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1
Tanaka, Yasuhito. "On Accumulation of the Budget Deficit: Spirit of MMT Through Mathematical Analysis." Issues in Economics and Business 8, no. 1 (2022): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ieb.v8i1.19762.
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It is said that public finance must be balanced at least in the long run. According to the so-called MMT (Modern Money Theory or Modern Monetary Theory) approach, however, this is not true. It is often pointed out that MMT lacks the mathematical analysis used in ordinary economic discussions. The purpose of this paper is to present a brief theoretical and mathematical basis to the backbone of the MMT argument, while maintaining the basics of the neoclassical microeconomic framework, such as maximizing consumer utility through utility functions and budget constraints, and equilibrium between demand and supply of goods under perfect competition with constant returns to scale technology. Using a simple overlapping generations (OLG) model that includes economic growth due to technological progress, we present the following results. The budget deficit equals the increase in people's savings, and the accumulated budget deficit equals people's savings. The budget deficit is a cause and the savings is a consequence, not the other way around. Deficits are created by the government, which determines income, which determines savings. Deficits create savings, not savings finance deficits. Reducing the budget deficit will reduce savings, income, and consumption.
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Shcherbakova, Tatyana I. "Economic Model of the Post-Stalinist USSR and its Results." Economic History 18, no. 1 (2022): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2409-630x.056.018.202201.045-054.
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Introduction. In 1930th – the 1950th years in the USSR the centralized planned command economic model was realized, where the main resources were aimed at the development of means of production. The production of consumer goods, as well as the wages of the population, were extremely limited, so the emission was the main source of development. After the death of I. V. Stalin, his successors changed the model. They refused to maintain the balance of the economy and money circulation and redistributed part of the state’s income in favor of the population, by significantly increasing cash payments. Results of this model are investigated in the article. Materials and Methods. The study bases on the departmental documents of the State Bank of the USSR. They contain not only departmental statistical data, but also expert assessments, which in the article are compared with the results of modern researchers. Results. The growth of money incomes of the population led to an increase in the cash supply, which took place at an outstripping pace. The deficit of the economy could not be overcome. In the same years, producers’ cooperatives which partially satisfying the needs of the population were nationalized. Their employees have become unregistered private entrepreneurs, who produced goods and services in the shadow economy. A significant part of the population who produced and consumed these goods ensured the flow of money from the official economy to the shadow one. Another part of the excess money was deposited in savings accounts. Ignoring the shadow sector parasitizing the deficit problem, the Soviet leadership did not stop attempts to solve it. A significant part of the USSR’s oil and gas revenues was spent on consumer goods. The result of the implemented economic policy was the inflationary bubble and the growth of the shadow economy. Discussions. The transition to a new economic model can be explained by the fatigue of the ruling class from the stress of previous decades, as well as the populism of Stalin’s successors. Through the production of the consumer goods, the official economy was tightly connected with the shadow one, which began to grow rapidly at the expense of budget funds, subjugating state trade, generating deficits, and corrupting the government machinery. The government lost the fight against the shadow economy, and in fact, ignored its presence. At the end of 1980th the Soviet economy collapsed. Conclusion. The transition to a new economic model led to the long-term destabilization of money circulation and to the concentration of money, which was not provided with goods and services. The failure of the government to stabilize money circulation and solve the problem of commodity deficit has caused an increase in unmet demand, as well as the growth of the shadow economy. The inability of the government to break the link with the parasitic shadow economy and stop the growth of the cash supply predetermined the economic collapse of the USSR.
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Ashmita Dahal Chhetri. "The Impact of Trade Deficit in Nepalese Economy." Journal of Balkumari College 10, no. 1 (2022): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jbkc.v10i1.42108.
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The objective of this paper is to study and analyze the growth and direction of Nepalese foreign trade along with the causes and recommendations of trade deficit. Efforts have been made to sort out the principal sources of the trade deficit in Nepal. Landlockedness, political instability, lack of export diversification, devaluation of domestic currency, lack of resources, etc. are the major causes of the trade deficit in Nepal. Nepal, being not self-reliant on factors of production, consumer goods and capital goods, needs to import goods from abroad. On another hand, Nepal’s exports are heavily concentrated; both in terms of product and destination. Nepal’s major trading partners are India, China, U.A.E, etc. During the year 2019/20, Nepal exports goods worth RS. 97.71 Billion And import goods worth RS. 1196.80 billion Leading to a trade deficit of Rs.1099.09 Billion. Trade deficit is acting as negative catalyst in the economic growth and GDP of a country. Increased deficit has caused suppressed inflation. Import to export ratio is continuously increasing as demand is increasing and these demands could not be met by the domestic producers. During the year 2019/20, the contribution of trade on GDP of Nepal is 40.65%. No doubt, trade is an engine of economic growth. So, after analyzing barriers in the foreign trade, some of the steps to be taken are recommended which includes the development of competitive ability and enhancement of Human Resources, commodity and market diversification, formulation of strong legal framework and trade policy, incentives for the promotion of export and priority in the agricultural and hydropower sectors.
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GROMOV, V.B. "Mechanism of formation of consumer demand in the economy of Ukraine." Market Relations Development in Ukraine №7-8 (206-207) 145 (October 4, 2018): 57–67. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1445397.
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The subject of the study are the theoretical and methodological bases for the regulation of aggregate demand at the macroeconomic level, aimed at the effective development of the Ukrainian economy. The purpose of the study are theoretical analysis of the system of macroeconomic regulation of consumer demand, the definition of its methods, mechanisms and features in the context of modernization of the economy, the development of recommendations for effective management of consumer demand from the state, interaction of internal and external factors. Methods of research are based on general scientific principles and fundamental theses of economic theory, marketing and statistics, and include methods of comparative economic analysis, economic–mathematical modeling, forecasting, and others. Results of the work are proposals on the state policy to stimulate economic development on the basis of balancing the growing demand by the growing production of consumer goods and services through income policy, support to the national commodity producer, the anti–inflationary policy of the NBU, the maximum possible deficit–freeconsumer market, and import substitution. Application of results. The economy and management of the national economy, in terms of state systems and mechanisms for managing the economy at the sectoral, intersectoral and regional levels, the sphere of state regulation of social and economic development in the interests of rapid growth of living standards through the development of domestic production of consumer goods and services on the basis of import substitution and macrofinance stability. Conclusions. For macroeconomic stability of the economy, consumer demand should be constantly balanced by supply volumes – the production of consumer goods and services of the appropriate quality and quantity that corresponds to the demand structure and its potential changes. Consumer demand depends on many social and economic factors, among which, in the current conditions of Ukraine, the basic moods are consumer sentiment, income of the population, consumer preferences. The state regulatory mechanism should actively influence the first two and only take into account the third. Long–term macroeconomic stability should ensure the propensity of the population to consume, the policy of growing incomes is the solvency of consumer demand. Direct influence on consumer demand the state should implement through social policy, mediated – through the development of entrepreneurship and support of individual industries.
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Razumov, N. V., and M. I. Leonov. "Problem of shortage of consumer goods in the city of Kuibyshev during the period of perestroika." Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 28, no. 3 (2022): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2022-28-3-40-45.
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The article deals with the problem of shortage of consumer goods during the period of perestroika. This historical aspect is one of the key aspects in the study of the daily life of Soviet society. The purpose of the study was to determine the causes of the deficit, to analyze methods to overcome it. The article also examines various phenomena of deficit manifestation: queues, coupons, and the black market. To develop these goals, various approaches and methods were used: historical-systemic, historical-genetic, comparative-historical and historical-dynamic, quantitative and others. Analysis of archival historical sources, workers complaints, reports of government and party organizations, materials of historical interviews. As a result, it was found that the deficit had a huge impact on the socio-political climate in the USSR. Its manifestations became an integral part of everyday life, and every year the situation with the supply of goods became worse. Similar questions were raised by historians earlier, they were studied on materials from other regions of the Middle Volga region, however, a comprehensive analysis of the supply situation was not made on materials from the Kuibyshev region. It was also possible to establish the nature of the influence of problems with the supply of consumer goods on everyday life, public opinion, the psychological state of people, to trace the dynamics of their attitude to this problem. The significance of the findings will complement the materials on the problem of the transition of the USSR and Russia to a market economy, as well as on the social processes that took place at the end of the XX century
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Caesaria, Septia Mitha, Yusriyah Trinugrahini Mumpuni, Efiearly Mayasha, and Galuh Tresna Murti. "Analysis of the Impact and Implications of the VAT Rate Increase in Indonesia." Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi 5, no. 7 (2024): 3608–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.59141/jist.v5i7.1150.
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This study aims to find out how the impact felt by the community after the implementation of the VAT rate increase policy on individuals who act as end consumers, and business actors or MSMEs who act as distributors. The method used in the study is Systematic Literature Review (SLR) from various studies on the impact and implications of VAT rate increases in Indonesia. The results of the study show that VAT affects the price of goods and services in the market, increases production costs and selling prices, and worsens inflation. However, the increase in VAT rates can also increase government tax revenues, reduce the budget deficit, and stabilize the country's fiscal condition. In addition, the increase in VAT can affect consumer behavior and business investment, especially in the manufacturing, trade, and service industry sectors.
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GROMOV, V.B. "Macroeconomic conditions of equilibrium consumer demand." Market Relations Development in Ukraine №1(212)2019 165 (March 1, 2019): 52–61. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2581144.
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The subject of research is the theoretical and methodological foundations of the regulation of aggregate demand at the macroeconomic level, aimed at the effective development of the economy of Ukraine. The purpose of the study is analysis of the consumer demand impact on the equilibrium conditions between production (accumulation) and consumption, including consideration of ways to optimize the inter–branch structure of consumer demand for programming economic development. Methods of research are based on general scientific principles and fundamental principles of economic theory, marketing and statistics, and include methods of comparative economic analysis, economic and mathematical modeling, forecasting and others. Result of the work are proposals to achieve optimal proportionality between the growth of income of the population, consumer demand, the development of industries to minimize macro–financial imbalances and achieve the highest possible increase in GDP under these conditions. Application of results. Economics and national economy management, in the part of state systems and mechanisms of economic management at the international, sectoral, inter–sectoral and regional levels, methods and economic levers of regulation of economic processes and their effectiveness. Conclusions. Consumer demand is the potential ability of households to purchase certain volumes of goods and services for their needs. This volume and its commodity (inter–sectoral) structure depends on a complex of factors acting at the national, sectoral, regional and corporate level. For the macroeconomic stability of the economy, consumer demand must constantly be balanced by the production of consumer goods and services. The production deficit is balanced by inflation, the growth of imports, the devaluation of the national currency, which, in turn, provokes financial instability and worsening conditions for capital investment and the development of the real sector. The source of consumer demand is the income of the population. With a balanced state policy, real wages should outpace the growth rate of GDP by 5–6 percentage points, consumer demand – by 3–4 percentage points. Government policy may partially influence the structure of consumer demand. By optimizing the intersectoral structure of the final product, an increase in consumer demand can be achieved by an additional 0.5–1 percent, and, accordingly, GDP — by 0.7–1.3 percentage points. For a more detailed study of consumer demand, it is advisable to single out also real, effective and optimal consumer demand. Effective consumer demand will be called such a volume, which cannot be increased at the expense of other measures of state policy, given the volume of income of the population.
