Relevant bibliographies by topics / Consumers demand

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Consumers demand'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 May 2022
Last updated: 29 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Consumers demand"

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Wang, Xiaoguang, Tao Lv, and Lei Fan. "New Energy Vehicle Consumer Demand Mining Research Based on Fusion Topic Model: A Case in China." Sustainability 14, no. 6 (2022): 3316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063316.

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This study extracted the demand preference topic words of new energy vehicle consumers with the help of the topic model, calculated the similarity between the word vectors and the topic keywords and expanded the topic keywords, analyzed and compared the demand topics and feature expansion words of different car models, and summarized the demand differences of other consumer groups. The analysis results show that consumers’ demands of different groups have the exact demand dimensions such as new energy features and brand features, and different demand dimensions such as application, services, and professional performance. The research findings help consumers filter valuable information from online review data and help car companies objectively and accurately obtain consumer demands, develop more reasonable marketing strategies, and achieve healthy and sustainable corporate development.
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Kwangsawat, Karuna, and Yanin Rugwongwan. "The Determinant of Consumers’ Socio-Economic Attributes on Their Choices of Environmental Friendly Furniture style." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 2, no. 6 (2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v2i6.950.

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This article presents the determinant of consumers' socio-economic including personality, attitudes, lifestyle and the physical characteristics of the residence. That determines the consumer's demand for environmentally friendly furniture. This is a test of the demand for different types of furniture. According to economic conditions consumer society. The research found that overall style of furniture requirements. The consumers demand modern style furniture, western style, use natural materials to produce, high technology in production and the furniture is cool shade is moderate. The design should take into account the socio-economic conditions of each consumer group. To serve as guidelines for the environmentally friendly design furniture that is suitable to the demand of consumers.
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Milley, Donald J. "Consumer Demand by Black Americans." Review of Black Political Economy 15, no. 3 (1987): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02903994.

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This article investigates the consumption patterns of black Americans for five different commodity groups: food, housing, clothing, health care, and transportation. The black consumer's demand for these products is hypothesized as describable by the linear expenditure system. The system allows the investigation of changing relative commodity prices and income. The system also establishes a basic consumption bundle as an estimable parameter of the system. The basic bundle allows for changes in composition due to increased product familiarity, habit formation, and emulation by black consumers. Product familiarity and habit-formation play a role in determining the black consumer's demand for the commodities food, housing, and clothing. This demand is also partially determined by the consumer's “emulation” of consumption standards established by society in general. The article is not a comparison study of black-white differences in consumer behavior; however, the possible existence of an emulation effect in black consumer behavior suggests an interrelation of black-white consumer welfare which might fruitfully be studied by future researchers.
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Omezzine, A., G. V. Chomo, and O. AI-Jabri. "Demand Analysis of Selected Fruits and Vegetables in Oman." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 3, no. 1 (1998): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol3iss1pp19-26.

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Consumer behavior and prospective changes in demand of food product have a significant impact on production and distribution decisions. Consumer responsiveness to changes in prices, income and other demand determinants is very important to production and market decision-makers. The present study estimates demand responses for selected fruits and vegetables in Oman using consumer aggregated national data. The main objective is to generate information needed for making public as well as private decisions. Results indicate that most fruit and vegetable consumers respond to price, and income changes in the expected manner. Responses are different from one commodity to another depending on its nature and importance in the consumer's diet habits. In a few cases income is not a significant determinant of the demand. Moreover, many fruits and vegetables have shown a relationship of substitution and complementary consistent with Omani diet. These results are useful in farmers and distributers to allow them to adjust their production and marketing services according to the consumer’s response.
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Narine, Lendel Kade, Wayne Ganpat, and Govind Seepersad. "Demand for organic produce." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 5, no. 1 (2015): 76–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-04-2013-0015.

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Purpose – The differentiation that takes place in the Trinidad market only classifies tomatoes on the basis of its size. Farmers in many countries have been making an effort at agronomic differentiation strategies in order to receive better incomes. The purpose of this paper is to determine Trinidadian consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) and the market potential for organic tomatoes when marketed as a differentiated product. Design/methodology/approach – A survey research methodology was used in this study. A total of 405 consumers to be surveyed were randomly chosen using proportionate sampling. A logistic regression was used to estimate the factors affecting consumers’ WTP for organic tomatoes. An ANOVA model was used to determine the mean maximum WTP for organic tomatoes based on selected factors. Findings – Most consumers were willing to pay premium prices for organic tomatoes. Results indicated that consumers’ area of residence, educational level, income range, and their perception of the health benefits derived from organic tomatoes significantly influenced their WTP for organic tomatoes. Research limitations/implications – Empirical results suggests a differentiated organic market should be implemented in Trinidad. Originality/value – Given an informed consumer base, farmers can expect to receive a premium price for their produce. Consumers can benefit from having more choices in the agricultural market.
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Dennis, Elliott J. "114 Domestic and International Pork Demand and their Implication on Pork Production Practices." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.079.

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Abstract Domestic and international demand for pork products drives pork production. Consumers purchase pork products based on their personal tastes and preferences. These tastes and preferences have substantially changed over the last 20 years. Consumers desire to know more information about pork production practices and are willing to pay premiums at grocery stores for adoption of these practices. Producers response to changing consumer demands has important implications for the growth and profitability of the pork industry. I address the current economic understanding of domestic and international consumer demand for pork products and how this demand has and will continue to shape pork production practices.
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Yin, Hongwei. "Research on the Relationship Between Consumption and Demand of E-commerce in China." Learning & Education 10, no. 2 (2021): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/l-e.v10i2.2300.

