates a European study within the low-income consumer base and contests the previous findings to prove that low-income consumers exhibit differences in behavioural and attitudinal characteristics on the outcome metrics related to preference, intention and purchase behaviour. By finding that the outcomes of Sales, Price Premiums, Share of wallet and Share of visits are mostly impacted by Brand loyalty, this research contributes to the body of knowledge that influences both academics and practitioners alike. Thus, the article was well matched with the Journal of Consumer Behaviour. The article follows the journal’s author guidelines with a plan for possible publishing in early January 2021
Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted

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Fatt, Sian Lai. "An investigation into the impact of income, culture and religion on consumption behaviour : a comparative study of the Malay and the Chinese consumers in Malaysia." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/98622.

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The study of consumer behaviour has attracted much attention from researchers. Models have been postulated and re-postulated in many attempts to explain the decision process of consumers as it changes over time and space, as well as in different environments such as culture, race and religion. The growing interest in investigating the relation between psychographics and consumer behaviours with regard to their purchase preferences has helped marketers in segmenting the market more accurately so as to ensure certainty of profitability. This is especially relevant in the modern market where “crossing culture” (Davies and Fitchett, 2004, p.315) and acculturation, as well as the process of cultural integration, are common as a result of many factors such as travelling both for leisure and business, emigration and re-location, etc. Nevertheless, these studies have mainly focussed on a single community or ethnic group. This current study differs in that it attempts to compare two ethnic groups of diverse culture and religious background, i.e. the Malays and the Chinese, within a single Malaysian community. The political and social environments in Malaysia make the current study unique in that the Malays receive financial aids and incentives from the ruling Malay-dominant government while the Chinese have little or no assistance at all. Therefore, apart from looking at the psychographical aspects of consumption habit, the current study also includes source of income as a variable factor in comparing the presume differences in spending between the two ethnic groups – the Malays receive extensive financial aids and benefits from the ruling government while the Chinese work hard and save as much as possible to ensure a better future. 5 The current study focuses on University Technologi Mara (UiTM) and University Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) because of their respective racial composition of Malay and Chinese youths. The findings in this study elucidate that there seems to be no apparent difference in spending behaviour between the Malays and the Chinese despite their cultural and religious differences. This could be the result of the many years of co-existence and the influence of global media and culture on both the Malay and Chinese youths. The current study also does not find any strong basis in supporting the perception that the Chinese would be more frugal in their spending because of unfavourable economic support for them in the country. On the contrary, the study shows that the Chinese are indeed financially wealthier than the Malays because of their life-long culture of prudence in savings. Another reason for this could be the failure of the government’s New Economic Policy in addressing the economic needs of the masses of the Malay population. Rather, the policy only favoured the selected few with strong political link or clout. This study also shows that there are significant differences in the spending behaviour between the genders. This study also highlights the differences in spending behaviour of the cluster groups with their respective attached inherent value-traits. The study also reveals that the Malays are no longer the homogenous group as previously thought. Rather they indicate distinct differences in their spending behaviour. It is hoped that in future, wider and in-depth studies can be conducted to further examine the consumption behaviour of races according to their value-traits.

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Hurth, Victoria Mary Francis. "Factors influencing environmentally-significant consumption by higher-income households : a multi-method study of South Devon for social marketing application." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/4025.

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The aim of this thesis is to identify and examine the factors influencing environmentally-significant consumption (ESC) by higher-income households (HIH) to provide theoretical and social marketing insights. Income is highly related to levels of energy consumption and associated environmental damage, but despite research documenting the links between income and energy use, there is a lack of enquiry into what shapes the ESC patterns of HIH and therefore how behavioural interventions might be best fashioned to reduce energy use. A postmodern approach to consumption that recognises the interplay between the psychological, the social and the cultural (a psycho-socio-cultural approach), indicates that ESC is not an automatic consequence of wealth but rather mediated through the way consumption practices are symbolically connected with the satisfaction of underlying needs, including the need for identity and other psychological orientations. These connections are not universal or static but socially and culturally contextual and influenced by many factors, particularly marketing. Social marketing, as marketing for social good, therefore has a critical role to play in altering these symbolic connections and therefore consumption behaviour. To design and market alternative lower energy consumption through social marketing interventions, an understanding of how environmentally-significant consumption is connected with modes of need satisfaction and psychological orientations is necessary. Additionally, an understanding of constraints to even higher levels of consumption is useful. This study provides initial research momentum, using a HIH sample from South Devon. Primary data from a quantitative questionnaire was supported in design by qualitative interviews. These provide descriptive and correlational results about what shapes the consumption of; leisure flights, large-engine cars and new durable products, as well as the role of environmentally-significant psychological orientations, specifically: values; materialism; environmental concern and identity. The research also provides a comparative analysis between a group of HIH who have participated in Global Action Plan’s EcoTeam programme, and the general sample of HIH.

