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Journal articles on the topic 'Consumer credit – Law and legislation – United States'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Ferretti, Federico, and Beatrice Bertarini. "Consumer Credit Advertising in the United Kingdom and Italy: the Shortcomings of the Consumer Credit Directive and Scope for Review." European Business Law Review 31, Issue 2 (2020): 243–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2020010.

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This contribution examines comparatively the national laws of the United Kingdom and Italy transposing the provisions of consumer credit advertising as set by the Consumer Credit Directive on account of its review. The Consumer Credit Directive is a full harmonization measure that aims to create a single market in the area of consumer credit with a high level of consumer protection. At the same time, the provision on consumer credit advertising offers a legal choice to Member States as regards its transposition into domestic law. The United Kingdom and Italy have opted for different legal choi

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2

Arroyo Amayuelas, Esther. "A Third Directive on Consumer Credit." European Review of Contract Law 20, no. 1 (2024): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ercl-2024-2001.

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Abstract The recently adopted Consumer Credit Directive incorporates new forms of credit and uses classic consumer protection instruments as well as introducing measures that increase control over lenders with the aim of preventing over-indebtedness. In general, more burdens are imposed on lenders and certain commercial practices are banned or restricted in all Member States. Moreover, the Directive is characterised by the fact that it includes consumer data protection and specifies a consumers’ right not to be discriminated against, which may have some overlap with the General Data Protection

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Jørgensen, Tanja. "Harmonization: A Need for EU Action on Consumer Credit?" European Business Law Review 26, Issue 5 (2015): 743–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2015037.

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As in the consumer area in general, the objective of the internal market has been applied as a reason why there is a EU need for action regarding consumer credit. Even though it is more than 25 years ago since the first Consumer Credit Directive harmonized aspects of the legislation in the Member States, cross-border activities are still extremely low. The achievement of the internal market depends on the consumers’ and the creditors’ overall incentives to cross-border activities, where harmonized aspects of the legislation are only an insignificant motivation. Despite a need for EU action may

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Sein, Karin. "Transposition of the New Consumer Credit Directive in Estonia." European Review of Private Law 20, Issue 2 (2012): 435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2012026.

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Abstract: On 30 September 2010, the Estonian Parliament adopted amendments to the Law of Obligations Act (LOA) aimed at implementing the new EU Consumer Credit Directive into Estonian legislation. These amendments entered into force on 1 July 2011, thus over a year later than the mandatory transposition deadline under the Directive. The reason for the delay was the fact that on 1 January 2011 Estonia joined the euro zone and the Estonian credit institutions were not ready to face two substantial challenges - introduction of the euro and coping with the new requirements of the Consumer Credit D

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Anderson, Elisabeth, Bruce G. Carruthers, and Timothy W. Guinnane. "An Unlikely Alliance: How Experts and Industry Transformed Consumer Credit Policy in the Early Twentieth Century United States." Social Science History 39, no. 4 (2015): 581–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2015.72.

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Despite the recently demonstrated importance of consumer credit for the economic health of nations and families, little is known about the history of consumer credit markets and their regulation. An important chapter in the history of consumer credit regulation came between 1909 and 1941, when policy experts at the Russell Sage Foundation (RSF) engaged in a national campaign to transform small loan markets and policy in the United States. Concentrating its efforts on state-by-state passage of the Uniform Small Loan Law, the foundation's political success hinged upon an alliance with the Americ

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Bierecki, Dominik, and Natalia Bierecka. "Ewolucja instytucji prawnej więzi członkowskiej w spółdzielczej kasie oszczędnościowo‑kredytowej (unii kredytowej)." Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica 23, no. 1 (2024): 203–24. https://doi.org/10.15290/mhi.2024.23.01.09.

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The aim of the article is to examine the evolution of the legal institution of the membership bond in credit unions in the Polish law. The research thesis of the article states that the requirement to connect members with a social (membership) bond existed in historical credit unions. The research thesis also states that in the evolution of the membership bond there was a territorial bond based on the place of residence of the credit union members. The article was prepared using the historical-legal, dogmatic-legal and comparative legal methods. The article presents the origins of credit union

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Staff, Natalie. "Consumer Protection in Mortgage Lending." European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance 3, no. 4 (2016): 385–454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134514-00304001.