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With the rapid development of Internet technology, the application of e-commerce is changing people’s way of life at an amazing speed and strength. More and more people choose the network as the carrier of shopping, through the network consumption to meet their needs. Electronic commerce is a business consumption platform based on information electronic technology. Its online consumer groups are greatly different from the traditional consumer groups. This is because affected by the network environment, consumer’s consumption concept and consumption consciousness has undergone significant changes. The influence of e-commerce on the network consumption market has broadened the consumption channels of consumers and made consumers’ online behaviors more diversified.
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Haral, Muhammad Arshad, and Mudassar Yasin. "Determinants of Speculative Demand of Wheat and Its Impact on Consumer Welfare Loss." Journal of Economic Impact 1, no. 3 (2019): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.52223/jei0103193.

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A much-neglected concept of price speculation from the side of consumers plays an important role in the determination of prices and quantity traded in the market. Almost all the consumers speculate about future prices of commodities and at the first stage, whenever prices increase, most of the consumers believe and speculate that the prices will increase more in the future. The current study underhand is conducted to find the factors of speculative demand for wheat and its relationship with consumer’s welfare. The need for this study was to find the factors of speculative demand and its and its relationship with the welfare loss. For this purpose data were collected from one hundred wheat consumers who buy wheat monthly from rural and urban areas of District Mandi Baha ud Din, Pakistan at random by direct interviewing to analyze which factors compel them not to buy wheat at annual bases and how it is related to their income, family size, and monthly income. Results show a negative relationship between the speculative demand for wheat and income. There is also a positive relationship between speculation and family as well as between speculation and actual quantity demanded. The lower-income consumers do speculation about the prices of the wheat from September to March and cause prices to increase about 8.92% more than the normal prices which cost them to lose consumer welfare and surplus. It is concluded that if consumers avoid speculation, they can buy wheat at 8.92% lesser price and can enjoy more consumer welfare and surplus. An increase in speculative demand increases prices more than a normal increase. The addition of some portion of price increment merely is due to consumer’s psychological phenomenon of speculation.
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Roozmand, Omid, and DG Webster. "Consumer Choice and Aggregate Demand." International Journal of Agent Technologies and Systems 6, no. 4 (2014): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijats.2014100101.

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Satisficing behavior is one of the most important subjects in consumer behavior studies. Satisficing consumers select any affordable bundle of items with utility larger than their satisfaction threshold. This contrasts to maximizing behavior, where the consumer selects the bundle of items with the highest possible utility within his or her budget constraint. Authors hypothesize that, all else equal, satisficers will purchase more goods overall when compared with maximizers. Furthermore, satisficers will also purchase more disposable rather than durable goods because they are less concerned with maximizing the total value of their purchases. To test these hypotheses, an agent-based model of consumer behavior has been developed that allows for decision making based on either satisficing or maximizing rules. Satisficer agents use a modified genetic algorithm to find a satisficing bundle. Maximizer agents apply dynamic programming to find the best bundle of items. The aggregated results of consumer agents' purchases support aforementioned hypotheses when consumers select from three types of products: 1) cheap disposable, 2) cheap durable, and 3) expensive durable. The hypotheses also hold when a more realistic set of items is constructed based on the common economic assumption that supply curves are upward sloping. In this latter case, consumers choose bundles from a total of 5 types of items, each of which differs in price, quality, and durability.
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Manan, A., B. Shahid, A. Sultan, and U. I. Ahmed. "Consumer Demand for Beverages in Pakistan." Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 50, no. 2 (2017): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cerce-2017-0020.

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AbstractThis current research endeavors to study important factors having significant impact on consumer’s choice of beverages in Punjab province of Pakistan. Beverages in two major categories of ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ have been studied to examine consumer consumption pattern. Data has been collected through interview from 80 respondents belonging to two major cities of Punjab, i.e. Lahore and Faisalabad, by incorporating stratified random sampling technique. These two cities of Punjab were selected because of big departmental stores opening like Metro Cash and Carry store, Al-Fateh and others. A pre tested and well-arranged questionnaire was used for data gathering from respondents. To estimate the outcome of factors affecting choices of consumers (demand function), multivariate analysis was incorporated. Results of this research showed that consumption pattern of cold beverages was affected significantly by consumer income, cold beverages prices, city selected for survey and number of adolescents in a family, whereas factors which affected the consumption of hot beverages were food expenditure, living area, marital status, income, working persons in a family, family size. Due to availability of copious brands of beverages, consumption is escalating with the passage of time and consumers are eager to pay but owing to high rates they are not relishing full taste of beverages. So, local industry should produce cost effective and quality drinks to enhance usage.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Consumers demand"

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O, Brien Olivia. "Domestic water demand for consumers with rainwater harvesting systems." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86514.