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Rahnama, Roxanne. "Essays on the attitudes, behavior, and decision-making of income-constrained electricity consumers : implications for integrative grid and off-grid business model planning." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/117795.

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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, 2018.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged student-submitted from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 116-126).
Electrification rates in a number of low income and developing countries have faced steady improvements in the last few decades, with impressive technological advancements in both the grid and off-grid sectors. There are nonetheless vast swaths of the planet - largely concentrated in India and sub-Saharan Africa - that continue to face troublesome gaps, along both extensive and intensive margins, in progress toward the goal of universal electricity access by 2030. In spite of widespread technical developments, growth of digital platforms for stakeholder engagement, and improvements in technocratic optimization tools for planning, stubborn challenges remain in the distribution sector of LIDCs, placing persistent constraints on equitable growth, private investment, and development for the 1.6 billion rural citizens living in the dark during an era of rapid urbanization. Attaching particular focus to India, which houses 300 million of the global energy poor, this thesis will argue that inadequate attention to consumer attitudes, behavior, and decision-making patterns perpetuates gridlocks in surpassing the final frontiers of global electrification. This overarching argument will be developed over a series of standalone, yet intellectually connected essays that derive from a mixture of applied political economy methods: first, an in-depth context analysis of electricity distribution in India will be introduced. The second essay extends beyond the Indian context and is largely organized as a state-of-knowledge paper that examines the complex relationship between ability-to-pay, willingness-to-pay, and welfare, and the ways in which nuanced socioeconomic, behavioral, and technical dynamics endogenously interact with these variables. In doing so, several hypotheses and case study analyses will be presented and deficiencies in this nascent literature which merit more academic engagement will be highlighted. The ultimate paper will conclude by offering different sets of consumer engagement and behavioral design recommendations that can advance an integrative approach to grid and off-grid business model planning. In holistically examining the complex nexus between electricity access and the consumer psyche, this thesis aims to provide deeper insights into the lives of the energy poor and advance a human-centered design approach to electrification planning in developing contexts.
by Roxanne Rahnama.
S.M. in Technology and Policy

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Kullman, Jonathan, and Sanne Nilsson. "Köp av bostad efter införandet av bolånetaket : Hur påverkar konsumentens förutsättningar valet av finansieringsalternativ?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-59549.

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Introduction: A general guideline was introduced on October first 2010 regarding a mortgage cap, limiting the degree of leverage of housing as collateral. Through the new guidelines the marked conditions concerning consumers’ choice of mortgage has changed. The consumers are limited in the sense that they can’t only use mortgage when purchasing a house. In this context there is a higher burden on the consumers in different aspects. In this study we intend to investigate how the consumers’ conditions affect choice of financing option when buying a home. Purpose: The study aims to highlight how consumers situation affect the choice of financing option. Furthermore, the study intends to describe the consumer’s choice of financing. That is how the consumer approaches the purchase with the mortgage cap of 85 per cent. Method: For the study, we have used a quantitative research method. The starting point has been a deductive study, where we from theory collect empirical data. In the collection of empirical data we used a convenience sample. Theory: The study’s frame of reference includes a description of the financing options that consumers can use. Further, how the decision-making process appears in the choice of financing a house purchase as well as how socio-demographic factors; age, income and family affect the process and choice of financing. Conclusion: The study shows that age and income are the two socio-demographic factorsthat have the greatest impact on consumer choice of option in the decision-makingprocess. Further, data from the study shows that mortgage and own savings are the mostrecurring funding option that consumers use. In the use of private loans, we see thatconsumers’ families have a great influence, since the majority have received private loansfrom their parents. Similar relationship can be seen in the usage of guarantor. Forunsecured debt, we see that the use is concentrated among younger consumers.

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Houghtaling, Bailey Elizabeth. "Prioritizing Food Retailer Perspectives for Environmental Change in Food Stores to Encourage Healthy Dietary Purchases Among Low-Income Consumers in the United States." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/100729.