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Genemo, Kedir Bekeru. "The Causes of Hiking Ethiopian Consumer Prices." Macro Management & Public Policies 5, no. 1 (2023): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/mmpp.v5i1.5510.
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A growing consumer price is creating instability in the macroeconomic environment and hinders the consumption level of especially the poor society. This paper then explored the major causes of such increasing consumer prices using Ethiopian cases. Using data from the National Bank of Ethiopia from 1982/1983 to 2019/2020, it condensed the information of monetary sector, external sector and fiscal sector variables to a small set to estimate the causes of Ethiopian consumer price hiking using the ARDL model. The factors determining consumer price differ from food to non-food. The most important factors determining food price are price expectation and fiscal factors. On the other hand, the main determinant of non-food consumer prices is the fiscal factor. The author also found evidence of fiscal factors and price expectation effects on general consumer prices. Therefore, to contain the rise in consumer prices, it needs to exercise conservative fiscal stances, which require minimizing deficit financing, reducing the import tax rate and reducing domestic indirect tax rates such as excise tax and value added tax on basic consumer goods and services. Moreover, sound government policies are essential to address inflation anticipations (providing information for society about the future of inflation) to change public opinion.
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Nuševa, Daniela, Goran Vukmirović, Sonja Vučenović, Radenko Marić, and Nikola Macura. "Analysis of the productivity of the retail sector on example of small retail formats in the Republic of Serbia." Marketing 55, no. 2 (2024): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/mkng2402085n.
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Small trade formats, like traditional trade formats, play a significant role in the trade sector and on the consumer goods retail market in the Republic of Serbia with a network of around 12.000 retail stores. On the other hand, the issue of productivity in trade in the conditions of labor deficit in this sector is increasingly important. The paper deals with the research of the productivity of retail stores with an emphasis on smaller trade formats such as independent trade shops. An analysis of the productivity and differences in the productivity of these trade formats was carried out in relation to the size of these stores and the degree of urbanity of the locations where they are located, using the example of consumer goods retail stores of a trade chain in one of the largest cities of the Republic of Serbia. The research analyzed more than 4000 data on sales of these stores in 2022, which were put in relation to the number of employees of individual retail stores. The results of the analysis are given by month as well as by quarter for the entire 2022. The analysis was carried out using parametric statistical tests. Precisely, the t test was used to determine differences in productivity based on the urbanity of the location of the retail store and ANOVA was used to determine differences in productivity based on the size of the retail store. The work aims to determine the existence of differences in the productivity of retail stores of fast-moving consumer goods in relation to their individual size and the degree of urbanity of the location where these stores are located.
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Lemmers, Oscar, and Khee Fung Wong. "Distinguishing Between Imports for Domestic Use and for Re-Exports: A Novel Method Illustrated for the Netherlands." National Institute Economic Review 249 (August 2019): R59—R67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011924900115.
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Global trade in the 21st century is characterised by complex value chains. Successful exporters usually rely on quality imports, and exported goods cross borders many times before reaching their final consumer. This poses challenges to economic measurement as well as policymaking because it becomes difficult to characterise the true interdependencies between countries. Currently, estimates of the share of imports from a trade partner destined for re-exports, and the share used in the domestic economy, are crude at best. We develop a novel approach to estimate these shares. Instead of assigning imports for re-exports proportionally across all source countries, we consider the origin of imports for each trader who re-exports goods. The method is illustrated for the Netherlands, a major re-exporter. We find that non-European member states export 10 billion euros of commodities to the Netherlands that are destined for re-export to the United Kingdom. We also find that the goods trade deficit between the Netherlands and the United States is drastically reduced when taking re-export flows into account.
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Rita, Rita, and Pudji Astuty. "DAMPAK KENAIKAN TARIF KENAIKAN PPN TERHADAP INFLASI." REMITTANCE: JURNAL AKUNTANSI KEUANGAN DAN PERBANKAN 4, no. 1 (2023): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.56486/remittance.vol4no1.279.
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The impact of the increase in VAT from 10 % to 11% percent increased the price of goods and services which caused people's purchasing power to decrease. This is because the party subject to VAT is the final level consumer or buyer. However, not all goods and services prices have increased, because there are also types of goods and services that are not subject to VAT. The new VAT rate policy has been regulated in Law (UU) Number 7 of 2022 concerning the Harmonization of Tax Regulations. In 2025 the single VAT rate increase, and will continue to 12%. One of the considerations for implementing the VAT increase policy is the reason is that during the pandemic, state revenues dropped while state spending had to be spent on handling the pandemic. Expanding the tax base is also needed so that the government is able to maintain fiscal discipline with a deficit returning to 3 percent in 2023. This research uses the literature research method with the aim of research to find out the impact of the increase in VAT in 2022 that was implemented in April 2022.
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MUDRAK, Ruslan. "Macroeconomic instability: inflation." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics and Technology 7, no. 2 (2022): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2022-2-1.
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In the period from 1996 to 2021, the consumer price index (CPI) in Ukraine grew at an average annual rate of 112.9%. This is galloping inflation. The share of monetary factors in the formation of the CPI within the analyzed period did not exceed 3%. The share of non-monetary factors was 81.4%. The greatest influence on the formation of the CPI is exerted by the prices of agricultural products and tariffs for housing and communal services, as they account for 77.4% of the variability of the functional feature (CPI). At the same time, the tariffs of housing and communal services account for more than 50% of the impact. Industrial and agricultural prices accounted for almost a third of the functional feature variation (CPI). The identified links and their quantitative characteristics indicate that the Ukrainian economy is dominated by cost inflation. Its main reasons were rising prices for industrial goods, especially energy. The resumption of open large-scale Russian military aggression against Ukraine has become an additional factor in inflation: occupation of territories, destruction of production and infrastructure facilities, rupture of logistics chains, shock growth of consumer demand in regions of refugees concentration, increase in production costs, etc., caused a sharp jump in prices for food, fuel, transport services, etc. The hostilities led to an unplanned increase in the state budget deficit. To cover it, the government sold domestic government bonds. The issue of bonds is accompanied by the issue of money. In the short run, inflationary pressures of money supply are inferior to non-monetary factors. However, as soon as this money enters the consumer market, it will provoke a new round of inflation growth. Keywords: inflation, Paasche index, consumer price index, monetary factors, non-monetary factors, cost inflation, war, budget deficit, money issue.
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Ashmarov, Igor Anatol'evich. "TO THE QUESTION OF THE STATE OF THE SOVIET PRE-WAR ECONOMY IN THE LATE 1930s – EARLY 1940s." Journal «Bulletin Social-Economic and Humanitarian Research» 1(3), 2019, (January 28, 2019): 23–28. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2529710.
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The article presents an overview of the book by E.A. Osokina, who describes in detail how the Soviet economy developed in the prewar years, during the years of industrialization in 1927-1941. We have tried, to the best of our ability, to present the general content and some of the main thoughts of this remarkable theme. The basic idea is that the Great Patriotic War, which began in 1941, only exacerbated the deep socio-economic problems in the USSR. This are the problems associated with food and consumer goods (the so-called «consumer goods»), as well as access to the ordinary civilian population. It turns out that the Soviet state and the government turned out to be unable to establish a full-fledged supply of food to the population in the usual peaceful years, including due to the lack of a market and for other reasons. But in the war years, the Soviet state and government turned out to be at a new administrative height, since at that time it was possible to use the administrative methods of central planning and distribution that were usual for it from above, and for this the market was not needed at all. Such an interesting historical phenomenon is described in the monograph by Е.A. Osokina, the review of which is given in this article.
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Antoshkin, Anatoly V. "Roblems of Planning in the Development of Trade in Bashkiria in 1947 to 1953." Economic History 18, no. 3 (2022): 247–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2409-630x.058.018.202203.247-259.
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Introduction. With the monetary reform in December 1947, the rationing system was abolished, and as a result open trade was reinstituted. The changes brought about organizational restructuring of the state and cooperative sectors, and hitherto closed workers’ supply departments. Goods funds grew significantly, the retail network started to expand and specialize. However, the plans for the goods turnover were not fulfilled completely and evenly, which resulted in failure to meet the growing demands of the population of the Republic as well as in a growing amount of excess leftovers in the network. The purpose of the research is to identify the main problems in the planning of trade in Bashkiria after the abolishment of the card system in 1947. Materials and Methods. The article is based on statistical and accounting documents of the Republic’s Ministry of Trade, Bashkir Consumer Union, the Regional Committee of the Party, unpublished before and provided by the National Archive of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The principles of historicism, historical-comparative and historical-system methods were used in process of research. Results and Discussion. In the course of the study it has been proved that goods turnover plans were fulfilled unevenly by organizations of state and cooperative trade (both by quarters and in terms of the assortment). The deficit for goods coexisted with the growing excess of goods leftovers on all levels of the trading network. At the same time, there were some relapses into distribution system as well as various infringements, which all hampered the uninterrupted trade of foodstuffs and manufactured goods. Conclusion. Infringements and flaws in trade planning, lack of attention to the seasonal character of certain goods, the cultural level and ethnicity in different districts led to increasing shortages in trade not only of scarce goods but also convenience goods, which were in sufficient stock in warehouses. Trading systems could not sell all the goods produced by the state and cooperative industry and meet the people’s demands for necessary goods.
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A. I. Aminul Islam. "Pakistan's Terms of Trade, 1955-60." Pakistan Development Review 1, no. 2 (2022): 55–66. https://doi.org/10.30541/v1i255-66.