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Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The focus of the study is to theoretically assess tank-water demand and employ methods to establish the actual tank-water demand at selected houses in a case study area. This study also examines the influence of domestic rainwater harvesting systems when used in combination with a municipal water distribution system. The case study comprises of 410 low cost housing units in the Western Cape. The system demand patterns of low cost housing units are uncharacteristic, when compared with suburban system demand patterns, and cannot be defined by traditional models. Similarly, the use of rainwater harvesting systems in these areas follows an unconventional routine that is yet to be defined. A stochastic end-use model for water demand is developed which produces temporal profiles for water supplied from both sources, namely the water distribution system and the rainwater harvesting system. The model approximates a daily system and tank-water demand pattern for a single domestic household, using @RISK software. The demand estimation methodology is clarified through application on a particular case study site where harvested rainwater is frequently utilized. Estimates of the parameter values are based on consumer surveys and previous studies on the case study area, where the household size was defined in the form of a probability distribution. The results confirm the atypical system demand patterns in low cost housing units units. Although two clear peaks exist in the morning and in the evening, a relatively constant average flow is present throughout the day. A sensitivity analysis of all the model parameters verified that the household size has the most substantial influence on the tank-water demand pattern. The system and tank-water demand patterns were compared to published average daily water demand guidelines, which confirmed that increased water savings could be achieved when the rainwater source is accessible inside the household with minimal effort. The stochastic demand profiles derived as part of this research agree with the metered system demand in the same area. The results of this study could be incorporated into the future development of national standards.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die fokus van die studie is om die tenkwater-aanvraag teoreties te ontleed en metodes in werking te stel om die werklike tenkwater-aanvraag vas te stel by geselekteerde huise in ‘n gevallestudie area. Hierdie studie ondersoek ook die invloed van plaaslike reënwater-herwinningstelsels wanneer dit gebruik word in kombinasie met ‘n munisipale waterverspreidingstelsel. Die gevallestudie bestaan uit 410 laekoste behuisingseenhede in die Wes-Kaap. Die stelsel-aanvraagpatrone van laekoste behuisingseenhede is verskillend wanneer dit met voorstedelike stelsel-aanvraagpatrone vergelyk word en kan nie gedefinieer word deur tradisionele modelle nie. Soortgelyk volg die gebruik van reënwater-herwinningstelsels in hierdie areas ‘n onkonvensionele roetine. ‘n Stogastiese eindgebruikmodel vir water-aanvraag is ontwikkel, wat tydelike profiele genereer vir water wat van beide bronne verskaf word, naamlik die waterverspreidingstelsel en die reënwater-herwinningstelsel. Die model bepaal by benadering ‘n daaglikse stelsel- en tenkwater-aanvraagpatroon vir ‘n enkele plaaslike huishouding, deur @RISK sagteware. Die aanvraag-beramingstegnieke word verduidelik deur toepassing op ‘n spesifieke gevallestudie, waar herwinde reënwater gereeld gebruik word. Die parameter waardeberamings is gebaseer op verbruikers-opnames en vorige studies oor die gevallestudie-gebied, waar die grootte van die huishoudings bepaal was in die vorm van 'n waarskynlikheidsverspreiding. Die resultate bevestig die atipiese stesel aanvraagpatrone in laekoste behuisingseenhede eenhede. Alhoewel twee duidelike pieke in die oggend en die aand voorkom, is ‘n relatiewe konstante vloei dwarsdeur die dag teenwoordig. ‘n Sensitiwiteitsanalise van al die modelparameters bevestig dat die grootte van die huishouding die grootste beduidende invloed op tenkwater- aanvraagpatrone het. Die stelsel- en tenkwater-aanvraagpatrone was vergelyk met gepubliseerde gemiddelde daaglikse water-aanvraag riglyne wat bevestig dat meer waterbesparings bereik kan word waar die reënwaterbron binne die huishouding beskikbaar is met minimale moeite. Die stogastiese aanvraagprofiele, wat as deel van hierdie navorsing afgelei was, stem saam met die gemeterde stelsel-aanvraagpatroon van dieselfde area. Die resultate van hierdie studie kan in die toekomstige ontwikkeling van nasionale standaarde opgeneem word.
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Borggren, Lisa, Rebecca Grill, Susanna Lykken, and Maria Nilsson. "Demand based price determination for electricity consumers in private households." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-295186.

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This report investigates the effects a demand based tariff would have on private electricity consumers and how it could contribute to a sustainable electrical grid. The fuse tariff that is currently used charges customers for their electricity usage and does not fully reflect the electrical grid load and thereby not the cost for the distribution system operators. A demand based tariff, that charges customers for their power peaks and promotes a change of behaviour better reflects the grid load and could lead to a more even grid distribution and a sustainable development. In light of this issue, two demand based tariffs have been constructed for the energy company Upplands Energi’s private customers’ current electricity consumption. One of the tariffs consists of a higher fixed cost and a lower variable cost and the other consists of a lower fixed cost and a higher variable cost, both leading to the same revenue för Upplands Energi. The two different demand based tariffs have been simulated and analysed, where the one with the lowest fixed cost is recommended since it gives customers higher economic incentives to change their electricity usage behaviour. It is essential that electricity retailers communicate the information of how the demand based tariff works to the customers in order to make them change their electricity behaviour to attain a sustainable grid.
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Chambers, Marcus James. "Durability and consumers' demand : Gaussian estimation and some continuous time models." Thesis, University of Essex, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238563.

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Oliver, Henry. "The demand for green electricity amongst residential consumers in the Cape Peninsula." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/921.