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Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)-authorized store environments could be improved to favor consumer purchase of healthy products. Engaging with the key intermediaries who can use marketing-mix and choice-architecture (MMCA) strategies to encourage low-income consumers to purchase healthy products aligned with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA), 2015-2020 is essential. This PhD research describes five investigations that explored the perspectives of food store owners, managers, and corporate or independent businesses (e.g., retailers) to inform healthy food retail approaches: (1) a systematic review of the literature (1980-2017) identified social-ecological influencers of food store retailers' decision-making and ability to use MMCA strategies to encourage healthy dietary purchases in the United States (US); (2) SNAP-authorized retailers' perceived feasibility and costs to implement healthy MMCA strategies in rural stores were assessed (n=29); (3) SNAP-authorized retailers' healthy food and beverage perceptions and DGA-aligned product offerings were documented; (4) prevalent SNAP-authorized food store retailers in the US and between two states were identified to inform settings where healthy food retail approaches could reach numerous SNAP consumers; (5) and the availability of corporate social responsibility commitments to use MMCA strategies to improve consumers' diet quality among prevalent SNAP-authorized food store chains was explored. The collective findings from the review and four studies were that multiple social-ecological factors (e.g., skills/knowledge, consumers, suppliers) influenced US retailers' decision-making and ability to use MMCA strategies that favor healthy products. Rural retailers perceived prompting and proximity (e.g., labeling and location) strategies as feasible and less costly compared to other MMCA strategies. Some misalignments of healthy food perceptions and food store availability were identified and indicated a need for trainings to enhance the success of healthy food retail programs. To reach numerous SNAP consumers, healthy food retail programs should target nontraditional (e.g., non-grocery) food stores with varied approaches by state. However, few prevalent SNAP-authorized retailers have made public, voluntary commitments to reduce obesity and may reflect a low readiness to engage in partnerships to establish healthy food retail environments. Future research should document approach to and the impact of using MMCA strategies to encourage healthier consumer purchases on business outcomes among diverse store contexts.
Doctor of Philosophy

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Venter, Raymano. "The evaluation of service delivery in the fast growing black diamond market / R. Venter." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4595.

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The black middle–class market segment also known as the black diamond market segment has shown immense growth in SA. It currently consists of approximately 3 million black middle–class South Africans with a buying power of approximately R200 billion. Despite the immense size and spending power of black diamonds, combined with its rapid growth over the past 15 years and expected future growth, little research has been conducted on this market segment. The rapid market growth of the black diamond market segment has lead to an immense rise in the demand for middle–income houses. This has caused a shortage of middleincome houses, and government and real estate developers have been unable to supply housing in this bracket to meet this ever increasing demand. The study examines this missing middle between supply and demand for the black diamond market in Tlokwe municipal region in order to provide the Tlokwe Municipality, real estate developers, construction companies, town planners, real estate agencies and the Tlokwe Department of Housing with sufficient information to address this challenge in Tlokwe municipal region. The study was conducted by way of a literature review and empirical study. For the empirical study, the information was obtained through two questionnaires. One questionnaire was compiled for black diamond respondents and one for real estate developers and estate agents in the Tlokwe municipal region. The study found that there is a gap between the supply side and demand side of middleincome housing (houses within the R50 000 to R550 000 price range) in the Tlokwe municipal region, and that there is a high demand for such houses. It was also found that there is a tendency for black diamonds to relocate from the townships to the suburbs. The major reasons for this movement were identified as family and the lack of availability of middle–income houses in the townships. It was also found that the black diamond respondents have a tendency to spend their money on bad debt (debt on expenses) instead of good debt (debt on assets), and are inclined to save rather than spend. Furthermore, as evident from the number of respondents with clothing accounts and cellphone contracts, it was confirmed that black diamonds are status driven, as suggested in the literature.
Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

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Bukhari, Sulafah. "Consumer Loyalty in Fast-Food Restaurants in Saudi Arabia." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31899.