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For different reasons, such as the financial crisis of 2007, the eu has adopted a directive with the purpose of harmonising consumer mortgage lending law whilst ensuring a high level of consumer protection. This article assesses the impacts of the Mortgage Credit Directive in Sweden and the United Kingdom. The focus is residential mortgage lending from a consumer protection perspective on the basis of the main areas of the directive; communications, advice, information, disclosure, responsible lending and repayment. The practical processes of mortgage lending and the ways these fields are regu

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White, Michelle J. "Bankruptcy Reform and Credit Cards." Journal of Economic Perspectives 21, no. 4 (2007): 175–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.21.4.175.

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From 1980 to 2004, the number of personal bankruptcy filings in the United States increased more than five-fold, from 288,000 to 1.5 million per year. By 2004, more Americans were filing for bankruptcy each year than were graduating from college, getting divorced, or being diagnosed with cancer. In 2005, the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act (BAPCPA) became law. It made bankruptcy law much less debtor-friendly. Personal bankruptcy filings fell to 600,000 in 2006. This paper explores why personal bankruptcy rates rose, and will argue that the main reason is the growth of “

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Volynets, V. V. "Some aspects of legal regulation of e-commerce in the United States." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence 1, no. 3 (2025): 373–78. https://doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2025.03.1.57.

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The article examines some topical issues of legal regulation of e-commerce in the United States, with an emphasis on its impact on the global economy and the need for flexible legislation. It is stated that e-commerce is a rapidly growing sector that is projected to reach $4.3 trillion in global retail sales by 2025. The author found that the United States, as a pioneering country in digital commerce, does not have a single e-commerce law, but instead uses a system of federal and state acts, including the E-SIGN Act (2000), UETA (1999), COPPA (1998), and CAN-SPAM Act (2003). These laws, the co

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Parks, Andrew. "Unfair Collection: Reclaiming Control of Publicly Available Personal Information from Data Scrapers." Michigan Law Review, no. 120.5 (2022): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.120.5.unfair.

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Rising enthusiasm for consumer data protection in the United States has resulted in several states advancing legislation to protect the privacy of their residents’ personal information. But even the newly enacted California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA)—the most comprehensive data privacy law in the country— leaves a wide-open gap for internet data scrapers to extract, share, and monetize consumers’ personal information while circumventing regulation. Allowing scrapers to evade privacy regulations comes with potentially disastrous consequences for individuals and society at large. This Note argues

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Parks, Andrew. "Unfair Collection: Reclaiming Control of Publicly Available Personal Information from Data Scrapers." Michigan Law Review, no. 120.5 (2022): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.120.5.unfair.

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Rising enthusiasm for consumer data protection in the United States has resulted in several states advancing legislation to protect the privacy of their residents’ personal information. But even the newly enacted California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA)—the most comprehensive data privacy law in the country— leaves a wide-open gap for internet data scrapers to extract, share, and monetize consumers’ personal information while circumventing regulation. Allowing scrapers to evade privacy regulations comes with potentially disastrous consequences for individuals and society at large. This Note argues

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Maggs, P. "The United States and global regulation of convertible virtual currencies." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University, no. 2 (April 10, 2020): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.66.2.058-069.

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The regulation of convertible virtual currencies (for instance Bitcoin) is an area both of global cooperation and global competition. On the one hand, virtual currencies create serious problems of payment for illegal transactions, money laundering, tax evasion, and consumer fraud. On the other hand such currencies, have the potential to lower the costs of commercial and consumer transactions and to facilitate international trade. Both dealing with the problems and realizing the potential of virtual currencies require international cooperation.There is no uniformity in national legislation on v

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Corones, Stephen, and Juliet Davis. "Protecting Consumer Privacy and Data Security: Regulatory Challenges and Potential Future Directions." Federal Law Review 45, no. 1 (2017): 65–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x1704500104.

