Relevant bibliographies by topics / Consumption (Economics) Home economics, Rural

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Consumption (Economics) Home economics, Rural'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Consumption (Economics) Home economics, Rural"

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B.E., Uwameiye. "SOME SELECTED FACTORS AFFECTING EATING BEHAVIOR OF ADOLESCENT: IMPLICATION FOR HOME ECONOMICS." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 12 (December 31, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i12.2018.1069.

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This research identified some selected factors affecting the eating behavior of adolescent in Esan West Local Government Area. Four questions and four null hypotheses guided the study. A total of 679 students were utilized. A 30-item questionnaire was the instrument for gathering the data. Mean, standard deviations answered the research questions, while the t-test was utilized for testing the null hypotheses at.05 level of significance. Findings revealed among others that the respondents have poor eating behavior such as skipping of breakfast among urban and rural respondents (1.06, 1.02), low consumption of fruits and vegetable, (3.01, 3.20) Consume fried foods daily (3.33, 2.56). Low intake of carbohydrates among the urban respondents (2.55) then, the rural respondents (3.22), regular consumption of sweets, biscuits, snacks, soda and sweetened drinks daily among respondents. (3.05, 2.60). Other findings are that respondents agreed that all the maternal, environmental and media factors affect the eating behavior of the adolescent. The result also indicates that hypothesis one had significant differences in items 3,5,6&7. Which mean that the stated null hypothesis at.05 level of significance is rejected for those items. The results in items 1,2,4,8,9&10 indicated there is no significant difference in their mean responses, therefore the null hypothesis of no significance difference is retained for those items. In the last three hypotheses all the items had t calculated less than t-table value of 1.96 at.05 level of significance. Thus, the hypotheses of no significant difference were retained in the three hypotheses. The study recommended among others that: Parents should be advised to guide and monitor their children in the use of the media, by occupying their children with other physical activities to reduce television viewing, video games and the use of computer, so as to guide against the acquisition of wrong nutrition information that can lead to poor eating behavior.
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Inwood, Kris, and Phyllis Wagg. "The Survival of Handloom Weaving in Rural Canada Circa 1870." Journal of Economic History 53, no. 2 (June 1993): 346–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700012961.

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Handloom weaving with a mixture of wool and cotton yarn was common in late nineteenth-century Canada. The hand technology survived using industrial inputs and part-time female labor whose opportunity cost was relatively low in rural areas. The demand for homespun was income-sensitive and reinforced by the cold Canadian climate. The patterns of weaving by men and women differed, but both produced for the market in addition to home consumption. Cloth constituted a significant share of farm production, especially in low-income areas.
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Sauer, Christine M., Thomas Reardon, David Tschirley, Saweda Liverpool‐Tasie, Titus Awokuse, Roselyne Alphonce, Daniel Ndyetabula, and Betty Waized. "Consumption of processed food & food away from home in big cities, small towns, and rural areas of Tanzania." Agricultural Economics 52, no. 5 (July 10, 2021): 749–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/agec.12652.

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Gao, Yang, Zhihao Zheng, and Shida R. Henneberry. "Is nutritional status associated with income growth? Evidence from Chinese adults." China Agricultural Economic Review 12, no. 3 (April 28, 2020): 507–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-11-2019-0216.