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This study assesses the loyalty behaviour of consumers in fast-food restaurants in Saudi Arabia by studying the antecedents and the consequences of loyalty behaviour. The sample consisted of 231 Saudis and non-Saudis living in Saudi Arabia. They were approached using the “snowball” technique. Participants were all over the age of eighteen, and they were customers of Al-Baik restaurants. Data was collected through a face-to-face questionnaire, and analyzed using SPSS software. Specifically, Cronbach’s Alpha test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis were used. Results show that significant relationships exist between the antecedents and the consequences of loyalty behaviour. It is also indicated that participants’ personalities and values were significantly related to the loyalty behaviour of consumers in Saudi Arabia. The major limitation of this study is that it was conducted in only one city, Jeddah. Therefore, additional research should be carried out in other cities with larger samples. The research results offer compelling evidence that Saudi loyalty behaviour differs from Western behaviour. Therefore, it suggests that international fast-food operators in Saudi Arabia should take local factors into account when formulating marketing strategies, such as the role of women and youth in Saudi society. This thesis makes a novel contribution to the literature, as it is the first to model the antecedents and the consequences of loyalty behaviour of consumers in a single study. It is also the first to study contributed to the literature to examine the relation between the Six Dimensional Achievement Motivation Scale (Jackson, Ahmed, and Heapy, 1976), Rokeach Value System (1973), and loyalty behaviour of consumers.

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Haddad, Mariana Rebello. "Padrão de consumo alimentar e prática de atividade física entre adolescentes de famílias em diferentes estratos sociais: Revisão sistemática de literatura e análise de dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE 2009, 2012 e 2015)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/89/89131/tde-11092018-155046/.

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Introdução: Práticas alimentares inadequadas associadas a um nível de atividade física insuficiente acarretam maior risco de manifestação precoce de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Objetivo: Analisar padrão de consumo de determinados alimentos saudáveis e nível de atividade física de adolescentes escolares brasileiros pertencentes a famílias de diferentes estratos sociais, investigados nas três edições da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE), conduzida pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística em 2009, 2012 e 2015. Metodologia: A tese foi composta de três artigos. O primeiro artigo baseia-se em revisão sistemática da literatura para identificação de evidências sobre associação entre características socioeconômicas, nível de atividade física e frequência de consumo de alimentos entre adolescentes. Os demais artigos foram construídos a partir de análise estatística de base de dados unificada composta pelas três edições da PeNSE (2009, 2012 e 2015). O segundo artigo utilizou modelo de regressão logística multivariada para verificação da associação entre características socioeconômicas, nível de atividade física e frequência do consumo de alimentos saudáveis e não saudáveis entre adolescentes brasileiros, usando dados de amostra representativa em nível de capitais de Unidades da Federação das três edições da PeNSE 2009, 2012 e 2015. O terceiro artigo empregou modelo de regressão logística multivariada para investigação da associação entre autoavaliação do peso corporal e adoção de medidas de controle de peso em relação ao nível de atividade física e à frequência do consumo de alimentos saudáveis e não saudáveis entre adolescentes brasileiros, segundo dependência administrativa da escola (rede pública ou privada) em amostra representativa em nível de municípios capitais e grandes regiões brasileiras, a partir de dados de duas edições da PeNSE 2012 e 2015. Resultados: Os estudos analisados na revisão sistemática apontaram adoção de piores hábitos alimentares e estilo de vida sedentário entre adolescentes de menor nível socioeconômico. Em termos de análise dos dados brasileiros, no segundo artigo verificou-se que a renda familiar e o nível de escolaridade dos pais estavam associados com os hábitos alimentares e nível de atividade física entre os adolescentes. No terceiro artigo, observaram-se diferenças importantes de autoavaliação do peso corporal relacionadas ao gênero, assim como importância do ambiente escolar na determinação do nível de influência social quanto às práticas de alimentação e atividade física adotadas entre adolescentes brasileiros. Conclusão: Resultados da presente tese indicam importância de monitoramento dos fatores de risco e proteção associados às características socioeconômicas como parte das pressões às quais jovens brasileiros estão submetidos. A análise dos dados das edições da PeNSE indicou possibilidade de constituir um sistema de vigilância de fatores de risco à saúde dirigido a adolescentes, gerando evidências para avaliação e orientação de políticas destinadas aos adolescentes e escolares no país.
Introduction: Inadequate dietary practices associated with insufficient physical activity lead to increased risk in early onset of non-communicable chronic diseases. Objective: To analyze food pattern and level of physical activity among Brazilian adolescents enrolled in school from families in diverse social strata, investigated in the three editions of the National School Health Survey (PeNSE), conducted by the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics in 2009, 2012 and 2015. Methodology: The thesis was composed of three articles. The first article is based on systematic literature review designed to identify evidences regarding the association between socioeconomic characteristics, physical activity level and frequency of food consumption among adolescents. The following articles were constructed on statistical analysis of single dataset encompassing information on the three editions of the PeNSE (2009, 2012 and 2015). The second article used multivariate logistic regression model to verify the association between socioeconomic characteristics, physical activity level and frequency of healthy and unhealthy foods consumption among Brazilian adolescents, based on sample representative at capital of state level from three editions of PeNSE 2009, 2012 and 2015. The third article used multivariate logistic regression model to investigate the association among self-assessment of body weight and adoption of weight control measures in relation to level of physical activity and frequency of consumption of healthy and unhealthy foods among Brazilian adolescents, according to administrative dependence of school (public or private) in sample representative at the level of state capitals and Brazilian macroregions, in two editions of PeNSE 2012 and 2015. Results: The studies analyzed in the systematic review of literature indicated worst eating habits and sedentary lifestyle among adolescents with low socioeconomic status. Regarding data analysis, evidences in the second article pointed to the family income and parents\' educational attainment were associated with eating habits and physical activity level among adolescents. In the third article, significant differences were observed in terms of self-assessment of body weight related to gender, as well as importance of school environment in determining the social influence on practices of food consumption and physical activity among Brazilian adolescents. Conclusion: Results of the dissertation indicate the importance of monitoring risk and protection factors related to socioeconomic characteristics which comprise pressures in Brazilian adolescents\' life. The analysis of data from the three issues of the national survey on adolescents\' health indicate the possibility to compose a system for monitoring health risk factors directed towards adolescents, generating evidences for assessment and guidance of public policies aimed at adolescents and schoolchildren in Brazil.