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This article considers the regulatory problems of online tracking behaviour, lack of consent to data collection, and the security of data collected with or without consent. Since the mid-1990s the United States Federal Trade Commission has been using its power under the United States consumer protection regime to regulate these problems. The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), on the other hand, has yet to bring civil or criminal proceedings for online privacy or data security breaches, which indicates a reluctance to employ the Australian Consumer Law (‘ACL’) in this field.

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De Lucca, Newton, Guilherme Magalhães Martins, and Renata Capriolli Zocatelli Queiroz. "Brazilian General Data Protection Law (LGPD) and California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA)." Brazilian Journal of Law, Technology and Innovation 1, no. 1 (2023): 38–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.59224/bjlti.v1i1.38-57.

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The issue of this work focuses on the critical analysis of the relevance of consumer personal data protection in the information society. The objective is to explain the relevance of the topic in light of the Brazilian General Data Protection Law and the California Consumer Privacy Act in the United States, in a micro-comparative approach. The literature review method was used, based on the theoretical-scientific construction through a comparison of the Brazilian and Californian legislation. To better understand the importance of protecting personal data today, the article discusses the global

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Nugroho, Bhakti Satrio. "‘Firearming’ Fairytales: NRA and Gun Culture in American Fan-Fiction." J-Lalite: Journal of English Studies 3, no. 2 (2022): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jes.2022.3.2.6061.

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Gun issue becomes one of the most polemic issues in the United States alongside racism. Regardless, the last major gun control legislation to make it into law was the assault weapons ban in 1994 as part of a larger crime-related bill approved during Bill Clinton presidential period. After the assault weapons ban expired, American society is threatened by the increasing numbers of gun violence issue such as mass shooting and gun homicide. In this case, NRA involvement is vital towards gun culture in the United States. As non-profit organization, NRA has influential lobbying for any policies tow

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Ferretti, Federico. "Consumer access to capital in the age of FinTech and big data: The limits of EU law." Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 25, no. 4 (2018): 476–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1023263x18794407.

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There is much hype about the potential for technological innovation (FinTech) and big data to transform and deliver financial services to consumers. The aim of this paper is to analyse, from the perspective of financial inclusion and consumer protection, the extent to which the current European Union legal framework is prepared to respond to the challenges posed by such innovation in the context of the prospective opportunities and detriment for consumers. Departing from an assessment of the already problematic and jeopardised uses of traditional credit data in the Member States, it concludes

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Makowska, Marta. "Controversial advertising of medicines. A comparison between Poland and the United States." Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym 21, no. 5 (2018): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1899-2226.21.5.06.

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For many years, the subject of aggressive marketing campaigns conducted by pharmaceutical companies has been raised in Poland. Drug ads are everywhere, on television, the radio, magazines and on the Internet. Therefore, it is extremely important is to ensure both their legal and ethical dimension. This article will present the differences between direct-to-consumer advertising of medicines in Poland and in the US. The dissimilarities result mainly from differences in legislation. In Poland, the law is much stricter than in the US. For example, in the United States companies are allowed to adve

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18

Harhat, I. M. "The Concept Of Unfair Contract Terms." Actual problems of improving of current legislation of Ukraine, no. 55 (January 17, 2021): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/apiclu.55.3-13.

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The article explores the concept of «unfair terms contract terms» through the analysis of its origin and fixing in the legislation and legal literature of the European Union, Ukraine and the United States. Comparisons of interpretations of this concept according to Directive 93/13/EEC, Model Rules of European Private Law, The Uniform Commercial Code, as well as the Law of Ukraine «On Consumer Protection». In the article author notes that the definition of unfair terms of the contract is a complex symbiosis of material and procedural, a combination of justice and dishonesty, comparison of

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Steinemann, Anne. "Fragranced consumer products: effects on autistic adults in the United States, Australia, and United Kingdom." Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 11, no. 10 (2018): 1137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11869-018-0625-x.

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Abstract Fragranced consumer products, such as cleaning supplies, air fresheners, and personal care products, can have adverse effects on both air quality and health. This study investigates the effects of fragranced products on autistic individuals ages 18–65 in the United States, Australia, and United Kingdom. Nationally representative population surveys (n = 1137; 1098; 1100) found that, across the three countries, 4.3% of adults (n = 142) report medically diagnosed autism (2.3%), an autism spectrum disorder (2.4%), or both. Of these autistic adults, 83.7% report adverse health effects from

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Berzina, Anzhela B. "CIRCULATION OF DRUGS AS AN OBJECT OF LEGAL PROTECTION UNDER THE LEGISLATION OF TEXAS (USA)." Ukrainian educational and scientific medical space, no. 2 (August 16, 2024): 13–17. https://doi.org/10.31612/3041-1548.2.2024.02.