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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to determine whether residential electricity consumers within the Cape Peninsula would be willing to voluntarily purchase green electricity if it is sold at a premium price. International experience in the field of green marketing shows that while niche markets for green electricity clearly existed, few programmes however exceeded a 5% penetration in the residential market. This study therefore methodologically drew on recent development in the literature of norm-motivated behaviour to identify testable factors that could influence residential consumers’ willingness to purchase premium-priced green electricity. After identifying these core testable factors, they were used to test various hypotheses. This was done through the testing of primary data that was collected through a telephone market survey of 405 respondents within the Cape Peninsula. These respondents were all identified as financial decision makers within their electricity consuming households. This study subsequently found that residential electricity consumers in the Cape Peninsula are very concerned about the future of the environment and that a large percentage of them (more than 40%) from almost all income levels might voluntary buy premium-priced green electricity. However, as it did identify that consumers must truly be convinced of the positive effects that green electricity would have on the environment before voluntarily supporting such a campaign, it found that consumers might not be well enough informed on environmental and climate change issues to ensure their actual support. To be at all successful, such a green electricity marketing campaign should be very informative and specifically focused on the positive effects that such a purchase would have on the environment. This study also found that supportive residential consumers would on average be willing to pay a maximum premium of 26% or approximately 15c/kWh. The combined maximum potential value of these premiums amount to R39 million per month. This serves as indication that there is much room for future development of the green electricity market. This study also identified that the majority of residential consumers believe that excessive users of electricity should be forced to make a larger financial contribution towards the generation of green electricity than low usage consumers. Based on its findings, the study closes with recommendations to role players in the green electricity market, i.e. the City of Cape Town Municipality, Darling Wind Farm and Eskom.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om te bepaal of residensiële elektrisiteitsverbruikers in die Kaapse Skiereiland gewillig sou wees om vrywilliglik groen elektrisiteit teen ’n premie aan te koop. Internasionale ervaring op die gebied van groen elektrisiteit het getoon dat, alhoewel daar verseker nismarkte vir groen elektrisiteit bestaan, baie min programme meer as 5% van die residensiële mark kon wen. Hierdie studie steun dus metodologies op onlangse verwikkelinge in die literatuur rakende normgemotiveerde gedrag om sodoende toetsbare faktore te identifiseer wat moontlik verbruikers se bereidwilligheid om groen elektrisiteit teen ’n premie te koop, kan verbeter. Na die identifisering van hierdie toetsbare faktore is hulle gebruik om verskeie hipoteses te toets. Dit is gedoen deur die toets van primêre data wat deur middel van telefoon-marknavorsing by 405 respondente binne die Kaapse Skiereiland ingesamel is. Hierdie respondente was almal geïdentifiseer as finansiële besluitnemers van huishoudings wat elektrisiteit gebruik. Hierdie studie het bevind dat residensiële elektrisiteitsverbruikers in die Kaapse Skiereiland baie besorg is oor die toekoms van die omgewing en dat ’n groot hoeveelheid van hierdie huishoudings (meer as 40%) van amper alle inkomstegroepe moontlik gewillig sou wees om groen elektrisiteit teen ’n premie aan te koop. Die studie het ook bevind dat omdat hierdie bereidwilligheid van die residensiële verbruikers onderhewig is aan hul oortuiging dat groen elektrisiteit ’n werklike positiewe effek op die omgewing uitoefen, residensiële verbruikers dalk huidiglik nie werklik goed genoeg ingelig is rakende omgewingsbewaring- en klimaatsveranderingskwessies nie. Hierdie gebrek aan kennis kan dus moontlik hul bereidwilligheid om groen elektrisiteit teen ’n premie aan te koop, negatief beïnvloed. Om suksesvol te wees sal groen elektrisiteit-bemarkingsveldtogte baie volledige inligting moet verskaf en sterk gefokus moet wees op die omgewingsvoordele wat die aankoop van groen elektrisiteit inhou. Die studie het ook bevind dat residensiële ondersteuners bereid sou wees om gemiddeld ’n maksimum premie van 26% of 15c/kWh te betaal. Die gesamentlike maksimum potensiële waarde van hierdie premies is R39 miljoen per maand wat daarop dui dat daar heelwat ruimte mag wees vir toekomstige uitbreiding van die mark vir groen elektrisiteit. Hierdie studie het ook geïdentifiseer dat die meerderheid residensiële elektrisiteitsverbruikers glo dat oormatige elektrisiteitsverbruikers gedwing moet word om ‘n groter finansiële bydrae tot die opwekking van groen elektrisiteit te maak as lae elektrisiteitsverbruikers. Gebaseer op die bevindinge van hierdie studie, sluit dit af met aanbevelings tot verskeie rolspelers in die mark vir groen elektrisiteit, soos die Kaapstadse Munisipaliteit, Darling Windplaas en Eskom.
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AZEVEDO, FLÁVIA SILVEIRA DE. "DEMAND CHARGE FOR LOW VOLTAGE CONSUMERS IN BRAZIL: IMPACTS AND CRITICAL ANALYSIS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2018. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=37019@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO<br>PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTITUIÇÕES COMUNITÁRIAS DE ENSINO PARTICULARES<br>Nos últimos anos tem se verificado um papel mais ativo do pequeno consumidor com relação ao uso da energia elétrica. O acesso mais facilitado às tecnologias de geração distribuída, principalmente produção local fotovoltaica em telhados de residências e também às novas gerações de medidores inteligentes, despertou o interesse de pequenos consumidores para gerar sua própria energia, reduzindo sua fatura com a distribuidora e também sua dependência da rede de distribuição. Nesse contexto, o objetivo da dissertação é avaliar, com base em medições inteligentes reais, o impacto nas faturas de consumidores residenciais causado pela introdução de uma Tarifa de Uso do Sistema de Distribuição, em reais/quilowatt, aplicada sobre a demanda máxima registrada. A opção pelo tema buscou atender lacunas na bibliografia nacional por tratar-se de um assunto inovador, não só no Brasil, e que está sendo estudado em diversos países no mundo simultaneamente. A metodologia pode ser dividida, basicamente, em quatro fases: (i) Apuração da receita de referência; (ii) Cálculo das tarifas de distribuição nas modalidades horária e em reais/quilowatt; (iii) Cálculo e avaliação das receitas obtidas pela aplicação das tarifas às medições dos clusters de estudo; e (iv) Cálculo e avaliação das receitas obtidas pela aplicação das tarifas às medições dos clusters de estudo, considerando geração fotovoltaica distribuída. Os resultados permitiram identificar os perfis de consumo que seriam mais impactados pela introdução de uma tarifação sobre a demanda e também os efeitos resultantes da instalação de painéis solares nas residências, assim demonstrar que essa modalidade de tarifação, ao refletir os custos da atividade de distribuição de energia, propicia estabilidade das tarifas e evita subsídios cruzados.<br>In recent years there has been a more active role of small consumers in relation to the use of electricity. The easier access to distributed generation technologies, mainly local photovoltaic production in residential roofs and also the new generations of intelligent meters, has brought the interest of small consumers to generate their own energy, reducing their invoice with the distributor and also their dependence on the distribution network. In this context, the objective of this dissertation is to evaluate, based on real smart measurements, the impact on the invoices of residential customers caused by the introduction of a demand charge, in real/kilowatt, applied on the registered maximum demand. The option for the theme sought to address gaps in the national bibliography because it is an innovative subject, not only in Brazil, and which is being studied in several countries simultaneously. The methodology can be divided into basically four phases: (i) Calculation of the reference revenue; (ii) Calculation of distribution tariffs: hourly and based in real/kilowatt; (iii) Calculation and evaluation of the revenues obtained by applying the tariffs to the measurements from the clusters to be studied; and (iv) Calculation and evaluation of the revenues obtained by applying the tariffs to the measurements from the clusters to be studied, considering distributed photovoltaic generation. The results allowed to identify the consumption profiles, whether they would be more impacted by the introduction of a demand charge and the impacts caused by the installation of solar panels by the residences as well as demonstrating that this type of charge, reflecting the costs of distribution, provides tariff stability and avoids cross subsidies.
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Mushi, Deograsias. "Demand and welfare in health care : effects of asymmetric information and user charges." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365641.