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"A strategy analysis of the effectiveness of mobile marketing on the buying behaviour of the lower income segments." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13691.

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M.Com. (Business Management)
Mobile marketing has rapidly grown during the past years, and will continue to grow with advancements in technology, enabling mobile phones to be used for much more than simple calls and personal text messaging. This study investigates how a mobile marketing company, Mobitainment, can successfully communicate, through mobile marketing initiatives, with the lower income segments. The various characteristics of the lower income segment are understood, and the possible strategies that Mobitainment can implement, are established. Strategy is a crucial element in every business unit of an organisation. The marketing department is no exception. Porter’s Five Forces model provides the basis from which companies can get to understand their operating environment prior to developing the appropriate marketing strategy. It is through the marketer’s understanding of the consumer behaviour as well as the various message appeal factors, that the appropriate mobile marketing message can be designed. The study used a mixed research approach in that both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used to address the objectives. The qualitative part of the study entailed the use of semistructured interviews in order to collect information from marketing managers working in different mobile marketing organisations. The quantitative part involved the administration of a questionnaire on consumers in the LSM 4 to 6 segments. Five semi-structured interviews were conducted and a hundred and forty questionnaires were distributed. The questionnaires were distributed to individuals in Tsakane, Daveyton, Springs and Johannesburg. The quantitative data was analysed using two main tools, descriptive statistical analysis and correlation analysis, whilst the qualitative data was analysed using thematic analysis. The findings of the quantitative study found that many of the individuals in the LSM 4-6 segments own mobile phones which are able to perform the functions found in smartphones such as send and receive emails as well as access the Internet; the LSM 4-6 segments do not have a strong attitude for or against mobile marketing; mobile marketing communication has an influence on the buying behaviour of the LSM 4-6 segments; the message appeal factors are a crucial part of driving consumers to make a purchase, and ‘relevance’ has the strongest influence on the LSM 4-6 segment’s buying behaviour. The results of the qualitative study show that there are several challenges that Mobitainment can face when targeting the lower income segment such as the literacy levels of the lower income segment and survey fraud. SMS, USSD, MMS, IVR and Mobile Applications were identified to be suitable strategies to implement when targeting the lower income segment. The above strategies ‘fit’ with the preferences and buyer behaviour of the LSM 4-6, and the recommended strategies can be used with discounts, vouchers and other incentives to drive the buying behaviour of the LSM 4-6.

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Lee, Ming-Yueh, and 李. 明. 岳. "Changes in Personal Income for the Mobile Business Consumer Behavior." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12232138245928770302.

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碩士
國立中興大學
高階經理人碩士在職專班
98
The global economy crisis triggered by the U.S. subprime mortgage resulted in housing market to shrink globally, stock market collapse, slow economic growth, financial institutions and enterprises continue closing down, and the unemployment rate rising rapidly with world economic deflation sharply. On the other hand, the economical rapid vicissitude also affects the situation of consumer market while some consumers as incomes have shrunk drastically result in conservative attitude, and some consumers comparatively with income accumulated quickly result in consuming more luxury goods for showing unique and superiority. With aforementioned huge variation of Income and consumption, this study was to investigate how changes in personal income caused by the financial tsunami result in the use of the mobile commerce, through the empirical research with three major dimensions: the easy usage of mobile commerce, the useful usage of mobile commerce, and the adoption of mobile commerce. With statistical and regression analysis, the results were as follows: 1.The reduced quantity of Consumers’ income will affect above mentioned three dimensions. 2.The degree of consumers’ income variation with significant difference with the adoption of mobile commerce.