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PurposeThis study estimates the income elasticities of calorie, macronutrients (carbohydrate, protein and fat) and key micronutrients including cholesterol, vitamin A, vitamin C, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, zinc and insoluble fiber separately for urban and rural adults aged 18–60, using China Health and Nutrition Survey data set from 2004 to 2011.Design/methodology/approachA semiparametric model, a two-way fixed-effects model and a quantile regression approach are employed to estimate nutrient–income elasticities.FindingsThe income elasticities of calorie, protein, fat, cholesterol and calcium are in the range of 0.059–0.076, 0.059–0.076, 0.090–0.112, 0.134–0.230, 0.183–0.344 and 0.058–0.105, respectively. The income elasticity of each of the other nutrients is less than 0.1. The income elasticities of calorie and the majority of nutrients included are larger for rural residents than for urban residents and for low-income groups than for medium- and high-income groups. Overall, in spite of having a relatively small impact, income growth is shown to still have an impact on improving the nutritional status of Chinese adults.Originality/valueThis study estimates nutrient–income elasticities separately for urban and rural adults, expanding the scope of the study regarding the impact of income on the nutritional status in China. Moreover, this study uses a pooled sample generated from the personal food consumption records covering foods consumed at home and away from home during 2004–2011, which is thus likely to more comprehensively reveal the causal relationship between income growth and changes in the nutritional status in China.
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Osunu, Patricia Tonbra, and Ezekiel Uba Nwose. "Advancing indigenous fruits consumption to promote self-management in ill-health: a critical narrative review." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 10, no. 6 (May 25, 2021): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212087.

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Most African communities consume various edible fruits, which are important to their well-being. Some of these edible fruits are indigenous and were well-known to the rural communities. These indigenous fruits can be collected from the wild or planted in home gardens and also as intercrops with staple crops. Some indigenous fruits, wild collection is still practiced, especially in parts of eastern, western and southern Africa. However, some fruits are still imported. A casual verbal survey indicated that many people in the general population do not know that actual differences in nutritional values between these fruits. Therefore, this study was a critical review of some fruits using the USDA database. Results show, for instance, that guava has over 250% vitamin C relative to orange. Avocado yields more calories than banana and this is very likely due to the fat/fibre ratio difference. Further, the imported cucumber and watermelon do not seem to have any advantage over the indigenous products. It concluded that the hidden potential of these indigenous fruits needs to be advanced and exploited to improve their consumption as they play a pivotal role in health economics of healthy dietary habit and self-management of ill-health.
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Phillipson, Jeremy, Matthew Gorton, Roger Turner, Mark Shucksmith, Katie Aitken-McDermott, Francisco Areal, Paul Cowie, et al. "The COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Implications for Rural Economies." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 12, 2020): 3973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12103973.

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This paper presents a rapid assessment of current and likely future impacts of the COVID-19 outbreak on rural economies given their socio-economic characteristics. Drawing principally on current evidence for the UK, as well as lessons from the 2001 Foot and Mouth Disease outbreak and the 2007/8 financial crises, it outlines the likely key demand and supply effects, paying attention to the situation for agriculture as well as discussing the implications for rural communities. A distinction is made between the effects on businesses offering goods and services for out-of-home as opposed to in-home consumption. Gendered dimensions are also noted as likely business and household strategies for coping and adaptation. The paper concludes with a brief mapping of a research agenda for studying the longer-term effects of COVID-19 on rural economies.
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Ani, Vincent Anayochukwu, and Bahijjahtu Abubakar. "Feasibility Analysis and Simulation of Integrated Renewable Energy System for Power Generation: A Hypothetical Study of Rural Health Clinic." Journal of Energy 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/802036.

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This paper presents the feasibility analysis and study of integrated renewable energy (IRE) using solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT) system in a hypothetical study of rural health clinic in Borno State, Nigeria. Electrical power consumption and metrology data (such as solar radiation and wind speed) were used for designing and analyzing the integrated renewable energy system. The health clinic facility energy consumption is 19 kWh/day with a 3.4 kW peak demand load. The metrological data was collected from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) website and used to analyze the performance of electrical generation system using HOMER program. The simulation and optimization results show that the optimal integrated renewable energy system configuration consists of 5 kW PV array, BWC Excel-R 7.5 kW DC wind turbine, 24 unit Surrette 6CS25P battery cycle charging, and a 19 kW AC/DC converter and that the PV power can generate electricity at 9,138 kWh/year while the wind turbine system can generate electricity at 7,490 kWh/year, giving the total electrical generation of the system as 16,628 kWh/year. This would be suitable for deployment of 100% clean energy for uninterruptable power performance in the health clinic. The economics analysis result found that the integrated renewable system has total NPC of 137,139 US Dollar. The results of this research show that, with a low energy health facility, it is possible to meet the entire annual energy demand of a health clinic solely through a stand-alone integrated renewable PV/wind energy supply.
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C. S., Oaya, Omar K. B., and Hammangabdo I. "Evaluation of Seedling Establishment Palatability and Acceptability Tests of Groundnut Seeds as Influenced by Levels of Whole Powder of Hyptis suaveolens L. Poit and Climatic Conditions." Journal of Agriculture and Crops, no. 71 (November 19, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jac.71.1.6.