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Sten, Amanda, and Katja Åström. "Opportunities and barriers for an increased flexibility in residential consumers’ electricity consumption." Thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-191446.

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I Sverige står hushållen för en stor del av den slutliga elanvändningen och deras konsumtionsmönster bidrar till att skapa höga förbrukningstoppar, särskilt under vintermånaderna när elbehovet är som störst. Om hushållen kunde tänka sig att vara mer flexibla i när de använder el skulle förbrukningstoppar kunna dämpas avsevärt och balansen mellan elproduktion och elanvändning bli lättare att upprätthålla. Idag utnyttjas inte efterfrågeflexibilitet i någon större utsträckning, förutom den från vissa elintensiva industrier. Den flexibla kapacitet enskilda hushåll skulle kunna bidra med är naturligtvis lägre än hos industrier, men sammanslaget skulle hushållskunders flexibilitet kunna ge en substantiell inverkan på elsystemet. Vid låga utetemperaturer finns det en uppskattad potential att genomföra effektjusteringar om cirka 1 400 – 3 100 MW om värmelasten hos drygt hälften av samtliga eluppvärmda hus i Sverige omdisponeras till andra tidpunkter, och ytterligare några hundra MW om drygt hälften av samtliga hushåll i Sverige vore flexibla i när de använder hushållsel. Enligt en studie av Broberg m.fl. (2016) skulle drygt hälften av hushållen i Sverige kunna tänka sig att vara flexibla, beroende på vad flexibel innebär. Hushåll som använder el för uppvärmning kan vara flexibla genom att tillfälligt öka eller minska inomhustemperaturen, eller om de använder el i kombination med något annat uppvärmningssätt – genom att byta energikälla. Justeringen kan även ske automatiskt om uppvärmningssystemet är utrustat med central styrutrustning. Om ett stort antal kunders flexibla laster samlas ihop av en marknadsaktör skulle den totala flexibla lasten kunna säljas som kapacitet på grossistmarknaden för el eller erbjudas som upp- eller nedregleringsbud på reglermarknaden. Studien av Broberg m.fl. (2014) har även analyserat hur stor ekonomisk kompensation hushåll vill ha i utbyte mot att vara flexibla. Sett till den flexibla kapacitet hushållskunders efterfrågeflexibilitet bedöms motsvara, cirka 1 400 – 3 100 MW, är kompensationskraven legitimerade, åtminstone om den flexibla kapaciteten erbjuds på någon marknadsplats för elhandel. Styrtjänster som innebär att elanvändningen automatiskt optimeras efter elpriset kan dock vara dyra idag, vilket innebär att det främst tros vara hushåll med hög elförbrukning som utnyttjar dem och de bör därför subventioneras. En annan form av flexibilitet är att anpassa elanvändningen efter det timvarierande elhandelspriset. Den enda förutsättningen för att konsumenten ska tjäna på en sådan anpassning är att elförbrukningen mäts och debiteras på timbasis, vilket är fallet för de relativt få kunder som har valt att teckna timprisavtal. På grund av att konsumentpriset på el inte varierar särskilt mycket saknas incitament för att kunder ska vilja anpassa sin användning efter priset. Det behövs därför en mer effektiv prissättning som exempelvis förstärker volatiliteten eller gör det dyrare eller billigare att använda el vid vissa tidpunkter.<br>In Sweden, residential consumers account for a large share of the final electricity consumption. Their consumption patterns pose great impact on the network power peaks, especially during the winter. If residential consumers were more flexible in their consumption, peaks would be alleviated considerably and the balance between electricity supply and demand would more easily be maintained. Today, demand side flexibility is not utilized to any greater extent, except the one from energy intensive industries. De flexible capacity a single household could contribute with is of course less than within industries, but if flexible capacity from a large number of households were bundled up it would provide a considerable impact on the electricity system. At low outdoor temperatures there is an estimated potential to reach power adjustments in the size of 1 400 – 3 100 MW if the heat load in just over half of the electric heated houses in Sweden were displaced, and a few hundred more if residential consumers were flexible in their consumption of domestic electricity. According to a study by Broberg et al (2016) approximately half the population would consider to be flexible in their electricity consumption under the right circumstances. Households that use electricity for heating can be flexible through temporarily adjust the indoor temperature, or – if they heat their homes with electricity in combination with another heat source – by switching heat source. The adjustment can also be automatic if the heating system is equipped with a central control unit. If flexible capacity from a large number of households is bundled up into grid worthy demand response by a market actor, the capacity could be offered as bids on organized electricity markets. The study by Broberg et al (2014) also analysed how much compensation households require in exchange for being flexible. The compensation levels are justified with regard to the flexible capacity that can be gathered form households, 1 400 – 3 100 MW, at least as long as the capacity is sold in an organized electricity market. Services for automatic control of heating systems, where the power output is optimized after the varying electricity price, can be expensive today, which indicates that mainly households with a high electricity consumption utilize them today. Hence, they need to be subsidized. Demand side flexibility can also be to manually change consumption patterns in response to price signals. The only precondition is that the electricity consumption is measured and billed on an hourly basis, which is the case for the relatively few consumers with hourly rate agreements. The volatility of the electricity price is however subdued due to the large share of fixed surcharges, which means there is lack of incentive for consumers to adapt their consumption in response to price variations. Hence, the volatility needs to be amplified through efficient pricing.
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McKenna, Eoghan. "Demand response of domestic consumers to dynamic electricity pricing in low-carbon power systems." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12120.