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Magness, Allison Ann. "Low-income purchase selections : what is the price of choosing healthier alternatives?" Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2012-08-6121.

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The primary hypothesis of this study was that low-income individuals purchase more packaged foods of lower healthiness and lower price compared to similar packaged foods of higher healthiness and higher price. The Nutrition Metric was chosen as the system to measure the nutritional value of foods because it is in the public domain and uses nutrients common to the Nutrition Facts panel; however, prior to use, the validity of the Nutrition Metric needed to be tested. The convergent validation of the Nutrition Metric was tested with four systems (NuVal, Guiding Stars, WXYfm, Go-Slow-Whoa) that met the study criteria. A sample of 600 foods that were purchased over a 104 week period that ended in November 2009 by 34,407 low-income households was drawn to achieve at least 168 items having scores available for each system. The Nutrition Metric had a positive correlation with all scoring systems for the 174 foods (P<0.01) that verified its validity as a tool to assess food healthiness. The Nutrition Metric was used to measure the healthiness of packaged products from the list of low-income food purchases (n=316). Products had a negative mean healthiness score of -0.88 ± 1.72 and low levels (<5% Daily Value) of dietary fiber, vitamin A and C, iron, and cholesterol. The majority of the products (n=305) did not have a nutrient claim on product packaging. The Nutrition Metric was a successful tool that can be utilized to assess the healthiness differences between products with and without nutrient claims purchased by low-income shoppers with counterpart products at the supermarket. Food price and healthiness differences were evaluated for the list of packaged products (n=305 (minus 11 single ingredient cooking staples)) commonly purchased by low-income shoppers to counterpart products of the same brand and package size with or without nutrient claims. Products with nutrient claims (n=77), on average, had higher healthiness scores and prices than products without claims (n=77) (P<0.01). Research and education initiatives that promote the selection of products with claims instead of products without claims are potential options to improve the diets of low-income consumers.
text

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Amuli, Dorah John. "Purchasing patterns of major plant staples in low-income households in the Vaal Triangle." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10352/251.

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Dissertation (M. Tech. (Food Service Management, Dept. of Hospitality and Tourism)) -- Vaal University of Technology
Very poor families, mostly in developing parts of the world, consume a monotonous staple diet out of need and are least likely to eat healthy diets. This study focussed on how the low income households in the urbanised informal settlement of Eatonside used available income to buy plant staples (situation analysis), the share of the food budget Rand allocated to this (investigative survey), as well as the extent of influence of low income, food prices, and locality on the buying behaviour. The aspects of where, how much, when and how low-income households purchased were examined in order to determine the purchasing patterns for plant staples. From the households surveyed, most (62,2%) received an income of less than R500.00/month. Household size affected food purchasing and varied according to the type of household head. Total food budget expenditure by male-headed households was 83,1 percent, 58,1 percent by female-headed households and 27,9 percent by de facto headed households. The total average share/portion of the food budget allocated to purchasing of plant staples was reported as R64.63 ±(R8.04). While male-headed households spent 15 percent of the total share/portion/month allocated to purchasing of plant staples, female-headed households spent 23,1 percent and de facto-headed households spent 21,1 percent. Total average expenditure allocated to plant staples was 58,1 percent for maize meal, 23,2 percent for rice, 4,6 percent for mabella, 3,9 percent for sugar beans, 3,7 percent for samp, 2,5 percent for split peas and 4 percent on various other plant staples. Price and quantity (63,6%) were main purchasing indicators. Less plant staples were purchased when prices were high and more when prices were low. Normally when prices of other food products are high, people buy more staples to survive. Most frequent purchases for maize meal was 12,5 kg (65%) once a month (41,7%) at an average price of R32.80 per unit from spaza shops. Plant staples were mostly purchased once a month (80,2%) at supermarkets (47%) or spaza shops (42%). The urbanised low income households of Eatonside were poor, leading to the allocation of a major component of the budget to food (plant staples). Purchasing patterns, plant staples, low-income households, Eatonside informal settlement.
Central Research Committee of the Vaal University of Technology

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De, Clercq Bernadene. "Analysing the predictors of financial vulnerability of the consumer market microstructure in SouthAfrica." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13537.