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The importance of the terms of trade in economic developmentarises from the fact that they affect a country's import capacity aswell as the balance of payments position. The position of most of theunderdeveloped countries with respect to their export proceeds and termsof trade is precarious and vulnerable. Though the ratio of exports tonational income may not be higher in these countries than in theadvanced countries, most of these countries depend excessively on a fewexport commodities for the bulk of their export earnings. Consequently,export disturbances are a source of serious problems for thesecountries. The traditional pattern of Pakistan's foreign trade issimilar to that cf many other underdeveloped countries. Thecharacteristic feature is a heavy dependence on a small number of exportitems: Jute and cotton (raw, yarn and manufactures) account for about 80per cent of Pakistan's total export earnings; while raw wool, tea, hidesand skins add another 5 per cent1. Though imports are more varied,particular items like machinery and mill work, metals and ores, mineraloils, etc., account for a major share of im¬ports. Lately, withincreased home production cf consumer goods, a new trend has becomeevident. Imports of consumer goods have been considerably reduced, andgreater emphasis is now being placed on the import of industrialmachinery. But the deficit in the balance of trade and the need toservice the foreign debt still limits Pakistan's capacity to import thecapital equipment necessary for its industrial development
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Aliber, Robert Z. "Three Scenarios for the World Economy." Ethics & International Affairs 2 (March 1988): 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1988.tb00527.x.
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Nineteen eighty-seven was a year of financial paradox. During the 1980s there was the strong perception that the Americans, the Europeans, and the Japanese were living well, contrasting with the accounting data that suggested the house of cards was about to fall. Three factors dominated the financial economy of 1987: the 25-percent drop in equity prices in mid-October, the apparent collapse of the U.S. dollar in the foreign exchange market, and the formal recognition by the major international banks that their losses on developing country loans would amount to at least $250 billion. The key question at the end of that year was whether the world economy was moving into a period of inflation or deflation. This essay identifies three possible scenarios. First, the decline in the foreign-exchange value of the U.S. dollar would lead to a rapid increase in U.S. net exports, an excessively large increase in demand for U.S. goods, and a run on the U.S. dollar, which would prompt more contractive monetary policies from the Federal Reserve and an increase in interest rates on U.S. dollars. Second, an increase in U.S. net exports would offset the decline in domestic spending from the smaller fiscal deficit and the less rapid growth of consumer spending. Interest rates on U.S. dollar assets would fall, which in turn would facilitate the expansion of income, and the U.S. fiscal deficit would automatically decline. Or, third, a second stock market meltdown might cause consumer and investment spending to decline more than the increase in net exports, resulting in a recession and a decline in the inflation rate and interest rates.
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Drozdova, Marina, Zoya Kapelyuk, and S. Gorodkova. "Managerial Work in Consumer Cooperation: Features and Problems." Scientific Research and Development. Economics 10, no. 6 (2022): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2587-9111-2022-10-6-55-57.
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The article presents the authors' view on managerial work in consumer cooperation, the peculiarity of which is the dual nature. It consists in the fact that the cooperative, firstly, carries out economic and financial activities as a business structure and uses managerial labor to organize production processes at its enterprises and bring manufactured products and goods to consumers, meeting the needs of shareholders, and, secondly, it is an association of cooperative members who are in In accordance with the principles and values of the International Cooperative Movement, we must take part in its activities. The expansion of the social base of cooperation – the number of shareholders – is achieved by the organizational work of specialists of the management staff of the Chairman of the Council. It does not have a direct impact on the results of the cooperative organization's activities, but it has a significant indirect impact on them. Currently, in most district and regional cooperative organizations, work with shareholders is not carried out due to the lack of specialists who are able to promote the ideas, principles and values of cooperation, inform them about the forms and effects of participation in the activities of the cooperative, that is, to conduct educational work among both shareholders and the non-cooperative population. The solution to the problem of such a deficit is seen in the need to improve cooperative education by adding professional disciplines to the curricula of specialties and areas of training in higher and secondary professional educational organizations. In the course of the research, methods of reviewing literature sources, identifying cause-and-effect relationships, induction, deduction, analysis and synthesis were used. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of managerial work in consumer cooperation due to the dual nature of cooperation. The objectives of the study include the characterization of managerial labor; demonstration of the place of organizational labor as an integral part of managerial labor due to the dual nature of cooperation; the author's formulation of the definition of organizational labor in consumer cooperation; justification of the need for professional training of specialists who are carriers of organizational labor in educational organizations of consumer cooperation.
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Z.G., Saktaganova, and Ybyraikhan M.Y. "Problems of trade and provision in the daily life of rural regions residents of Central Kazakhstan during 1964-1985." Bulletin of the Karaganda university History.Philosophy series 109, no. 1 (2023): 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2023hph1/144-154.
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The article discusses the place of trade and supply in the Soviet system, based on a planned economy, and the impact of changes in the daily life of rural regions. The research paper used archival documents and interview materials that were first introduced into scientific circulation. Since the Soviet trade and supply system, which did not take into account demand, could not fully provide the common population with types of goods, the qualities of the “Soviet man” in everyday life always helped to find a way out of the difficult, and the solution of the problem was carried out in the system of institutional and beyond structures. The article takes into account the disadvantages and advantages of providing local differences between districts and types of goods, reflects changes in taste and innovations in human needs. Nomenclature with low interest and zeal for the cause in Soviet institutions, as in other fields of activity of the Soviet era, the most important thing is an ordinary “Soviet man” with the desire to satisfy his basic needs in a rigid state and ideological system are given by examples of rural areas. The primary sources of the habits formation, which in most life situations first give importance to informal contacts, are indicated by clear evidence. In conclusion, it was concluded that the supply of the rural population with consumer goods was completely subordinated to the state, the place of shortages was covered by informal contacts and relations on the local ground, and the common people fought the deficit through the methods of “silent resistance”
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Shnawa Majeed, Hussein, Mustafa Mahdi Abdulridha, and Noor Mohammed Kadhim. "Fiscal Policy’s Function in Reducing Economic Downturn." Shanlax International Journal of Economics 12, no. 4 (2024): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/economics.v12i4.8124.
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Fiscal policy drives a nation’s economic activity by taxing and spending by the government. It is essential for preventing economic downturns. Generally, it operates as follows: A rise in government spending Business and consumer spending typically decreases during recessions, which lowers the economy’s total demand. The government can spend more on infrastructure, services, and public initiatives to make up for this. Quick economic stimulation results in more demand for goods and services as well as the creation of jobs. Tax Rebates: Lower taxes generate more cash for businesses and consumers alike. More money is available for both individuals and companies to invest in and expand their businesses. It is possible to counteract the drop in private sector demand by increasing spending and investment. Transfer Payments: The government may also raise transfer payments to pay for social security, unemployment insurance, and other welfare programs. These payments shield the purchasing power of those who are adversely affected by the recession and aid in stabilizing the economy. Automatic Stabilizers: Without the need for new legislation, some components of fiscal policy automatically promote economic stabilization. For instance, lower-class and impoverished households benefit from automatic stabilizers that reduce taxes in reaction to slower economic development and falling revenues. Unemployment insurance and progressive income taxes are two instances of these stabilizers. As a result, aggregate demand is sustained. Debt and Budget Deficits: During a recession, the government may have a budget deficit if expenditure exceeds revenue. This may lead to an increase in the national debt, but this is typically justified as a benefit to the economy. The theory is that the economy will eventually recover from the short-term debt increase due to the stimulus’s long-term impacts, improving the country’s financial situation. The Multiplier Effect: The economy may be impacted in a number of ways by the government’s increased expenditure and tax incentives. For example, when the government funds a new infrastructure project, the workers employed to complete it spend their earnings on goods and services, increasing demand and economic activity as well as the profits of themselves and other firms. Generally speaking, the goal of fiscal policy is to boost the economy during recessions in order to lessen their severity and hasten their recovery.
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Rakic, Slavko, Nenad Medic, Janika Leoste, Teodora Vuckovic, and Ugljesa Marjanovic. "Development and Future Trends of Digital Product-Service Systems: A Bibliometric Analysis Approach." Applied System Innovation 6, no. 5 (2023): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi6050089.
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As a plan, Industry 4.0 encourages manufacturing companies to switch from conventional Product-Service Systems to Digital Product-Service Systems. Systems of goods, services, and digital technologies known as “Digital Product-Service Systems” are provided to improve consumer satisfaction and business success in the marketplace. Previous studies have looked into various elements of this area for industrial companies and academic institutions. Digital Product-Service Systems’ overall worth and expected course of growth are still ignored. The authors use bibliometric analysis to organize the body of prior knowledge in this discipline and, more significantly, to identify areas for further study in order to cover the literature deficit. The results of the most esteemed authors, nations, and sources in the subject were given by this study. The findings also show that terms like digitization, sustainability, and business have grown in popularity over the previous year. This study also offered insight into how Industry 5.0, a new manufacturing strategy, would include Digital Product-Service Systems. Finally, the findings of this research demonstrate three new service orientations, namely resilient, sustainable, and human-centric, in manufacturing firms.
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Hikmayani Subur and Wahyu Muh Syata. "ANALISIS DAMPAK KENAIKAN TARIF PAJAK PERTAMBAHAN NILAI (PPN) TERHADAP MASYARAKAT DAN INFLASI DI INDONESIA." JURNAL RUMPUN MANAJEMEN DAN EKONOMI 1, no. 5 (2024): 205–10. https://doi.org/10.61722/jrme.v1i5.3045.
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This research aims to analyze the impact of increasing value added tax (VAT) rates on society and inflation in Indonesia. The method used is a literature review with a library study approach, utilizing secondary data sources such as books, articles, scientific works, previous research and other related literature. The research results show that the increase in the VAT rate from 10% to 11% and the planned increase to 12% in 2025 have caused various responses among the consumer community, the business community, the macro economy and towards inflation. That this increase will increase the expenditure burden, resulting in an increase in the prices of goods and services, as producers or service providers will most likely adjust their prices to cover the additional VAT costs they have to pay to the government. However, based on the law on harmonization of tax regulations, there are certain criteria regarding goods and services that are subject to VAT. This increase also aims to increase state revenue, expand the tax revenue base, reduce the state budget deficit, and maintain long-term fiscal stability. The increase in VAT from 10% to 11% has a direct impact on inflation with a contribution of around 0.4–0.5%. However, this impact tends to be short-term because it is limited to the initial adjustment phase. The impact on inflation tends to be limited, because the main factor for inflation in Indonesia is more influenced by global commodity prices, namely the sharp increase in commodity prices such as cooking oil and fuel oil (BBM). The government seeks to maintain price stability through a policy of sending taxes on essential goods and subsidies, so that the impact on society can be minimized.