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The ability for domestic consumers to provide demand response to dynamic electricity pricing will become increasingly valuable for integrating the high penetrations of renewables that are expected to be connected to electricity networks in the future. The aim of this thesis is to investigate whether domestic consumers will be willing and able to provide demand response in such low-carbon futures. A broad approach is presented in this thesis, with research contributions on subjects including data privacy, behavioural economics, and battery modelling. The principle argument of the thesis is that studying the behaviour of consumers with grid-connected photovoltaic ('PV') systems can provide insight into how consumers might respond to dynamic pricing in future low-carbon power systems, as both experience irregular electricity prices that are correlated with intermittent renewable generation. Through a combination of statistical and qualitative methods, this thesis investigates the demand response behaviour of consumers with PV systems in the UK. The results demonstrate that these consumers exhibit demand response behaviour by increasing demand during the day and decreasing demand during the evening. Furthermore, this effect is more pronounced on days with higher irradiance. The results are novel in three ways. First, they provide quantified evidence that suggests that domestic consumers with PV systems engage in demand response behaviour. Second, they provide evidence of domestic consumers responding to irregular electricity prices that are correlated with intermittent renewable generation, thereby addressing the aim of this thesis, and supporting the assumption that consumers can be expected to respond to dynamic pricing in future markets with high penetrations of renewables. Third, they provide evidence of domestic consumers responding to dynamic pricing that is similar to real-time pricing, while prior evidence of this is rare and confined to the USA.
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Sidique, Shaufique Fahmi. "Analysis of recycling behavior, recycling demand, and effectiveness of policies promoting recycling." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.

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Zajicek, Edward K. "Valuation of quality determinants in consumer demand for automobile : a hedonic price approach /." Diss., This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08232007-112211/.

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Books on the topic "Consumers demand"

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Inc, New Strategist Publications. Best customers: Demographics of consumer demand. 6th ed. New Strategist Publications, 2009.

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Taylor, Jeffrey R. China: Consumer demand statistical update. China Branch, Center for International Research, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 1987.

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Karen, Hardee-Cleaveland, ed. Consumer demand in China: A statistical factbook. Westview Press, 1986.

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Best customers: Demographics of consumer demand. 9th ed. New Strategist Publishing, 2012.

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Russell, Cheryl. Best customers: Demographics of consumer demand. New Strategist, 1999.

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Best customers: Demographics of consumer demand. 2nd ed. New Strategist Publications, 2001.

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Scott, F. S. Characteristics of consumer demand for avocados in Honolulu. HITAHR, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii, 1986.

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Russell, Cheryl. Best Customers: Demographics of Consumer Demand (Best Customers). 3rd ed. New Strategist Publications, 2004.

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Larson, Jennifer S. Who's buying? Who's selling? : understanding consumers and producers. Lerner Publications Co., 2010.

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Tříska, Dušan. Ekonomie informací a ekonomická prognóza. Ekonomický ústav ČSAV, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Consumers demand"

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Parker, Stanley. "Consumers and Demand." In The Sociology of Leisure. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003213567-13.

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Marshall, Alfred. "Gradations of Consumers’ Demand." In Principles of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137375261_11.

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Eymann, Angelika. "An Empirical Analysis of Tourism Demand." In Consumers’ Spatial Choice Behavior. Physica-Verlag HD, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50325-2_4.

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Müller, Matthias. "Bounded Morality of Consumers." In An Agent-Based Model of Heterogeneous Demand. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-18722-4_6.

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Selvanathan, Saroja. "Do OECD Consumers Obey Demand Theory?" In A System-Wide Analysis of International Consumption Patterns. Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1968-9_3.

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Müller, Matthias. "An ABM of Heterogeneous Consumers and Demand." In An Agent-Based Model of Heterogeneous Demand. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-18722-4_4.

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Akaichi, Faical, and Cesar Revoredo-Giha. "Consumer demand for animal welfare products." In The economics of farm animal welfare: theory, evidence and policy. CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786392312.0053.

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Abstract Modern agricultural practices have increased the efficiency of food production with a decrease in their cost and prices for consumers. However, to some extent this has been detrimental to the ethical way in which livestock are treated, particularly in more intensive production systems. On the demand side, an increasing number of consumers are interested in the way that food is produced and the attributes behind it. Animal welfare is one of those ethical attributes that are particularly important for consumers, and at the retail level, it is reflected in a number of labels aiming at passing cues (due to its nature as a credence attribute) to consumers. For meat supply chains, these labels have the possibility to positively affect sales if consumers are willing to pay more for products with those attributes. Moreover, if increasing animal welfare implies higher costs of production, it is important for the supply chain to know whether these costs can be passed on to consumers. These issues have motivated a substantive literature on the measurement of consumers' interest in animal welfare and their willingness to pay for its attributes. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the economic theory behind the measurement of animal welfare and some empirical applications.
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Müller, Matthias. "The Role of Consumers in Innovation Economics." In An Agent-Based Model of Heterogeneous Demand. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-18722-4_2.