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This study aimed to develop a causal chain that illustrates the path through which a variety of factors influence consumer financial vulnerability. In order to achieve the stated aim, it was necessary to firstly identify the factors that gave rise to consumers being financially vulnerable. Secondly, the nature of the causal chain between the identified factors was determined. Thirdly, the causes of consumer financial vulnerability according to key informants in the financial services industry were determined. Finally, based on the results of the first three stages, possible explanations for consumer financial vulnerability were provided. Before the construction of the causal chain could be explored, a theoretical framework regarding household financial position as well as financial attitudes and behaviours was provided. The theoretical framework was supported by a description of the linkages through which consumers function and transact in an economy by applying chain reasoning. The chain reasoning was extended by providing financial statements reflecting the results of consumers’ interactions in the macroeconomy with an extract from the national accounts of South Africa presenting the income statements, balance sheets and relevant financial ratios of consumers for the period in which the research was conducted (2008 to 2009). For this study, the explanatory sequential mixed methods design was deemed appropriate to achieve the proposed research objectives. The research process firstly consisted of a quantitative strand where the possible causes for consumer financial vulnerability were identified after which the results were validated with data obtained in the second phase by means of four focus group discussions. To determine the factors giving rise to and establish the causal chain of overall consumer financial vulnerability, regression analysis was conducted. Based on the results of the regression analysis, it became evident that the financial vulnerability chain is not a singular linear process but rather a non-linear process (with contemporaneous and singular linkages) with a variety of factors influencing financial vulnerability, but also influencing each other over time.
Management Accounting
D. Accounting Science

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Fernandes, Karina Carla de Araújo. "A importância da adaptação da linguagem do visual merchandising para o varejo de baixa renda." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/5745.

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A evolução do varejo no Brasil, também atribuída ao crescimento econômico das últimas décadas, foi marcada pelo surgimento de novos formatos e estratégias comerciais e por um surpreendente processo de transformação social. Observa-se que a referida transformação social foi seguida pelo aumento do poder aquisitivo das diferentes classes sociais que compõem o cenário econômico. O crescimento econômico, proporcionado pela instituição de políticas econômicas e de inclusão social, fez despontar um nicho de mercado, que até o momento apresentava-se com acesso restrito ao consumo, formado pela classe social de baixa renda. O surgimento de um novo cenário mercadológico constituído por indivíduos pertencentes à classe social de baixa renda e a concorrência saturada dos mercados consolidados despertaram o interesse de muitas empresas em incrementar suas atividades investindo no emergente mercado de consumo. Para consolidar suas atuações em um mercado pouco conhecido, algumas empresas perceberam a necessidade de compatibilizar sua estratégias comerciais e de marketing ao novo perfil e comportamento dos respectivos consumidores. Entretanto, ainda é possível observar que muitas das referidas estratégias são desenvolvidas a partir de mitos acerca das motivações e comportamentos de consumo da classe social de baixa renda e, desta forma, não correspondente ao estilo de vida e formação cultural do referido público alvo. O presente estudo pretende contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento do varejo de baixa renda e, desta forma, apresentar a importância de planejar ações comerciais e de convencimento de consumo coordenadas com estratégias de marketing, notadamente do visual merchandising, adaptadas ao referido público alvo. Para alcançar a proposta deste estudo fez-se necessária a compreensão do estilo de vida do respectivo público alvo através do desenvolvimento de métodos de pesquisa investigativos, para uma análise detalhada e assertiva das respectivas motivações de consumo.
The evolution of retail in Brazil, also attributed to the economic growth from the last decades, was flagged by the outbreak of new commercial styles and strategies, and by an amazing process of social transformation. It’s noticeable that the so called social transformation was followed by the purchase power’s growth from the various social ranks that form the economic environment. The referred consumerism market transformation was possible through the institution of economic policies and social integration, which provided a shift at the country’s economic scene and, by it, the strengthening of consumerism in the lower income social class. The appearance of a new marketing scene constituted by individuals who belong to the low income social classes and the saturated competition of consolidated markets aroused the interest in many companies in increasing their activities at the emerging consumerism market. To consolidate their actions at a little known market, some companies saw the need of aligning their business and marketing strategies to the new profile and behavior of the related consumers. However, it is still possible to observe that many of those strategies are developed through myths that surround the will and consumer behavior of the low income social class and, because of it; it doesn’t match to the life style and cultural education of this target group. The present study intends to contribute to the improvement at the low income retail and, this way, to present the importance of planning marketing actions coordinated with marketing strategies, notably from the merchandising look, adapted to the referred target group. To reach this study’s proposal, it was adamant the comprehension of the lifestyle of the individuals who belong to low income social classes through the developing of investigative research methods, for a more detailed and assertive analysis of the respective consumer motivation and, this way, providing the identification over visual.