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The tests for the evaluation of seedling establishment, palatability and acceptability were carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agricultural Technology and the Food Laboratory of the Department of Home and Rural Economics, Adamawa State College of Agriculture, Ganye, Adamawa State. The experimental designs used were Randomized Complete Block Design and the Completely Randomized Design. Some of the parameters measured were percentage seedling establishment, palatability, and acceptability tests. The highest mean percentage seedling establishment was observed in 12.00g levels of H. suaveolens whole powder treated shelled groundnut seeds (97.67, 97.00, and 94.00) at the three periods of storage. Percentage seedling establishment decreased with a decrease in levels of H. suaveolens whole powder. One of the major constraints to the use of plant materials as an alternative to synthetic insecticides is the issue of standardization in dosage of application. This work has suggested that, if groundnut seeds are to be used for sowing, they should be stored with a 12.00g level of H. suaveolens whole powder for every 300.00g for three months. However, if they are to be used for consumption, they could be stored with a 6.00g level of H. suaveolens whole powder for every 300.00g for at most three months. There was no significant difference between treated and untreated shelled groundnut seeds at the three periods of storage on the acceptability and palatability score of cooked groundnut at all dosages of application. All treatments were within the acceptable score rates even though the two rates of the synthetic insecticides, actellic dust were at the lowest acceptable score rate. The finding also showed that acceptability and palatability decreased with an increase in dosage of application. The periods of storage also had a significant impact on the mean percentage seedling establishment. It was observed that there was a higher percentage of seedling establishment when shelled groundnut seeds were stored from November- January. At this period of the year, the temperature and humidity are usually low and this might have necessitated the high state of inactivity and low performance of the bruchids compared to other periods of storage within the year.
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Shiau, Hong-Chi. "Coming Out, Going Home." International Journal of Bias, Identity and Diversities in Education 5, no. 1 (January 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbide.2020010101.

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Despite the historical centrality of Western cities as sites of queer cultural settlement, larger global economic and political forces have vociferously shaped, dispersed, and altered dreams of mobility for gay Taiwanese millennials in the age of globalization. While Taiwanese gay millennials follow a seemingly universal “rural-to-urban,” “East-to-West” movement trajectory, this study also explicates local nuanced ramifications running against the common trend. Drawn upon five-year ethnographic studies in Taiwan, this study examines how parents could to some extent conform to societal pressures by co-creating a life narrative to the society. Parents/family appear to contribute to how participants' decision on spatial movement but gay male millennials with supportive parents are eventually “going home.” However, the concept of home is configured by multiple economic and social forces involving (1) the optimal distance with the biological family and (2) the proper performances of consumption policed and imposed by the gay community in the neoliberal Taiwanese society.
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Wang, Yabin. "Home Production and China's Hidden Consumption." Review of Income and Wealth 66, no. 1 (November 25, 2018): 181–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12400.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Consumption (Economics) Home economics, Rural"

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Gilimani, Benedict Mandlenkosi. "The economic contribution of home production for home consumption in South African agriculture." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1795.

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Yust, Becky Love. "Energy use by households in a rural area of the Philippines /." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487324944211661.

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Leslie, Catherine Amoroso. "Identity, consumption, and frequency of behavior among contempory needleworkers /." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148645787178622.

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Stewart, Erik Robert. "Family communication and interaction as mediators of depression in rural youth /." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148776035782144.