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Moon, Dong-Joo. "Service Demand of Consumers with Random Perceptions." In Congestion-Prone Services Under Quality Competition. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20189-9_4.

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DeCanio, Stephen J. "The Representation of Consumers’ Preferences and Market Demand." In Economic Models of Climate Change. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230509467_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Consumers demand"

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Bhosale, Vaibhav, Prasad Hadawale, Akash Borole, and Nandkishor Kinhekar. "Automated demand response for residential consumers." In 2016 19th National Power Systems Conference (NPSC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/npsc.2016.7858960.

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Kinhekar, Nandkishor, Narayana Prasad Padhy, and Hari Om Gupta. "Demand side management for residential consumers." In 2013 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesmg.2013.6672829.

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Threlfall, R. "Demand Side Management For Industrial Consumers." In IET Conference on Power in Unity: a Whole System Approach. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic.2013.0163.

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Di Bella, G., L. Giarre, M. Ippolito, A. Jean-Marie, G. Neglia, and I. Tinnirello. "Modeling energy demand aggregators for residential consumers." In 2013 IEEE 52nd Annual Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2013.6760882.

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Bo Chen, Yaping Zhou, and Hongsheng Xi. "Bandwidth Allocation Based on Consumers' Demand Information." In 2006 6th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcica.2006.1713227.

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Dunbar, Samuel, and Scott Ferguson. "The Impact of Consumer Preference Distributions on Dynamic Electricity Pricing for Residential Demand Response." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98219.

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Abstract Demand Response (DR) is the adjustment of consumer electricity demand through the deployment of one or more strategies, e.g. direct load control, policy implementation, dynamic pricing, or other economic incentives. Widespread implementation of DR is a promising solution for addressing energy challenges such as the integration of intermittent renewable energy resources, reducing capacity cost, and improving grid reliability. Understanding residential consumer preferences for shifting product usage and how these preferences are distributed amongst a population are key to predicting the effectiveness of different DR strategies. In addition, there is a need for a better understanding of how different DR programs, system level objectives, and preference distributions will impact different segments of consumers within a population. Specifically, the impacts on their product use behavior and electricity bill. To address this challenge, a product based approach to modeling consumer decisions about altering their electricity consumption is proposed, which links consumer value to their products, instead of directly to the amount of electricity they consume. This model is then used to demonstrate how population level preference distributions for altering product use impact system level objectives.
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Chin, Jun-Xing, Gabriela Hug, and Andrey Bernstein. "Residential Demand Side Aggregation of Privacy-Conscious Consumers." In 2021 IEEE Madrid PowerTech. IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/powertech46648.2021.9494989.

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Dunbar, Samuel, and Scott Ferguson. "A Consumer Dissatisfaction Model Linking Dynamic Pricing With Shifted Product-Use in Residential Electricity Markets." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22499.

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Abstract Demand Response (DR) is the implementation of a specific strategy or set of strategies, with the goal of altering consumer energy demand, such that some system level objectives are improved. These strategies typically include dynamic pricing, direct load control, policy implementation, or other financial incentives. DR will become a crucial tool for managing growing global energy demand in conjunction with higher penetration rates of intermittent renewable energy resources. Effective implementation of a DR strategy requires a realistic understanding of how consumers will respond to that strategy and how they will be affected by it. Here, a product-based decision model for residential consumers, that links consumer decisions directly to product-use, is revisited and adapted from a continuous time formulation to discrete time. The relationship between financial incentives, consumer preferences, and demand flexibility at the population level is then quantified. The model is used for exploring the tradeoffs between typical objectives for a dynamic pricing residential DR program and evaluating the characteristics of well-performing pricing solutions.
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Meir, Reshef, Hongyao Ma, and Valentin Robu. "Contract Design for Energy Demand Response." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/167.

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Power companies such as Southern California Edison (SCE) uses Demand Response (DR) contracts to incentivize consumers to reduce their power consumption during periods when demand forecast exceeds supply. Current mechanisms in use offer contracts to consumers independent of one another, do not take into consideration consumers' heterogeneity in consumption profile or reliability, and fail to achieve high participation. We introduce DR-VCG, a new DR mechanism that offers a flexible set of contracts (which may include the standard SCE contracts) and uses VCG pricing. We prove that DR-VCG elicits truthful bids, incentivizes honest preparation efforts, and enables efficient computation of allocation and prices. With simple fixed-penalty contracts, the optimization goal of the mechanism is an upper bound on probability that the reduction target is missed. Extensive simulations show that compared to the current mechanism deployed by SCE, the DR-VCG mechanism achieves higher participation, increased reliability, and significantly reduced total expenses.
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Yang, Biyu, Xu Wang, and Yuxin Huang. "Demand Analysis of Terminal Consumers of Online Shopping Based on Maslow Demand Theory." In First International Conference Economic and Business Management 2016. Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/febm-16.2016.9.

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Reports on the topic "Consumers demand"

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Weiss, Mariana, Enrique Chueca, Jorge Jacob, et al. Empowering Electricity Consumers through Demand Response Approach: Why and How. Inter-American Development Bank, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004184.

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Berry, Steven, and Philip Haile. Nonparametric Identification of Multinomial Choice Demand Models with Heterogeneous Consumers. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15276.

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Abaluck, Jason, and Abi Adams. What Do Consumers Consider Before They Choose? Identification from Asymmetric Demand Responses. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23566.

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Benkard, C. Lanier, and Patrick Bajari. Demand Estimation with Heterogeneous Consumers and Unobserved Product Characteristics: A Hedonic Approach. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10278.

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Bajari, Patrick, and C. Lanier Benkard. Demand Estimation With Heterogeneous Consumers and Unobserved Product Characteristics: A Hedonic Approach. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/t0272.