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Introduction. Texas is an economically powerful region of the United States, where the circulation of drugs is subject to legal protection, strictly regulated by both federal and state legislation. Such protection is aimed at carefully monitoring each stage of the drug supply chain to the end consumer to ensure the safety and effectiveness of drugs. Aim. The article aims to clarify the features of drug circulation as an object of legal protection under the legislation of Texas (USA) and to determine the relationship between the norms of federal legislation regulating such circulation and the n

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Baig, Anwar. "Guardians of Fairness: Evolving Frontiers in Consumer Protection Law." Journal of Political Stability Archive 2, no. 4 (2024): 375–79. https://doi.org/10.63468/jpsa.2.4.34.

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Consumer protection law has developed out of this intellectual tradition now constituting a central pillar in the modern legal edifice that seeks to ensure the fair, safe and trustworthy exchange of goods and services in the marketplace. This paper examines the changing world of consumer protection through an analysis of legal systems in Pakistan and the UK, as well as other jurisdictions. In contrast to the UK, where superior legislation like the Consumer Rights Act 2015 and robust regulatory authorities namely CMA are in place; Pakistan’s system is fragmented and less efficient, particularly

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Toulin, Alana. "“Old Methods Not Up to New Ways”: The Strategic Use of Advertising in the Fight for Pure Food After 1906." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 18, no. 4 (2019): 461–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s153778141900029x.

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This article considers how American food manufacturers used advertising and outreach to sway public opinion in the immediate years after the 1906 passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act. Although this federal legislation has long been heralded as a landmark victory for consumer protection, the new law was not a watershed moment for progressivism. Food production and consumption in the United States remained deeply fraught. In the absence of a clearly defined apparatus to enforce the new law and much contestation among policy-makers, business interests, and reformers, the food industry's co-optio

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Stoop, Philip N., and Chrizell Churr. "Unpacking the Right to Plain and Understandable Language in the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 16, no. 5 (2017): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2013/v16i5a2447.

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The Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 came into effect on 1 April 2011. The purpose of this Act is, among other things, to promote fairness, openness and respectable business practice between the suppliers of goods or services and the consumers of such good and services. In consumer protection legislation fairness is usually approached from two directions, namely substantive and procedural fairness. Measures aimed at procedural fairness address conduct during the bargaining process and generally aim at ensuring transparency. Transparency in relation to the terms of a contract relates to wheth

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Gardaloev, Alavdin S. "On measures to counter the illegal implementation of activities for the provision of consumer credits (loans)." Current Issues of the State and Law, no. 3 (2022): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2022-6-3-331-336.

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We conduct a detailed analysis of the current legislation regulating the suppression of illegal activities in the financial market. Particular attention is paid to the provisions of Article 1715 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Among other things, this study shows in most detail the invaluable role of the Central Bank of Russia as a regulator of law enforcement activities, namely in the issue of suppressing the illegal activities of banks and non-banking credit organizations in the financial market, the trend of its further activities in this legal aspect. We substantiate the de

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Hondius, Ewoud H. "Unfair Contract Terms and the Consumer: ECJ Case Law, Foreign Literature, and Their Impact on Dutch Law." European Review of Private Law 24, Issue 3/4 (2016): 457–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2016029.

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Summary: In the late twentieth century, most European states have adopted legislation on unfair contract terms. The Directive 93/13/EEC on unfair terms in consumer contracts has effectively made the European Court of Justice (ECJ) the final arbiter in interpreting much of this legislation. The present paper explores the impact which the ECJ case law and foreign legal writing has had in an individual Member State, that is, the Netherlands. Seven issues are highlighted. (i) First, especially in the United States, information requirements as to contract terms have been investigated and found want

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Epstein, Jessica. "Drugs that shaped the FDA: From elixir sulfanilamide to thalidomide." Bulletin for the History of Chemistry 43, no. 2 (2018): 102–10. https://doi.org/10.70359/bhc2018v043p102.