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Tolstrup, Karen Dodge. "Agents of Change and 'The Art of Right Living: How Home Economists Influenced Post World War II Consumerism." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2006. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/TolstrupKD2006.pdf.

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Cicero, Anne Hinnant Amanda. "Messages of frugality and consumption in the Ladies' Home Journal 1920s-1940s /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5345.

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The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on December 22, 2009). Thesis advisor: Dr. Amanda Hinnant. Includes bibliographical references.
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Othman, Mumtazah Binti. "Time use and sequence of tasks in management of household and agricultural work in rural households in the Philippines /." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487683401441196.

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Hyat, Taimur. "Essays on consumption and asset mobility in rural Pakistan : a microeconometric approach." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391159.

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Fong, Ka-ki Catherine. "Consuming home in Hong Kong a qualitative study of middle class aspirations and practice /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B37844544.

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Chiang, Mei-Fang. "Retirement Consumption Behavior: Evidence from HRS CAMS 2001-2009." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338247837.

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Books on the topic "Consumption (Economics) Home economics, Rural"

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Markaz-i Āmār-i Īrān. Daftar-i Riyāsat va Umūr-i Bayn al-Milal va Ravābiṭ-i ʻUmūmī, ed. Natāyij-i āmārgīrī az hazīnah va darāmad-i khānivārʹhā-yi rūstāyī sāl-i 1392. Tihrān: Daftar-i Riyāsat, Ravābiṭ-i ʻUmūmī va Hamkārīʹhā-yi Bayn al-Milal, 2015.

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Iran. Riyāsat-i Jumhūrī. Muʻāvanat-i Barnāmahʹrīzī va Naẓārat-i Rāhburdī and Markaz-i Āmār-i Īrān. Daftar-i Riyāsat va Umūr-i Bayn al-Milal va Ravābiṭ-i ʻUmūmī, eds. Natāyij-i āmārgīrī az hazīnah va darāmad-i khānivārʹhā-yi rūstāyī sāl-i 1391. Tihrān: Daftar-i Riyāsat, Ravābiṭ-i ʻUmūmī va Hamkārīʹhā-yi Bayn al-Milal, 2014.

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Arvind, Chaturvedi. Consumption expenditure and inequality in rural India. Noida: Birla Economic Research Foundation, 1990.

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Agriculture, Northamptonshire College of. Rural home economics programme: Day & evening courses. Moulton, Northampton: Northamptonshire College of Agriculture, 1986.

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Magrabi, Frances M. Consumption in developing countries. Champaign, Ill: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1988.

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Magrabi, Frances M. Consumption in developing countries. Champaign, Ill: Office of Women in International Development; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1985.

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Home ground: Living in the country. Woodstock, Vt: Countryman Press, 1985.

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Jōhō shakai to seikatsu keizaigaku. Tōkyō: Sakai Shoten, 1985.

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Taylor, Jeffrey R. China: The problem of employing surplus rural labor. Washington, D.C: Center for International Research, U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1989.

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Ravallion, Martin. Externalities in rural development: Evidence for China. Washington, D.C: World Bank, Poverty Team, Development Research Group, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Consumption (Economics) Home economics, Rural"

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Uchiyama, Naoko. "Impacts of CCT and Rising Food Prices on Rural Household Consumption." In SpringerBriefs in Economics, 45–63. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4103-7_3.

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Radhakrishnan, Karthick, Aparna Radhakrishnan, and Niti Saxena. "Rural Household Decision-Making about Water Consumption." In Energy Economics and the Environment: Conservation, Preservation and Sustainability, 148–61. B1/I-1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area, Mathura Road New Delhi 110 044: SAGE Publications Pvt Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9789353883102.n7.

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Vernekar, Nisha, and Karan Singhal. "Married Women’s Education Levels and Agency Outside the Home: Evidence from Rural India." In Advances in Finance & Applied Economics, 161–73. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1696-8_10.

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Iwata, Kazuyuki. "Climate Policy in Transportation Sector: Role of Carbon Pricing." In Economics, Law, and Institutions in Asia Pacific, 61–78. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6964-7_4.