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Engle, Eric. "A Viking We Will Go! Neo-Corporatism and Social Europe." German Law Journal 11, no. 6 (2010): 633–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200018769.
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In Viking and Laval, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) adjudicated the rights of labor and capital mobility under E.U. law. Both cases strengthen the single European market through economic liberalization to generate greater prosperity for all Europeans as part of the process of European economic and political integration. Labor and capital mobility create greater prosperity for all through more rational market exchanges. Free trade is good for goods and is even better for labor. A liberalized and fully mobilized labor market results in more productivity and greater wealth in the European polity, as well as interdependence, and thereby deeper integration resulting in greater understanding and less conflict. The decisions, wrongly criticized by some as “bad for workers” are justified by the fact that they will benefit workers in Eastern Europe, consumers in Western Europe, and the Community as a whole by deepening integration. A key challenge for the European Union is to economically anchor and deepen the political restructuring of Eastern Europe by enabling the natural labor and capital movements which an open marketplace generates. Europe does this not with the failed neo-liberal model which has ravaged the wealth of the United States and squandered it in illusory booms based on consumer borrowing and deficit spending to fund war for oil. Rather, Europe is developing a neo-corporatist social model. This article uses the Viking and Laval cases as examples of this development.
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Amjad, Muhammad Asif, Nabila Asghar, and Hafeez ur Rehman. "Investigating the Role of Energy Prices in Enhancing Inflation in Pakistan: Fresh Insight from Asymmetric ARDL Model." Review of Applied Management and Social Sciences 4, no. 4 (2021): 811–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/ramss.v4i4.185.
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Inflation is a serious problem of poor countries in this modern world because the majority of people live below the poverty line. It becomes difficult for poor people to fulfill their basic needs with higher inflation rate. The main objective of this study to analyze the impact of energy prices on the inflation rate in Pakistan. For analysis purpose the study uses time series data for the period 1990-2020. Consumer Price Index (CPI) is used as the dependent variable while independent variables include pump diesel domestic prices, pump gasoline domestic prices, GDP per capita, real effective exchange rate, government expenditure and imports of goods and services. The study uses non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag model (NARDL) econometric technique for estimation purpose. The results show that pump diesel and gasoline prices have U-shaped Kuznets curve, while economic growth, real exchange rate and government expenditures have emerged as important contributors of inflation in Pakistan. This study suggests that government should take effective measures to decrease dependence on imported energy resources and should rely on renewable energy resources to tackle the rising deficit in balance of payments (BOP).
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Topbie, Joseph Akeerebari, Godgift Nwankwo Anyamaobi, and Olapade Kehinde Lasisi,. "Implication of Macroeconomic Fundamentals on the Twin-Evil of Macroeconomic Phenomena: “With the Focus on Nigeria”." International Journal of Humanity and Social Sciences 3, no. 5 (2024): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijhss.2331.
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Purpose of the Study: This study was designed to analyze the implication of Macroeconomic fundamentals on twin-evil of Macroeconomic phenomena: “with the focus on Nigeria.’’ Methodology: The study Utilized annual time-series data on exogenous variables (Government Deficit Spending, GDS; Official exchange rate, OEXCHR; Monetary policy rate, MPR) to capture Macroeconomic fundamentals. While, Unemployment rate, UNEMPLR; Inflation rate, INFLR and Consumer price index, CPI were used as a summation of Macroeconomic phenomena to capture Misery index. The data on variables used in the study were sourced from Nigerian federal ministry of finance; Central Bank of Nigeria; and World Bank data bank between 1991and 2022 respectively. The study employed econometric techniques of ordinary least square and Two-stage least to analyze its data. Findings: The study of Ordinary Least Square revealed that Government deficit spending and official exchange rate significantly eradicate misery index in a positive manner. Meanwhile, monetary policy rate insignificantly eradicate misery index in a negative manner. There was also a further revelation from the findings of two-stage least square that government deficit spending and official exchange rate exert concerted significant strength to eradicate misery from every citizen of Nigeria within the periods under study.. Meanwhile, the result found that it was insignificantly weak for monetary policy rate (MPR) to minimize misery index from every Nigerian citizen within the periods under study. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study concluded that the authority should maintain a sound policy that will oversee money borrowed for critical projects and use it to create employment opportunity for Nigerian citizenry, ensure exchange rate is kept within a certain band that will reduce high cost of goods and services in the economy that we are currently facing and jettison the idea of increasing monetary policy rate, since this displayed a negative sign to help reducing misery index of the Nigerian populace during the periods of study.
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ДВОРНИК, Інна, та Вікторія СТАДНИК. "ФОРМУВАННЯ ДОДАНОЇ ВАРТОСТІЯК ШЛЯХ РОЗВИТКУ ЕКОНОМІКИ УКРАЇНИ". Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Economic sciences 322, № 5 (2023): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2023-322-5-61.
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In the conditions of martial law, the economy of Ukraine found itself in a difficult situation: an almost complete stop of business activity, a fuel crisis, a sharp drop in exports, a break in logistics chains, shelling of the energy infrastructure. Ensuring the operation of key sectors of the economy, booking employees of strategic enterprises, effective use of limited resources, and the creation of a green corridor for the supply of goods became an important task for the country. Based on the results of the analysis of macroeconomic indicators, it was determined that in 2022 the budget deficit increased by 2.56 times and amounted to 495 billion hryvnias, the inflation index was 26.6%, which reflects the existence of galloping inflation, the average unemployment rate in 2022 increased to 25– 26%, the ratio of the volume of public debt to GDP was 78.4%. To improve the economic situation, we see the growth of GDP - one of the most important indicators - as one of the main tasks. The way of its increase is the formation of added value, which is added in the process of production of goods to the cost of raw materials, materials, and fuel at each stage of the movement of goods from the producer to the consumer. The article graphically displays the chain of formation of added value as confirmation of its importance. It was studied that in 2022, imports exceeded exports by 47%, while the amount of exports, compared to 2021, decreased by 17.3%, and imports increased by 18.6%. Reasons: martial law, closing of sales markets. It was determined that the main export positions in Ukraine are occupied by grain crops, sunflower oil, seeds and fruits of oil crops. Thus, Ukraine in the world market, in the vast majority, occupies a raw material niche. That is, raw materials that remain in the country and cannot be exported are the basis for the formation of added value. As a result, Ukraine should move towards the greatest possible degree of self-reproduction.
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Sukmana, Rania, Tarno Tarno, and Puspita Kartikasari. "PEMODELAN AUTOREGRESSIVE DISTRIBUTED LAG UNTUK MEMPREDIKSI NILAI IMPOR NON-MIGAS DI INDONESIA." Jurnal Gaussian 13, no. 2 (2025): 499–508. https://doi.org/10.14710/j.gauss.13.2.499-508.
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The International Monetary Fund warns countries about the global economic recession in 2023. Efforts required from policy makers to prevent a recession. A deficit balance of payments shows signs of recession because the rate of imports is higher than exports. The highest import value over the last decade is non-oil and gas commodities. Factors affecting imports include exchange rates, prices of goods, and consumer income. Import activities require proper studies to make policies so that research is needed, one of which is by using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method. ARDL is a regression model in which the independent variable consists of the current and past independent variable values and the past values of the dependent variable. The data used is from the first quarter of 2008 to the fourth quarter of 2022. The model formed is ARDL(3,2,2,1). The current non-oil and gas import is positively affected by the non-oil and gas imports at lag one, three, and four, as well as the exchange rate at lag three and is negatively affected by the non-oil and gas import and the exchange rate at lag two. The accuracy of forecasting with sMAPE is 12,12%, which means the forecast is accurate.
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О.О., Маркозова. "«ФАРЦА»: ФРЕЙМ, ЩО ЛАМАЄ СТЕРЕОТИПИ ПРО РАДЯНСЬКУ ЛЮДИНУ". Вісник Харківського національного педагогічного університету імені Г.С. Сковороди "Філософія" 1, № 46 (2016): 60–69. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.46941.
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The analysis of the nature, causes and impact on the formation of a new fartsovky frame success of Soviet man. It is shown that long time frames in the USSR by Hoffmann clearly worked: the images of the expected interactions within society rigidly defined social roles. But in the 60 years of the twentieth century the situation changed. The country has gradually increased incomes and, therefore, formed consumer demand for various goods: clothes, furniture, appliances, etc. There is a real consumer revolution, which deal with the planned Soviet economy could not: the shelves in stores, as before, remained empty. Everything felt acutely the problem of deficit, which for years a symbol of the Soviet Union and the lives of its citizens. Since then, the country with catastrophic speed emerging demand for fashion, beautiful things, cosmetics, food quality and more. In order to meet the new needs of citizens appear black marketers. At first they were a few social group of people united by a desire to enrich themselves and, quite incredibly – to show the failure of the communist model and cynicism life. That is basically fartsovka was not only economic, but also ideological phenomenon. Despite the fact that the rules for consumption in the USSR insisted that consume the Soviet people should small and just what dire need, and thirst for extravagance called petty bourgeoisie and condemned by Soviet propaganda, now a new concept and type of consumption that were not typical for the previous period of the Soviet power. Eventually, in one way or another, a relationship fartsovky were involved in almost all the «builders of communism», as if not sold, then bought or wanted to buy a variety of foreign goods. Trading started everything: cosmetics, lighters, pens, sunglasses, cigarettes, gum, music records. Those who had imported stuff, felt some freedom and an advantage over others, "gray" citizens. There was a latent hostility to the ideology of communism and the country that not only created opportunities to meet the needs of the individual, but even prevented this. Gradually began to consider those successful people who have had "branded" things. As society has developed double standard: while condemning black marketers, many did not want to openly communicate with them, but at the same time, no one refused to use their services. Thus, from the spread of the phenomenon of fartsovka, the first state spontaneously emerging new practice, and then formed a new social interactions frames that are quickly absorbed by the Soviet people. There is a reorientation of values of Soviet citizens from collectivism to individualism and individual success criteria are its achievements in the material sphere.
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Danso, Sunkung. "Political Economy and Regional Policy: The Impact of US-China Trade Tension on the Global Economic Growth." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 3 (2020): 2224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v3i3.1155.