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The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) currently regulates pharmaceuticals, medical devices and food products. Since the inception of the FDA in 1906, two key pieces of legislation have shaped the FDA into the organization that we recognize today: The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FDandC Act) of 1938 and the Kefauver-Harris amendment in 1962. The FDandC Act of 1938 gave the FDA authority to oversee the safety of food, drugs and cosmetics. The law authorized the FDA to require evidence of safety for new drugs, issue standards for food, and conduct factory inspections. The K

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BERTELLI, Anthony M. ""Trust as a Reliance Interest: Administrative Law and Financial Regulation in the United States and its Comparative Implications"." Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, SI (December 20, 2023): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/tras.si2023.2.

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This article argues that regulatory trust is established and maintained through a relationship between stakeholders and the government, with the former group of organizations and individuals relying on their understanding of this relationship. Federal administrative law in the United States makes the expectations about the regulatory environment on which stakeholders rely more meaningful by granting stakeholders the right to bring actions in court when their expectations are being (or seem likely to be) dashed. To make this argument, I begin with the threshold question of how courts serve as a

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Cummings, K. Michael, Jonathan Gdanski, Nichole Veatch, and Ernesto Marcelo Sebrié. "Assumption of Risk and the Role of Health Warnings Labels in the United States." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 6 (2019): 975–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz089.

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Abstract Introduction This article provides historical context for understanding how the cigarette industry have manipulated language used in health warning labels (HWLs) to protect them in litigation. Methods Review of previously secret internal business records from 1964 discussing the role HWLs on cigarettes. Review of the legal challenges made by cigarette manufacturers surrounding HWLs as mandated in the 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act and the language in corrective statements ordered by US Department of Justice. Results Within days after the Surgeon General’s Advis

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Brewer, Mark K., and Sue Turner. "Solving Child Statelessness: Disclosure, Reporting, and Corporate Responsibility." British Journal of American Legal Studies 8, no. 1 (2019): 83–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjals-2019-0003.

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Abstract Statelessness affects around 10 million people globally, many of whom are children. Many public law initiatives to diminish and eradicate statelessness exist, yet the problem persists. This article explores the potential for the private law to contribute to a solution to this problem, leading to increased awareness of the plight of stateless children among the public, investors, governments, and multinational corporations. In doing so, the article examines the role of the private law in regulating the use of so-called “conflict minerals” in the United States and internationally. It re

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Kaufman-Scarborough, Carol. "Publicly-Researchable Accessibility Information: Problems, Prospects and Recommendations for Inclusion." Social Inclusion 7, no. 1 (2019): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v7i1.1651.

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Despite worldwide attempts to improve accessibility for consumers with disabilities, barriers still exist that exclude persons from consumer participation in daily life. Although legislation and lawsuits have addressed this issue, marketplaces designed for able-bodied persons are commonplace with minimal accessibility standards tied to costs rather than the needs of this overlooked group. The present article examines a seemingly obvious, but understudied aspect of inclusion: the provision of publicly-researchable accessibility information. Ironically, businesses and public venues may create ac

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Saloranta, Juho. "Establishing a Corporate Responsibility Ombudsman: Enhancing remedy through state-based non-judicial mechanisms?" Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 28, no. 1 (2021): 102–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1023263x20981367.

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This article assesses the efficiency of non-judicial grievance mechanisms in providing victims of corporate human rights violations with improved access to remedy. As no such mechanism is currently available, this article formulates a proposal for a new mechanism in the form of a corporate responsibility ombudsman, which would offer a great deal of flexibility as well as being an inexpensive, expeditious and informal manner of dealing with such issues. The article argues in favour of utilizing states’ regulatory arsenal to improve victims’ access to remedy extraterritorially. Based on recent i

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Naturkach, R. P. "Purpose of the monetary policy of the central banks of the EU participating countries." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 65 (October 25, 2021): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.65.10.