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Abstract This chapter focuses on climate countermeasures in the Japanese transport sector. We introduce the Japanese complexed automobile tax system and then calculate the Japanese effective carbon rate (ECR) on automobiles. In addition to the discussion of the ECR, this chapter offers a simple examination of the efficiency of electric vehicles (EVs) from the viewpoint of cost-benefit because it is expected that EVs will become the most popular eco-friendly vehicle in the future. Two remarks are found in our analysis. First, although the carbon tax rate on fuel consumption is small in Japan, compared to the European countries, the ECR is rather high. For further improvement of climate policy, the Japanese government should shift its attention to vehicle usage from vehicle purchase and possession. Second, under the basic assumption (i.e., representative owners do not recharge their EVs at home but at outdoor fast chargers), the diffusion of EVs is not an efficient measure for reducing GHG emissions. If owners recharge their EVs at home once of every two charges, the net benefit becomes positive Therefore, the opportunity cost of waiting for recharges is a key factor in whether EVs can play a role in mitigating climate change.
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Hill, Berkeley. "Market failure: some problems of using the market to allocate resources." In An introduction to economics: concepts for students of agriculture and the rural sector, 138–51. 5th ed. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620063.0007.

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Abstract This chapter explains why society acts to overcome market imperfections. Sections discuss: Adam Smith's theory of the 'invisible hand'; the value judgments of society; imperfect competition; monopoly; transaction costs; externalities associated with production and consumption; public goods; imperfect knowledge by consumers; and the macroeconomic reasons for intervening in the market system.
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"11. Agents of Modernity: Home Economists and Rural Electrification, 1925-1950." In Rethinking Home Economics, 237–52. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501729942-014.

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Yao, Tingting, Hai-Yen Sung, Zhengzhong Mao, Teh-wei Hu, and Wendy Max. "Secondhand Smoke Exposure at Home in Rural China." In Economics of Tobacco Control in China, 29–42. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813108721_0003.

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MULLER, Christophe. "The Role of Production Decisions in Modelling the Consumption Patterns of Rural Households." In Developments in Agricultural Economics, 25–47. Elsevier, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-81969-7.50009-1.

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Seidu, Ayuba, and Gulcan Onel. "Off-farm Labor Allocation, Income, and Food Consumption among Rural Farm Households in Transitional Albania." In Frontiers of Economics and Globalization, 67–83. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/s1574-871520150000016012.

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Xia, Liying, Jianbo Zhang, and Xuelin Ma. "Consumption Life and Satisfaction of Chinese Rural Residents." In Recent Developments in Asian Economics International Symposia in Economic Theory and Econometrics, 169–86. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/s1571-038620210000028010.

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Conference papers on the topic "Consumption (Economics) Home economics, Rural"

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Kozina, Francka Lovšin. "Pre-Service Teacher Trainees' Textile Literacy." In 14th International Scientific Conference "Rural Environment. Education. Personality. (REEP)". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Engineering. Institute of Education and Home Economics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/reep.2021.14.038.

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In an era of consumerism, unsustainable clothing consumption is becoming an essential problem. Problems are related to extensive use of raw materials, energy, water, and labour. There are also bottlenecks with used chemicals in production and labour exploitation issues. Home economics subjects deal with concerns related to textile topics and try to raise awareness of sustainable consumption of textile products. Particularly important is to educate people to have the right knowledge and skills to behave sustainably. The aim of the study was to find out the extent of pre-service teacher trainee’s knowledge on textile topics and to research their behaviour in consumer process. In the pilot study, 69 home economics students participated. The research survey was designed to measure the teacher trainee’s textile literacy. The results indicate problems in the field of theoretical knowledge as well as in terms of sustainable behaviour in the entire chain from purchase to disposal of textiles.
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Pridane, Aija. "Development of Learning and Feedback Giving Skills in Home Economics and Technologies Education." In Rural environment. Education. Personality. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Engineering. Institute of Education and Home Economics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/reep.2018.039.