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This paper uses a systematic literature review to discuss US-China trade tension. The study discusses the US-China trade tension and its impact on the global economy because the US-China trade war is imminent at the point in time since President Trump came to power in 2016. This research aims to examine how US-China trade tension is unfolding and the significant change of this trade tension on the world economy. The systematic literature review was engaged to capture the sequence of the event as they are happening between the US and China with regards to trade barriers. This research reviewed 19 peer-review journals and some news items and WTO resources relevant to this study. This study revealed that the US-China trade tension has affected consumer goods to some extent but it may not affect the global economy currently. However, it is evident that in the long-run; the US-China trade war will have an impact on the lives of people and the global economy if the issue continues to intensify. In conclusion, the economy of the US has declined drastically by 0.8% while China also experience 0.4% fall in the economy in 2019. The impact is currently not severe on the global economy but if the tension continues it might have a negative impact on the global economy. The trade deficit is getting wider between China and the US.
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Lapishko, M., I. Tiazhkorob, Z. Lapishko, and L. Fedevych. "TRENDS OF TERRITORIAL ECONOMY’S FINANCIAL AND INVESTMENT POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT." Financial and credit activity: problems of theory and practice 2, no. 37 (2021): 332–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v2i37.230300.
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Abstract. In this article the issues of financial capacities mobilization of amalgamated territorial communities for intensification of their investment and innovative activity are considered. It will contribute to the systemic development of the regional (territorial) economy. Ensuring the increase of financial and investment potential of the territorial economy is impossible without a quantitative assessment of its volume and level. To assess the level of the region’s provision with its own financial and investment potential, we used a method of assessing the ratio of net and gross volume of financial and investment potential. Calculations have shown that in 2010—2018 in the economy of Ukraine there was a general trend in increase of number of regions with a free savings deficit, that could have been attracted into the investment process. Based on the results of the analysis, a conclusion is made about the asymmetry of regional economic development. Regions with developed industry faced the least problems with the formation of financial and investment potential. Our suggestions are to develop the entrepreneurial potential in the direction of establishing import substitution in order to increase the territorial community’s own financial resources. The authors’ idea of choosing the industry for the organization of import-substituting productions is tested on the example of Lviv region. This idea is to direct financial and investment resources to those sectors of industry that will have good consumer prospects, in spite the fact that their market share is insignificant due to the imports. As a result, regions (territories) will have the opportunity to produce consumer goods and mobilize domestic resources, and at the same time attract and accumulate external financial and investment resources. We believe that such strategy will ensure the effective socio-economic development of the regional (territorial) economy. Keywords: financial and investment potential, territorial economy, territorial community, import substitution, strategy. JEL Classification O16, R12, R58. Formulas: 0; fig. 2; tabl. 3; bibl.: 11.
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Miloserdov, Maxim A., Nikita E. Maslov, Anna S. Erochina, and Elena I. Khamtsova. "Prevalence of acute disorders of cerebral circulation in the Smolensk region in terms of the role of socio-economic factors and the state of the health care system." HEALTH CARE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION 66, no. 4 (2022): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0044-197x-2022-66-4-275-281.
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Introduction. The stroke was the leading reason for disability and mortality of the Russian population. In recent years, the influence of socio-economic factors on the health of the population has been actively studied. In this regard, it is important to study the relationship of these indicators in the subsidized region, which includes the Smolensk region, where the incidence of stroke is higher than in the whole country. The purpose of the investigation is to assess the relationship between the incidence of stroke in the Smolensk region and socio-economic factors and indicators of the health system in the region. Materials and methods. Using the methods of nonparametric statistics, the official statistical information was analyzed as trend for 10 years. A survey of stroke patients was conducted to determine their material wealth. Results. There is an annual gain in the incidence of brain infarctions and intracerebral hemorrhages, a decline in the incidence of undifferentiated strokes, a decrease in the availability of doctors of all specialties, as well as neurologists, internists and emergency physicians, and an increase in the availability of general practitioners. The relationship between the incidence of the stroke and the actual final consumption of households, the ratio of the average monthly nominal accrued wages of employees of institutions to the subsistence minimum of the working-age population, the deficit of monetary income from the total monetary income of the population, the consumer price index for goods and services, the Gini index, the average amount of accrued pensions, the average per capita monetary income of the population, the integral indicator of the quality of life, the availability of general practitioners, therapists, emergency physicians. Limitations. The study was carried out on the basis of generalized aggregated information without any primary data, the results reveal statistical rather than causal relationships, and are valid only for the territory of the Central Federal District and are comparable with the results of similar work. Conclusions: the greatest impact on the level of stroke incidence in the Smolensk region is caused by the deficit and inequality in the distribution of monetary income, the low level of quality of life of people, the personnel shortage and the insufficient volume of preventive work of outpatient clinics.
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Kapustina, Irina V., and Tatiana V. Kirillova. "TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LABOR MARKET IN TRADE." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 12/7, no. 141 (2023): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2023.12.07.001.
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Modern trade is an important sector of the Russian economy, creating a significant part of the gross value added. Trade infrastructure and its subjects play a significant role in ensuring employment of the population of the Russian Federation. The number of people employed in wholesale and retail trade is increasing annually, at the same time, there is a tendency to decrease the share of people employed in the field of trade, due to an increase in the share of online trade, which has a lower labor intensity. The analysis of the structure of employees in the trade industry in 2021 in the Russian Federation by the level of education reflects a high proportion of workers with higher education, secondary vocational education and secondary general education. However, the growth of both the absolute and relative number of people employed in trade is not balanced with the dynamics of the output of qualified specialists in this field. In 2023, experts note a shortage of trade and operational personnel, which in the future will affect the level of line managers and top management of trading companies. The processes of consolidation and competition between the two leaders of the Russian market are continuing in the trade industry: the holding company, which includes the retail chains Magnit and Dixie, and the holding X5 Group, non-network trade formats are developing as a tool for promoting goods for small and medium-sized businesses. Street retail is being revived with small retail formats with an emphasis on everyday demand. There is an annual increase in the share of eCommerce. The introduction of artificial intelligence technologies into the activities of trading enterprises will reduce the costs of circulation, which will positively affect the prices of goods and stimulate consumer demand. The impact of scientific and technological progress, globalization processes, and the COVID-19 pandemic on trade has led to the need to modernize the labor market and the vocational education system. In order to reduce the personnel deficit and increase the level of professional training and retraining of trade workers, it is advisable to combine the efforts of large retail companies and educational institutions on the basis of a public-private partnership mechanism.
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SHPALTAKOV, V. P. "CONCEPTS OF SOVIET ECONOMISTS BEFORE THE COLLAPSE OF SOCIALISM." Herald of Omsk University. Series: Economics, no. 1 (57) (2017): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/1812-3988.2017.1.62-71.
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The article presents the analysis of scientific views of Soviet scientists on problems of improving the socio-economic system of socialism in the period of Gorbachev's perestroika, on the eve of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the socialist camp. There were characterized the concepts addressing acute problems of contradictions of socialism, because economic growth in the real economy has stopped, there was a total deficit of consumer goods. The economists denied the existence of antagonistic contradictions in socialism, believed that it is necessary to improve forms of public ownership and economic mechanism - centralized management, planning, commodity-money relations. Questions of neither private property nor on the free market and free enterprise were not discussed. The system of socialism was seen by scientists as progressive, but its benefits are underutilized. Improvement of socialism was associated with the democratization of public life and the economy: in the social sphere - strengthening public, open discussion of issues and the elimination of censorship. However, the monopoly power of the Communist party was not questioned. Economic democratization was associated with an increase in the autonomy of enterprises, the use of self-financing, rentals and cooperatives and the strengthening of the role of centralized economic management. There is considered understanding of Soviet scientists of the nature of bureaucracy under socialism and ways of combating it. It is recognized that the management of the state economy requires large numbers of employees of various institutions, forms a rigid hierarchical management structure, and this leads to the emergence of bureaucracy. Methods of dealing with the bureaucracy are providing deep democratization of public life.
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Andrushkiv, Bohdan, Viktor Grushko, and Serhiy Hrushko. "Maximization of personal benefit as a source of exponential economic growth and cause of increasing threat." Galician economic journal 91, no. 6 (2024): 29–39. https://doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2024.06.029.
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The article analyzes the impact of personal interest, which is the basis for the formation of the desire to maximize profit, as a system-forming factor in the organization of the modern economy, on the pace and direction of the existing economic dynamics, on the prospects of sustainable provision of society with the resources necessary for its vital activities, on the safety of the natural environment . A cause-and-effect relationship between the orientation of subjects of economic activity towards the maximization of personal benefit and the exponential growth of the economy, which in turn is accompanied by the geometrical progression of an increasing number of limited natural resources in the process of production of consumer goods, with a short-term beneficial effect, has been revealed , which directs the economic dynamics not only to increase the acuteness of their deficit, their significant increase in price, their inaccessibility in the future for all more people, but also to the escalation of the competitive struggle of economic units for them of all participants in economic interaction with unpredictable consequences for the globalized economy and society as a whole. The influence of the desire of each subject of economic activity to maximize personal benefit on the transition of the economy from the production of goods necessary for society to financialization, and with this to its simulacraization, the replacement of the meaning of its functioning with a competitive competition for signs of wealth and tools for their accumulation, the concentration of which provides to the participants of the competitive struggle to increase their influence and increase their power. The positive influence of personal interest, with its focus on profit maximization, on the development of scientific and technological progress at the early stages of the development of the market economy was studied, and at the same time, its negative effect on the development of deformations in obtaining a useful effect from the scientific, technical and technological potential accumulated by humanity by various groups of people was revealed. , as well as the transformation of this resource into an instrument of the already undemocratic domination of the capitalized minority over the majority. The lack of consistency between the interests of business aimed at monetary profit, the development of scientific and technical progress and progress in increasing the efficiency of production, improving the quality and durability of manufactured goods has been established. The importance of the formation of interstate institutions for the corrective influence on the realization of personal interests in the field of international financial flows and the need to promote the increase of the share of small and medium-sized businesses as the main safeguards against oligarchization and the development of monopolistic tendencies is revealed.
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Perga, T. "RAGS – TRASH OR VALUABLE RESOURCE? REUSE OF WASTE IN UKRAINIAN SSR IN 1920S – EARLY 1930S." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 150 (2021): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2021.150.9.