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The scientific article is devoted to the study of the purpose of monetary policy of the central banks of the EU member states. The legislation of the European Union, the member states of the European Union (Germany, France, Poland, the Czech Republic, Spain), as well as the United Kingdom, which left the EU, modern approaches in the science of constitutional and administrative law to determine the monetary policy of central banks EU members. The concept of the purpose of the monetary policy of the Central Banks of the EU member states, the activities and instruments of monetary policy, the fun

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Holovatskiy, N. T. "Legal regulation of personal data protection: GDPR and the legislation of the USA, Canada, and Ukraine." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, no. 85 (2024): 288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2024.85.2.42.

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The article provides a detailed analysis of the legal regulation of personal data protection in various jurisdictions, including the European Union, the United States, Canada, and Ukraine. Special attention is given to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which is one of the strictest international standards in this field. The main provisions of the GDPR are examined, such as the principles of lawfulness, fairness, transparency, purpose limitation, and data minimization, as well as the rights of data subjects, including the right to access, rectification, and erasure of data. The imp

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Fellmeth, Robert C., Bridget Fogarty Gramme, and C. Christopher Hayes. "Cartel Control of Attorney Licensure and the Public Interest*." British Journal of American Legal Studies 8, no. 2 (2019): 193–233. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjals-2019-0006.

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Abstract The purpose of regulating any profession is to assure competent practitioners, particularly where its absence can cause irreparable harm. Regulatory “licensing” ideally achieves such assurance, while at the same time avoiding unnecessary supply constriction. The latter can mean much higher prices and an inadequate number of practitioners. Regrettably, the universal delegation to attorneys of the power to regulate themselves has led to a lose/lose system lacking protection from incompetent practice while also diminishing needed supply. The problem is manifest in four regulatory flaws:

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Van Nortwick, Maggie, and Christo Wilson. "Setting the Bar Low: Are Websites Complying With the Minimum Requirements of the CCPA?" Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2022, no. 1 (2021): 608–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/popets-2022-0030.

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Abstract On June 28, 2018, the California State Legislature passed the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), arguably the most comprehensive piece of online privacy legislation in the United States. Online services covered by the CCPA are required to provide a hyperlink on their homepage with the text “Do Not Sell My Personal Information” (DNSMPI). The CCPA went into effect on January 1, 2020, a date that was chosen to give data collectors time to study the new law and bring themselves into compliance. In this study, we begin the process of investigating whether websites are complying with t

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Darchyk, H. M. "The current state of legal regulation of cryptocurrency in Ukraine. International experience in cryptocurrency market regulation." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, no. 87 (2025): 335–40. https://doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2025.87.2.50.

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The article examines the definition of «cryptocurrency,» its legal status, and prospects for regulation in Ukraine. The authors analyze contemporary approaches to understanding cryptocurrency as a digital asset, considering it either as a new form of money or as an object of civil rights. Particular attention is paid to the provisions of the Law of Ukraine «On Virtual Assets,» adopted on February 17, 2022, and its significance in creating the legal foundation for cryptocurrency market regulation. However, it is emphasized that this law has not yet come into force due to the absence of correspo

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Bouček, Vilim. "Smjernice u postlisabonskom europskom međunarodnom privatnom pravu." Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta u Zagrebu 72, no. 3 (2022): 799–826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3935/zpfz.72.3.02.

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This paper discusses the application of the EU directive as a source of European private international law with an emphasis on the post-Lisbon period in private international law of the member states. After presenting the main features of a directive in private international law, such as the legal basis for those “measures” in secondary legislation, types of directive, their structure, purpose and the effects of a directive, the author points out the special importance of the directive expressed in the Ingmar and Unamar cases of the Court of Justice of the European Union. In both cases the leg

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Tjukup, K., P. R. A. Potra, and P. A. H. Martana. "Environmental Dispute Resolution Through Class Action Lawsuit." Journal of A Sustainable Global South 1, no. 1 (2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jsgs.2017.v01.i01.p05.