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Qi, Xiaoyuan, Ying Han, Yaxin Wang, and Yanhuang Huang. "Analysis on the Estimation of Consumption of Carbon Emission in Urban and Rural Residents in Liaoning Province." In 2017 2nd International Conference on Education, Management Science and Economics (ICEMSE 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icemse-17.2017.76.

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Safronova, Victoria, and Evgeniya Klyukina. "The Ideal Language Student ‒ Myth or Reality." In 14th International Scientific Conference "Rural Environment. Education. Personality. (REEP)". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Engineering. Institute of Education and Home Economics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/reep.2021.14.020.

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The image of the ideal student, existing in the era of new technologies, ubiquitous Twitter and Facebook, messengers and commercials, undoubtedly attracts the attention of researchers both at home and abroad. This is a cumulative image of cognitive abilities, business qualities, psycho-physiological peculiarities, appearance and interpersonal skills. This study aims to identify the main characteristics of the image of the ideal language student as perceived by the teachers of foreign languages from three leading universities: Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Plekhanov Russian Economics University and The Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. The relevance of the study is determined by insufficient research of the problem and qualitative changes which have been occurring over the 21st century in education in general and tertiary education in particular. The article attempts to describe and analyse the results of an anonymous survey pertaining to the image of ideal language students as perceived by the practicing instructors of foreign languages. The total number of respondents was 79, including 42 instructors from Plekhanov University, 22 from the Presidential Academy and 15 from MSU. The analysis of the responses showed that the ideal student as perceived by the teachers is the one who possesses good critical thinking skills, is motivated and disciplined with a serious attitude to study. The obtained results do not allow drawing conclusions about specific features of the ideal student depending on the length of pedagogical experience. Each age group included all possible sets of characteristics. It is noteworthy that teachers from MSU valued both social qualities (team work, sociability) and personality traits (diligence, decency); the instructors from the Presidential Academy ranked first adequate reaction to critique and willingness to listen and hear; while their counterparts from Plekhanov University emphasized the importance of good presentation skills, speaking and communication competency alongside the interest in the subject. The statement “There are no ideal students” also came from among the practitioners of Plekhanov University.
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Gallaspy, David T., and Rodney E. Sears. "Application of Regional Bio-Refining to Increase the Sustainability and Energy Self-Sufficiency of Rural and Agricultural Communities." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90415.

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The economics and potential offsets of imported energy are analyzed. Benefits to the carbon footprint of the region are estimated. A commercial structure for the operation of such a co-operative bio-refinery is proposed. Rural and agricultural regions typically have ample production of biomass in various forms, including wood from forestry, agricultural wastes and range grasses. Certain regions also have renewable energy resources such as wind power, solar insolation and hydraulic power. Rural regions are typically seen to have a potential for renewable energy that greatly exceeds energy consumption due to human activity in the region. However, energy consumption in such areas is highly biased toward non-renewable sources, just as in more urbanized regions. This is due to the standardization of virtually all manufactured energy conversion equipment to use available processed energy sources such as electricity and natural gas and refined fuels such as diesel and gasoline. In addition, agricultural activities are highly dependent on energy-intensive petrochemicals such as fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides. Energy sustainability and self-sufficiency can therefore be increased by conversion of local renewable resources into appropriate form values for existing energy conversion equipment. Solar power, wind power and hydropower are fully commercial, although more economic in some regions than in others. The production of electricity from biomass fuels via conventional steam cycles is well established, if challenging from an economic standpoint. However, conversion of biomass and other renewable resources into fuels that can be used in standard equipment, and chemicals and fertilizers for local agricultural production is both technically and economically challenging. The authors evaluate the potential for a typical rural region to offset imports of conventional non-renewable energy such as electricity, engine fuels, and fertilizers via the establishment of a regional bio-refinery financed and operated as a local co-operative. The renewable resources of the typical rural region are assumed to facilitate the analysis. The appropriate technologies, scope, product slate, production rates, capital costs and operating costs for the bio-refinery are defined.
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