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Mokgabudi, Lebogang Refilwe. "The impact of shopping mall developments on consumer behaviour in township areas." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25200.

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The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of shopping mall developments on consumer behaviour in township areas. Local and international research indicated that shopping mall developments in low-income communities result in several benefits for consumers, such as convenient location; a larger variety of goods offered, lower prices than small retailers in the area and better quality of goods, amongst others. Studies also indicated that the choice of the preferred supermarket/shopping mall is not a rational decision based only on pricing, but on a compromise of satisfying economic, social and psychological needs. A two part mixed methodology, which employed both qualitative and quantitative methods, was adopted. This included semi-structured interviews with retail experts and interview-administered questionnaires with the primary retail shopper in the household. The sample population was Alexandra Township in Gauteng, South Africa. Findings revealed that low-income consumers prefer to shop from the closest shopping mall instead of small retailers/Spaza Shops because of the lower prices and a larger variety of goods offered. However, evidence suggested that consumers prefer to shop at a shopping mall that represents their desired lifestyle, therefore shopping mall developments in township areas, do not fulfil the social and aspirational needs of low-income consumers. For this reason, low-income consumers continue to purchase from malls in urban areas.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
unrestricted

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Sikapokoo, Grace. "Risk mitigating behaviour amongst low income consumers a South African short term micro insurance study." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/45049.

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The uptake of micro insurance products by low income consumers has been low, especially in the short term insurance industry. Many studies have identified a number of challenges that insurers are faced with when trying to penetrate this market. This study explores this problem from a different angle, where it investigates whether low income consumers already apply risk mitigating strategies to their circumstances, precluding them from purchasing short term micro insurance products. A qualitative design was followed, specifically to understand what the target population understood of insurance and whether they had their own existing methods of how to respond to risk events regarding their assets. 20 interviews were conducted with 10 from two townships namely Thembisa and Alexandra in the Guateng province of South Africa. The research found that risk mitigating behaviour did indeed exist amongst low income consumers; however this behaviour was driven by a prioritisation process. This process was developed considering low income consumers’ dilemmas of having limited resources but needing to mitigate the effect of what they would term as the most significant risk in their household. These risks would differ per household because of the different criteria that households would use to determine what is important, and this will lead to mitigating solutions that these consumers will engage in, thus resulting risk mitigating behaviour.
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
lmgibs2015
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
Unrestricted

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Osah, Olam. "Exploring consumer intentions to use the M-pesa financial service: a comparative study of low-income communities in Kenya and South Africa." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/12521.

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Abstract Recent times have witnessed increasing availability of mobile technology-based products/services in developing regions such as Africa. However, the extant literature has not traditionally focused on understanding the adoption and use of these technologies by consumers in these parts of the world. This gap cannot be ignored and the need to investigate consumer intention to use mobile based-technology in this region is becoming paramount to their successful implementation. One such mobile-based technology is the M-pesa financial service. The current study merged appropriate theories that could predict consumer intention to use this M-pesa service in two African countries, Kenya and South Africa. First, the two countries were compared in an attempt to provide an explanation of why the launch of the M-pesa service has been more successful in Kenya than in South Africa. It then examined the effects of the Technology Acceptance Model variables (perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use), subjective norm from the Theory of Reasoned Action, self efficacy from the Social Cognitive Theory, and six dimensions of Switching Costs, on consumers intention to use M-pesa. To measure the study’s variables, validated scales from the IS literature, social psychology literature, and economics literature were identified and adopted. Data were collected using paper based survey instruments from individuals residing in low-income communities in Kenya (N=265) and South Africa (N=150), thus a total of 415 responses. The results indicate there are correlations between all variables and intention to use, however, only perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and subjective norms have a direct influence on intention to use M-pesa. The model explained 33.1% of the variance in intention to use M-pesa. The results suggest that while switching costs do not have a direct influence on intention to use, some of their effects are mediated in predicting intention to use. Thus, this study has paved the way for future testing and enhancement of the study’s model. The study’s contribution to theory and practice are also presented.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Consumer behavior Income'

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