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The procedural law of Class Action is a legal concept known in the Anglo-Saxon legal system (Common Law). Whilst this concept is not recognised in the Continental European legal system (Civil Law), likewise in Indonesian civil procedure that based on Herzien Inlandsch Reglement (H.I.R) and Rechtsreglement voor de Buitengewesten (RBg). Initially, the procedural law of class action in Indonesian legal system was arranged consecutively under Law No. 23 of 1997 (Environmental Protection Law), Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection and Law No. 41 of 1999 on Forestry. The arrangement of class acti

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Herbots, Jacques. "Les contrats commerciaux OHADA dans une perspective congolaise. Vers un droit général commun des obligations contractuelles?" European Review of Private Law 23, Issue 1 (2015): 47–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2015004.

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Abstract: The economists agree that actually the African economies did take off. A further growth, however, needs investments. Attracting these investments is precisely one of the purposes of the African Union with her 54 Member States and of - in a geographically more limited area - the OHADA, the organization for the harmonization of business law in mainly French-speaking Africa. The originality of the OHADA consists in the adoption of uniform Acts, which apply in all 17 Member States. It is only fair to say that through these uniform statutes the influence of France and that of the French j

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Taschner, John B. "Data Profiteering: Corporate Social Responsibility and Privacy Law Lost in Data Monetization and National Security." American Journal of Trade and Policy 7, no. 1 (2020): 37—xx. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v7i1.484.

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Data mining and collecting is increasingly becoming a common practice, in the name of monetization of personal data, progression of national security measures, and politically fueled democratic interferences. Millions of users’ data is constantly being sorted, manipulated, and sold, often without conscientious consent of the consumer. While this practice can result in greater convenience from an innocent consumer level, the vulnerabilities to national privacy and the cyberspace create dangerous territory. The article entitled describes the triangulation of security, monetization, and pol

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Schiltz, Elizabeth R. "The Paradox of the Global and the Local in the Financial Crisis of 2008: Applying the Lessons of Caritas in Veritate to the Regulation of Consumer Credit in the United States and the European Union." Journal of Law and Religion 26, no. 1 (2010): 173–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0748081400000941.

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In his recent encyclical Caritas in Veritate, Pope Benedict XVI grapples with one of the most vexing paradoxes concerning the current global economic crisis. There is no question that it is a global financial crisis. The collapse of the subprime mortgage loan market in the U.S. in 2007 prefigured similar collapses of real estate bubbles in other parts of the world. The collapse of these real estate bubbles exposed the degree of interconnectedness among financial institutions across the globe created by the worldwide market for the derivate investment products created on the backs of the underl

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Garben, Sacha. "Sky-high controversy and high-flying claims? The Sturgeon case law in light of judicial activism, euroscepticism and eurolegalism." Common Market Law Review 50, Issue 1 (2013): 15–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2013003.

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In its controversial Sturgeon judgment, the Court of Justice of the European Union held thatRegulation 261/2004/EC interpreted in light of the equal treatment principle entitles passengers of delayed flights to claim financial compensation equal to the right accorded by the Regulation to passengers of cancelled flights. The ruling has met with hostility not only from airlines, but also from legal commentators and, most importantly, national judges. Courts from Germany, the Netherlands and the UK have flooded the ECJ with new references, asking it either directly or indirectly to overturn the j

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Rainero, Christian, Alessandro Migliavacca, and Sara Reano. "Overheads as a Performance Indicator in the Local Public Sector Organizations." International Journal of Business and Management 15, no. 8 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n8p1.

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If we consider business forms from the point of view of satisfying needs, public companies are consumer companies that satisfy collective needs with the aim of redistributing income. They differ from production companies in that they do not have direct access to the market, so that the sources of financing derive from the taxes imposed by law, while the uses concern management costs, capital investments and debt repayments. Maintaining this interpretation, another category belonging to consumer companies is that of non-profit companies, which can be equated partially to public companies precis

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Abubakar, Nur Sharief J., Nur-Saipa U. Paradji, Sorayda Saggap, et al. "Hacking Incidents and their Long-Term Implications for User Privacy and Trust." Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 4, no. 12 (2024): 443–53. https://doi.org/10.47760/cognizance.2024.v04i12.041.