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Abaluck, Jason, and Abi Adams. What do consumers consider before they choose? Identification from asymmetric demand responses. The IFS, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.ifs.2017.1709.

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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Understanding urban consumers’ food choice behavior in Ethiopia: Promoting demand for healthy foods. International Food Policy Research Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133202.

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Just, David, and Amir Heiman. Building local brand for fresh fruits and vegetables: A strategic approach aimed at strengthening the local agricultural sector. United States Department of Agriculture, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7600039.bard.

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Abstract The debate about whether to reduce import barriers on fresh produce in order to decrease the cost of living and increase welfare or to continue protecting the local agricultural sector by imposing import duties on fresh vegetables and fruits has been part of the Israeli and the US political dialog. The alternative of building a strong local brand that will direct patriotic feelings to support of the agricultural sector has been previously discussed in the literature as a non-tax barrier to global competition. The motivation of consumers to pay more for local fresh fruits and vegetables are better quality, environmental concerns, altruism, and ethnocentrism. Local patriotic feelings are expected to be stronger among national-religious consumers and weaker among secular left wing voters. This project empirically analyzes consumers’ attitude toward local agricultural production, perceptions of the contribution of the agricultural sector to society and how these perceptions interact with patriotic beliefs and socio-political variables perhaps producing an ethnocentric preference for fruits and vegetables. This patriotic feeling may be contrasted with feelings toward rival (or even politically opposing) countries competing in the same markets. Thus geo-political landscape may help shape the consumer’s preferences and willingness to purchase particular products. Our empirical analysis is based on two surveys, one conducted among Israeli shoppers and one conducted among US households. We find strong influences of nationalism, patriotism and ethnocentrism on demand for produce in both samples. In the case of Israel this manifests itself as a significant discount demanded for countries in conflict with Israel (e.g., Syria or Palestine), with the discount demanded being related to the strength of the conflict. Moreover, the effect is larger for those who are either more religious, or those who identify with right leaning political parties. The results from the US are strikingly similar. For some countries the perception of conflict is dependent on political views (e.g., Mexico), while for others there is a more agreement (e.g., Russia). Despite a substantially different religious and political landscape, both right leaning political views and religiosity play strong roles in demand for foreign produce.
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Vélez-Velásquez, Juan Sebastián. Banning Price Discrimination under Imperfect Competition: Evidence from Colombia's Broadband. Banco de la República de Colombia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1148.

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Economic theory is inconclusive regarding the effects of banning third-degree price discrimination under imperfect competition because they depend on how the competing firms rank their market segments. When, relative to uniform pricing, all competitors want higher prices in the same market segments, a ban on price discrimination will reduce profits and benefit some consumers at the expense of others. If, instead, some firms want to charge higher prices in segments where their competitors want to charge lower prices, price discrimination increases competition driving all prices down. In this case, forcing the firms to charge uniform prices can increase their profits and reduce consumer surplus. We use data on Colombian broadband subscriptions to estimate the demand for internet services. Estimated preferences and assumptions about competition are used to simulate a scenario in which firms lose their ability to price discriminate. Our results show large effects on consumer surplus and large effects on firms’ profits. Aggregate profits increase but the effects for individual firms are heterogeneous. The effects on consumer welfare vary by city. In most cities, a uniform price regime causes large welfare transfers from low-income households towards high-income households and in a few cities, prices in all segments rise. Poorer households respond to the increase in prices by subscribing to internet plans with slower download speed.
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Zilberman, David, Amir Heiman, and Yanhong Jin. Use of Branding and Sampling in Agricultural Fresh Produce. United States Department of Agriculture, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7697116.bard.

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The original proposal has three main objectives: a conceptual framework on willingness to pay (WTP) for fruits and vegetables, the introduction of branding and sampling in fresh food, and empirical applications to the United States and Israel. We modified our research plan over time based on availability of data and emergence of new problems. We expanded the range of products to include poultry and the range of techniques to use real experiments as well as more traditional surveys. We expanded the range of problems to understand attitudes toward genetically modified (GM) food. There is a growing interest in introduction of marketing tools like demonstration sampling, money-back guarantees, labeling, and brands in agriculture. These marketing tools are important for enhancing demand for agricultural products and food safety. However, the methodology needed to assess the effectiveness of these tools and understand their performance in different agricultural sectors is limited. Our analysis demonstrated the importance of brands as a marketing tool in agriculture. In particular, we showed conceptually that strong brands can be substitutes for other marketing tools like sampling or demonstration. We were able to conduct real experiments for the demand for safe chicken and show that consumers are willing to pay significantly more for products branded as more safe. Yet, using experiments in Israel and the United States, we found that WTP for brands of fresh fruits and vegetables is smaller than in other product categories. Warning labels are a sort of negative branding. The GM-free labeling is particularly important since it serves as a trade barrier to U.S. crops exports. Our analysis of acceptance of GM products found that WTP for GM products in Israel and the United States depends on framing of information about the impact ofGM and the quantity of information disclosed. Finally, in analyzing the evolution of support for Proposition 37 that aimed to introduce mandatory labeling of GM in California, we found that support for mandatory labeling ofGM products is broad as long as it is not perceived to be costly. Our project demonstrates the feasibility of conducting real experiments to assess consumer demand in agriculture. When looking at interdisciplinary groups, one can design new products and assess the WTP for their characteristics. We also show that, while branding is a very strong marketing tool, its use in fresh fruit and vegetables is likely to be limited. However, brands can be important with processed food. Furthermore, we have proven that, while some consumers strongly object to GM products, most consumers in the United States and Israel would be willing to buy them for a discount, and some would pay extra if they are associated with improved characteristics. Finally, we expanded the notion of warning labels to calorie information and showed that the response to calorie information depends on gender, education, and how the information is presented.
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