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The article analyzes reuse of waste in the USSR in the 1920s - early 1930s taking the example of rags. The study is done due to the non-disclosure of this scientific problem in the Ukrainian and foreign research. Based on a comparative analysis of the disposal of rags in the Russian Empire and in the USSR (case of Ukraine), the absence of ruptures in the practice of its collection has been proved. This is argued by the recognition of the value of rags as a raw material for the development of a number of industries, for example paper. The conclusion is made about the reconceptualization of waste in the early USSR, which began to be considered as a valuable raw material resource for the needs of the Soviet economy and exports. It was found that the initial interest in collecting rags was due to the need to expand exports in order to obtain additional foreign exchange earnings and purchase deficit in the USSR equipment and goods. However, since the second half of the 1920s, rags were recognized as a valuable resource for the Soviet industry. It was found that with the development of the Soviet economy, the circle of customers of rags expanded and the chemical, haberdashery and construction industries joined the paper and light industry. The similarities and differences of the multilevel mechanism of collecting rags and its main actors in tsarist Russia and in the Soviet Union are revealed. Author analyzed the evolution of its forming and found that in the 1920s, the activity in the collecting rags was decentralized. It was carried out by a wide range of actors as one of the areas of procurement of various types of agricultural and industrial raw materials for the Soviet economy. Author put the question of the need to analyze the dilemma of collecting rags in the context of a total shortage of consumer goods and poverty of the population, which widely used the practice of clothing repair. As a result, garbage often transformed in almost unusable in recycling rags. The author did not identify the environmental motivation for the reuse of rags during this period, but concluded that these activities contributed to the creation of certain elements of waste sorting and storage infrastructure, development and improvement of waste management rules, which established a basis for more efficient and conscious waste management in the second half of the 20th century.
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Nemova, Lyudmila. "Canada’s Economy in 2021: Exiting the “Pandemic” Recession." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 3 (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760017035-5.
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The article analyses the dynamics of the Canadian economy in 2020-2021, during the unprecedented global “pandemic” recession. It is shown that like in many other countries, the economic ups and downs in Canada closely followed the waves of the COVID-19 infection spreading across the regions and the subsequent rounds of regulatory restrictions on “high-contact” economic activities, citizens’ travel inside and outside the country, international trade, and etc. In the latter half of the 2020 several goods-producing industries showed signs of recovery which continued through the following year. However, it was only mass vaccination of Canadians in all provinces and territories that created conditions for sustained re-opening of businesses in most sectors of the national economy by the end 2021. The author looks at the internal and external drivers of recovery and continued growth. It is shown that on the whole the federal emergency plan proved to be successful in providing income support for Canadians and preventing bankruptcies among small and medium-sized businesses. The 2021 Federal Budget includes more than $100 billion in new spending over three years. It is expected that massive fiscal stimulus coupled with pent-up demand will sustain strong consumer spending after the speedy vaccine rollout allows businesses to fully reopen. At the same time, non-residential capital expenditures by private sector companies will increase only moderately in most sectors after a sizable decline in 2020. This year Canada’s resource-based industries are benefiting from the growing global demand for oil and gas, base metals, forest and agricultural products. The concluding part of the article analyses the major risks which can slow the economic recovery: the global supply-chain bottlenecks, labour market imbalances, growing inflation pressures, and massive federal budget deficit.
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Gulyugina, Aleftina, and Elena Odintsova. "On the economic sustainability of Russian households at a socially acceptable level." Stanovnistvo 62, no. 2 (2024): 267–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.59954/stnv.646.
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The paper is focused on determination and analysis of the thresholds for socially acceptable criteria of economic sustainability for households of different composition. The paper shows the key methodological aspects of determining the economic sustainability of households and its socially acceptable criterion. The main macroeconomic conditions for the formation of economic sustainability of households in Russia are also considered. Besides, the characteristics of employment for the people living in economically (un)sustainable households have been identified and analysed. The basis for the household economic sustainability, according to the authors, is self-sufficiency that enables using its own resources to support the socially acceptable level of consumption of socially significant goods and to accumulate savings subject to the resources’ limitations and social risks. The socially acceptable consumer budget is used as the criterion for identification of the household economic sustainability, including the specifics of the consumption of the main socio-demographic groups of the population (population of working age, pensioners, children) and savings in consumption due to cohabitation. Differentiating features of the threshold values for the households of different types are determined in the paper. It is shown that the threshold values of the criterion for economic sustainability of households per household member decrease as the number of minor children per 1 adult increases. However, the income position of such households worsens and, in conditions of unsustainability, the income deficit increases relative to the threshold value. It is revealed that there are no unemployed individuals among the people from economically sustainable households (unlike those living in economically unsustainable ones), while the situation regarding the share of the employed and the level of income from employment varies, depending on the composition of households, indicating different “strategies” for achieving sustainability of their households.
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Tanaka, Yasuhito. "Mathematical Model of MMT with Profit Return under Monopolistic Competition." Journal of Social Science Studies 8, no. 2 (2021): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsss.v8i2.19073.
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Even under constant returns to scale technology there is a positive profit return if the goods are produced in monopolistic competition. By a two-periods overlapping generations (OLG) model with production in monopolistic competition under constant returns to scale in which the economy grows by technological progress and the older generation consumers receive the profits, we consider the problem of budget deficit. We show that the budget deficit equals the difference between the net savings of the younger generation consumers excluding the profits received in the future and that of the older generation consumers in each of the following cases. Also, the following results will be proved. 1) A budget deficit is necessary to realize full employment with constant price when the economy grows. 2) If the budget deficit exceeds the level necessary and sufficient to maintain full employment in a growing economy with constant price, inflation will occur. A stable budget deficit is necessary to prevent further inflation. 3) If the budget deficit is insufficient to maintain full employment, a recession with involuntary unemployment occurs. We can overcome a recession and restore full employment making a budget deficit larger than the one necessary and sufficient to maintain full employment without a recession. Since we can maintain full employment by constant budget deficits, we should not offset the deficit created for overcoming the recession by budget surpluses.
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Prajapati, Jitendrakumar Gandalal, and Monali Shah Dr. "A STUDY ON JUDICIAL TRENDS ON PROTECTION OF CONSUMER RIGHTS IN GUJARAT." INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING - IEJSE 7, no. 6 (2024): 16–18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15607830.
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A consumer or a customer is a person who buys goods or hires services with money, i.e., a price is fixed on the purchase of a commodity or hiring a service for a service provider. Consumer pays a price for the commodity he buys or the service he receives. The problem arises when he finds that the good he gets in exchange of a price suffers from defects or it is a low quality product. This certainly makes him a loss-monetary as well as mental. In order to understand the spirit of the legislation, one should necessarily study the objectives of Consumer Protection Act in India. While introducing Consumer Protection Bill into the Parliament the Parliament members of the Parliament were briefed about the intention of introducing the Bill, which is as follows. Indian market is dominated by the consumerism. It has been transformed from sellers' market into buyers' market. In this sort of market exercised choice by the consumers depends on their awareness level. Consumer rights could be protected in a competitive economy only when right standards for goods and services for which one makes payment are ensured by evolving a network of institutions and legal protection system. Ensuring consumer welfare is the responsibility of the Government as every citizen of the country is a consumer in one way or the other. Consumers, clients or customers world over, are demanding value for money in the form of quality goods and better services. Modern technological developments have no doubt made a great impact on the quality, availability, and safety of goods and services. But the fact is that consumers are still victims of unscrupulous and exploitative practices. Exploitation of consumers takes different forms such as adulteration of food, spurious drugs, dubious hire purchase plans, high prices, poor quality, deficient services, defective advertisements, hazardous products, black marketing and many more. It has been realized that the consumer protection is a socio-economic programme to be pursued by the government as well as the business as the satisfaction of the consumers is in the interest of both. In this study we would like to investigate the government policies relating to protect the interest of the consumers and their rights. In this context, we would thoroughly analyse the policy easures, legal structure and administrative framework. We are also interested to examine some of the case studies related to consumer disputes settled in the Consumer Disputes Redressal Forums under three-tier system.
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Dávid, János. "Using composting to teach waste reduction and the material cycle." Danubius Noster 12, no. 2 (2024): 139–58. https://doi.org/10.55072/dn.2024.2.139.
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By the 20th century, the mode of management of the consumer society had become dominant on Earth. The main characteristic of this mode of production is the ever-increasing production and, in connection with it, the ever-increasing consumption. The production of goods generates large quantities of waste, which, according to the initial habits, was deposited mainly in landfills and not recycled. In the 21st century, more and more people have realised that there is a significant amount of recyclable material in waste. If they are dumped and piled up, they are lost in the cycle. Today, economic actors are increasingly exploring waste as a source of raw materials. Inorganic and organic components are extracted and recycled back into the production process. One of the fundamental ideas of a wastefree lifestyle is the recycling and processing of waste. The importance of composting is increased by the depletion of soil microand macrobiomes. In intensive crop production, permanent ploughing is a regular feature, which causes a high degree of soil life disturbance. The organic matter structures that develop are then disrupted and broken down. A significant part of the mycobiome is destroyed or seriously damaged. To develop soil fertility, the living organisms that live in the soil are essential. A large amount of living and functional organic matter is necessary to maintain the physical and chemical properties of soils. The depletion of the soil biome is facilitated by both fertilisers and pesticides. Artificially produced chemicals kill or limit the activity of soildwelling organisms. The application of compost greatly aids the regeneration and maintenance of soil life. Fertilisers could be replaced by compost, albeit to a lesser extent on a field scale, but can be used on backyard farms and especially in small gardens. Compost also has a positive effect on soil structure, making compacted soils looser and facilitating the formation of aggregates in sandy soils that help water management. Our soils are depleted of humus as a result of intensive agricultural activity, reducing their productivity and deteriorating their physical structure, leading to increased erosion. Humus replenishment is very important in our soils, but the reduced organic manure supply due to the declining livestock population after the change of regime does not cover the needs. In horticultural crops, the use of compost alleviates the humus deficit in soils, maintaining their fertility and improving their structure. In this study, we will focus on methods for the management of organic matter. We aim to present composting techniques that can be used in nursery and school gardens. There are also important pedagogical implications of this activity, which will also be discussed. The perception of natural processes is not easy for today's children, most of whom live in an almost artificial environment and spend most of their time in virtual space. Unlimited access to consumer goods is natural for them. They do not see the process of production and the amount of by-products and waste generated. Education must show them the quantity of recyclable materials in waste and the means and procedures for processing them. Lastly, it is very important to explain the results of the work, how the finished compost is tested and how it can be used.