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In an era characterized by rapid technological advancement and increasing digital interconnectivity, the prevalence of hacking incidents has emerged as a critical concern for individuals, businesses, and policymakers alike. This research paper explores the multifaceted implications of cyberattacks, focusing on data breaches and ransomware incidents and their long-term effects on user privacy and trust. As organizations increasingly rely on digital platforms for operations and customer engagement, the security of sensitive data has become paramount. The findings reveal that hacking incidents co

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Nur, Sharief J. Abubakar, U. Paradji Nur-Saipa, Saggap Sorayda, et al. "Hacking Incidents and their Long-Term Implications for User Privacy and Trust." Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (CJMS) 4, no. 12 (2024): 443–54. https://doi.org/10.47760/cognizance.2024.v04i12.041.

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In an era characterized by rapid technological advancement and increasing digital interconnectivity, the prevalence of hacking incidents has emerged as a critical concern for individuals, businesses, and policymakers alike. This research paper explores the multifaceted implications of cyberattacks, focusing on data breaches and ransomware incidents and their long-term effects on user privacy and trust. As organizations increasingly rely on digital platforms for operations and customer engagement, the security of sensitive data has become paramount. The findings reveal that hacking incidents co

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Mahjoob, Abrar, Yousef Alfadhli, and Vincent Omachonu. "Healthcare Waste and Sustainability: Implications for a Circular Economy." Sustainability 15, no. 10 (2023): 7788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15107788.

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The field of healthcare waste systems is an emerging research field with new methodologies being developed to reinforce sustainability. Medical treatments are becoming more sophisticated and in demand due to increasing incidences of chronic disease. Healthcare is also becoming widely available worldwide. Healthcare waste disposal includes multiple disposal methods including incineration, landfilling, and chemical treatments. These rudimentary methods and their increased prevalence present their own problems that negatively impact both the environment and public health. As a result, there is a

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Determann, Lothar. "Healthy Data Protection." Michigan Technology Law Review, no. 26.2 (2020): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.36645/mtlr.26.2.healthy.

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Modern medicine is evolving at a tremendous speed. On a daily basis, we learn about new treatments, drugs, medical devices, and diagnoses. Both established technology companies and start-ups focus on health-related products and services in competition with traditional healthcare businesses. Telemedicine and electronic health records have the potential to improve the effectiveness of treatments significantly. Progress in the medical field depends above all on data, specifically health information. Physicians, researchers, and developers need health information to help patients by improving diag

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Dr., Madan Lal Bhasin. "Online Privacy Protection: Privacy Seals, Government Regulations and Technological Solutions." International Journal of Management Sciences and Business Research 5, no. 7 (2016): 96–116. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3464813.

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The state of privacy in the 21st century is a worldwide concern, given the Internet‘s global reach. The privacy violation on the internet is a significant problem and internet users have a right to adequate privacy. New e-business technologies have increased the ability of online merchants to collect, monitor, target, profile, and even sell personal information about consumers to third parties. Governments, business houses and employers collect data and monitor people, but their practices often threaten an individual‘s privacy. Because vast amount of data can be collected on the In

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Fedorova, Nadiia. "Foreing and domestic experience in protecting intellectual property right to jewelry and jewelry." Theory and Practice of Intellectual Property, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33731/62020.233886.

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Key words: copyright, jewelry, bijouterie, unfair competition, trademark, litigation Fedorova N. Foreing and domestic experience in protecting intellectual property right to jewelry and jewelry. The article focuses on studying the issue of protecting the design of artistic jewelry and bijouterie. The concept of “functionality” for jewelry is analyzed, namely, it is determined that the «functionality» notion is the quality of servicing the useful purpose. For example, a chair manufacturer cannot claim the four legs of a chair as a copyright. These four legs are a useful and functional asp

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Senyuta, I. Y. "Arbitration in Medical Cases in Ukraine." Medicne pravo, no. 2(22) (September 25, 2018): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25040/medicallaw2018.02.041.

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Current political and legal conditions caused by the medical reform implementation, transformation of legislation, and increased activity of patients to protect their rights, have given rise to the need to find the best forms, methods and means of protecting human rights in the field of medical care. The Council of Europe recommends the governments of member states to ensure that patient safety becomes a cornerstone of all relevant healthcare strategies and defines that, while people can make mistakes in all areas of activity, they can turn those mistakes to experience in order to preven

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