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MATIICHUK, Liubomyr. "SECURITY OF UKRAINE’S ELECTRICITY MARKET: IMPLEMENTATION AND CONTINUED HOLDING." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 6, no. 3 (2021): 336–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2021-3-45.
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The emergence of state-owned enterprises, Market Operator and Guaranteed Buyer, which are responsible for the operation of the day-ahead and intraday market and form the price policy for payment of electricity services to producers and suppliers that use renewable energy sources, i.e., work according to "green tariff" and "regulated tariff" for the needs of the population. It was noted that energy is distributed within the UES by energy supply companies licensed to provide electric energy at regulated and non-regulated tariffs. It is outlined that the actual results of the processes of reforming the electricity market are: the organization of the electricity market segments, which allows to consider the day-ahead market as the leading indicator of price formation; two trade zones operating at the same time, the United Energy System of Ukraine and the energy center of the Burshtyn TPP, where different prices have been formed due to the generation structure; the possibility of using the export potential of electricity according to the principles of ENSTO-S has been launched, which promotes general agreement between supplier countries, increases competition, forms a system of balanced results with the minimization of losses, accelerates the processes of integration of the electricity market of Ukraine into the European energy system. At the same time, the electricity market of Ukraine faces many challenges and threats, among which the countdown to the implementation of the free electricity market model was not accompanied by objective reasons by changes in regulated electricity prices for specific categories of consumers (population) and cross-subsidization, which ultimately caused significant financial stress to the state-owned enterprises Energoatom and UkrHydroEnergo, which are subject to the imposition of special duties; the practice of operating auctions for renewable energy sources in order to optimize their value is not implemented correctly. In this area, only the construction of such objects took place under the conditions of fixing the "green tariff"; led to a drop in economic development, significant consumer debt, and a decrease in electricity consumption, as a result of a drop in prices, an increase in the deficit and debt coverage for select categories of consumers; the significant accumulation of the debt burden of SE Energorynok in front of a significant number of generating companies, requires immediate state regulation and the adoption of a particular law regarding the further resolution of this problem; replacement of old capacities with new ones with a quick start for balancing and functioning of gas piston units and energy storage systems. It became known that in terms of its actual content, the electric power industry has several specific features that characterize its energy orientation: the change of parameters depending on the field of application, the simultaneity of the processes of production and consumption as an energy resource; constancy and identity of volumes of produced and consumed electrical energy; lack of possibilities for reservations in the form of goods; the impossibility of a predictable assessment of resource generation and consumption; complete dependence of the production component on consumer demand. In addition to the circumstances of the economic direction, specific properties are also characteristic of electric energy, which is related to its essential purpose as an energy resource: power; time; terms and conditions of consumption; quality; distance; variability. Today, the already existing positive and negative consequences of the effectiveness of state economic regulation of the electricity market should be noted. As for the negative consequences, it should be noted the versatile and non-uniform nature of the application of various forms and methods of pricing to electricity producers; tax imbalance due to the lack of necessary tax and budget levers for regulating the electricity industry; the practice of the cross-subsidization system of some consumers at the expense of others through the wholesale market price (ORC) for electric energy. A review of safety criteria in the country's electric power sector shows the imperfection of the electricity market and the need to strengthen the relevant safety tools. Keywords: electric energy, electric power industry, energy, electric power safety, energy market of Ukraine.
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Zaloznova, Yu S., and O. S. Serdiuk. "Stimulation of Smart Energy Systems Development." Herald of the Economic Sciences of Ukraine, no. 1(46) (2024): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37405/1729-7206.2024.1(46).16-23.
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Today, the energy system of Ukraine is in a state of crisis. Thermal generation is almost completely destroyed, hydropower facilities have suffered significant damage, and outdated nuclear power units are unable to cover the electricity deficit. This affects the cost of production of domestic products, as entrepreneurs are forced to spend additional funds on the purchase and maintenance of alternative, more expensive to operate power plants. Similar measures are also taken by the owners of retail trade enterprises, which in aggregate leads to an increase in the price of consumer goods and, as a result, an increase in inflation. As of May 2024, the cost of restoration of Ukraine’s energy system is estimated at approximately $50 billion. However, attracting such a large amount of funds in the form of private investments seems unlikely given, firstly, the risks associated with hostilities, and secondly, the obsolescence of the infrastructure and technologies of electricity generation. Unlike the processes of energy modernization, the first factor cannot be influenced by economic policy, and therefore the competence of economic science remains only the question of stimulating the development of innovations in the field of energy. If this task is successfully implemented, the economic benefits from the operation of high-tech enterprises may outweigh the risks associated with hostilities, and therefore the importance of this factor will be reduced. In modern terminology, high-tech enterprises that systematically use digital technologies in their activities are called “smart enterprises”. In the context of energy, this is manifested in the wide application of digital technologies for the purpose of optimizing the processes of energy generation, distribution and consumption of electricity. The use of such an approach makes it possible to minimize production and operational costs, which positively affects the investment attractiveness of construction projects and the development of smart enterprises. At the same time, the digitalization of production processes creates the potential for the use of digital tools to stimulate the development of this type of activity.
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Khouiled, Brahim, Salah-Eddine Chini, and Mourad Benrouina. "Dynamic relationship between exchange rate and trade balance." SocioEconomic Challenges 7, no. 3 (2023): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.61093/sec.7(3).164-173.2023.
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The volatility of exchange rates affects the country’s export-import positions and the financial condition of organizations in the real and financial sectors. Also, it has an impact on the country’s macroeconomic stability. This study analyses the dynamic relationship between exchange rates and the trade balance in five North African countries: Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Libya, and Mauritania. A panel autoregressive distributional-lag model (PANEL ARDL) was chosen to analyze the long-term relationship and short-term dynamics between the studied indicators. 1990-2019 was chosen as the research period. The selected variables (exchange rate level net trade balance) were tested for stationarity, and a cointegration test was performed. Three-panel dynamic models were built into the work: pooled mean group (PMG), mean group (MG), and dynamic fixed effects (DFE). The study demonstrates a long-term inverse relationship between the exchange rate level and the net trade balance for all analyzed North African countries. In particular, an increase in the exchange rate by 1 USD leads to a decrease in the trade balance deficit by 46.4 million USD for all analyzed countries together. It is found that the countries of North Africa need about three years on average to return to the equilibrium state caused by significant crises from 1990 to 2019. Individual countries (Algeria, Libya and Mauritania) have mechanisms to rebalance after approximately two and nine months, two and three months and a year and a half, respectively. However, Morocco and Tunisia do not have such mechanisms, which means that any external shock will weaken the equilibrium relationship between the analyzed variables in these two countries. To protect the trade balance from potential shocks and ensure the stability of the exchange rate, the countries of North Africa need to implement fundamental reforms in the monetary, financial and trade policies of these countries. It includes reducing imports, especially consumer goods that can be produced domestically, encouraging foreign investment and providing incentives to attract foreign capital as additional support for foreign exchange reserves.
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Al-Obaidi, Mahdi Bashir Mahmoud, and Abdulrahman Najm Almashhadani. "Assessment of the Financial Sustainability of External Debt in Iraq: an Econometric Analysis." International Journal of Professional Business Review 7, no. 5 (2022): e0704. http://dx.doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2022.v7i5.e704.
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Purpose: This paper aims to study the possibility of external debt achieving financial sustainability by learning the most important economic variables affected by external debt and possible scenarios to achieve financial sustainability. Theoretical framework: The sustainability of external debt is one of the critical issues in economies, especially emerging ones. Establishing structural projects, infrastructure projects, and economic investment is one of the essential factors in achieving financial sustainability. However, Iraq has resorted to external borrowing to confront the economic, political, and security crises represented by the drop in global oil prices. Design/methodology/approach: The research seeks to explore developments related to Iraq's foreign debt and analyze developments related to financial sustainability in the Iraqi economy. To achieve the research goal, the paper uses an analytical approach by analyzing external debt and economic variables for the period 2004-2021 and interpreting indicators of external debt and financial sustainability in Iraq for the period 2004-2021 using the econometric model. Findings: The results show that the external debt is not optimally exploited and directed towards consumer spending and imported goods. A few of them are towards projects with low income, which led to the lack of real financial sustainability in the Iraqi economy. Furthermore, the increase in reliance on public borrowing to finance the budget deficit led to a rise in the internal debt, especially in 2020, which means an increase in financial obligations on the state not only abroad but also internally, which made the revenue structure burdened with financial commitments internally and externally, as well as not directing domestic savings to contribute In building the economy and working on its consumption, which prevented the achievement of financial sustainability. Research, Practical & Social implications: This paper contributes to the search for an alternative standard model capable of effectively explaining the financial sustainability of the external debt in Iraq. Originality/value: This is one of the first papers that examine the possibility of achieving the financial sustainability of external debt in Iraq using the econometric approach.
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Mazur, Yuliia V. "Conceptual model of the mechanism of balancing supply and demand for freight transportation services by road." Economies' Horizons, no. 4(7) (December 31, 2018): 223–29. https://doi.org/10.31499/2616-5236.4(7).2018.212652.
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The purpose of the research. The aim of the article is to develop a conceptual model of the mechanism of balancing supply and demand for freight transportation services by road and the justification of the influence of external and internal environment. Methodology. In the process of research, the following methods were used: theoretical and empirical research, analysis and synthesis of indicators; statistical and analytical data processing to identify trends in the types of economic activity that use road transport services for transportation. Results. The article proves that for most companies the gap between supply and demand is now a serious problem. Road transport companies are no exception, the supply of transport services by which exceeds the solvent demand aggravates intra-industry competition. It is determined that supply adapts to changing demand and makes it impossible to have a long-term deficit. At the same time, supply forms and stimulates demand for existing goods and services in the market. The definition of the mechanism of balancing the supply and demand for freight transportation services by road transport as a dynamic system containing the following elements: the process of collecting, processing and analyzing information about the demand and supply of freight transportation services, assessment of their balance and the directions and measures to stimulate demand and regulate the supply of freight transportation services has been justified. The factors influencing the development of demand for road transportation in Ukraine were determined. These are growth of production volumes, development of retail and wholesale trade, increase of real incomes of population, reduction of inflation level and consumer prices, corruption, condition and quality of transport infrastructure, safety level of road traffic and cargo transportation, investments in the industry, risks of economic activity, emergency situations, prices for fuels and lubricants. Submitted a quantitative characteristic of domestic enterprises in the international road transport market, as well as the total number of cars in the market of transport services. It highlights trends in the development of economic activities that use road transport services for transportation, including agriculture, forestry and fisheries; extractive industry; processing industry; construction; wholesale and retail trade. The author presents a conceptual model of the mechanism of balancing supply and demand for freight transportation services by road, which identifies the sources of information support for the mechanism operation and directions and measures of balancing supply and demand for freight transportation by road. Practical meaning. According to the results of the study indicated the need to organize the activities of business entities that provide freight transportation services by road transport, based on the concept of marketing. In particular, the choice of the most effective for the entrepreneur-carrier types of transportation and services; analysis of transportation needs in the transportation of goods and the ability of enterprises to meet them; development of rational technologies and systems of goods movement; planning the development of transportation and services. Prospects for further research. On the basis of the study identified the prospects for further development of both scientific and practical component of the organization of cargo transportation services by road, based on the concept of marketing.
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Hussain, Anwar, and Umar Hayat. "A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT OF RURAL-URBAN HOUSEHOLDS IN DISTRICT SWAT." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, no. 02 (2022): 1097–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i2.605.
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Ecological footprint (EF) measure how much productive land area is required for producing the products and resources consumed and the waste generated by humans. The problem of ecological overshooting is being faced by many developing countries like Pakistan. According to the Global Footprint Network, Pakistan is one of the ecologically in deficit countries list i.e we are consuming more than the available biocapacity with us. The ecological footprint of Pakistan in 2012 was 0.8 Gha per capita and biocapacity 0.4 Gha per capita. This is high time to think that whether we are living within our ecological limits and how fast humans are depleting the earth’s biosphere. With this background, the present study aims to estimate the ecological footprints at households’ level taking into account the food, housing, transportation, consumer goods and services in district Swat. Besides, the drivers of the ecological footprint and their impact on the ecological footprint was also estimated. This study used primary data which was collected through questionnaire designed by the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI). To support the analysis, additional information has also been collected through the self-designed questionnaire. The information obtained were converted into EF though calculator of SEI. The analysis was extended to rural and urban areas of district Swat. The study used a sample of 1063 households from 7 tehsils of district Swat. The sample size was proportionally allocated to rural and urban areas of the each tehsil. Accordingly, 744 and 319 households were selected from rural and urban areas respectively. The descriptive statistics alongwith regression model was used for the analysis. The findings revealed that carbon footprint is the major contributor to total EF. The rural households have higher EF than urban households. However, the ecological overshooting is observed in both rural and urban areas. The major influencing factors of the EF in district Swat are income, household size, education, location, (rural or urban), type of food used, fuel consumption, renewable sources of energy, solid waste, home type and size. Based on findings, it is recommended that the households should be encouraged to use renewable sources of energy in homes to reduce their EF. Particularly, the use of solar energy in the large houses should be ensured. The resources use needs to be monitored to reduce ecological overshooting. The waste generated needs to be properly recycled. The increasing carbon footprint should be controlled through sustainable practices in vehicles use and electric appliances at home. The households should be given environmental awareness and education through various means to reduce EF. Keywords:Ecological footprint
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Tanaka, Yasuhito. "Very Simple Mathematical Model of MMT (Modern Monetary Theory)." Business and Economic Research 11, no. 3 (2021): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v11i3.18983.
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The purpose of this paper is to provide a concise theoretical and mathematical foundation for the major parts of the debate in the recently discussed school of economics called Modern Monetary Theory (MMT), while maintaining the basics of the neoclassical microeconomic framework, such as utility maximization of consumers using budget constraints and utility functions, and equilibrium of demand and supply of goods under perfect competition with constant returns to scale technology. By a two-periods overlapping generations (OLG) model in which the economy grows by technological progress, we will show that: 1) We need a budget deficit to achieve full employment with constant price when the economy grows by technological progress. This budget deficit should not be offset by future surplus; 2) A budget deficit that exceeds the level necessary to maintain full employment in a growing economy with constant price will cause inflation. A stable budget deficit is required to prevent further inflation; 3) A budget deficit that is insufficient to maintain full employment will cause a recession with involuntary unemployment. A budget deficit larger than the one necessary and sufficient to maintain full employment without a recession can overcome a recession caused by insufficient budget deficit and restore full employment. The deficit created to overcome the recession should not be offset by subsequent surpluses, since full employment can then be maintained through constant budget deficits.
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Vardomskiy, L. B. "Forgotten Integration: The Failure and Lessons of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 13, no. 3 (2020): 176–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2020-13-3-10.
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CMEA evolution is considered using the concept of a life cycle. Entry into individual stages of the life cycle depends on the compliance of integration institutions with internal and external development factors of the participating countries, the ratio of integration and national identity. The CMEA analysis allows us to assess the dynamics of modern integration projects important for Russia. The main reasons for the collapse of the CMEA were the overestimation of the role of planned instruments and the underestimation of the role of monetary instruments, collective import substitution (autarky) and technological weakness, primarily the USSR, as a leader in the integration process. To modernize their industry, the CMEA countries, under conditions of detente, increased imports of equipment from Western countries. The country’s budget deficit arising in connection with the growth of external debt was forced to solve by raising prices for consumer goods and services, which caused social discontent. Delays in market reforms exacerbated the situation. The “perestroika” that began in 1985 in the USSR, brought about drastic changes in domestic and foreign policy and gave a “green light” to market transformations in CEE countries. Despite the failure, CMEA made a significant contribution to the development of global regionalization processes. It was part of the bipolar world order and supported strategic stability in the world, contributed to the improvement of European integration institutions, especially in terms of planning the integration process and creating mechanisms for converging the levels of development and welfare of the participating countries. The CMEA experience has shown that in order to meet the growing complexity of the international economic, it is necessary to create the corresponding integration and national institutions of the participating countries. The central issue of the effectiveness of integration is the acquisition by the participating countries of such specialization, not only within the framework of the integration association, but also of the global economy as a whole, which will ensure their sustainable income. In the course of evolution, modern integration associations will change functions and institutions, the composition of participants, enter into larger alliances, but are unlikely to disappear from the world economy as CMEA.
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Khisaeva, A. I., and V. R. Yapparov. "FACTORS OF SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABLE FUNCTIONING OF THE REGIONS OF THE VOLGA FEDERAL DISTRICT." Bulletin USPTU Science education economy Series economy 4, no. 42 (2022): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/2541-8904-2022-4-42-123-131.
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The article analyzes the factors of spatial development of territorial entities included in the Volga Federal District – a region with a developed innovation-technological and industrial complex, with an economy that demonstrates sustainable growth rates not only in industries with traditional specialization, but also in economic areas of activity focused on providing services and the production of consumer goods. Analytical and statistical data of federal and regional state statistics bodies for the period from 2017 to 2021 were used as a basis for studying the features of the spatial development of territorial entities. In order to predict changes in the indicators under consideration, we also analyzed the trends in socio-economic transformations of Russia's space this year. The economic component of the group of factors of spatial development and sustainable functioning of regions was expressed through an analysis of the dynamics and structure of the gross regional product, the level of debt burden, indicators of self-sufficiency, deficit and liquidity of local budgets. The social component of spatial development was determined using the coefficients of migration and natural increase, the level of demographic load and unemployment in the regions, as well as through a comparative analysis of the population's monetary income in the regional context relative to the federal districts of the Russian Federation. The environmental factors of sustainable functioning of the territories were identified by the method of a comprehensive assessment of the state of the environment with the determination of quantitative and qualitative indicators of anthropogenic impact. As a result of the analysis of a group of factors of an economic, social and environmental nature, the leading regions in terms of the implementation of the resource potential and territories that stably lag behind the pace of development in certain directions and areas were identified. Based on the data obtained, spatial differentiation and uneven development of the regions of the Volga Federal District were proved, as well as the need to balance all components of the system of sustainable functioning of the region, visible in the application of the principle of unity of potential opportunities for economic, social and environmental development.
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Nyzhnyk, Iryna. "DEFICITE – FACTOR OF GROWTH OF CONSUMER PRICES FOR FOOD GOODS." CHERKASY UNIVERSITY BULLETIN: ECONOMICS SCIENCES, no. 1 (2019): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31651/2076-5843-2019-1-51-57.
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Mykhailyshyn, L. I., Y. I. Korovchuk, and O. D. Hrushko. "GENDER TRANSFORMATIONS IN EMPLOYMENT AS A TOOL FOR INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION OF THE UKRAINIAN LABOR MARKET IN THE CONTEXT OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR." Actual problems of regional economy development 1, no. 20 (2024): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/apred.1.20.127-135.
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The study examines the peculiarities of gender transformations as an instrument of international integration of the Ukrainian labor market in the context of the russian-Ukrainian war. The features of transformations, the pre-war and post-war state of the Ukrainian labor market are identified. The study's findings demonstrate that during the pre-war years, the Ukrainian labor market strongly impacted the international (in particular, European) labor market. With the outbreak of war, this impact increased significantly due to large-scale flows of refugees from the entire country. The authors provide a summary of the objective and forced reasons for the increase in the existing socio-economic factors of migration, among which the following are particularly noticeable destruction of economic facilities, damage to infrastructure, loss of supply of goods, decline in aggregate consumer demand, increased need for security, additional social protection, rehabilitation, and education. It is proved that the labor market of Ukraine in the conditions of war has become a donor of the skilled and highly productive workforce for the EU countries, resulting in its transformation from a model of labor excess to a model of labor deficit. It is noted that mass migration due to the abovementioned reasons was not the only factor that caused significant changes in the Ukrainian labor market. In addition, the negative trends in the development of Ukraine's labor market and the resulting decline in its integration potential were formed exclusively by military factors: the occupation of millions of Ukrainians, the mobilization of the men's population with subsequent recruitment into the Armed Forces or volunteering, and the increase in mortality among the working-age military and civilians. As a result, a significant reduction in the offer of workforce in the Ukrainian labor market has been noted, and given the urgency of restoring this resource, the negative impact of these changes will be observed in the Ukrainian economy for a long period. Based on these conditions, the author substantiates the need to develop measures and implement several necessary reforms aimed at overcoming gender imbalances in various areas of employment in Ukrainian society. Such measures will contribute to stabilizing the domestic labor market for the post-war reconstruction of the country and will ensure the preservation of the identity of Ukraine and the Ukrainian nation.